lrñdm{_Zmam`U _Vr` doXmÝV{gÕmÝV Am¡a H$a H$^r àMwa VWm Jå^ra ~Z OmVm h¡, Vmo H$ht CgH$m àdmh
a ~Z OmVm h¡, Vmo H$ht CgH$m àdmh {H$gr
^pŠVgmYZm H$s {dH$gZà{H«$`m
(Ÿ1.CnH«$_Ÿ)
lrH¥$îU§ na_mZÝX§ Xebrbm`wV§ gXmŸ&
gd©^ŠVg_wÕmao {dñ\w$aÝV§ na§ Zw_…Ÿ&&
g lrH¥$îU… na§ ~«÷ ^JdmZ² nwéfmoÎm_…Ÿ&
Cnmñ`… Bï>Xodmo Z… gdm©{d^m©dH$maU_²Ÿ&&
{d{eï>mÛ¡VdmXñ` H¥$îU^ŠVoíM nmofH$…Ÿ&
{ejmnÍ`wnXoeoZ bmoH$moÕmanam`U…Ÿ&&
ghOmZÝXñdm_r `… ghOmZÝXdY©H$…Ÿ&
V_ñ_Ý_mJ©gwöX§ öX`oZ d`§ Zw_…Ÿ&&
àñVwV AmboInÌ_| h_ lrghOmZÝX ñdm_rOr, BV…na "lrOr _hmamO'
nXoZ A{^Yo`, Ûmam {b{IV {ejmnÌr VWm dMZm_¥V H$s hr Vah CZHo$
AZwJm_r nadVu H«$moeñVå^ê$n J«ÝWH$mam| Ûmam ^r {Zê${nV Bg ZyVZ
doXmÝVgåàXm`_| CÎmamoÎma n[ab{jV hmoVo `Wmd^mV {dH$mgH$m Hw$N> boIm-
OmoIm àñVwV H$aZm Mmh|Jo.
g^r gåàXm`m|_| ~hþV gmar ~mV| àm`… _ybê$n_| _Vàd©VH$ AmMm`©Ûmam
ñd{eî`g_wXm`H$mo gå~mo{YV H$a Cn{Xï> hmoVr h¢. nadVu H$mb_|, naÝVwŸ,
AÝ`mÝ` _Vm|H$o gmW hmoZdo mbo g§dmX-{ddmXH$s à{H«$`mHo$ de AWm©V² _ybmonXoem|H$o
~rO^md_| ahr {dH$gZj_VmHo$ A§Hw$[aV hmoZoHo$ ~mX à{Vnjr _Vm|Ho$ ^r
à^mdde ~hþVa _V {dbjU ar{Vgo nëb{dV nwpînV VWm \${bV hmoVo hþdo ^r
{XIbm`r XoVo h¢. lrñdm{_Zmam`Ur` _VH$m ^r {dH$mg Bg à{H«$`mHo$ AndmXê$noU
hþdm hmo Eogm bJVm Vmo Zht h¡. Š`m|{H$ àË`oH$ Or{dV gåàXm` EH$ àdh_mU
ZXrH$s Vah hmoVm h¡. Z{X`m|H$m àdmh àm`… Hw$N> ghm`H$ Z{X`m|H$mo AmË_gmV
291
AÝVÛunHo$ ì`dYmZHo$ H$maU {d^ŠV hmo H$a Xmo {d{^ÝZ {XemAm|_| ~§Q> OmVm
h¡; AWdm H$ht Cg ZXrHo$ VQ>na AdpñWV H¥${Ì_ `m AH¥${Ì_ öXm|_| H$^r
Am§{eH$ n`©dgmZHo$ Ho$ H$maU ^r Obàdmh jrU hmo OmVm h¡, Vmo H$ht-H$^r
Xygar hr Z{X`m|H$mo nwZ… AmË_gmV H$a dhr Obàdmh nwZ… à~b Ed§ Jå^ra ^r
hmo nmVm h¡.
VXZwgma lrOr _hmamOZo ñdH$s` {gÕmÝV Am¡a gmYZm Ho$ ~mao_| AnZo
A{^àm`m|H$mo ~rOê$noU {ejmnÌrŸŸ_| VWm A§Hw$aê$noU dMZm_¥VŸŸ_| àH$Q> {H$`o
h¢. BZ_| A{YH$m§e dMZm_¥V _m¡{IH$ ê$n_| {X`o J`o CnXoe h¢. BZH$m g§H$bZ
{H$Z bmoJm|Zo {H$`m Bg ~mao_| VWm BZH$s g§»`mHo$ ~mao_| ^r Hw$N> _V^oX gm
àVrV hmoVm h¡. Š`m|{H$ _`me§H$amË_O {J[aOme§H$a empñÌH¥$V g§ñH¥$VmZwdmXê$n
dMZm_¥VH$s Ah_Xm~mXgo Omo àW_md¥{Îm {dH«$_ g§dV² 1996 _| àH$m{eV hþ`r
Wr, Bg g§ñH$aU_| dMZm_¥Vm|H$s g§»`m 273 ~Vm`r J`r Wr. Bg_|
g§H$bZH$Vm©Am|Ho$ Zm_ ""_wŠVmZÝXmo AW JmonmbmZÝXmo _w{Z… CXmaYr…
~« ÷ mZÝX_w { Z… {ZË`mZÝX… ew H $_w { Z… VWm V¡ … nÄM{^… gw g § J Ë`
lrh`©wpŠVgwYmoX{Y… {b{IV… emo{YV… Mm{n `Wm_{V `WmlwV_²''
(ŸdMZm.3Ÿ&273Ÿ) CnbãY hmo V o Wo . ~mX_| {dH« $ _ g§ d V² 2036 _|
^maVr`{dÚm^dZÛmam àH$m{eV VWm lram_dëb^ emñÌr Ûmam {hÝXr^mfm_|
AZy{XV g§ñH$aU_| dMZm_¥Vm|H$s g§»`m 262 VWm g§H$bZH$Vm©Am|Ho$ Zm_
_wŠVmZÝX… M JmonmbmZÝXmo _w{Z… CXmaYr… {ZË`mZÝXewH$mZÝXm¡ MËdmamo
_wZ`ñVw `o EV¡… g§JË` {b{IVm{Z BËW§ Y_©OZo… hao… dMmo@_¥Vm{Z gdm©{U
`Wm_{V `WmlwV_²'' (ŸdMZm.3Ÿ&39=262Ÿ) `m| dMZm_¥Vg§»`m VWm
g§H$bZH$mam| Ho$ Zm_m|_| ^r {ddaUmÝVa CnbãY hmoVm h¡. AWm©V² 11 dMZm_¥Vm|H$mo
n[a{eï>V`m àH$m{eV {H$`m J`m h¡. gå_mÝ` àmÜ`mnH$ lr O.Am. `m{kH$
_hmoX`H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ lrOr _hmamOHo$ {ZOr g{MdH$ën lrewH$_w{ZHo$
àmW{_H$ àmê$nHo$ níMmV² lrOr _hmamOHo$ AÝ` VrZ {eî` _wŠVmZÝXñdm_r
JmonmbmZÝXñdm_r Am¡a {ZË`mZÝXñdm_r `m| AÝVV… BZ Mmam| AZwJm{_Am|Ho$
gånmXH$_ÊS>bZo {_b H$a àíZm| VWm g_mYmZm| Ho$ M`ZHo$ Ûmam BÝh| {b{n~Õ
{H$`m (ŸÐï>."X {\$bmogmo\$s Am°\$ lrñdm{_Zmam`U' n¥.8-9Ÿ). BZ dMZm_¥Vm|H$mo
292
{b{n~Õ H$aZoH$s lrOr _hmamOH$s AmkmHo$ AZwgma AZw{ð>V `h boIZH$m`©
CZH$s {dÚ_mZVm_| hþdm `m CZHo$ níMmV² `h OVmZoH$mo ^r ""Ed§ {h Vm{Z
gdm© { U {ÌZJm{j{^… (nm.^o . {Ûagm{j{^…) gpÝV g§ { b{IVm{Z
lr_hmamO{ZXoeV…... Amß`m`Z² {ZOOZmZ² ñdH$s`dMZm_¥V¡… O`{V
lrh[añdm_r lr_ÔwJn© aw o à^w…'' (ŸVÌ¡d 3Ÿ&39=262Ÿ) {ddaU ^r J«ÝWmong§hma_|
{X`m J`m h¡. Bg CëboIHo$ AmYmana lrOr _hmamOH$s {dÚ_mZVm_| {b{n~ÕrH$aU
^r àVrV Vmo Adí` hmoVm h¡. Bg g§H$bZH$m à_mnU, naÝVwŸ, ñd`§ lrOr
_hmamO Ûmam hþdm `m Zht Bg ~mao_| gmåàXm{`H$ Eo{Vôçà_mU Š`m h¢ H$_go
H$_ _wPo Vmo AdJV Zht h¡. {H$gr ^r gyaV_| BVZm gd©_mÝ`V`m Y«wd gË`
bJVm h¡ {H$ {ejmnÌr ñd`§ CZHo$ H$aH$_bm|go {bIr J`r h¡. Eogr pñW{V_|
BZ XmoZm| J«ÝWm|_| go àH¥$ï> àm_mÊ` ñdm{_Zmam`UgåàXm`_| {H$gH$m _mZm OmZm
Mm{h`oŸ! H$B© {dÛmZm|Ho$ A{^àm`Ho$ AZwgma, naÝVwŸ, `o Xmo hr àm_m{UH$V`m
lrOr_hmamOHo$ dMZ h¢. AÝ`m|H$m àm_mÊ` gd©_mÝ` Z hmoZogo do `hm§ {d_em©W©
A{Zdm`© Zht bJVo h¢.
Ohm§ VH$ H$m{bH$ nm¡dmn`©H$m àíZ h¡ Vmo g§dV² 1876 H$s _mJ©erf©
ewŠbm MVwWugo bo H$a g§dV² 1882 H$s _mKewŠbm V¥Vr`m Ho$ ~rM JT>S>m
gma§Jnwa H$m[a`mUr bmo`m n§Mmbm nwZ… JT>S>m VWm dS>Vmb _| Omo Hw$N> CnXoe
{X`m dh dMZm_¥V H$m A{YH$m§e ^mJ {ejmnÌr go nyd© hr àH$Q> hþdm _mZm
OmVm h¡. {ejmnÌr g§dV² 1882 H$s _mKewŠbm n§M_rHo$ {XZ BgHo$ ~mX
dS>Vmb_| {bIr J`r. ~mX_| {d.g§.1882 go boH$a 1886 VH$Ho$ Ah_Xm~mX
Am¡a JT>S>m _| {X`o J`o CnXoe A³Ë`àH$aUV`m `hm§ {b{n~Õ {H$`o J`o h¢.
BZHo$ Abmdm ^r H${Vn` J«ÝW àH$Q> hþdo _mZo OmVo h¢ {H$ÝVw CZH$m àm_mÊ`
gd©_mÝ` h¡ {H$ Zht `h Vmo {Okmñ` hr h¡.
(Ÿ2.{d{M{H$ËgmŸ)
AñVw Ÿ , BZ Xmo Z m| _ o ñd`§ lrOr_hmamOHo $ {Xì` A{^àm`m| H $m
ñdhñVmjambo{IV gmamonXoe `m lmoV¥OZm|Ûmam `Wmñ_¥V CnXoe Omo CnbãY
hmoVm h¡ `h `m| h¡ :
293
(1)""doXm… M ì`mggyÌm{U lr_X²^mJdVm{^Y§ nwamU§
^maVoVw lr{dîUwZm_ghòH§$ VWm lr^JdX²JrVm Zr{VíM
{dXwamo{XVm Y_©emñÌmÝVaJVm M `mkdëŠ`F$fo… ñ_¥{V…. EVm{Z
Aï> __ Bï>m{Z gÀN>mñÌm{U ^dpÝV {h. ñd{hVoÀNw>{^… EVm{Z
_pÀN>î`¡… gH$b¡a{n lmoVì`m{Z AW nmR²çm{Z H$WZr`m{Z M
{ÛO¡ … ...emaraH$mUm§ ^JdX² J rVm`m… M AdJå`Vm§
am_mZwOmMm`©H¥$V§ ^mî`_² AmÜ`mpË_H§$ __. EVofw `m{Z dmŠ`m{Z
lrH¥$îUñ` d¥fñ` M AË`wËH$f©nam{U ñ`w… VWm ^pŠV{damJ`mo…
_ÝVì`m{Z àYmZm{Z VmÝ`o d BVadmŠ`V…. Y_} U g{hVm
H¥$îU^pŠV… H$m`m© B{V VÐh…''Ÿ-Ÿ""_V§ {d{eï>mÛ¡V§ _o JmobmoH$mo
Ym_ M B©pßgV§ VÌ ~«÷mË_Zm H¥$îUgodm _wpŠV… M Jå`Vm§''Ÿ-
Ÿ""gd©d¡îUdamOlrdëb^mMm`©ZÝXZ… lr{dÆ>boe… H¥$VdmZ²...
godmar{V… M H¥$îUñ` J«môçm VXw{XV¡d {h''(Ÿ{ejmnÌr : 93-
102,121 VWm 81-82Ÿ).
(2)""h_ AnZm A{^àm` g§jon_| H$hVo h¢ : Am¡a dh `h
h¡ {H$ e§H$añdm_rZo {Og àH$maH$m AÛ¡V ~«÷H$m à{VnmXZ {H$`m
h¡, Cg_| h_mar é{M Zht h¡. am_mZwO ñdm_rZo {Og àH$ma ja-
Ajago nao nwéfmoÎm_ ^JdmZ²H$m {Zê$nU {H$`m h¡, CZ nwéfmoÎm_
^JdmZ²H$s Vmo h_ CnmgZm H$aVo h¢. Jmo{n`m|H$o g_mZ CZ nwéfmoÎm_
^JdmZ²H$s h_ ^r ^pŠV H$aVo h¢. ewH$Or VWm O‹S>^aV Ho$ gÑe
h_| ^r d¡am½` Am¡a AmË_{Zð>m h¡. `h h_mam A{^àm` VWm é{M
h¡. h_mar Bg dmVm© VWm h_mao Ûmam _mÝ` h_mao gåàXm`m|Ho$
J«ÝWm|na Omo ~w{Õ_mZ nwéf nydm©na Ñ{ï>go {dMma H$a CÝh| XoIoJm,
Cgo CZH$s g^r ~mV| g_P_| Am Om`|Jr''(ŸdMZm_¥V :
bmo.à.14Ÿ&122Ÿ).
Bg Vah h_ XoI gH$Vo h¢ {H$ {ejmnÌrŸŸ_| CßV ~rO^mdmon_ CnXoeHo$
gmW-gmW dMZm_¥VŸŸ_| A§Hw$[aV hþdo CgHo$ ê$nHo$ ~rM Š`m-{H$VZm VmaVå`
àH$Q> hþdm. ñd_mÝ` emñÌm|H$s, naÝVwŸ, ì`mdhm[aH$s B`Îmm, CZ emñÌm|Ho$
{Z…gpÝX½Y VmËn`m©dJ_mW© nydm©Mm`©naånamJV ^mî`, CZH$m {H$g à`moOZ{deofde
294
Aml`UH$s Vah hr Cg à`moOZ{deofH$s ny{V©Ho$ hoVw VXmZwgaUr` gmYZmàUmbr
H$m ^r Bggo A{YH$ {ZíN>b Ed§ gwñnï> eãXm|_| {Zê$nU Ed§ ñdrH$ma eŠ` Zht
h¡. BZ CnXoem|Ho$ AmYmana g§jon_| lrñdm{_Zmam`Ur` _VH$mo g§»`memñÌr`
g_rH$aUH$s ar{V_| A{^ì`ŠV H$aZm hmo Vmo H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡Ÿ-
""am_mZwOr` doXmÝVŸ+Ÿn{w ï>_mJu`m lrH¥$îU^pŠVŸ=Ÿlrñdm{_Zmam`Ur` _V''
d¡go `h g_rH$aU {OVZm gab àVrV hmoVm h¡, dñVwV… H$Wm CVZr A~
gab Zht ah J`r h¡. Š`m|{H$ `h Vmo AnZr ~rO^mdmdñWmH$m ÚmoVH$ hr
g_rH$aU hmo gH$Vm Wm. d¡go {ejmnÌrŸŸJV ""emaraH$mUm§ ^JdX²JrVm`m…
M AdJå`Vm§ am_mZwOmMm`©H¥$V§ ^mî`_²''Ÿ-Ÿ""_V§ {d{eï>mÛ¡V§ _o''
{dYmZm|H$m hr Ho$db Adbå~Z H$aZona Vmo ñnï>V`m hr BVZm PbH$ OmVm h¡
{H$ lrOr_hmamOHo$ _V_| Z Ho$db {d{eï>mÛ¡VdmX A§JrH¥$V h¡ A{nVw am_mZwOr`
{d{eï>mÛ¡VdmX hr _mÝ` h¡. `h dMZm_¥V ""CÕdOr ñd`§ am_mZÝXñdm{_ê$n
Wo. lra§JjoÌ_| CZ am_mZÝXñdm_rZo ñdßZ_| gmjmV² am_mZwOmMm`©go d¡îUdr
Xrjm àmßV H$s. Bg{b`o am_mZÝXñdm_rHo$ Jwé am_mZwOmMm`© h¢. CZ
am_mZÝXñdm_rHo $ {eî` h_ h¢ . Eo g r Jw é naånam OmZZr''
(ŸdMZm.daVm.18Ÿ&218Ÿ) Ho$ ^r AmYmana An[ahm`© ~Z OmVm h¡.
Eogr pñW{V_| EH$ gåàXm`_| Xr{jV hmoZoHo$ ~mX ^r Cg gåàXm`Ho$
{gÕmÝVm|go AnZm nrN>m Nw>‹S>mZoH$s _Zmod¥{ÎmH$mo _mÝ` H$aZona Vmo H$b ñd`§
ñdm{_Zmam`U gåàXm`_| hr Xr{jV hmo H$a lrOr _hmamOH$mo A{^àoV _Vgo
n¥WH²$ _V àH$Q> H$aZoH$s ^r ñdVÝÌVm H$moB© Š`m lrOr_hmamOHo$ Zm_na bo
gH$Vm h¡ `m ZhtŸ?
`m| am_mZwOr` {d{eï>mÛ¡VdmX Z Ho$db Xrjmnaånam{YJV h¡ A{nVw
{ZOmñWmä`wnJV ^r h¡ hr. AÝ`Wm A§eVmo am_mZwOr` _VH$m ñdrH$ma, CXmhaUV`m
Zmam`UHo$ gdm©ÝV`m©_r hmoZoH$m, {d{eï>mÛ¡VH$mo ñdrH$mao {~Zm ^r Û¡VdmXr VWm
ewÕmÛ¡VdmXr doXmÝV{gÕmÝVm|_| ^r à{gÕ hr h¡. Bgr Vah A§eVmo {d{eï>mÛ¡VdmXH$m
295
A§JrH$ma ^r am_mZwOr` _VH$mo _mZo {~Zm ^r e¡d{d{eï>mÛ¡VdmX_| ^r à{gÕ hr
h¡. naÝVw am_mZwOmMm`©H¥$V ^mî`mZwgmar {d{eï>mÛ¡VdmXŸŸH$m lrOr_hmamOÛmam
{ZOH$ÊR>moŠV A§JrH$ma `hm§ Jå^ra g_ñ`m I‹S>r H$a XoVm h¡. O¡gm {H$ h_ XoI
gH$Vo h¢ {H$ ~mX_| Bg g_rH$aUH$mo {Og Vah A§Hw$[aV nëb{dV nwpînV VWm
\${bV {H$`m J`m CgH$s {dbjUVmna Ñ{ï>nmV H$aZona lrñdm{_Zmam`Ur`
_VH$s {dH$mgaoIm {ZíM` hr O{Q>bVa hmoVr Mbr OmVr h¡.
(Ÿ3.lram_mZwO_VŸ)
EVXW© am_mZwOr` doXmÝVH$s _m¡{bH$ {deofVmAm|H$mo `{X g§jon_| Ñ{ï>JV
H$aZm hmo Vmo Omo am_mZwOr` doXmÝVm{^_V VÎd{d^mJ lrdoXmÝVXo{eH$Zo AnZo
VÎd_wŠVH$bmn Zm_H$ J«ÝW_| {Og Vah à{Vnm{XV {H$`m dh `m| h¡Ÿ:
""nXmW© Ÿ =ŸÐì`Ÿ+ŸAÐì`. Ðì`Ÿ=ŸOS>Ÿ+ŸAOS>.
OS>Ÿ=ŸAì`ŠVŸ+ŸH$mb. AOS>Ÿ=ŸàË`H² $ Ÿ+ŸnamH² $ .
àË`H²$Ÿ=ŸOrdŸ+ŸB©e. namH²$Ÿ=Ÿ{ZË`m ^y{V(ewÕgÎd)Ÿ+Ÿ_{V''.
(ŸVÎd_wŠVmH$bmn : 6Ÿ).
Bg VÎd{d^mOZHo$ {MÌH$mo {d{eï>mÛ¡VdmXH$s Mm¡IQ>_| H¡$go O‹S>m J`m
`h XoIZoH$mo nwZ… lrdoXmÝVXo{eH$H$s hr Ý`m`{gÕmÄOZ J«ÝWJV `h EH$ gypŠV
hr n`m©ßV h¡ :
""Aeo f {MX{MËàH$ma§ ~« ÷ EH$_o d VÎd_² . VÌ
àH$maàH$m[aUmo … àH$mamUm§ M {_Wmo AË`ÝV^o X o @ {n
{d{eï> ¡ Š ç{ddj`m EH$Ëdì`nXo e …... BX_o d BËWå^y V §
gm_mÝ`V… à_m{df`V`m {deofV… àH$f}U _o`V`m M à_o`_²
CŠV_². VXÝVJ©VÄM gdª Ðì`mÐì`mË_Zm {d^ŠV_². CnmXmZ§
Ðì`_². AdñWml`… CnmXmZ_²''.
(ŸÝ`m`{gÕmÄmOZ : OS>Ðì`n[aÀN>oXŸ).
296
 (Ÿ4.lrñdm{_Zmam`Ur` AmYw{ZH$ {gÕmÝV_| àH$Q> hmoVm AÝV{d©amoYm^mgŸ)
A~ lrñdm{_Zmam`Ur` doXmÝV `{X `WmoŠV am_mZwOr` VÎd{d^mJ VWm
gm_mÝ` {gÕmÝV Ho$ Xmo {H$Zmam|Ho$ ~rM_| Z ~h H$a ñdVÝÌ VÎd{d^mOZ VWm
ZyVZar{VHo$ {d{eï>mÛ¡VdmX H$mo àñVm{dV H$aZm MmhVm hmo Vmo Am¡a VXZwgma
lw{V JrVm gyÌ nwamU Am{XH$s ^r ì`m»`m àñVwV H$aZo bJ Om`o Vmo CgH$s
_m¡{bH$Vm Vmo _mÝ` hmo nm`oJr naÝVw am_mZwO^mî`mZwgmar {d{eï>mÛ¡Vdm{XVm `m
àm_m{UH$Vm ZhtŸ! Am¡a BgHo$ A^md_| lrOr _hmamOH$m Cpëb{IV CX²Kmof
{ZíM`oZ dXVmoì`mKmVmW©H$ hmoZogo Aàm_m{UH$ {gÕ hmoJm. H$moB© ^r lrOr
_hmamOH$m AZwJm_r lrOr _hmamOHo$ dMZm|H$o \${bVmW©go AnZo-AmnH$mo ~ÝYZ_wŠV
H¡$go _mZ gH$Vm h¡Ÿ? AV… Bg {damoYm^mgHo$ n[ahmaHo$ AZwð>mZ_| VËna H$moB©
J«ÝW `m Vmo CnbãY hr Zht `m _wPo àmßV Zht hmo nm`m h¡. `h EH$ Jå^ra
g_ñ`m _wPo IQ>H$Vr h¡, lrOr _hmamOHo$ _ybdMZm|H$m dmñV{dH$ A{^àm`
öX²JV H$aZo_.| Bg ~mao_| lrñdm{_Zmam`Ur` {dÛmZm|H$o Š`m ñnï>rH$aU gåàXm`_mÝ`
h¢, `h _wPo kmV Zht h¢. AV… _wPo bJVm h¡ {H$ Bg {ejmnÌr Ho$ ~mX dMZm_¥V
Am{X J«ÝWm|_| Omo-O¡gm à{VnmXZ CnbãY hmoVm h¡ CgH$s g§J{V Hw$N> Z Hw$N>
~¡R>mZr hr Mm{h`o.
Š`m|{H$ Ohm§ VH$ VÎd{d^mJH$m àíZ h¡ Vmo {MX{MX²{d{eï>-B©ídaê$n
VÎdÌ`rH$m Vmo {ejmnÌr Ho$ BZ íbmoH$m|_| h_ à{VnmXZ gwñnï> eãXm|_| nmVo hr
h¢. Bg àg§Jna ^r Bg ~rOmonXoeê$n J«ÝWaËZ_|, Ohm§ VÎdnÄMH$H$s ñdrH¥${V
AVrd àgŠV Wr, CgH$m CnXoe àmßV Z hmoZm AVrd {dñ_`H$mar ~mV bJVr
h¡. Ðï>ì` `Wm :
kmZÄM 1Ord2_m`m-3B©eê$nmUm§ gwðw> doXZ_²Ÿ&
1
öËñWmo@Uwgyú_píMÐynmo kmVm ì`mß`m{Ibm§ VZw_²Ÿ&
kmZeŠË`m pñWVmo Ordmo ko`mo@ÀN>oÚm{XbjU…Ÿ&&
2
{ÌJwUmË_m V_… H¥$îUepŠVa² XohVXr``mo…Ÿ&
Ordñ` Mmh§__VmhoVwa² _m`mdJå`Vm_²Ÿ&&
3
öX`o OrddX² Ordo `mo@ÝV`m©{_V`m pñWV…Ÿ&
297
ko`… ñdVÝÌ B©emo@gm¡ gd©H$_©\$bàX…Ÿ&&
g lrH¥$îU… na§ ~«÷ ^JdmZ² nwéfmoÎm_…Ÿ&
Cnmñ` Bï>Xodmo Z… gdm©{d^m©dH$maU_²Ÿ&&
g amY`m `wVmo ko`mo amYmH¥$îU B{V à^w…Ÿ&
épŠ_Ê`m a_`monoVmo bú_rZmam`U… g {hŸ&&
ko`mo@Ow©ZoZ `wŠVmo@gm¡ ZaZmam`Um{^Y…Ÿ&
~b^Ðm{X`moJoZ VÎmÝZm_moÀ`Vo g MŸ&&
EVo amYmX`mo ^ŠVm… Vñ` ñ`w… nmíd©V… Šd{MV²Ÿ&
Šd{MV² VX§Jo@{VñZohmV² gVw ko`… VX¡H$b…Ÿ&&
(Ÿ{ejmnÌr : 104-111Ÿ).
`hm§ A{V[aŠV Xmo VÎdm|, Zm_V… B©ída Am¡a Aja~«÷, H$m AZwëboI gmW
hr gmW _yVu^yV Aja~«÷Ho$ ^rVa nwéfmoÎm_H$s AdpñW{VHo$ ~Om` ñd`§
gmjmV² nwéfmoÎm_Ho$ ^rVa BZ VWmH${WV B©ídaHo$ _y{V©ê$n nmíd©d{V©Am|H$s
A{VñZohde AdñWmZH$s H$Wm gd©Wm {dnarV H$Wm hr bJ ahr h¡.
lr{ZË`mZÝX _w{ZH¥$V empÊS>ë`gyÌ^mî`_² Ho$ gmW BgH$m g§dmX ^r
CnbãY hmo V m h¡ `Wm ""ja§ àYmZ_² Aja§ nw é f…. AZo Z {_W…
g§g¥ï>Îdñd^mdH$WZmV² VwfmVÊSw>b`mo[ad EH$s^y` ~rO^md… na_mË_Z…
CnmXmZ^mdo Ûma_² B{V {deof… M Am{MVmo… X{e©V…... Ed§ _m`mOrdoemZm§
ñdê$nñd^md{ZU©`_² CŠËdm àH¥$V_² AZwga{V'' (Ÿem.gy.^m.2Ÿ&1Ÿ&17-
18Ÿ). `hm§ h_ XoI gH$Vo h¢ {H$ g_yMo J«ÝW_| VÎdnÄMH$ H$ht ^r d{U©V Zht
hþdm h¡ àË`wV CÕ¥V dmŠ`m§e_| H$ÊR>V… Aja~«÷m@ÛmaH$ AWm©V² VwfmVÊSw>bÝ`m`oZ
àYmZnwéfÛmaH$ na_mË_mH$s CnmXmZVm VWm _m`mOrdoeH$s {ÌnwQ>r hr à{Vnm{XV
hþ`r h¡Ÿ! ^ybZm Zht Mm{h`o {H$ BÝht lr{ZË`mZÝX _w{ZH$m Zm_ dMZm_¥V Ho$
g§H$bZH$mam|_| ^r Cpëb{IV h¡. AV… BZH$m `h VÎdnÄMH$Ho$ ~mao_| _m¡Z
A{Ve` {df_ pñW{V_| VÎdnÄMH$H$s YmaUmHo$ àm_mÊ`H$mo aI XoVm h¡. `hr
H$Wm EVËgåàXm`mZwgm[a lrJmonmbmZÝX ñdm{_H¥$V ~«÷gyÌ^mî`Ho$ AdbmoH$Z
H$aZona ^r àH$Q> hmoVr h¡. `hm§ `Ú{n VÎdnÄMH$H$s YmaUm Vmo àñVwV hmo J`r
298
h¡ naÝVw {\$a^r Aja~«÷Ho$ _y{V©_mZ ñdê$nV`m ñÌr-AmH$madmbr amYmbú_r
Am{XHo$ {ZîH$mgZnyd©H$ nwéfmH$ma lrJwUmVrVmZÝX ñdm_rH$s YmaUm H$_go H$_
_w P o H$ht {XIbm`r Zht Xr. Ðï> ì ` : ""_hm_wŠV¡… go{dV_² AÝ`§
jamjanw é f{^ÝZ_² B© e § gd© { Z`ÝVma§ amYmbú_rn{V_² ' '
(Ÿ~«.gy.^m.a.1Ÿ&2Ÿ&11Ÿ). `h {dYmZ {ejmnÌr Ho$ nydm}Õ¥V ""EVo amYmX`mo
^ŠVm… Vñ` ñ`w… nmíd©V… Šd{MV² Šd{MV² VX§Jo A{VñZohmV² gVw ko`… VXm
EH$b…'' go gd©Wm gwg§JV ^r bJVr h¡.
{\$a^r gå_mZZr` àmÜ`mnH$ lra_oe XdoH$m EH$ {dbjU dXVmoì`mKmV
{H$ ""Akshar too has a divine personality...in human form. However,
the mayika distinction of male or female do not apply to him for
he is beyond the three gunas of maya'' (ŸX ^ŠV^JdmZ² [aboeZ{en
n¥.127Ÿ) `h Vmo lrOr _hmamOH$s _yb{dMmaYmamgo Ag§JV gm hr àVrV hmoVm
h¡, `h _ybmg§J{V n§Mmbm_| {X`o J`o CnXoeHo$ AmYmana ^r {gÕ hmoVr h¡Ÿ-
""lrOr _hmamO ~mobo {H$ h_Zo ~hþV X¡a VH$ {dMma {H$`m
Am¡a g_ñV emñÌm|na Ñ{ï> S>mb H$a XoIm Vmo h_| Eogm kmV hþdm
{H$ "lrH¥$îU O¡gm gd©epŠVgånÝZ H$moB© AÝ` AdVma Zht
hþdm'... dh {H$g àH$maŸ? gw{Z`o : gd©àW_ ñd`§ lrH¥$îU
^JdmZ²Zo XodH$sH$s H$moIgo OÝ_ {b`m V~ e§I-MH«$-JXm-
nÙ YmaU H$a CÝh| MVw^w©Oê$n_| Xe©Z {X`m. BgHo$ Ûmam CÝhm|Zo
bú_rn{V d¡Hw$ÊR>ZmWH$m ^md AnZo ñdê$n_| {XIbm`m. CÝhm|Zo
_mVm `emoXmH$mo AnZo _wI_| {dídê$n {XIm`m. Bggo CÝhm|Zo
ghòerf©ê$n Ûmam A{ZéÕ^md ñd`§Ho$ ñdê$n_| {XIm`m VWm
AH«y$aH$mo `_wZmH$s Ymam_| Xe©Z {X`m. Bggo eofem{`^md
{XIm`m. VWm `wÕñWb_| AOw©ZH$mo {dídê$n {XIbm`m... Bg
àH$ma AZÝV ~«÷mÊS> {XIbmH$a nwéfmoÎm_^md ~Vm`m. VWm
ñd`§ lrH¥$îUZo H$hm {H$ "`ñ_mV² ja_² AVrVmo Ah_² AjamX{n
M CÎm_… AVmo Apñ_ bmoHo$ doXo M à{WV… nwéfmoÎm_…' Bg àH$ma
lrH¥$îUZo ñd`§ AnZm nwéfmoÎm_^md {XIm`m. JmobmoH$dmgr
299
am{YH$mg{hV lrH¥ $ îU ^r ñd`_o d Wo . ..Bg Ñ{ï> g o ^r
H¥$îUmdVma O¡gm H$moB© AdVma Zht h¡. dñVwV… `hr gdm}n[a h¡.''
(ŸdMZm.n§Mm.6Ÿ&132Ÿ).
AVEd _wPo `hr A~ AVrd {Okm{gV h¡. Š`m|{H$ _mZdr` ñdê$n `m Vmo
nwéfmH$ma hmoVm h¡ `m ñÍ`mH$ma, n¥WH$ Vmo hmoVm Zht. Eogr pñW{V_| Ho$db
am_mZwO_Vm{^àoV bú_rgo{dV Zmam`UH$s na_nwéfVmHo$ ñWmZna nwéfmH$maÛ`rH$s
na_nwéfVmHo$ à{VnmXZH$s g§J{V H¡$go ~¡R>mZrŸ! dh Z Vmo lrOr _hmamOH$s
ñdKmo{fV AZwJm{_VmHo$ AmYmana Am¡a Z CZHo$ {ejmnÌr _| Cnbä`_mZ
H$ÊR>mŠo V dMZmoH$| AmYmana {ZañV hmo nm`oJr. Eogr pñW{V_| lrJwUmVrVmZÝXOrH$mo
Aja~«÷Ho$ _y{V©_mZ ñdê$nHo$ ê$n_| àñVwV H$aZm Ho$db dMZm_¥V Ho$ ^r
AmZw_m{ZH$ AmYmana hr gå^d h¡. AWm©V² {ejmnÌr H$m Bg {df`_| H$mð>_m¡Z
A{Ve` IQ>H$Zodmbr ~mV _wPo bJVr h¡. BgHo$ Abmdm dMZm_¥V_| Cnbä`_mZ
CnXoem|H$m ^r Bg gÝX^©_| AdJmhZ H$aZona Bg {df`_| EH$ Am¡a ~mV ñ\w$[aV
hmoVr h¡. `Wm ""O~ ^JdmZ² _m`m_| AmVo h¢ V~ _m`m ^r AjaYm_ê$n hmo
OmVr h¡. `{X Mm¡~rg VÎdm|_| à{dï> hm| Vmo Mm¡~rg VÎd ^r ~«÷ê$n hmo
OmVo h¢'' (ŸdMZm.daVm.7Ÿ&207Ÿ) Eogm gwñnï> eãXm|_| {gÕmpÝVV h¡ hr. {\$a
^r ì`W© hr am_mZwOm{^_V lrepŠVH$mo _m{`H$ _mZZm `m namojd¥{Îmgo CgH$s
Jm¡UVm Üd{ZV H$aZr, Bg_| à`moOZ Š`m h¡ `h ñnï> Zht hmo nmVmŸ! O~{H$ ñd`§
^mJdVnwamUHo$ ""{ZañVgmå`m{Ve`oZ amYgm ñdYm_{Z ~«÷{U a§ñ`Vo Z_…''
(Ÿ^mJ.nwam.2Ÿ&4Ÿ&14Ÿ) dMZH$s am_mZwOr ì`m»`m_| Vmo `Ú{n Zht naÝVw {OZH$s
lrH¥$îUgodmar{VH$mo {Z`VmZwgV©ì` Kmo{fV {H$`m J`m Eogo _hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`©H$s
gw ~ mo { YZr_| Vmo "" "{ZañVgmå`o'{V H$m{MX² ^JdV… {g{Õ… ApñV
"amYg²'eãXdmÀ`m. Z VmÑer {g{Õ… Šd{MX² AÝ`Ì Zdm VVmo@{n
A{YH$m. V`m {gÕçm ^JdmZ² ñdJ¥hEd a_Vo. VÀM AjamË_H§$ ~÷.
"a§ñ`Z²' B{V ñd{Zð>_od ag§ VËgå~ÝYmX² A{^ì`ŠV§ H$amo{V B{V. EVmdVm
ñdê$npñW{Vì`{VaoH$o U Z AÝ`Ì a§ñ`{V B{V ^JdXr`mo ag… VÌ¡d àmßVì`….
J¥hÄM Vñ`¡d. VËgmYZ§ M {ZañVgmå`m{Ve`m {g{Õ….''Ÿ-Ÿ""`Xm ^JdmZ²
ñdepŠVê$noU Am{d^y©V… VXm eŠVrZm§ _Ü`o lr… àW_m. gm earaEd
~bdV² nydª pñWVm. `Xm ^JdmZ² à^wËdoZ Am{d^y©V… VXm gm{n ^mo½`ËdoZ
300
Am{d^y©Vm ^m`}d... Vñ`m… earaÝVw ~«÷mZÝXê$n_²... gm{h Ajañ`
AmZÝXê$nm.'' (Ÿ^mJ.gw ~ mo . 2Ÿ&4Ÿ&14Ÿ-Ÿ2Ÿ&9Ÿ&13Ÿ) AV… _hmà^w
lrdëb^mMm`m©{d^m©{dV lrH¥$îUgodmar{VH$mo AZwgaZm A{Zdm`© hmo Vmo
""lr+H¥$îU=lrH¥$îU'' g_rH$aU{gÕ amYmg{hV H¥$îU hr gdm©{YŠ`oZ
^OZr` hmoVo h¢. ~Om` {H$ lrJwUmVrVmZÝXñdm{_g{hV lrghOmZÝXOrHo$ ^OZHo$.
(Ÿ5.àH$Q>nwéfmoÎm_VmH$s à`moJmpÝd{V_| gr_mŸ)
I¡a, g^r gåàXm`m|Zo AnZo-AnZo _ybmMm`m]H$mo ^JdXdVma Vmo _mZm hr
h¡. Bg gÝX^©_| _oao dMZm|H$mo AÝ`Wm Ame`_| Z {b`m Om`o Vmo H$hZm Mmhÿ§Jm
{H$ Ho$dbmÛ¡V gåàXm`Ho$ àdV©H$ ""Ah§ ~«÷mpñ_''Ho$ CnXoï>m ^JdËnmX
lre§H$amMm`©Zo ñd`§H$o nyOm_pÝXa Zht àË`wV gm_mÝ`emñÌ{gÕ {d{dY XodVmAm|H$s
hr _y{V©Am|Ho$ hr _pÝXa {gÕ H$adm H$a nÄMXodmonmgZm AWdm e¡d emŠV
ñH$mÝX JmUnË` gm¡a VWm d¡îUd AmamYZmHo$ fS²>{dY _mJm]H$m àMma {H$`m Wm.
`{Vda lram_mZwOmMm`© ^r eofmdVmaV`m _mÝ` hmoZona ^r lrbú_r-lrZmam`UHo$
hr _pÝXa ñWm{nV H$a J`o. `hr H$Wm _mÜdgåàXm`_| ^r h¡. ñd`§ lrM¡VÝ`
_hmà^wH$mo ^r lrH¥$îUHo$ AdVma _mZm OmVm h¡, H$ht Vmo lrH¥$îUgo A{YH$ ^r
naÝVw lramYmH¥$îUH$mo Jm¡U ~Zm H$a CZH$s nyOmH$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZodmbo _pÝXa Aën
hr h¡. dmëb^ gåàXm`_| ^r _hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`©H$mo ""dñVwV… H¥$îUEd''
(ŸJmoñdm{_lr{dÆ>bZmW à^wMaUH¥$V lrdëb^mï>H$ íbmo.8Ÿ) _mZm J`m h¡ gmjmV²
lrH¥$îU_wIma{dÝXHo$ AdVmaê$n. hmb_| BYa gmo-S>o‹T> gmo df©_| AZYrV{gÕmÝV
AZwJm{_Am|Zo h_ A`mo½` _hmamOlrAm|_| AnZr lÕm Imo XoZoHo$ H$maU ZdrZ
dëb^nÝW Adí` Mbm`m h¡. AÝ`Wm AmamYZmW© lrH¥$îUH$s _hÎmm H$^r
dmëb^ gåàXm`_| Jm¡U Zht ~Zm`r J`r.
lrghOmZÝXOrHo$ ^r gmjmV² nwéfmoÎm_ñdê$n hmoZo_|, AV… gåàXm`Ûofa{hV
{H$grH$mo ^r {H$gr VahH$s H$moB© g¡ÕmpÝVH$ Amn{Îm Vmo hmo hr Zht gH$Vr. Am¡a
Z lrOr_hmamOHo$ gh`moJr lrJwUmVrVmZÝXOrHo$ Aja~«÷ñdê$n hmoZo_| ^r. Omo
~mV, naÝVwŸ, g¡ÕmpÝVH$ {ddoMZmHo$ AÝVJ©V g_P Zht AmVr dh `h h¡ {H$
EVmdVm ñdm{_Zmam`Ur` _pÝXam|_| lrH¥$îU `m lrbú_rZmam`U H$s Omo A~
Jm¡UVm àX{e©V H$aZoH$mo lrOr_hmamOHo$ nmíd©_| CZH$mo à{Vð>m{nV {H$`m OmVm
301
h¡, CgH$s dmM{ZH$ g§J{V H¡$go ~¡R>mZrŸ? Bg {damoYm^mgHo$ Cne_ZmW© Š`m-
H¡$gr Cnn{Îm`m§ h¢ `h ^r _wPo {Okmñ` bJVm h¡.
(Ÿ6.AmYw{ZH$ EVÝ_Vm{^km|Ho$ _V Ed§ H$V©ì`Ÿ)
lrñdm{_Zmam`U gåàXm`Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ {dÛmZm|H$m Eogr pñW{V_| `h
Adí`mZwð>o` H$V©ì` ~Z OmVm h¡ {H$ Bg {df`_| gmåàXm{`H$ g_mYmZ àH$Q>
H$a|. `{X BZ nm§M VÎdm|H$m AÝV^m©d am_mZwOr` VÎdÌ`r_| H$aZm A{^àoV _mZm
hmoVm, O¡go {H$ VÎdÌ`rH$s ì`m»`mHo$ ê$n_| lrdoXmÝVXo{eH$Zo Ðì`mÐì`m{XHo$
{d^mJH$m à{VnmXZ {H$`m h¡, Vmo àH$Q> hmoVm AÝV{d©amoYm^mg Adí` hr Hw$N>
{e{Wb ~Z OmVm. `h VÎdnÄMH$H$s H$ënZm naÝVw BVZr A{YH$ Z Ho$db
am_mZwO_Vmg{hîUw h¡ àË`wV ñd`§ {ejmnÌr Ho$ gmW ^r {H$VZr Ag{hîUwVm
àH$Q> H$aVr h¡, `h XoI H$a AVrd {dñ_` hmoVm h¡Ÿ! EVXW© lrOr_hmamOHo$
dMZmoHo$ gmW ñnï>V`m PbH$Vo {damoYm^mgH$mo XoIZm hmo Vmo Bg gåàXm`Ho$
AmYw{ZH$ {dÛmZm|Ho$ CX²Jmam|Ho$ gmW _ybdMZm|H$m VwbZmË_H$ {d_e© Amdí`H$
bJVm h¡. EH$ Zht àË`wV AZoH$ {dÛmZ g_doV ñdam|_| {ZaÝVa AnZo Xme©{ZH$
{gÕmÝVH$mo Aam_mZwOr` VWm AnZr AmamYZmàUmbrH$mo Anw{ï>_mJu` {gÕ
H$aZoH$s ^agH$ Moï>m H$aVo ahVo h¢. `h AnZo AYwZm{dH${gV ê$n_| EH$ {Zðw>a
gË` hmo gH$Vm h¡ naÝVw {ZOmMm`m}pŠVHo$ àm_mÊ`{Zdm©hH$m {dH$amb àíZ
Ag_m{hV ah OmVm h¡.
d¡go Y_©-Xe©Zm|H$s {d{dYVmH$mo _¢ ^maVr` MoVZmH$s AmË_m _mZVm hÿ§.
gmo AmO Zht Vmo H$b `h hmoZm Vmo Wm hr. `h, d¡go, {ZVmÝV A{^ZÝXZr` ^r
hmoVm h¡Ÿ! Š`m|{H$ àË`oH$ Y_©gåàXm`m|_| Hw$N> H$mbHo$ ~mX BVZr gmar {ZX©`
ê${T> VWm lÕmbw OZVmH$s lÕmHo$ emofUHo$ BVZo _{bZ ê$n C^a OmVo h¢ {H$
ZdrZ gåàXm` C^a H$a CZH$m àVrH$ma Z H$a| Vmo OZgmYmaU AmÜ`mpË_H$VmHo$
D$na hr {dídmg Imo XoZoHo$ H$Jma VH$ nhþ§M OmVm h¡Ÿ! àíZ `hm§, {H$ÝVwŸ,
Ym{_©H$ AmñWmH$s {dew{ÕHo$ {Zdm©hH$m CVZm Zht h¡ {OVZm {H$ lrOr_hmamOHo$
dMZm|Ho$ A{^àm`m|H$s `Wmon{Xï>_r_m§gmH$m h¡. EVXW© nydm}XmöV CnXoem|H$mo
Xmoham H$a AYwZmàH$Q> {damoYm^mgH$mo XoI boZm àmg§{JH$ hmoJmŸ-
302
 (1)""emaraH$mUm§ ^JdX² J rVm`m… M AdJå`Vm§
am_mZwOmMm`©H¥$V§ ^mî`_² AmÜ`mpË_H§$ __''.
(2)""_V§ {d{eï>mÛ¡V§ _o''.
(3)""ko`… ñdVÝÌ B©emo@gm¡ gd©H$_©\$bàX… g lrH¥$îU… na§
~«÷ ^JdmZ² nwéfmoÎm_… Cnmñ` Bï>Xodmo Z… gdm©{d^m©dH$maU§ g
amY`m `wVmo ko`mo amYmH¥$îU B{V à^w…. épŠ_Ê`m a_`monoVmo
bú_rZmam`Um{^Y…''(`Wmnydm}Õ¥V).
{déÕ
In Gujarat there is an active reforming sect called Swami-
Narayanis who worship… Krishna and Radha. The founder,
Sahajanand or Swami-Narayan, disgusted with the gross
immorality of the Vallabhas, began shortly aftter 1804 to
denounce them and to teach a purer system. He soon gathered
a large compny of follwers and a sect was formed...Their
philosophy is the Vishishtadvaita of Ramanuja, but in their
theololgy they follow Vallabha... They retain the Vallabh
mantra...' Thus we see that Farquhar has allotted only one
paragraph to Swaminarayanism; and even in such a small
description, he has made more than five false statements
which have been put by us in italics'' (lr O.Am.`m{kH$H¥$V "X
{’$bmogm°’$s Am°’$ lrñdm{‘Zmam`U' n¥.10).
d¡go Vmo dmëb^ XodemñÌ ^r lrOr ‘hmamOH$mo ‘mÝ` h¡ hr Am¡a Bgo
{ejmnÌrHo$ AmYmana {gÕ ^r {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡. Bg VÏ`H$s, naÝVw, Cnojm
^r H$a Ho$ Mb| V~ ^r BVZm Vmo Y«wd {ZpíMV h¡ {H$ Cn[a {Z{X©ï> {damoYm^mgHo$
MbVo lrOr ‘hmamOH$s am‘mZwO‘VmZwJm{‘VmHo$ {ZOH$ÊR>moŠV dMZ A~ `m Vmo
Aàm‘m{UH$ R>hamZo n‹S>|Jo `m {’$a am‘mZwO‘VmZwJm{‘Vm{d{eï> {d{eï>mÛ¡Vdm{XVm
ñdrH$mao {~Zm H$moB© g‘mYmZ hr Ñ{ï>JV Zht hmoVm.
gå‘mZZr` {dÛmZ² lr O.Am.`m{kH$ ‘hmoX`Zo 66d| B§{S>`Z² {’$bmogmo{’$H$b²
H$m°ÝJ«og²‘| àñVwV {H$`o AmboInÌ ""{d{eï>mÛ¡V Am°’²$ ñdm{‘Zmam`U''Ho$ {ÛVr`
303
n[aÀN>oX‘| ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` doXmÝVH$mo am‘mZwOr` {d{eï>mÛ¡VdmXgo n¥WH²$ {gÕ
H$aZoH$mo N>h hoVw {X`o h¢. BZ‘| am‘mZwOr` {d{eï>mÛ¡VdmXH$s YmaUm‘| XmofmoX²^mdZm
^r H$s J`r h¡.
d¡go dh ‘wPo BVZr Jå^ra Zht bJVr naÝVw CÝh| ‘mZ H$a ^r Mb| Vmo ‘wPo
`h H$hZoH$s Vmo BÀN>m à~b hr hmoVr h¡ {H$ `o gmao Xmof ñd`§ lrOr ‘hmamOHo$
""emaraH$mUm§ ^JdX²JrVm`m… M AdJå`Vm§ am‘mZwOH¥$V§ ^mî`‘²''-""‘V§
{d{eï>mÛ¡V§ ‘o''(`Wmnydm}Õ¥V) dMZm|na bmJy hmo H$a CZHo$ dMZm|Ho$ àm‘mÊ`H$mo
{ZañV hr H$a X|Jo
Bg‘| àW‘ hoVw VÎdnÄMH$H$s A§JrH¥${VH$mo ~Zm`m J`m h¡. BgH$m {dMma
Vmo h‘Zo H$a hr {b`m. {ÛVr` hoVwV`m am‘mZwOYmaUmHo$ ~mao‘| gd©nëbr
lramYH¥$îUZ²Ûmam CX²^m{dV XmofH$mo gå‘mÝ` lr`m{kH$ ‘hmoX`Zo àñVwV {H$`m
h¡. dh Xmof `h h¡ {H$ am‘mZwOr` {d{eï>mÛ¡VdmX‘| ^JdmZ² gd}gdm© h¢ VWm
OrdmË‘m VWm eara Vmo CZHo$ Ho$db CnH$aUê$n hmoVo h¢. Bgo lr`m{kH$ ‘hmoX`
^JdmZ²H$s n[anyU©Vm bmoH$moÎmaVm VWm AnamYrZVm Ho$ {déÕ OmVr ~mV ‘mZVo
h¢ Am¡a H$hVo h¢ {H$ Eogm Xmof ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` Ñ{ï>‘| Zht ImoOm Om gH$Vm,
Š`m|{H$ Ho$db AÝV`m©{‘epŠVHo$ Ûmam hr `hm§ earaear[a^md ñdrH$mam J`m h¡.
A~ An¥WH²${gÕ earaear[a^mdHo$ ~mao‘| lr`m{kH$ ‘hmoX`H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$
am‘mZwO‘V‘|, Š`m|{H$, An¥WH²${gÕ {MX{MÀN>ara{d{eï> ‘mZm J`m h¡, AV…
na‘VÎdHo$ ñdê$n‘| eara{Z^©aV`m {MX{MXVrVVm {gÕ Zht hmo nmVr. O~{H$
Ho$db AÝV`m©{‘Vm‘ybH$ earaear[a^md‘| `h Xmof àgŠV Zht hmoVm. ‘wPo Bg
{df`‘| `m| bJVm h¡ {H$ Bg AmYw{ZH$ ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` {gÕmÝV‘| ^r `{X
g¥{ï>go nyd© nwéfmoÎm‘ gyú‘{MX{MÀN>ara{d{eï> Z hm| Vmo Mma `m nm§M hr J{V
Adbå~ZmW© ~M OmVr h¢:
(1)`m Vmo gyú‘ {MX{MV²H$mo A{ZË` ‘mZZm. (2)`m CÝh|
gyú‘mdñWm‘| nwéfmoÎm‘Ho$ Aeara^yV {H$gr VÎdê$n `m VÁOÝ`
‘mZZm. (3)`m {’$a AmH$memon‘ Ho$db AmYma^yV nwéfmoÎm‘Ho$ ñdê$n‘|
hþdm àH$Q> ‘mZZm. (4)`m gwdUm}n‘ A{dH¥$Vn[aUm{‘-CnmXmZê$n
304
 nwéfmoÎm‘Ho$ ñdê$n‘|go n[aUV ‘mZZm. (5)`m ewpŠVaOVmon‘ {‘Ï`m
‘mZ boZm.
(1)A{ZË` ‘mZZona VÎdnÄMH$H$m emídV VÎd hmoZm {ZañV hmo Om`oJm.
(2)nwéfmoÎm‘Ho$ Aeara^yV {H$gr VÎdê$n `m VÁOÝ` ‘mZZona nwéfmoÎm‘H$s
ì`mnH$Vm Bg Vah {ZañV hmo Om`oJr {H$ dh AÝV`m©‘r ^r {gÕ Zht hmo nm`oJm.
AÝ`Wm nwéfmoÎm‘H$s na‘ì`mnH$Vm Cg‘| ear[aV`m AZwŠV{gÕ hr ahoJr.
(3)H$ën‘| `m Vmo {dkmZ{^jwHo$ doXmÝV‘| àdoe Jbon{VV hmoJm. (4)H$ën‘|
dmëb^ doXmÝV‘| ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` ‘VH$m AZwn{Xï> g‘mdoe Jbon{VV hmoJm.
(5)H$ën‘| em§H$adoXmÝV‘| ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` ‘V n`©d{gV hmo Om`oJm.
g¥{ï>Ho$ AmYmaV`m `hm§ na~«÷H$mo àñVwV H$aZoHo$ ~Om` Aja~«÷H$mo
àñVwV {H$`m J`m h¡. VWm Cg Aja~«÷H$mo ^r nwZ… ñdê$noU Zht naÝVw ñWyb
OJV²Ho$ ñdê$noU n[aUm{‘-CnmXmZê$n àH¥${V-nwéfHo$ ì`mnH$ËdoZ VWm
{Z`m‘H$ËdoZ ear[aH$maU ‘mZm J`m h¡.
^ma‘mnH$ `ÝÌna gmjmV² aIo {~Zm H$moB© nwéf AnZo gm‘mZH$mo {ZO
H$ÝYm|na bmX H$a AnZm ^ma ‘mnZm Mmho Vmo Cg‘| gm‘mZH$m ^ma Š`m
ì`pŠV^maHo$ gmW Ow‹S> Zht Om`oJm `m| Ho$db AjaVÎdH$mo VWm àH¥${V-
nwéfVÎdm|H$mo AÝVJ©Sw> ~ZmZogo ^r Amn{Îm Q>b Vmo Zht nm`oJr Am¡a Q>bVr hmoJr
Vmo am‘mZwOr` doXmÝV‘| ^r Q>b Om`oJr. Š`m|{H$ AmË`pÝVH$ ^oX Vmo XmoZm| hr
‘Vm|‘| g‘mZ h¡ Am¡a Bgr Vah {d{eï>H$m EoŠ` ^r. AV… EH$mÝV[aV ÛçÝV[aV
AWdm Í`ÝV[aV earamnojmHo$ ì`mOde am‘mZwO‘VH$m àË`m»`mZ gå^d Zht
bJVm.
Bgr Vah g¥{ï> ñdmW© h¡ `m namW© Bg g‘ñ`mHo$ ~mao‘| ^r ‘wPo Vmo `hr bJVm
h¡ {H$ OrdmZwH$ånmW© ‘mZZona ^r AZwH$ånm `{X na‘mË‘mH$m ñd^md hmo Vmo
ñdmW© hr {gÕ hmoJr VWm àm{W©V CnH$maàXe©Z hmo Vmo g¥{ï>nyd© dh AàgŠVhr
hmoZogo hoVw Zht ~Z nm`oJm.
305
V¥Vr` XmofV`m am‘mZwO‘V‘| {MX{MÀN>aram|H$s A{Zdm`©VmH$mo {JZm`m J`m
h¡ {H$ÝVw dh ^JdmZ²Ho$ metaphysical aspect g¥{ï>H$V¥©ê$n‘| A{Zdm`© hmoZona
^r theological aspect ^JdmZ²Ho$ {Xì`Ym‘pñWV ñdê$n‘| dh am‘mZwO‘V‘|
^r A{Zdm`© ‘mZr Zht Om gH$Vr. lr`m{kH$ ‘hmoX` H$hVo h¢ ""Thus
Visistadvaitism of Sri Svaminarayanan does not regard the world
of matter and souls as an organic to the nature of God'' (VÌ¡d
n¥.7) naÝVw ear[aV`m AÝV…àdoeHo$ ~mdOyX Am°J©{ZH$ Zht ‘mZZm dXVmoì`mKmV
hr h¡. h‘ H$h MwH$o h¢ {H$ AmË`pÝVH$ ^oX Vmo C^`‘Vm|‘| ‘mÝ` h¡. Ym`©YmaH$^mdê$nm
{dY¥{V BVaoVaì`mn¥{V interaction Ho$ {~Zm eŠ` Zht hmo nmVr. VXm`ÎmmoËn{ÎmH$Ëd
VXm`ÎmpñW{VH$Ëd VXm`Îmàd¥{ÎmH$Ëd Am{X eararHo$ CËnmXH$ AmYma àoaH$ hþdo
{~Zm eŠ` Zht. Am¡a Bggo ~MZoH$mo Omo Cnn{Îm ImoOr Om`oJr CgH$m bm^
am‘mZwOr` ‘VH$mo ^r {‘boJm hr.
lr`m{kH$ ‘hmoX` H$hVo h¢ {H$ am‘mZwO‘V‘| nañnamnojm Xmof h¡ Omo
ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` ‘V‘| Zht. ‘wPo bJVm h¡ {H$ `{X Aja~«÷H$mo Ym‘ ‘mZm OmVm
h¡ Vmo nwéfmoÎm‘H$mo AnZo AdñWmZmW© CgH$s Anojm ahoJr hr. àË`wV {Z`VYm‘
hmoZoHo$ H$maU Aja~«÷‘| Y{‘©ê$nVmH$s Am¡a na~«÷‘| Aja~«÷Ho$ Y‘©ê$n hmoZoH$s
Ame§H$m ^r CR> gH$Vr h¡, Y‘©H$s ì`m»`m hr ""VX²d¥{Îm‘Îd‘²'' (Ý`m`H$moe
n¥.386) ‘mZr OmVr hmoZogo.
AñVw `h Vmo ñWm{bnwbmH$Ý`m`oZ Hw$N> g‘mYmZ h¢ Omo ‘wPo lrOr ‘hmamOH$mo
‘mÝ` {d{eï>mÛ¡VH$s CnnÝZVmHo$ hoVw ñ’w$[aV hmoVo h¢. Amdí`H$Vm Bg ~mVH$s
Zht naÝVw ñd`§ lrOr ‘hmamOHo$ dMZm|H$s Eogo AmYw{ZH$ {dYmZm|Ho$ gmW Š`m
g§J{V ~¡R>mZr BgH$s hr ‘hVr h¡.
BZHo$ Abmdm "X ^ŠV ^JdmZ²' g§Jmoð>r‘| gmYw lrh[aXmgOOrZo AnZo
AmboInÌ‘| H$hVo h¢ ""Swaminarayan accepts the fundamental principles
of Ramanuja as basis of his philosophy, but goes much beyond
him'' ("X ^ŠV ^JdmZ² [aboeZ{en' n¥.189) Bg am‘mZwOdoXmÝVm{VJm{‘VmH$s
306
{g{Õ OrdmË‘mAm|Ho$ CÕmamW© ~«÷mÊS>moËn{ÎmHo$ Ûmam AmYw{ZH$ ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur`
‘V‘| H$s h¡. {Okmñ` Bg {df`‘| `hr h¡ {H$ g¥{ï>{Z‘m©U `{X OrdmË‘mAm|Ho$
à{V H$éUm{VaoH$de CÕmaHo$ Jå^ra à`ËZê$n ‘mZr Om`o Vmo nwéfH$mo àH¥${VHo$
gmW Omo‹S>Zm Am¡a {’$a CÕma H$aZm ""àjmbZmX² {h n§H$ñ` XyamX² Añne©Z§ da‘²''
Ý`m`oZ CÝ‘ÎmnwéfdV² XwîH«$‘mdbå~Z h¡. BgHo$ ~Om` Vmo am‘mZwOmMm`©H$s
{Zîà`moOZ H$ÝXwH$H«$sS>m ""Z à`moOZdÎdmV² bmoH$dÎmw brbmH¡$dë`‘²''
(~«.gy.2&1&32-33) gm¡Ì Amjon Am¡a g‘mYmZ Ho$ gmW A{YH$ gwg§JV àVrV
hmoVo h¢.
BgHo$ Abmdm am‘mZwO‘V‘| ~«÷n[aUm‘dmX A§JrH¥$V h¡ O~{H$ AmYw{ZH$
ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` ‘V‘| na~«÷àem{gV àH¥${Vn[aUm‘dmX ‘mZm J`m h¡, Eogm
gmYw lrh[aXmgOrH$m H$hZm h¡. àíZ `hm§ `h CR>Vm h¡ {H$ Š`m am‘mZwO‘V‘o
A{MV²àH¥${V na~«÷àem{gV Zht h¡? lram‘mZwOmMm`©H$m Bg ~mao‘| Š`m H$hZm
h¡ `h XoIZm hmo Vmo : ""Vñ‘mV² joÌkH$‘m©ZwJwU§ ‘Xr`m àH¥${V… gË`g§H$ënoZ
‘`m AÜ`joU B©{jVm gMamMa§ OJV² gy`Vo AZoZ joÌkH$‘m©ZwJwU‘XrjUoZ
hoVZw m OJX² {dn[adV©VB{V ‘Ëñdmå`§ gË`g§H$ënËd§ Z¡KÊ«© `m{XXmofa{hVËd‘²
BË`o‘m{XH§$ dgwXodgyZmo… Eoída§ `moJ§ ní`'' (JrVm^m.9&10) Bggo H$m¡Z gr
A{YH$ ~mV na~«÷àem{gV àH¥${Vn[aUm‘dmXV`m H$hr Om ahr h¡
(7.gmYZmàUmbr)
d¡go lrOr ‘hmamOgo 303 df© nyd© hþdo lrdëb^mMm`© ‘hmà^wZo ^r
Aja~«÷Ho$ ~mao‘| ewÕmÛ¡VdmXH$m Adbå~Z H$a Ho$ ~hmoV gmar do hr ~mV|
ñdrH$mar VWm {ZO J«ÝWm|‘| AZoH$Ì à{Vnm{XV ^r H$s h¢, `Wm, Aja~«÷
^JdÕm‘ê$n hmoVm h¡, AÛ`kmZ‘mJu`monmgZmÛmam Aja~«÷gm`wÁ` hmoVm h¡,
Aja~«÷H$mo AZÝVH$mo{Q> ~«÷mÊS>m|Ho$ XoeH$mbdñVwn[aÀN>oXa{hV AmYmaV`m VWm
CgHo$ gH$bH$maUH$bmnm|Ho$ CnmXmZH$maUV`m Ed§ {ZOXhamH$meV`m ^r {Zhma
H$a Cg‘| na~«÷ na‘mË‘m ^JdmZ² lrH¥$îUH$mo AdpñWV ‘mZ H$a ^OZ
H$aZodmbm Aja~«÷mË‘H$ ì`m{nd¡H$w ÊR>‘| AjamË‘H$ Xoh àmßV H$a ^JdX²^OZH$m
‘mojmdñWm‘| ^r {Zdm©h H$a nmVm h¡ Am{X-Am{X. AV… dmëb^ doXmÝVH$s
Ñ{ï>go Aja~«÷H$s ñdrH¥${V ^JdmZ² nwéfmoÎm‘‘| gwÑT>-gd©Vmo{YH$ ñZohHo$ nydmªJê$n
307
‘mhmËå`kmZHo$ A§JV`m A{Zdm`© hmoZogo ghO gå^d h¡ {H$ nw{ï>‘mJu` ^pŠVHo$
AZwgaUmW© am‘mZwO ‘V‘| BX{‘ËWV`m A§JrH¥$V Z hmoZona ^r Cgo AnZm {b`m
J`m hmo. VWm am‘mZwO‘Vr` {d{eï>mÛ¡Vgo dh Ag§JV Z hmo Om`o EVXW©
nwéfmoÎm‘go Cgo AË`ÝV {^ÝZ VWm earaê$n ^r ‘mZ {b`m J`m hmo. `m| am‘mZwO
doXmÝV VWm dmëb^ doXmÝV H$m EH$ AX²^wV g‘Ýd` `hm§ H$aZoH$m à`mg Omo
àH$Q> hmoVm dh Adí` ^maVr` Xe©ZemñÌHo$ B{Vhmg‘| EH$ CëboIZr` AÜ`m`H$mo
Omo‹S>m J`m ‘mZm OmZm Mm{h`o. {’$a ^r lrOr ‘hmamOHo$ dMZm|Ho$ àm‘mÊ` Am¡a
AmÝV[aH$g§J{VH$s g‘ñ`mH$m g‘mYmZ Š`m?
(8.g‘mYmZmonm`H$s gå^m{dV ê$naoIm)
Bg {Xem‘| Hw$N> g§emoYZ VWm g‘mYmZ àmßV hm| VXW© ""‘Ðÿn{‘{V
‘X²dmUr ‘mÝ`m B`§ na‘mXmamV²'' CZH$s AmkmH$mo {eamoYm`© H$ao {~Zm H$moB©
Cnm` g‘mYmZH$mar àVrV Zht hmoVm. Š`m|{H$ AYwZm{dH${gV lrñdm{‘Zmam`Ur`
‘V‘| Z Vmo lrdoXmÝVXo{eH$mopëbpIV VÎd{d^mOZH$mo {H$gr VahH$s g¡ÕmpÝVH$
‘mÝ`Vm Xr OmVr h¡ Am¡a Z {ZOmMm`©H$ÊR>moŠV am‘mZwOr`{d{eï>mÛ¡VdmXH$mo hr
AmYw{ZH$ lrñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` ‘VHo$ {dÛmZ `WmdV² ñdrH$maZo CÚV h¢. H$^r
"{d{eï>{d{eï>mÛ¡VdmX' Vmo H$^r "Zì`{d{eï>mÛ¡VdmX' H$h H$a am‘mZwOr`
{dMmaar{Vgo AnZo-AmnH$mo n¥WH²$V`m àñWm{nV H$aZoH$m hr à`mg A{YH$
‘wI[aV hmoVm nm`m OmVm h¡. EVmdVm `h {gÕ hmoVm h¡ {H$ am‘mZwOr`
{d{eï>mÛ¡VdmX‘| ^r A~ EVÝ‘VmZw`m{`Am|H$mo H$moB© Jhar {dà{Vn{Îm H$ht-
Hw$N> IQ>H$Vr hmoJr. d¡go `h Vmo, H$hZm n‹S>oJm {H$, {ZOmMm`©Ho$ AmXoeHo$ à{V
AZmXa àH$Q> {H$`m Om ahm PbH$Vm h¡
B‘m‘od VVmo {ZË`‘Zwg¥Ë` ‘‘m{lV¡…&
`VmË‘{^… d{V©Vì`§ ZVw ñd¡a§ H$XmMZ&&
ZoËW§ ` AmM[aî`pÝV VoËdñ‘ËgåàXm`V…&
~{h^y©Vm B{V ko`§ ñÌrnw§g¡… gmåàXm{`H¡$…&&
{ejmnÍ`m… à{V{XZ§ nmR>mo@ñ`m ‘Xwnm{lV¡…&
H$V©ì`mo@Zjak¡ñVw ldU§ H$m`©‘mXamV²&&
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 dŠÌ^mdoVw nyO¡d H$m`m©@ñ`m… à{Vdmga‘²&
‘Ðÿn{‘{V ‘X²dmUr ‘mÝ`o`§ na‘mXamV²&&
({ejmnÌr : 205-209).
Bg Eogr AmkmHo$ H$maU Bg {Xì`J«ÝWH$m AZ{VgmYmaU ‘hÎd {gÕ Vmo
hmoVm hr h¡. {’$a^r am‘mZwOr` doXmÝVgo {ZOnmW©Š`na ^ma XoZoH$mo ñdm^m{dH$V`m
dMZm‘¥Vm|H$m A{YH$mdbå~Z AmYw{ZH$ AZwJm{‘Am|Ho$ {b`o Omo An[ahm`© ~Zm
h¡ Cg gÝX^©‘| A~ àm‘mÊ`VmaVå` {Okmñ` ~Z OmVm h¡. Š`m|{H$ dMZm‘¥V
VWm {ejmnÌr Ho$ ~rM Ohm§ EH$ê$nVm Z PbH$Vr hmo dhm§ g‘àm‘mÊ`de XmoZm|
J«ÝWm|H$m {dH$ënoZ Aml`U H$aZm AWdm VaV‘àm‘mÊ`de? `{X VmaËå`de
Vmo {H$gHo$ AmYmana {H$gH$m ì`m»`mZ H$aZm?
Š`m ~m¡Õ Y‘©‘| O¡go AmééjwHo$ Anan`m©`ê$n {dZo`OZ VWm Amê$T>Ho$
Anan`m©`ê$n {dZrVOZ Ho$ A{YH$m[aVm^oXHo$ de Ñ{ï>^oXH$m CnXoe {X`m
J`m, Eogo hr ì`m»`mZr{V `hm§ ^r AnZmZr? AWdm O¡Zm|Zo O¡go {dH$bmXoe
VWm gH$bmXoe H$s ^oXH$ënZmHo$ Ûmam gßV{dY Z` Am¡a à‘mU Ho$ ~rM
Amno { jH$ ^o X VWm A^o X H$s ñdrH¥ $ {Vê$n gH$bZ`g‘mhmaHo $ Ûmam
CnXoegm‘ÄOñ` ~¡R>m`m h¡, VX²dV² `hm§ lrOr‘hmamOHo$ XmoZm| J«ÝWm|‘| gm‘ÄOñ`
ImoOZm? AWdm dmëb^ gåàXm`‘| ‘hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`©Ho$ hñVmjam|‘|
CnbãY hmoVr lr{dîUwñdm{‘‘VmZwJm{‘Vm Am¡a ^JdXmkßV nw{ï>^pŠVgåàXm`H$s
ñdVÝÌVmHo$ ~mao‘| O¡go ^mî`apí‘H$ma lrJmonío daOrZo ‘hmà^w-{da{MV fmoS>eJÝWm|‘|
1
{ZJ©wU‘V, ^mJdVgw~mo{YZr‘| 2Am{YX¡{dH$‘V, ~«÷gyÌ^mî`‘| 3AmÜ`mpË‘H$‘V;
VWm VÎdmW©Xrn{Z~ÝY‘| 4Am{Y^m¡{VH$‘V Eogo MVw{d©Y ‘Vm|H$s H$ënZm H$aHo$
H$WpÄMV² gm‘ÄOñ` ~¡R>mZm Mmhm Wm. Eogo hr lrOr‘hmamOH$mo ^r Š`m
am‘mZwOr` doXmÝV Ho$db AmÜ`mpË‘H$ ‘VV`m hr A{^‘V Wm? AWm©V² {ejmnÌr
‘| CÝh| Omo ‘V ‘mÝ` h¡ dh AmÜ`mpË‘H$ ‘VH$m CnXoe h¡ Am¡a dMZm‘¥V ‘| Š`m
CÝh| Am{YX¡{dH$V`m ‘mÝ` {H$gr ‘VH$m CnXoe h¡? AWdm ‘hmà^wHo$ C^`{dY
hñVmjam|go {gÕ CZH$s C^`‘VmZwJm{‘VmHo$ ~mao‘| ñd`§ Omo ‘wPo C{MV àVrV
hmoVm h¡ {H$ EH$ CZH$s naånamàmßV Ñ{ï> Wr Am¡a Xygar CZH$s ñdVÝÌÑ{ï> Wr.
BZ‘| nmW©Š` hmoZona ^r {damoYm^mg Z hmoZogo C^`Ñ{ï>`m|H$mo `Wm`W ñdrH$mam
309
J`m h¡. Eogr hr H$ënZm lrOr‘hmamOH$s ‘mÝ`VmHo$ ~mao‘| ^r H$aZr? AWdm
EH$‘| H$V©ì`monXoeH$s àYmZVm h¡ Am¡a Xygao‘| VÎdmonXoeH$s Bg Vah
nydm}Îma‘r‘m§gmÝ`m` Š`m `hm§ AZwgaUr` h¡? AWdm AmYw{ZH$ nmíMmË` AmXe©H$o
AZwJm‘r {MÝVH$m|Ho$ O¡gr H$mbH«$‘de {dMman[adV©ZH$s H$ënZmÛmam `hm§
gm‘ÄOñ` ~¡R>mZm? BZ {d{dY gå^mdZmAm|H$o ~rM Omo Hw$N> ^r ñdgåàXm`Ñï>çm
C{MV hmo Cgo {ZYm©[aV H$aZm lrñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` {dÛmZm|H$m ‘wPo Adí`mZwð>o`
H$V©ì` bJVm h¡. Š`m|{H$ Š`m H$maU h¡ {H$ am‘mZwO‘Vr` VÎd{d^mJ Bg ‘V‘|
AYwZm ñdrH$mam Zht OmVm h¡? Š`m| CgHo$ ñWmZna na~«÷ Aja~«÷ B©ída Ord
Am¡a ‘m`m ê$nr n§MYm VÎd{d^mJ, Omo dMZm‘¥Vm|‘| CnbãY hmoVm h¡ Cgrna ^ma
{X`m Om ahm h¡? Š`m| BZ n§M{dY VÎdm|H$m H$moB© ^r ñnï> g§Ho$V {ejmnÌr‘| Zht
{‘bVm? BZ VÎdm|Ho$ A§JrH$made Cn{ZfX² ~«÷gyÌ `m ^JdX²JrVm Ho$ dMZm|‘|
lram‘mZwO^mî`moŠV A{^àm`Ho$ {déÕ AW© Vmo ñdrH$maZm n‹S>oJm. V~ `m Vmo
am‘mZwO^mî`moŠV AW©H$mo Aà‘mU `m {’$a BZ VÎdnÄMH$H$s H$ënZmH$mo Aà‘mU
‘mZZm n‹S>oJm. `m| C^`V…nme‘| ~w{Õ OH$‹S> OmVr h¡. Omo ~mV BZ g~Ho$
AdbmoH$Z H$aZona Xw~m}Y bJVr h¡, dh `hr {H$ {Og Vahgo am‘mZwO‘VHo$
~mao‘| AnZr {Zénm{YH$ ñdrH¥${V {ejmnÌr ‘| àH$Q> hmoVr h¡ Cgo eZ¡…-eZ¡
dMZm‘¥Vm|‘| Š`m| {e{Wb hmoVr hþ`r VWm nadVu {dÛmZm|‘| gd©Wm Jm¡U hr Zht
àË`wV XmofmoX²^mdZ n`©ÝV AZwnmXo` ~Zm`r Om ahr h¡ Š`m| nadVu boIH$ AnZo
‘VH$m am‘mZwO‘Vgo nmW©Š`H$mo {gÕ H$aZo‘| AVrd AmJ«{hb nm`o OmVo h¢?
EVXW© {ZíM` hr àm‘mÊ`‘r‘m§gm A~ Bg gÝX^©‘| AVrd àmg§{JH$ ‘wPo àVrV
hmoVr h¡.
(9.Cng§hma)
VH$br’$ Bg ~mao‘| ‘wPo Am¡a Hw$N> ^r Zht {gdm` BgHo$ {H$ ñd`§ lrOr
‘hmamOHo$ dMZm|‘| nañna g‘Ýd` H¡$go gmYZm `hr à{H«$`m ‘wPo Z Ho$db
naoemZ H$aVr h¡ naÝVw AnZr {dZ‘« {OkmgmH$mo ‘wI[aV H$aZo ^r CH$gmVr h¡.
B{V e‘².
310
 &&lrH¥$îUm` Z‘…&&
&&lr‘XmMm`©MaUH$‘boä`mo Z‘…&&
lrñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` Xe©Z{gÕmÝV Am¡a ^pŠVgmYZm
H$s
{dH$gZà{H«$`m(2)
(gmYw lrlw{VàH$meXmgOrHo$ g‘mYmZmË‘H$ AmboInÌH$s g‘rjm)
lrH¥$îU§ na‘mZÝX§ Xebrbm`wV§ gXm&&
gd©^ŠVg‘wÕmao {dñ’w$aÝV§ na§ Zw‘…&&&1&&
""g lrH¥$îU… na§ ~«÷ ^JdmZ² nwéfmoÎm‘…&&
Cnmñ`… Bï>Xodmo Z… gdm©{d^m©dH$maU‘²''&&2&&
nwéfmoÎm‘mo@`§ JrVmoŠV… ghOmZÝXoï>XodVm&&
na~«÷V`m gmo@`§ lw{VgyÌà‘mUH$…&&3&&
gd©‘mÝ`ofw emñÌofw `Îmw Z¡dmonbä`Vo&&
lw{VàH$meXmgr`§ ~«÷ VV² na‘§ Hw$V…?&&
VV… ñdJmo{ð>{gÕ§ VV² {eî`lÕm{VaoH$V…&&4&&
Z ‘VÄMm{n VV² VÌ ghOmZÝXñdm{‘Zm‘²&&
{H$ÄM gd£{h© ñdJwé… na~«÷V`mÑV…&&5&&
ñdJwê$ŠV§ naÝËdoV¡… {M̧ IëdYarH¥$V‘²&&
emñÌmZwŠV§ à‘o`§ MoV² naVÎdoZ ê$ß`Vo&&6&&
~mh²`ËdmnmXH§$ VËñ`mX² doXmÝVH$nQ>mo@Wdm&&
AñdrH$m`©ñVw gmo@`§ {h Jwê$ŠVmZmXamo ^¥e‘²&&7&&
Vñ‘mËgåà{V M¡Vofm§ Jwamodm©Š`{dMmaUmV²&&
lw{VàH$meXmgmoŠV§ gmYyŠV§ ZmdYm`©Vo&&8&&
311
(1.CnH«$‘)
‘oar `h gwÑ‹T> YmaUm h¡ {H$ lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rOr am‘mZwOdoXmÝV Am¡a
dmëb^doXmÝV Ho$ g‘Ýd` Ûmam {ZíM` hr EH$ {dbjU Am¡a ZyVZ doXmÝVà{H«$`m
àd{V©V H$aZm MmhVo hm|Jo; Am¡a, Bgr Vah d¡îUdr EH$mÝV^pŠV VWm ñ‘mV©
nÄMXodmonmgZm Ho$ ^r AVrd AZyR>o g§íbofU Ûmam EH$ ZyVZ Y‘©gmYZmH$s
àUmbrH$m ^r gyÌnmV do H$aZm MmhVo hm|Jo. `m| C^`doXmÝVm|H$m EH$ {dbjU
g‘pÝdV ê$n hr Bg CZHo$ ‘VH$s Anyd©Vm Xe©Zo{Vhmg‘| ZyVZ àXmZ {gÕ
H$aZoH$m n`m©ßV Wm {’$a^r am‘mZwO dmëb^ VWm ñ‘mV© gåàXm`m|Ho$ VËH$mbrZ
AZwJm{‘Am|H$s Bg ZyVZgåàXm`Ho$ à{V Ag{hîUwVmHo$ de; VWm ñd`§
ñdm{‘Zmam`U gåàXm`Ho$ AZwJm{‘Am|‘| ^r nZnr à{V{H«$`mdmXr ‘mZ{gH$VmHo$
de ^r, ñd`§H$mo AbJ-WbJ {gÕ H$aZoH$s XwX©‘ ‘hÎdmH$m§jmZo dV©‘mZ‘| Bg
gåàXm`H$s Xme©{ZH$ VWm Ym{‘©H$ YmaUmAm|H$m Omo ñdê$n J‹T>m Am¡a ~hþàMm[aV
{H$`m, dh ñd`§ CZHo$ lÕmerb AZwJm{‘Am|H$mo ñd`§ {ZOJwéHo$ H$ÊR>moŠV
CnXoem|go AVrd Xya H$ht ^Q>H$m XoZoH$m EH$ {dnarV H$m`© bJVm h¡
AnZo Bg A{^àm`H$mo àH$Q> `m àMm[aV H$aZoH$m Z Vmo ‘oao ^rVa H$moB©
{ZOgmåàXm{`H$ CËgmhm{VaoH$ h¡ Am¡a Z d¡gm nagåàXm`{dÛof hr. Š`m|{H$
lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rOrZo ‘hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`©MaU Am¡a Jmoñdm‘r lr{dÆ>bZmW
à^wMaU H$s àe§gm‘|-
gd©d¡îUdamOlrdëb^mMm`©ZÝXZ…&
lr{dÆ>boe… H¥$VdmZ² `§ d«VmoËgd{ZU©`‘²&&
H$m`m©g² V‘² AZwg¥Ë`¡d gd©Ed d«VmoËgdm…&
godmar{VíM H¥$îUñ` J«mh²`m VXw{XV¡d {h&&
({ejmnÌr : 81-82).
Eogo gm¡hmX©nyU© CXma^md Omo àH$Q> {H$`o h¢, CZHo$ Eogo ^mdm|Ho$ {dnarV
H¥$V¿ZVmnyU© gwöÔ«mho H$aZm àñVwV AmboInÌHo$ boIH$H$mo Xw…ñdßZ‘| ^r AmMaUr`
H¥$Ë` Zht bJ gH$Vm h¡. AVEd `h g{deof CëboIZr` hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ AnZo
312
AZwJm‘r OZ {ZaW©H$ hr AÝ`gåàXm`go H$ht à^m{dV Z hmo Om`|, Eogr ^r{V
aIZodmbo gåàXm`àdV©H$ AZoH$ Y‘m}nXoeH$m|go {dgÑe lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rOrHo$
O¡gr {ZíN>b Xme©{ZH$ VWm Ym{‘©H$ AmË‘ñdrH¥${V ghgm CnbãY hmo Zht nmVr
Bg XoeHo$ {d{^ÝZ d¡{XH$ gåàXm`m|Ho$ àdV©H$ Z Ho$db ñd`§H$mo ‘mÝ`
A{nVw ~hþ‘mÝ` emñÌm|Ho$ hr AmYmana AnZr YmaUmAm|H$s gånw{ï> H$aVo h¢.
CZH$s Omo ^r AmË‘ñdrH¥$V YmaUm`| hm| CZHo$ H$maU BZ emñÌm|H$s {Og nyd©{gÕ
ì`m»`mnaånamHo$ gmW do Ow‹S>o hmoVo h¢, Cg ì`m»`mnaånamgo {déÕ OmZodmbr
naånamAm|H$s YmaUmAm|H$m ^r H$B© ~ma {ZO YmaUmHo$ gmW g‘Ýd` gmYVo h¢,
`{X CÝh| {ZO{ddoH$de dh gË` Am¡a C{MV bJVm hmo Vmo. ^maVr` Y‘© Am¡a
Xe©Z Ho$ B{Vhmg‘| Eogm H$B© ~ma K{Q>V hþdm {XIbm`r XoVm hr h¡.
Bgo AnZr OZJ«mh²`Vm àmßV H$aZoH$m N>Ù ‘mZZm ~hþYm gmåàXm{`H$
nydm©J«hdmbr ‘mZ{gH$Vm ^r hmo gH$Vr h¡. AVEd lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rOr `m
CZHo$ gåàXm` Ho$ à{V {H$gr VahHo$ gmåàXm{`H$ {dÛof `m gwöÔ«moh Ho$ ê$n‘|
Bg g‘rjmH$mo XoIZoHo$ ~Om` CZHo$ à{V {dZ‘« H¥$VkVmHo$ àH$meZHo$ ê$n‘| hr
Bgo {b`m OmZm Mm{h`o. àñVwV AmboIZHo$ Amaå^‘| hr `h ñnï>rH$aU Xo XoZm
‘wPo ‘oam H$V©ì` bJVm h¡.
{deof‘| Bg{b`o ^r `h Ano{jV bJVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ ñd`§ g‘mXaUr` lr‘mZ²
O. Am. `m{kH$ ‘hmo X `Ho $ gmjmV² ‘m¡ p IH$ AË`mJ« h de {H$
ñdm{‘Zmam`UgåàXm`Ho$ Xe©Z Am¡a gmYZm Ho$ ~mao‘,| V~ Ah‘Xm~mX‘| Am`mo{OV
hmoZodmbr g§Jmoð>r‘|, ‘wPo hr AmboInÌ àñVwV H$aZm Mm{h`o. gmo d¥ÕnwéfHo$
AmJ«hH$m AZmXa Z H$aZr ^mdZmde hr ‘¢Zo AmboIàÌ àñVwV H$aZm Mmhm Wm.
AÝ`mÝ` {dÛmZm|Ho$ g‘j V~ CÝhm|Zo `h ^r H$hm {H$ ""Jmo.í`m.‘. `{X h‘mar
AmbmoMZm ^r H$a|Jo Vmo ^r h‘ CZHo$ AmboInÌH$mo n‹T>ZoH$mo CËH$pÊR>V h¢''
AVEd ‘¢Zo AnZr g‘PHo$ AZwgma Hw$N> àíZ g‘mYmZmW© àñVwV H$aZo Mmho.
~mX‘| ApIb ^maVr` Xe©Z n[afX², {OgHo$ VÎdmYmZ‘| dh g§Jmoð>r hmoZo Om ahr
Wr CgHo$ nXm{YH$mar AmXaUr` lr`wV lràH$me Xw~oOrZo AnZo nÌ
({X.12&10&04) Ûmam ‘wPo `h gyMZm ^oOr :
313
""ñdm{‘Zmam`U goída doXmÝVH$m AmnH$m ì`m»`mZ Ah‘Xm~mX
^oOm J`m Wm, ì`dñWmHo$ AÝVJ©V. dhm§ Bgo n‹T>ZHo $o CnamÝV lw{VàH$me
ñdm‘rZo ~Vm`m {H$ Bg‘| Hw$N> A§e Eogo h¢ {OZH$m dmMZ dhm§Ho$
‘§Mgo Cn`wŠV Zht hmoJm, naånamHo$ n[aàoú`‘| Hw$N> g§emoYZ Ano{jV
h¡... CÝhm|Zo Hw$N> g§emoYZ H$aHo$ ^oOo h¢... `{X Amn BZ g§emoYZm|go
gh‘V hm| Vmo BÝh| `WmdV² aIm Om`, daZm {ddmX‘| Z Om H$a Bg
ì`m»`mZH$mo ñW{JV H$aZm lo`ñH$a hmoJm.''(AYmoaoIm§H$Z ‘oaoÛmam
`mo{OV)
(2.g‘rjmaå^)
`m| Cg {dMmaJmoð>r‘| ew^me`monVo àíZm|na VWm g‘mYmZmW© àñVwV {OkmgmAm|
na ^r à{V~ÝY bmJy {H$`m J`m. `h Vmo ‘wPo A{V {dñ‘`OZH$ hr bJm ‘¢
g‘PVm hÿ§ {H$ gåà{V ñdm{‘Zmam`U gåàXm`Ho$ ZyVZ AZwJm‘r BZ Jå^ra
àíZm|H$m g‘mYmZ Z ^r gmoMZm `m ImoOZm MmhVo hm| Z gmoM| `m Z ImoO|. H$^r
Z H$^r BZH$s ^mdr nr‹T>rH$mo ^{dî`‘| Vmo ImoOZo hr n‹S>|Jo. Š`m|{H$ lrghOmZÝX
ñdm‘rOrH$s-
""B{V g§ j o n Vmo Y‘m© … gd} f m§ {bpIVm… ‘`m,
gmåàXm{`H$J«ÝWoä`mo ko`… EfmÝVw {dñVa…. gÀN>mñÌmUm§ g‘wÕ¥Ë`
gd} f m§ gma‘² AmË‘Zm, nÌr B`§ {bpIVm Z¦ U m‘²
A^rï>’$bXm{`Zr. B‘m‘od VVmo {ZË`‘² AZwg¥Ë` ‘‘ Am{lV¡…
`VmË‘{^… d{V©Vì`§ ZVw ñd¡a§ H$XmMZ. d{V©î`ÝVo ` BËW§
{h...{gqÕ àmßñ`pÝV {ZpíMV‘². Z BËW§ `o AmM[aî`pÝV VoVw
Añ‘ËgåàXm`V… ~{h^y©Vm… B{V ko`§ ñÌrnw§g¡… gmåàXm{`H¡$….
{ejmnÍ`m… à{V{XZ§ nmR>mo Añ`m… ‘Xwnm{lV¡… H$V©ì`mo, AZja¡ñVw
ldU§ H$m`©‘² AmXamV². dŠÌ^mdoVw nyO¡d H$m`m© Añ`m…
à{Vdmga§ , ‘X² ê $n‘² B{V ‘X² d mUr ‘mÝ`m B`§
na‘mXamV²''.({ejmnÌr : 203-).
314
 BZ {ZOH$ÊR>moŠV {d{Y-{ZfoYm| Am¡a CZHo$ AZwgaU `m AZZwgaU H$s
C^`{dY ’$blw{VAm|H$s AWm©n{ÎmH$m {dMma `{X {H$`m Zht J`m Vmo ^maVHo$
EH$ {Xì` nwéfHo$ gmW {ZaW©H$ hr Ajå` AÝ`m` hmo Om`oJm. Š`m|{H$
naånamH$s XwhmB© Xo H$a g§‘mÝ` gmYw lw{VàH$meXmgOr ‘oao AmboInÌ‘| O¡go
g§emoYZmW© ‘wPo ào[aV H$aZm MmhVo h¢, dh Vmo gd©Wm Cnn{Îm{dhrZ hmoZogo
AñdrH$m`© hr bJVm h¡. ñd`§ CZHo$ eãXm|‘| XoIZm hmo Vmo-
(1)""emñÌ-{ZarjU‘| ~bm~bÝ`m` g^r Xe©Zm|‘|
ñdrH¥$V h¡... EH$ hr Xe©ZH$m g‘ñV emñÌg‘yh EH$ hr AW©
H$hVm hmo Vmo, H$^r nañna {damoYm^mg Z hmo Vmo, `h nydm}ŠV
~bm~b{ZU©` Am¡a VmËn`©{ZU©` H$m à`mg hr {ZaW©H$ ~ZoJm...
gåàXm`H$s {dñV¥{V Am¡a àd¥{Îm ‘| Xmo àH$ma g^r gmàXm{`H$
Xe©Zm|‘| nm`o OmVo h¢... 1.gåàXm`Ho$ {dH$mgHo${bE AnZo
gåàXm`Ho$ nyd©dVu gåàXm`m|Ho$ Am{lV ‘w‘wjwAm|H$s ^r é{M
CËnÝZ hmo, Bg{bE CZH$s AmñWmH$mo Yraogo ‘mo‹S>ZoHo${bE nyd©dVu
gåàXm`m| {gÕmÝVm| Ho$ gmW g‘mZVm aIZodmbo àmW{‘H$
J«ÝWm|H$s aMZm hmoVr h¡... AÝ`Wm àW‘go hr Bg gåàXm`go
AnZm ‘w§h ‘mo‹S> boVm h¡. Bg àH$maHo$ emñÌm|H$mo "gXñ`J«ÝW'
AWdm "gmYmaUJ« Ý W' H$hVo h¢ . 2.gåàXm`‘| AZw a ŠV
‘w‘wjw{deofHo${bE O~ gåàXm`Ho$ ahñ`doÎmm, ‘VàdV©H$Ho$ gmW
gmjmV² g‘mJ‘ H$aZodmbo, àYmZ {eî`m|go {‘bVm h¡. AWdm
Eogo àYmZ {eî`m|Ho$ J«ÝWm|H$mo AZw^dr gmåàXm{`H$ {dÛmZm|go
n‹T>Vm h¡ V~... Bg àH$maHo$ J«ÝW àmW{‘H$ g‘mJV ‘w‘wjwHo${bE
AZwnmXo` ~ZVo h¢. Š`m|{H$ do ‘w‘wjwHo$ gm‘Ï`©go A{YH$ Jå^ra
hmoVo h¢. Eogo J«ÝWm|H$mo "ahñ`J«ÝW' H$hVo h¢. (‘oao AmboInÌHo$
g‘mYmZmW© ^oOo J`o nÌ‘| IÊS> : 4.1).
(2){ejmnÌr‘| {bpIV OZgmYmaUVm AWm©V² gXñ`Vm
J«ÝWmÝVJ©V {df`m|go OmZ gH$Vo h¢. `hm§ am‘mZwOr` VÎdÌ`H$m
{Zê$nU, e§ H $a‘Vm{^ào V nÄMXo d ny O mH$s ‘mÝ`Vm,
dëb^mMm`© à mo Š V CËgd{dYmZH$m ñdrH$ma,
315
{Zå~mH$m©Mm`©ñdrH¥$V JmobmoH$Ym‘H$s A{^‘{V, e¡dgåàXm`Ho$
gmW g§dm{XVmHo${bE {ed‘pÝXaXe©Z Am¡a {ednyOm H$m {d{eï>
{dYmZ BË`m{X am‘mZwO-{Zå~mH©$ dJ¡ah nyd©gåàXm`m|Ho$
{gÕmÝVm|Ho$ g‘Ýd`H$m hoVw g‘mO‘|Ho$ g^r gåàXm`m|Ho$ à{V
AmXa^md h¡. H$moB© EH$ hr gåàXm` AnZm {gÕmÝV Zht h¡.
h‘mam ahñ`JV {gÕmÝV Vmo {^ÝZ h¡ `hr {XImB© n‹S>Vm h¡. (VÌ¡d
: 4.2).
(3)""`Ëna… g eãXmW©…'' Bg Ý`m`go {Og J«ÝWH$m Omo
àYmZ {df` hmo Cg‘| Cgr {df`H$m àm~ë` Cg J«ÝWgo
{ZH$mbZm Mm{h`o Z{H$ {df`mÝVaH$mo. {ejmnÌr Y‘© AWm©V²
gXmMma{df`H$ J«ÝW h¡ Eogm, J«ÝWHo$ Am{X‘| AÝV‘| Am¡a ‘Ü`‘|
~ma-~ma H$hm h¡... Bg àH$ma gXmMmadU©ZàYmZ Bg J«ÝW‘|
Am¡a VÎdkmZdU©ZàYmZ dMZm‘¥V Ho$ ~rM H$moB© ~rOm§Hw$agå~ÝY
Zht h¡. XmoZm|H$m {df` hr {^ÝZ h¡. XmoZm|Ho$ boIZg‘`‘| ^oX
h¡... BZ XmoZm|‘| VmpÎdH$ gÝX^©Ho${bE dMZm‘¥VH$m hr Cn`moJ
H$aZm Mm{h`o, ~Om` {ejmnÌrHo$.(VÌ¡d : 4.2).
‘¢Zo ñd`§ ^r AnZo ‘yb AmboInÌHo$ 8d| IÊS>‘| EH$m{YH$ g‘mYmZmonm`H$s
gå^m{dV ê$naoIm àñVm{dV H$s hr Wr. Cg‘| gd©àW‘ g‘àm‘mÊ` Am¡a
VaV‘àm‘mÊ` H$m {dH$ën àñVwV {H$`m Wm. {ÛVr` VaV‘àm‘mÊ`Ho$ AÝVJ©V
Amééjw Am¡a Amê$‹T> A{YH$m[a`m|Ho$ ^oXHo$ O¡gr {Ì{dY à{H«$`m àñVm{dV H$s
Wr. lrlw{VàH$meXmgOr BZ‘| VaV‘àm‘mÊ`Ho$ H$ënHo$ AÝVJ©V {df`^oX Am¡a
A{YH$m[a^oX Ho$ AmYmana {ejmnÌr Am¡a dMZm‘¥V JÝWm|‘| àH$Q> hmoVo
{damoYm^mgH$mo AZ‘Zogo g‘m{hV H$aZm MmhVo h¢. `h Cn`w©Õ¥V CZHo$ dMZm|Ho$
AdbmoH$Zgo Am^m{gV hmoVm hr h¡. gmW hr gmW Bgo Ho$db {damoYm^mgHo$
ê$n‘| hr XagmZm MmhVo h¢ nmañn[aH$ {damoYHo$ ê$n‘| ñdrH$maZm Zht MmhVo. d¡go
‘oaoÛmam àñVm{dV {damoYm^mgHo$ {ZamH$aUmonm`V`m XmoZm| J«ÝWm|‘| ~rOm§Hw$a^mdH$m
`hm§ {ZfoY H$aZoH$o ~mdOyX AnZo àË`wÎmaHo$ CnH«$‘‘| gmåàXm{`H$ {gÕmÝV{dH$mg‘|
~rOm§Hw$a^md ^r ñdrH$ma H$a Mbo h¢. `Wm ""gåàXm` ghgm d¥jê$n Zht
~ZVm... Bg A§Hw$[aV AdñWmH$m {MÌ Am¡a {dembH$m` AdñWmHo$
316
{MÌH$mo XoI H$a H$^r-H$^r XmoZm|‘| {damoY {XImB© n‹S>Vm h¡... {damoY
Am¡a {damoYm^mg H$mo OmZZoH$m VarH$m `h h¡ {H$ 1.gåàXm`àdV©H$Ho$ g^r
{dMmam|H$m gm‘y{hH$ {MÝVZ 2.gåàXm`àdV©H$H$s JwénaånamHo$ {dMmam|H$m
{MÝVZ 3.g‘H$mbrZ AWdm {eî`g‘y h {OÝhm| Z o gmjmV² AnZo
gåàXm`àdV©H$H$mo gwZm, AZw^d {H$`m hmo Eogo {dÛmZm|H$o J«ÝWm|H$m AmH$bZ
Am¡a {MÝVZ.'' (VÌ¡d : 1.CnH«$‘). AV… gd©àW‘ Vmo `h ‘wPo H$WZr`
bJVm h¡ CpëbpIV XmoZm| J«ÝWm|‘| O~ {damoY hr Z hmo Vmo àm‘mÊ`‘| VmaVå`
Š`m| ñdrH$maZm Mm{h`o? XmoZm| J«ÝWm|H$m g‘àm‘mÊ` Cnnm{XV H$aZm hr C{MV
hmoVm. naÝVw `h EH$ H$Qw>Va dmñV{dH$Vm h¡ {H$ ñdm{‘Zmam`UnÝWHo$ AmYw{ZH$
AZwJm{‘Am|H$mo A~ {ejmnÌrH$s eãXmdbr, AnZr d¡Mm[aH$ YmaUmHo$ de
n`m©ßV à{VHy$b {XIbmB© n‹S>Vr h¡. Bg {df`H$mo AmJo Mb H$a A{YH$ ñ’w$Q>
{H$`m Om`oJm. AñVw.
gmYw lw{VàH$meXmgOr (BV…na "gm.lw.Or' Zm‘g§jonoU Cëbo»`) Ho$
D$na {X`o VrZ CÕaUm|‘| Mma-nm§M YmaUm`| C^a H$a gm‘Zo AmVr h¢ :
1
{ejmnÌr gmYmaUJ«ÝW h¡ O~{H$ dMZm‘¥V ahñ`J«ÝW h¡. 2{ejmnÌr AÝ`mÝ`
gåàXm`Ho$ AZw`m{`OZm|H$mo AnZm {eî` ~Z OmZoH$mo bbMmZoHo$ hoVw {X`m J`m
CnXoe h¡ O~{H$ dMZm‘¥V AnZo {eî`m|H$mo ewÕ^mdgo {X`m J`m CnXoe h¡.
3
{ejmnÌr ñdhñVmambopIV hmoZona ^r VÎd{dMmamW© AZwn`moJr gXmMmanaH$
J«ÝW h¡ O~{H$ dMZm‘¥V lrghOmZÝXOrHo$ AZÝ` ^ŠVm|Ûmam AmbopIV AnZo
JwéHo$ VÎd{dMmam|H$m à{VnmXH$ J«ÝW h¡. 4{ejmnÌr‘| CpëbpIV à`moOZde
VËH$mb‘| àM{bV AÝ`mÝ` gåàXm`m|Ho$ à{V Ho$db A{damoYmË‘H$ AmXa^md
{XImZoHo$ hoVw {X`m J`m CnXoe h¡ O~{H$ dMZm‘¥V AnZo AÝVa§J ^ŠVm|Ho$ ~rM
Eogo à`moOZgo a{hV ñd‘VHo$ CnXoem|H$m g§H$bZ h¡.
1.AZwnn{Îm :
Cn`w©Õ¥V lrghOmZÝXOrHo$ dMZm|‘| AYmoaoIm§{H$V A§em|H$m
Wmo ‹ S > r gr gmdYmZrHo $ gmW Adbmo H $Z H$aZo n a `o g‘mYmZ
Hw$eH$memdbå~Z `m AH$mÊS>VmÊS>d hr bJVo h¢ : 1gd}fm§,
2
gÀN>mñÌmUm§ g‘wÕ¥Ë` gd}fm§ gma‘² AmË‘Zm, nÌr B`§ {bpIVm,
317
3
B‘m‘od VVmo {ZË`‘² AZwg¥Ë` ‘‘ Am{lV¡… `VmË‘{^… d{V©Vì`§ ZVw
ñd¡a§ H$XmMZ, 4Z BËW§ `o AmM[aî`pÝV VoVw Añ‘ËgåàXm`V… ~{h^yV© m…
B{V ko`§, 5‘X²ê$n‘² B{V ‘X²dmUr ‘mÝ`m B`§ na‘mXamV²''.
ñnï> h¡ {H$ lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rHo$ AZwgma 1{ejmnÌr {ZO
nÝW‘| Amééjw Am¡a Amê$‹T> XmoZm|Ho${bE AWm©V² g^rHo${bE {bIr
J`r h¡. `hm§ ""C{ÔYr{f©Vì`mZm§ àmW{‘H$mZm§'' nXà`moJHo$ ~Om`
"gd}fm§' nXH$m à`moJ `hr {gÕ H$aVm h¡. gmW hr gmW 2`h
{ejmnÌr lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rZo VÎdê$n Am¡a Y‘©ê$n C^`dñVwHo$
à{VnmXH$ gÀN>mñÌm|Ho$ {ZOm{^‘V gmaH$m ñd`§ AmË‘H¥$V g‘wÕaU
h¡. `h {ejmnÌr BÝht gÀN>mñÌm|na Adbpå~V hmoZodmbo BVa
ì`m»`mV¥gåàXm`m|Ho$ {gÕmÝVm|Ho$ à{V Ho$db g‘mXa^md àH$Q>
H$aZodmbr gypŠV`m|H$m g§H$bZ Zht. 3lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rna Am{lV
CZHo$ gåàXm`Ho$ gmYmaU Am¡a ahñ`doÎmm g^rHo${bE `hr {ejmnÌr
{ZË` lmoVì` ‘ÝVì` {Z{XÜ`m{gVì` CnXoe h¡ Z{H$ ahñ`~moYHo$
~mX Cnoú` `m AZZwgaUr` CnXoe. Bg {ejmnÌr‘| 4Cn{Xï> H$V©ì`m|H$o
{dnarV AmMaU H$aZodmboH$mo {ZOgåàXm`go ~{h^y©V ‘mZZoH$m ñnï>
{dYmZ `hm§ {H$`m J`m h¡. AÝV‘| 5AÝ` dMZm‘¥V Am{X VWmH${WV
ahñ`J«ÝW Mmho lrghOmZÝXOrH$s empãXH$ H$m`m hm| `m Z hmo na
Bgo AnZr eãX‘`r H$m`mHo$ ê$n‘| hr na‘mXamñnX {XIbmZm do
MmhVo h¢. AV… BgHo$ ~mao‘| Jm¡Uàm‘mÊ` hmoZoH$m Xwame` ñd`§
{ZOmMm`©Ho$ dMZm| Am¡a ì`pŠVËd Ho$ àm‘mÊ`Ho$ Ad‘yë`Z‘| hr
n`©d{gV hmoJm.
2.AZwnn{Îm :
{ejmnÌr‘| VËH$mbrZ AÝ`mÝ` gåàXm`m|Ho$ AZwJm{‘Am|H$mo
{ZOm{^‘wI ~ZmZoHo$ hoVw, CZ gåàXm`Ho$ {gÕmÝVm|Ho$ à{V Xagm`m
J`m AmXa^md, gXgX² ew^mew^ `m lo`ñH$amlo`ñH$a Ho$ ~mao‘|
CnXoeH$Vm©Ho$ ñd`§ {ZOr {ddoH$ Am¡a {dídmg Ho$ AZwgma ‘mÝ` Wm
AWdm Ho$db AÝ`gåàXm`mZwJm{‘Am|Ho$ àamoMZmW© `m àVmaUmW©
hr? `{X àW‘ H$ën ‘mÝ` aI H$a Mb| Vmo {ejmnÌrH$mo
318
 BVagåàXm`Ho$ {gÕmÝVm|H$m g§H$bZ ‘mZZm Ag§JV hmo Om`oJm. h‘mao Vmo "gËg§{JOrdZ' Am{X hr à‘wI ahñ`J«ÝW h¢ Cn{ZfX² Am{X
Š`m|{H$ AÝ`Wm ‘m§g^jU ‘ÚnmZ ì`{^Mma ñVoZH$‘© ÚyVH«$sS>m Zht
na{ZÝXm gÑe {Z{fÕmMaU lrñdm‘rZo O¡Z-~m¡Õm|Ho$ ‘Vm|Ho$ g§H$bZmW©
`hm§ `mo{OV {H$`o Eogm ^r ‘mZZm n‹S>oJm. Š`m|{H$ `o CZHo$ `hm§ ^r 4.AZwnn{Îm :
{Z{fÕmMaUV`m d{U©V h¢. `{X BÝh| dhm§go {b`o Zht ‘mZVo Vmo
H$b `{X dS>Vmb `m ‘{UZJa Ho$ nrR>mYrem|‘| H$moB© "dMZm‘¥V'
VÎdÌ`{Zê$nU, nÄMXodnyOm, CËgd{dYmZ, JmobmoH$Ym‘ `m
Am¡a "gËg§{JOrdZ' J«ÝWm|na OZgmYmaUHo$ ~rM àdMZ H$a,
{ed‘pÝXaXe©Z am‘mZwO em§H$a dmëb^ Z¡å~mH©$ `m e¡d ‘Vm|Ho$
lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rOrH$mo nwéfmoÎm‘V`m AnZm Cnmñ` ~Vm H$a,
g§H$bZmW© `m g‘mXaUmW© Z hmo H$a {ZOm{^àoV hr ñdrH$maZo n‹S>|Jo,
OZVmH$mo ^br^m§{V AnZm ^ŠV ~Zm boZoHo$ ~mX ahñ`Jmoð>r‘| ñd`§H$mo
{ZOmMm`©Ûmam gd© AmßVOZ‘mÝ` VÎdà{VnmXH$ Ed§ gXmMmaà{VnmXH$
lrghOmZÝX ñdm{‘ê$n AdVmaH$m ^r AdVmar Kmo{fV H$aZo bJo Vmo
emñÌm|H$mo A{^àoV nXmW©Ho$ ê$n‘| A{^‘V hmoZogo hr. {ÛVr` H$ën‘|
Š`m H$aZm? Eogm|Ho$ ^r ‘mZ‘moh-a{hV {Zanoj AÝVa§J ^ŠV d¡gr
Vmo O¡ g m{H$ lrY‘© H $s{V© Am¡ a lrH$U© J mo ‘ r H$hVo h¢
gmjmV² AZw^y{VH$s enW ^r ImZo bJo Vmo Š`m H$aZm? Š`m
""AmJ‘^« § e H$m[aUm§ Amhmo n w é {fH$`m VÔe© Z {dÛo f o U
ñdm{‘Zmam`UnÝW‘| V~ CÝh| nyU©V‘ nwéfmoÎm‘ ñdrH$mam OmZm C{MV
VËà{VnÝZIbrH$aUm` YyV©ì`gZoZ AÝ`Vmo dm Hw$VpíMV²
hmo J m {H$ Zht? `{X hm§ Vmo lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rOrH$mo ^r
H$maUmV² AÝ`WmaMZgå^dmV².''-""`Wm ‘hm`mZ{d{Ûï>mZm§
""am‘H¥$îUmÚdVmamUm§ H$maU§ na‘oída‘²'' (gm.lw.OrH¥$V CŠV
‘hm`mZà{VnÝZIbrH$aUm` ‘hm`mZà{Vê$nH$gyÌmÝVaaMZ§
AmboInÌ‘| ‘§JbmMaU) ñdrH$maZoH$m Hw$N> Am¡{MË` {gÕ hmoJm.
VËà{VnÝZIbrH$aUm`...ì`gZ‘² BX§ Yy V m© Z m§ `V² na…
AÝ`Wm Eogm H¥$Ë` `{X ñdm{‘Zmam`U gåàXm`‘| C{MV Z hmo Vmo
IbrH$V©ì`…'' (à‘m.dm{V© . 3&332) d¡ g m hr Hw $ N> Amamo n
lwË`m{Xà‘mU¡H$Jå` doXmÝV `m lwË`m{Xgo A{déÕ nmÄMamÌm{XHo$
lrghOmZÝXOr ñdm‘rOrna ^r bJZo bJoJm ‘wPo Vmo `h gd©Wm
^r à‘mUm|go Jå` d¡îUd gåàXm` ‘| ^r lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rOrH$s
Amn{ÎmOZH$ bJVm h¡. AV… {ejmnÌrJV Cn{Xï> dMZm|‘| AmYw{ZH$
^r gH$bmdVmamdVm[aVm AZw{MV hr H$hbm`oJr. CXmhaUV`m ‘mZ
AZwJm{‘Am|H$s lÕmH$m õmg Bg‘| à‘wI hoVw bJVm h¡. ‘yb CnXoeH$Ho$
bmo {H$ gmoI‹S>mdmbo ñdm‘rOr `{X OZmon`moJr ~‹S>o-~‹S>o Am`moOZm|‘|
M[aÌ `m JwUm| ‘| AH$maU Eogr XwX©‘ {eî`ofUmH$s {ZåZñVar`Vm
{demb OZ‘oXZrHo$ g‘j ñd`§H$mo lr`moJrOr ‘hmamOHo$ EH$mÝVr
ImoO {ZH$mbZm AÀN>r ~mV Zht hmoVr !
^ŠV VWm dmñV{dH$ CÎmam{YH$mar hmoZoH$m Xmdm H$aZo bJo Vmo Š`m
~moMmgUdmgr AjanwéfmoÎm‘ g§ñWmH$mo dh ‘mÝ` hmo nm`oJm?
3.AZwnn{Îm :
Š`m|{H$ Eogr YmaUmAm|H$mo ~hþàMm[aV H$aZona Vmo Bg nÝWH$mo 5.AZwnn{Îm :
{dídHo$ AÝ`mÝ` ^y^mJm|go H$b A{YH$ AZwJm‘r OZVm {‘b OmZona
{XZmZw{XZ {dídì`mnr hmoVr Bg g§ñWm‘| H$moB© B©gmB© `m ‘wgë‘mZ
""lwË`m{X Amf© emñÌm|H$mo ^r Ho$db ^maVr` OZgmYmaUH$mo AmH${f©V
AÝV…à{dï> hmo H$a, gXñ`J«ÝWHo$ ê$n‘| gËg§{JOrdZm{X gmåàXm{`H$
H$aZoH$mo ‘mÝ` aIm J`m Wm'', Eogm Z H$hm Om`oJm CgH$s Š`m
J«ÝWm|H$m nmam`U-àdMZ H$ao Am¡a AnZo AÝVa§J lmoVmAm|H$mo `h
{ZpíM{V? Š`m|{H$ V~ ^r `h H$hm Om gHo$Jm Bg ‘VH$mo "doXmÝV'
g‘PmZm ewé H$ao {H$ lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rOr ñd`§ B©gm ‘grh `m
^maVr` ‘w‘wjwOZm|H$mo AnZr Am¡a AmH¥$ï> H$aZoH$mo hr H$hm J`m Wm.
‘hå‘X n`Jå~a Ho$ AdVma Wo Am¡a Eogr {Xì` ahñ`mZw^y{V ^r
319 320
 AnZo AÝVa§JOZm|H$mo àXmZ H$a| Vmo Š`m Cgo ñdm{‘Zmam`U gåàXm`‘|
‘mÝ` H$aZr {H$ Zht? Omo `hm§ g‘mYmZ hmoJm dhr ñd`§ ñdm{‘Zmam`U
gåàXm`na ^r bmJy hmoJm.
6.AZwnn{Îm :
gmYmaUJ«ÝW Am¡a ahñ`J«ÝW H$s {d^mOH$aoIm AmßV‘mÝ`
lwË`m{XemñÌm|‘| {Zê${nV VÎdì`dñWm Am¡a Y‘©ì`dñWm go {^ÝZ Vmo
Zht hmo gH$Vr. ""`Ëna… g eãXmW©…'' Ý`m`oZ BZ lwË`m{X emñÌm|Ho$
VmËn`©{df`V`m gd©Wm AH$ënZr` ""am‘H¥$îUmÚdVmamUm§ H$maU§
na‘oída‘²'' (nydm}pëbpIV) ahñ`H$s ^r `hr J{V {XIbm`r XoVr
h¡. d¡go BgHo$ Abmdm Am¡a Š`m ahñ` ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` {gÕmÝVH$m
hmo gH$Vm h¡? AV… `h ahñ` `{X BZ AmßVOZ‘mÝ` lwË`m{X
emñÌm| H $m VmËn`© J mo M a hm| Vmo CÝht J« Ý Wm| H o $ ì`m»`mZÛmam
ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` ahñ`H$s ñdrH$m`©Vm à{Vnm{XV H$aZr Mm{h`o Wr.
{’$a gËg§{JOrdZ `m lrh[abrbm‘¥V gÑe AË`ÝV gmåàXm{`H$
J«ÝWm|Ho$ AmYmana Zht. AÝ`Wm Bg nÝWH$mo doXmÝV `m d¡îUdY‘©
‘mZZo Ho$ ~Om` doXm{XemñÌ~mh²` {gÕmÝV Am¡a Ad¡îUd Y‘© hr
‘mZZm Mm{h`o, `{X BZHo$ Amê$‹T> AZwJm{‘Am|H$mo bw^mZoH$m Xw^m©d
öX`‘| Amê$‹T> Z hmo Vmo. d¡go gm.lw.OrH$m `h {dYmZ {H$ ""BZ
XmoZm|‘| VmpÎdH$ gÝX^©Ho${bE dMZm‘¥VH$m hr Cn`moJ H$aZm
Mm{h`o, ~Om` {ejmnÌrHo$'' (nydm}pëbpIV) `h Vmo EH$ ‘hmZ²
AH$mÊS>VmÊS>d hr h¡.
Š`m|{H$ Eogm H$hZona {Okmñ` hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ :
""emaraH$mUm§ ^JdX² J rVm`m… M AdJå`Vm§
am‘mZwOmMm`©H¥$V§ ^mî`‘² AmÜ`mpË‘H§$ ‘‘. EVofw `m{Z dmŠ`m{Z
lrH¥$îUñ` (+) d¥fñ` M AË`wËH$f©nam{U ñ`w…... ‘ÝVì`m{Z
àYmZm{Z VmÝ`od BVadmŠ`V…. Y‘}U g{hVm H¥$îU^pŠV… H$m`m©
B{V VX²ah…''({ejmn.100-102).
321
VwbZr`
""lra§ J jo Ì ‘| am‘mZÝXñdm‘rZo ñdßZ‘| gmjmV²
am‘mOmMm`©go Xrjm d¡îUdr Xrjm àmßV H$s Wr. Bg{b`o
am‘mZÝXñdm‘rHo$ Jwé am‘mZwOmMm`© h¢. CZ am‘mZwOmMm`©Ho$ h‘
{eî` h¢. Eogr Jwénaånam OmZZr Mm{h`o... Š`m|{H$ g‘ñV
AdVmam|H$mo YmaU H$aZodmbo ñd`§ lrH¥$îU ^JdmZ² hr h¢. CZ
lrH¥$îU ^JdmZ²Zo CÕdHo$ à{V JwU{d^mJHo$ AÜ`m`‘| H$hm h¡
{H$ "‘¢ {ZJ©wU hÿ§ VWm Omo ‘oao gå~ÝYH$mo àmßV hmoVo h¢ do ^r {ZJ©wU
hmo OmVo h¢'.''(dMZm.daVm.18&218).
""am‘mZwO ñdm‘rZo {Og àH$ma ja-Ajago nao nwéfmoÎm‘
^JdmZ²H$m {Zê$nU {H$`m h¡, CZ nwéfmoÎm‘ ^JdmZ²H$s Vmo h‘
CnmgZm H$aVo h¢. Jmo{n`m|Ho$ g‘mZ CZ nwéfmoÎm‘ ^JdmZ²H$s h‘
^r ^pŠV H$aVo h¢ . .. `hr h‘mam A{^àm` VWm é{M
h¡.''(dMZm.bmo`m.14&122)
AV… `h Ho$db é{M Z hmo H$a A{^àm` ^r h¡. AV… BZ XmoZm| J«ÝWm|H$s
Bg {df`‘| BVZr Jm‹T> BVaoVag§dm{XVmH$s Cnojm ^r gå^d Zht. BgH$m O~
AdbmoH$Z H$aVo h¢ Vmo Z Vmo gXmMmaì`dñWm Am¡a Z VÎdì`dñWm ‘| {H$gr
VahH$m {dg§dmX PbH$Vm {XIbm`r XoVm h¡. A~ BZHo$ Abmdm ^r Vrgao-Mm¡Wo
`m AÝ` AZoH$ J«ÝWm|Ho$ dMZ gm‘Zo bm H$a BZ XmoZm| J«ÝWm|Ho$ nañnag§dmX~bgo
{‘bVo VmËn`©H$m ^r AÝ`WmZ`Z H$aZm hr hmo Vmo dh Vmo ñdJmoð²>çoH$ CnXoí`
Y‘© `m VÎd gå~ÝYr YmaUm H$hbm`oJr. "doXmÝV' `m "d¡îUdY‘©' Zht.
(3.{ejmnÌrH$s VmËn`©{Z`m{‘H$m fS§>J‘r‘m§gm)
lr gm.lw.Or H$hVo h¢ ""{ejmnÌr Y‘© AWm©V² gXmMma{df`H$ J«ÝW
h¡ Eo g m, J« Ý WHo $ Am{X‘| AÝV‘| Am¡ a ‘Ü`‘| ~ma-~ma H$hm h¡ ' '
(`Wmnydm}pëbpIV).
322

H$m¡Z Zht OmZVm {H$ {ejmnÌrHo$ (CnH«$‘mong§hmam¡) CnH«$‘ Am¡a Cng§hma XmoZm| hr
lrOr ‘hmamOZo lrH¥$îUñVw{Vgo gånÝZ {H$`o h¢. (Aä`mg) g J«ÝW‘| {ZaÝVa
(H$‘go H$‘ 35 ~ma) "lrH¥$îU' nXH$m nwZamdV©Z lrH¥$îUH$s hr EH$mÝV^pŠVHo$
Aä`mgê$noU {H$`m J`m h¡. (Anyd©Vm) lram‘mZwOm`m}n{Xï> {d{eï>mÛ¡VdmXHo$
A“rH$manyd©H$ bú‘rZmam`Uê$n Am¡a amYmH¥$îUê$n ‘| A^oXÑ{ï> aIVo hþdo
Cnmñ`ê$nV`m lrH¥ $ îUH$s ^pŠVH$m Any d © CnXo e Bg J« Ý WH$s
{d{eï>mÛ¡VdmXmZwgm[aUr lrH¥$îU‘mhmËå`naH$Vm {gÕ H$aVm h¡. AVEd ""öX`o
OrddX² Ordo `mo AÝV`m© { ‘V`m pñWVmo ko ` … ñdVÝÌ… B© e mo Agm¡
gd©H$‘©’$bàX… g… lrH¥$îU… na§ ~«÷ ^JdmZ² nwéfmoÎm‘… Cnmñ`… Bï>Xodmo
Z… gdm©{d^m©dH$maU‘². g amY`m `wVmo ko`mo amYmH¥$îU… B{V à^w…, épŠ‘Ê`m
a‘`monVo mo bú‘rZmam`U… g{h. ko`mo AOwZ© Zo `wŠVmo Agm¡ "ZaZmam`Um'{^Y…
~b^Ðm{X`moJoZ VÎmÝZm‘m CÀ`Vo g{h'' ({ejmn.107-110) H$m[aH$mAm|‘|
am‘mZwOr` VÎdÌ`mÝVJ©V B©ídaH$mo hr na§ ~«÷ ^JdmZ² nwéfmoÎm‘ lrH¥$îU Am¡a
gdm©{d^m©dH$maU H$hm J`m h¡. AV… `h J«ÝW Ho$db gXmMmanaH$ Z hmo H$a
ñd`§H$mo A{^‘V VÎdà{VnmXH$ Ed§ Y‘©à{VnmXH$ gÀN>mñÌm|H$m gmaê$n CnXoenaH$
J«ÝW h¡. Am¡a AVEd ‘r‘m§gH$s` Bg Anyd©VmHo$ {ZH$fna ^r Bg‘| Cn{Xï>
VÎdñdê$nH$m ñdmW©‘| àm‘mÊ` AjwÊU hr {gÕ hmoVm h¡. (ñVwË`W©dmX) VXwnamÝV
lrH¥$îU^pŠVHo$ CnXoeH$ ‘hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`©H$s "gd©d¡îUdamO'V`m ñVw{V
^r BgHo$ lrH¥$îU‘mhmËå`monXoenaH$ hmoZoH$m qS>{S>‘Kmof h¡. lr gm.lw.Or `hm§
^r bwH$m{N>nr IobZm MmhVo hmoZogo AnZr ‘Zmod¥{ÎmH$mo COmJa H$aVo hþdo Ho$db
""dëb^mMm`©àmoŠV CËgd{dYmZH$m ñdrH$ma'' (nydm}pëbpIV) H$s ~mV
H$a aho h¢. d¡go {ejmnÌrH$ma AnZo AmYw{ZH$ AZwJm{‘Am|H$mo Vmo ~‹S>r Xw…ñdßZmo‘
Amkm `hm§ ""godmar{V… M H¥$îUñ` J«mh²`m VXw{XV¡d {h'' ({ejmn.82)
^manyd©H$ H$h aho h¢. AV… BgH$m gXmMa{df`H$ ^r Ho$db àm‘mÊ` ñdrH$ma|
Vmo nw{ï>‘mJu` godmàUmbrHo$ {dnarV ‘ZJ‹T>§V godmàUmbr àñVwV H$aZodmbo Bg
gåàXm`Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ ‘pÝXam|H$mo AgXmMaUê$n AnamYH$m gmd©O{ZH$ àXe©Z
‘mZZm n‹S>oJm {H$‘² AVmo@{YH§$ {MÌ‘² Bgr Vah ({ZÝXmW©dmX) ""H¥$îU^ŠVo… ñdY‘m©X²
dm nVZ§ `ñ` dmŠ`V… ñ`mV², VÝ‘wImX² Z¡d lmì`m… H$WmdmVm©… M dm
à^mo…... H¥$îUH¥$îUmdVmamUm§ IÊS>Z§ `Ì `wpŠV{^… (`Wm gm.lw.AmXrZm§
boIZof)w H¥$V§ ñ`mV² Vm{Z emñÌm{U Z ‘mÝ`m{Z H$XmMZ'' ({ejmn.25,29)
323
dMZm|Ûmam {ZÝXmW©dmX ^r Bg J«ÝW‘| Omo CnbãY hmoVm h¡ dh Am¡a lrH¥$îU‘mhmËå`Ho$
{dbmonH$m|H$s {ZÝXm ^r lrH¥$îU‘mhmËå`H$s hr AH$mQ²>çVm {gÕ H$aVr h¡. `h
àñVwV J«ÝWHo$ VÎdmonXoenaH$ hmoZoH$m à‘mU h¡. AÝV‘| ‘r‘m§gH$s` N>Ç>m A§J
(Cnn{Îm)
""doXm… M ì`mggyÌm{U lr‘X²^ mJdVm{^Y§ nwamU§. .. VWm
lr^JdX²JrVm... EVm{Z Aï> ‘‘ Bï>m{Z gÀN>mñÌm{U ^dpÝV {h.
ñd{hVoÀNw>{^… EVm{Z ‘pÀN>î`¡… gH$b¡a{n lmoVì`m{Z AW nmR²>çm{Z
H$WZr`m{Z M. VÌ AmMmaì`dö{V{ZîH¥ $ VmZm§ M {ZU© ` o J« m h² ` m
{‘VmjamonoVm `mkdëŠ`ñ` Vw `m ñ‘¥{V…. lr‘X²^mJdVñ` Efw ñH$ÝYm¡
Xe‘nÄM‘m¡ gdm©{YH$V`m ko`m¡ H¥$îU‘mhmËå`~wÕ`o'' ({ejmn.93-98)
BZ eãXm|‘| à‘mUmonn{Îm ^r CÝhm|Zo ñ’w$Q> H$a Xr h¡.
AV… {Og gXmMmanaH$ J«ÝW hmoZoH$m hoVw nwañH¥$V H$a lr gm.lw.Or Bg
{ejmnÌrH$mo VÎdmW©{ZU©`‘| A{Z`m‘H$ {XIbm aho h¢ dh Vmo Zht {gÕ hmo nmVm
h¡. Š`m|{H$ J«ÝWH$ma ñd`§ BZ AmR>m| gÀN>mñÌm|‘| lrH¥$îU‘mhmËå`Ho$ ~moYmW©
lr‘X²^mJdVHo$ n§M‘ Am¡a Xe‘ ñH$ÝYm|H$s gdm©{Vem`r ko`VmH$m à{VnmXZ
H$a aho h¢. AV… VÎdì`dñWmHo$ ^r n[akmZmW© `hr gd©gÝXohdmaH$ emñÌ h¡.
BgHo$ {dnarV AÝ` J«ÝWm|H$m Bggo Á`oð> `m loð> àm‘mÊ` ñdrH$maZm AgXmMma
AgXmbmn Am¡a AgÝ‘{V H$m à‘mU ~Z OmZm Mm{h`o. AV… CÝh| Almì`
AgÀN>mñÌ hr OmZZm Mm{h`o. `h g~ ñd`§ lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rOrHo$ eãXm|go
{gÕ hmo ahm h¡.
(4.Ñï>mÝVgÝX^©g‘rjm)
lr gm.lw.Or ""`íMmo^`mo… g‘mo Xmof… n[ahmaíM ``mo… g‘…'' Ý`m`oZ
EH$ {dbjU `wpŠVdmXHo$ à`moJÛmam ‘oao ‘yb AmboInÌ‘| CR>m`o J`o ‘wÔm|Ho$
~mao‘| ‘oao ‘wI‘wÐUmW© g‘wÚV h¢. AVEd AnZo g‘mYmZnaH$ AmboInÌ‘|
"Ñï>mÝVgÝX^©'Ho$ erf©H$Ho$ AÝVJ©V em§H$a am‘mZwO dmëb^ Am{X gåàXm`m|‘|
^r g‘mZê$noU nydm©na YmaUmAm|‘| AZZwê$nVm ImoOZm MmhVo h¢.
‘oar AnZr g‘P Bg ~mao‘| Hw$N> Bg VahH$s h¡ {H$ na‘Jwé lrJm¡S>nmXmMm`©
VWm CZHo$ à{eî` lre§H$amMm`© Ho$ ~rM ImoOr OmVr Ag‘mZVm {H$ na‘JwéH$mo
gJwU-{ZJ©wU ^oXdmbo Xmo VahHo$ ~«÷ ‘mÝ` Zht Wo `m à{eî`Ûmam àñWm{nV
324
{ddV©dmXHo$ ~Om` CÝh| Vmo AOm{VdmXH$s YmaUm hr A{^‘V h¡. d¡go Vmo
Ho$dbmÛ¡Vdm{XAm|Zo ~hþV nhbo hr BgH$m g‘w{MV g‘mYmZ Xo aŠIm h¡ {H$
""H¥$nUYr… n[aUm‘‘² CXrjVo j{nVH$ë‘fYrñVw {ddV©Vm§ pñWa‘{V… nwéf…
nwZa² B©jVo ì`nJV{ÛVr`§ na‘§ nX‘²'' (g§j.o emar.2&89) {Ogo XoIZona {H$VZo
N>moQ>ogo {VbH$m Vm‹S> ~Zm`m OmZm `hm§ gabVmgo g‘Pm Om gH$Vm h¡. Š`m|{H$
à{V^mg ì`dhma Am¡a na‘mW© ‘| à^oX H$aZoH$s à{H«$`mHo$ AmYmana XmoZm| hr
à{VnmXZe¡{b`m|H$m Ma‘ n`©dgmZ Vmo gd©{dY Û¡VHo$ nma‘m{W©H$ {ZfoY‘| hr
’${bV hmo OmVm h¡.
{’$a^r AZwJm{‘Am| Ûmam JwédMZm|‘| AZwnbãY Eogr {H$gr YmaUm `m
à{H«$`m H$s àñVw{V JwéJ«ÝWm|Ho$ ì`m»`mZV`m AWdm AnZo ñdVÝÌ J«ÝWm|‘|
{Z`VV`m {ZOJwéH$s A{^‘{Vgo {dnarV‘{V Zht ‘mZr Om gH$Vr h¡. ""gyÌmWm}
dÊ`©Vo `Ì nX¡… gyÌmZwgm[a{^… ñdnXm{Z M dÊ`©ÝVo ^mî`§ ^mî`{dXmo {dXw…''
AmXe©Ho$ AZwgma Bgo Vmo ^mî`H$maH$m {deofm{YH$ma hr ‘mZm J`m h¡.
BgHo$ {dnarV naÝVw ""CŠVmZwŠVXwéŠVmZm§ {MÝVm `Ì àdV©Vo V§ J«ÝW§
"dm{V©H§$' àmhþ…'' Zr{VH$mo AnZm H$a boIZ‘| àd¥Îm hmoZodmbo dm{V©H$H$ma
~hþYm gyÌH$maHo$ à{V AnZo öX`‘| {ZíN>b AmXa^md aIZoHo$ ~mdOyX CÝh|
na~«÷ gd©H$maUH$maUê$n gd©k na‘oída ^JdmZ² nwéfmoÎm‘Ho$ ê$n‘| ^OZoH$m
CËgmhm{VaoH$ `m lÕm{VaoH$ àX{e©V Zht H$aVo. {’$a^r ^mî`H$maH$s Vah hr
dm{V©H$H$ma ^r gyÌJ«ÝWH$mo EH$ d¥jH$s Vah hr {dH${gV H$aZoH$s à{H«$`m
gånÝZ H$aZodmbo {MÝVH$ Vmo ‘mZo OmVo h¢. O¡gr à{H«$`m Ûmam dm{V©H$H$ma gm¡Ìr
YmaUmAm|H$mo nëb{dV nwpînV `m ’${bV H$aVo h¢, dh gyÌmon{Xï> nXmW©H$m AnZo
CŠVmonn{Îmê$n qgMZ Ûmam {H$`o J`o {dH$mgHo$ ê$n‘| g‘mÑV hmoVm h¡. d¡go hr
AZwŠV{MÝVZH$s ImX S>mb H$a dm{V©H$H$ma Cgo nmo{fV ^r H$aVo hr h¢. gmW
hr gmW Ohm§ CÝh| gyÌm|‘| à{Vnm{XV nXmW©{deofê$nr H$moB© emIm g‘J« gyÌà{VnmÚ
{gÕmÝVd¥jHo$ {hVHo$ {dnarV OmZodmbm XyamohU `m XwéŠV O¡gm bJVm h¡, V~
Cg XwéŠVH$s H$b‘ H$mQ> H$a ^r d¥jH$s Am`wî`H$mo do d¥qÕJV H$aVo hr h¢.
H$moB© dm{V©H$ma, naÝVw, {Og ^y{‘na H$moB© d¥j CJm hmo Cgo ^y{‘Ho$ ‘mhmËå`JmZ
H$aHo$ d¥jmoÀN>oXZ H$aVm hþdm H$^r XoIm Zht J`m
325
`h Vmo ghO hr g‘P‘| AmZodmbr ~mV h¡ {H$ O~ {H$gr CÚmZHo$
aIdmboH$mo Eogo {H$gr d¥jHo$ àamohH$s ^r{V gVmVr hmo V~ Cg d¥j{deofHo$
CÀN>oXZH$s ^r Cn`mo{JVmH$m ^r Cgo A{YH$ma hmoVm hr h¡. Eogr pñW{V‘|,
naÝVw, Xmï>m©ÝV‘| dm{V©H$ {bIZoHo$ ~Om` IÊS>ZmË‘H$ dmXJ«ÝW {bI XoZoH$s
ar{V hr A^rï> ‘mZr OmVr h¡!
ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` Xme©{ZH$ {gÕmÝV Am¡a Y‘©gmYZm Ho$ Am¡ÎmaH$m{bH$
ñdê$n‘| Z Vmo ^mî`e¡br AnZm`r J`r Ñ{ï>JV hmoVr h¡ Am¡a Z dm{V©H$e¡br hr.
AnZo gåàXm`àdV©H$ AmMm`©H$mo na~«÷ nwéfmoÎm‘ gd©k Am¡a gd©g‘W© hmoZoHo$
qghmgZna nYam XoZoHo$ ~mX Omo ^r CÝhm|Zo {ZOH$ÊR>go {dYmZ `m {ZfoY {H$`o
CZgo gd©Wm {dnarV hr (AZwŠV Zht àË`wV {ZOmMm`m}pŠVH$mo XwéŠVH$s H$mo{Q>‘|
nXmdZ{V H$a XoZodmbr) à{H«$`m `hm§ AnZm`r J`r hmo, Eogm ñnï> Ñ{ï>JmoMa
hmoVm h¡
am‘mZwOr` doXmÝV Am¡a dmëb^ doXmÝV Ho$ ~mao‘| lr gm.lw.OrHo$ AdbmoH$Zm|H$o
~mao‘| ^r ‘¢ `hr ~mV XmohamZm Mmhÿ§Jm. Š`m|{H$ am‘mZwOr` gåàXm`H$s Xme©{ZH$
`m Ym{‘©H$ YmaUmAm|‘| nydm©na‘| AZwŠVH$s A§JrH¥${Vdmbr AZZwê$nVm hr lr
gm.lw.Or {XIm nm`o h¢. nydm©Mm`m}pŠV `m nyd©J«ÝWmopŠV H$mo XwéŠV‘| n`©d{gV
H$a XoZdo mbr AZZwê$nVm do {XIm Zht nm`o. ‘wPo O~{H$ AmYw{ZH$ ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur`
{gÕmÝV Am¡a gmYZm Ho$ ~mao‘| gmoMZona Eogm bJVm h¡ {H$ `o ‘ybJ«ÝWm|‘|
AZwŠVgo H$ht AmJo ~‹T> H$a ‘ybJ«ÝWm|H$mo XwépŠV‘| n`©{gV H$aZodmbr YmaUm`|
h¢. ‘wPo AV… AnZr {OkmgmH$m gÝVmofàX g‘mYmZ lr gm.lw.OrHo$ ñnï>rH$aU
Ûmam {‘b Zht nm`m.
doXMVwï>`rH$s g§{hVmAm|‘| "~«÷'nX na‘ VÎdHo$ dmMH$V`m à`wŠV hþdm hmo
`m Zht; naÝVw, CZ g§{hVmAm|‘| CnbãY hmoVo BÝÐ `m àOmn{V gÑe na‘oídaHo$
O¡go ê$n, O¡go JwUY‘©; AWdm O¡go {H«$`mH$bmn {Zê${nV hþdo h¢, CZgo {dnarV
Cn{ZfXm|‘| ~«÷H$m à{VnmXZ Zht hþdm h¡. Š`m|{H$ ""BÝЧ {‘̧ déU‘² Ap½Z‘²
Amhþ… AWmo {Xì`… g gwnUm} JéË‘mZ² EH§$ gX² {dàm… ~hþYm dXpÝV Ap½Z§
`‘§ ‘mV[aídmZ‘² Amhþ…'' (F$Šg§{h.2&3&22&46) {H$gr EH$‘odm{ÛVr` VÎdH$m
326
g§Ho$V g§{hVm‘| {‘b hr ahm h¡. AVEd {ZéŠVH$ma ^r H$hVo h¢ ""‘hm^m½`mX²
XodVm`m… EH$… AmË‘m ~hþYm ñVy`Vo. EH$ñ` AmË‘Zmo AÝ`o Xodm… àË`“m{Z
^dpÝV. A{nM gÎdmZm§ àH¥${V^y{‘{^… F$f`… ñVwdpÝV B{V Amhþ….
àH¥${Vgmd©ZmåÝ`mV² M'' ({Zé.{ZK.7&4&5). Bgr H$maUgo gd©Xodm|Ho$ VWm
Zm‘-ê$n-H$‘©^oXgo àH$Q> hmoZodmbo {ZpIb gX²Ðì`m|Ho$ àH¥${Vê$n ~«÷H$m
doXmÝVê$n Cn{ZfX²‘| ^r ~«÷V`m {Zê$nU {H$`m J`m h¡. Bgr EH$‘odm{ÛVr`
~«÷H$s AZoH${dY Am{Y^m¡{VH$ AmÜ`mpË‘H$ `m Am{YX¡{dH$ A{^ì`pŠVAm|Ho$
{Zê$nH$ B{Vhmg-nwamU EH$m`Z Xod{dÚm `m ~«÷{dÚm O¡go emñÌm|H$m CëboI
Cn{ZfX²‘| ^r ""F$½doX§ ^Jdmo AÜ`o{‘ `Owd}X§ gm‘doX‘² AmWd©U§ MVwW©‘²
B{VhmgnwamU§ nÄM‘§ doXmZm§ doX§... EH$m`Z§ Xod{dÚm§ ~«÷{dÚm§...''
(N>mÝXmo.Cn.7&1&2) {‘bVm hr h¡. Cn{ZfXm|‘| AZwn{Xï> VÎd `m A{d{hV
H$V©ì` BZ {d{dY emñÌm|‘| {‘bVo hmoZona ^r ‘hm^maV, ^JdX²JrVm, ~«÷gyÌ,
nwamUm| `m e¡d/d¡îUd VÝÌm|Ho$ X{jUmJ‘m|‘| ^r Cn{ZfX²{déÕ H$moB© VÎd `m
H$V©ì` Cn{Xï> hþdm Zht h¡. CëboIZr` h¡ {H$ AVEd Cn{ZfX²dmŠ`mWm]H$s
‘r‘m§gmHo$ ê$n‘| àH$Q> ~mXam`Ur` gyÌ‘| ~«÷H$mo "lw{V`mo{ZËdmV²' H$hZoHo$
~Om` "emñÌ`mo{ZËdmV²' (~«.gy.1&1&3) hr H$hm J`m h¡.
AV… BZ emñÌm|H$o AÝVJ©V "B{Vhmg-nwamU' `m "EH$m`Z' AWdm "Xod{dÚm-
~«÷{dÚm' nXm|Ûmam A{^àoV H$m¡Z-H$m¡Zgo emñÌ h¢, Bg ~ma‘| {d{^ÝZ ^mî`H$mam|‘|
‘V^oX gå^d h¡. naÝVw g^r BVZm Vmo ‘mZ H$a hr Mbo h¢ {H$ doXemñÌ
AZoH${dY {dÚmñWmZm|go Cn~¥h§ Ur` h¡ (Ñï>. : ~«.gy.em.^m.1&1&3). lr‘ÜdmMm`©
Vmo ""F$½`Owñgm‘mWdm©íM ^maV§ nÄMamÌH§$ ‘yb§ am‘m`U§ M¡d "emñÌ‘²'
B{V A{^Yr`Vo. `ÀM AZwH$y b‘² EVñ` VÀM emņ̃ àH$s{V©V‘². AVmo AÝ`mo
J«ÝW{dñVmamo Z¡d emņ̃ Hw$dË‘© VV²'' (~«.gy.‘m.^m.1&1&3) Eogm ñH$ÝXnwamUr`
dMZ ^r "emñÌ'nXH$s AW©ì`mpßV {XIbmZoH$mo XoVo h¢. `m| gd©{eï>OZm| `m
AmßVOZm| Ûmam ‘mÝ` BZ emñÌm|Ho$ A{^àm`m|Ho$ BVaoVa-g‘pÝdV A{^àm`go
A{déÕ hr H$moB© AlwVnyd© nXmW© ^r ‘mÝ` hmo gH$Vm h¡. {déÕ Vmo, naÝVw, Hw$N>
^r ‘mÝ` Zht hmo nmVm, {H$gr ‘VH$mo "doXmÝV'nXdmÀ` ~ZZm hmo Vmo (Ñï>. :
{eï>mn[aJ«hm{YH$aU ~«.gy.2&1&4). EH$ ‘VH$mo ‘mÝ` {H$gr ~mVH$mo Xygam H$moB©
A‘mÝ` Kmo{fV H$ao Vmo àW‘ ‘VHo${b`o `h Amdí`H$ hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ dh
327
Xagm`o {H$ CgH$s ~mV H¡$go BZ emñÌm|Ho$ g‘pÝdV àm‘mÊ`Ho$ AmYmana
à‘m{UV hmoVr h¡. doXmÝVHo$ g^r gåàXm`m|‘| `hr {dMmaar{V ñdrH$mar J`r h¡.
AV… Bg {df`‘| Ny>Q>N>mQ> ñdm{‘Zmam`U‘VH$mo {‘b Zht gH$Vr, `{X Cgo
ñd`§Ho$ doXmÝV hmoZoH$m Xmdm AmJo aIZm hmo Vmo.
Bg gÝX^©‘| `h AdYo` hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ BZ emñÌm|Ho$ AÝVJ©V {H$gr EH$
emñÌ‘| CŠVH$m à{VnmXZ `m nwZamdV©Z hr `{X Ana emñÌ‘| ^r {‘bZm
A{Zdm`© {ZH$f hmoVm Vmo AZ{YJVmWm©{YJ‘H$Ëdê$n àm‘mÊ` hr CgH$m {gÕ
hr Zht hmo nm`oJm. AV… {eï>mÑV {H$gr EH$ emñÌ‘| AZwŠV {H$gr nXmW©H$m
Ana {eï>mÑVemñÌmoŠV nXmW©Ho$ gmW g‘Ýd` H$a {XImZoHo$ d¡Mm[aH$ à`mg‘|
AÝV{d©amoY ImoOZm AnZr {eï>mÑV naånamH$m AkmZ h¡. AV… Bg VahH$s
Cnn{Îm/AZwnn{ÎmAm|H$mo àñVwV H$a lr gm.lw.Or àñVwV MMm©H$mo H¡$gm ‘mo‹S> XoZm
MmhVo h¢ `h ñnï> Zht hmo nmVm. Š`m|{H$ emñÌ `m AmJ‘ Vmo O¡Z-~m¡Õ Am{XHo$
^r h¢ hr. BZ {d{^ÝZ Y‘©-gåàXm`m|‘| ‘mÝ` BZ ~mh²`mJ‘m| Am¡a Amf©emñÌm| Ho$
~rM {d^mOH$aoIm A{dpÀN>ÝZnaånamH$m gmVË` hr ñdrH$mam J`m h¡.
AVEd d¡{XH$ naånam‘| ‘mÝ` emñÌm|‘| AdVmaV`m {Zê${nV F$f^Xod `m
^JdmZ² ~wÕ H$mo AdVmaV`m ‘mÝ` aIZoHo$ ~mdOyX BZHo$ CnXoe {eï>mÑV
emñÌdMZm|go {déÕ OmVo hmoZoHo$ H$maU à‘mUV`m ‘mÝ` Zht {H$`o J`o h¢. Bg
naånamgo ~{h^y©V AmJ‘ BÝht emñÌm|‘| Cn{Xï> VÎd AWdm H$‘© H$m hr CnXoe
`{X H$aVo hm| Vmo, CXmhaUV`m {d{dY Xodê$nm|H$m, `m emara AmË‘mH$m, CgHo$
‘mojH$m; AWdm ‘wŠË`W© A^rï> gmYZmAm|H$m, Vmo CÝh| ñd`§ AnZo nmaån[aH$
emñÌm|go A{YJV AW©Ho$ hr kmnH$ hmoZoHo$ H$maU VËà{VnmÚËdoZ àm‘m{UH$ Zht
‘mZm Om gH$Vm. Eogr pñW{V‘| ñdm{‘Zmam`UnÝW `{X A{dpÀN>ÝZgåàXm`naånamgo
H$Q> H$a lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rH$s nwéfmoÎm‘VmHo$ XmdoH$mo àñVwV H$aZm MmhVm hmo
Vmo CgHo$ {gÕmÝVH$mo "doXmÝV' H¡$go ‘mZm Om gH$Vm h¡?
‘mZ bmo {H$ `{X H$moB© npíM‘r `hÿXr B©gmB `m Bñbm‘r {MÝVH$ ñd`§Ho$
~mao‘| VÎdnÄMH$mÝVJ©V nwéfmoÎm‘ hmoZoHo$ XmdoHo$ gmW AnZo AmYrZ Ad{eï>
Mma VÎd ~«÷ B©e Ord Am¡a ‘m`m O¡go nXm|Ho$ dhm§H$s {H$gr ^mfm‘| n`m©`dmMH$
328
nXm|Ho$ Ûmam AnZo ahñ`J«ÝWê$n dMZm‘¥Vm|‘| {Zê$nU H$aVm hmo Vmo Cgo
"ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` doXmÝV' ‘mZZm {H$ Zht? `{X "hm§' Vmo lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rH$m
EH$mH$s nyU©nwéfmoÎm‘Ëd {ZañV hmo Om`oJm Am¡a `{X "Zm' Vmo CgHo$ AñdrH$mamW©
Omo hoVw CnñWm{nV {H$`o Om`|Jo do lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rna ^r bmJy hm|Jo hr.
BZ àíZm|‘| CbPr g‘ñ`mH$s Jå^raVmHo$ {H$gr VahHo$ g‘mH$bZHo$ {~Zm
Ym§Ybr H$aZona O¡go nhbo ^r EH$ ~ma ""Is "Akshar' an unsolved riddle?''
Ambo I nÌ‘| {dÛmZ² bo I H$Zo ^r ""The same Aksharbrahman
simultaniously express itself in personl and impersonal aspects.
This is stated in shrutis and puranas:..."""^wd…' B{V Ûo ~mhÿ Ûo EVo
Ajao'' (~¥h.Cn.5&5&3), ""Ûo dmd ~«÷Umo ê$no ‘yVª M A‘¥V§ M''
(~¥h.Cn.2&3&11), """K¥{U…' B{V Ûo Ajao'' (Z¥qg.ny.Vm.Cn.4&2) . All
these shruti statemednts speak of (a)Aksharbrahaman as personal
i.e. the form of Aksharbrahaman with qualities...'' (BµO² "Aja' EZ²
AÝgm°ëìS> [aS>b²? n¥.135) Eogm hmñ`mñnX lm¡V à‘mU àñVwV H$a {X`m
Š`m|{H$ àW‘ dMZ‘| 1="^w' + 2="d…' O¡go Xmo Ajam|H$m {Zê$nU h¡ Z{H$
Ym‘ê$n Am¡a ‘yV©ê$n Xmo Ajam|H$m. {ÛVr` dMZ‘| O¡go ~«÷Ho$ ‘yVm©‘yV Xmo ê$n
à{Vnm{XV {H$`o h¢ d¡go hr "‘Ë`m©‘¥V' ê$n ^r d{U©V hþdo h¢ BZ‘| dm`w-
AÝV[ajgo {^ÝZH$mo ‘yV© ‘mZm h¡ Am¡a dm`w-AÝV[ajH$mo A‘yV© ‘mZm h¡. Eogr
pñW{V‘| A‘yV© AjaYm‘ ‘m`màH¥${VOÝ` ^m¡{VH$ dm`w-AÝV[ajê$n {gÕ
hmoJm Am¡a ‘yVm©ja n¥Ïdr-Ob-VoOmoê$n ‘m{`H$ hr {gÕ hmoJm, ‘m`mVrV Zht.
Z¥qghnydV© mnZr`mon{ZfX²H$o A{dH$b dMZ‘| Vmo """K¥{U…' B{V Ûo Ajao, "gy`…© '
B{V Ìr{U, "Am{XË`…' B{V Ìr{U'' nmR> {‘bVm h¡ Vmo g~ {‘bm H$a AmR>
Aja~«÷ {gÕ hm|Jo {H$‘míM`©‘² AV… na‘² AV… Egr Ym§Ybr Z H$s Om`o Vmo
EH$ AÀN>r ~mV hmoJr. AV… doXmÝVemñÌr` à‘o` `m gmYZm H$m {eï>mÑV
emñÌm|Ho$ AmYmana à{VnmXZ hr C{MV hmoVm h¡ Z{H$ gmåàXm{`H$ ahñ`J«ÝWm|Ho$
AmYmana. AñVw.
AVEd ñd`§ lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘r ^r AYmo{Z{X©ï> dMZm|‘|-
329
""lr‘ÝZmam`Uñ‘¥Ë`m g{hVm… (H$)emñÌgå‘Vm…... doXmZm§
M Z H$V©ì`m {ZÝXm lì`m ZM Šd{MV²''(21) (I)""dUm©l‘Y‘m}
`… g hmVì`mo Z Ho $ Z{MV² . naY‘m} ZM AmM`m} ZM
nmIÊS>H$pënV…''(24) (J)""g§ñH$mam… M AmpôZH§$ H$m`ª ñd-
ñdJ¥h²`mZwgmaoU H$V©ì`§'' (91) " (K)"doXmíM ì`mggyÌm{U
lr‘X²^mJdVm{^Y§ nwamU§ ^maVoVw lr{dîUmo… Zm‘ghòH§$ VWm
lr^JdX² J rVm Zr{V… M {dXw a mo { XVm lrdmgw X o d ‘mhmËå`§
ñH$mÝXd¡îUdIÊS>J‘². (L>)Y‘©emñÌmÝV©JVm M `mkdëŠ`F$fo…
ñ‘¥{V… EVm{Z Aï> ‘‘ Bï>m{Z gÀN>mñÌm{U ^dpÝV {h'' (93-
95) (M)""emaraH$mUm§ ^JdX²JrVm`m… M AdJå`Vm§ am‘mZwOH¥$V§
^mî`‘² AmÜ`mpË‘H§$ ‘‘''(100) ""‘V§ {d{eï>mÛ¡V§ ‘o'' (121)
(N>)
""gÀN>mñÌmUm§ g‘wÕ¥Ë` gd}fm§ gma‘² AmË‘Zm nÌr`§ {bpIVm
Z¦Um‘² A^rï>’$bXm{`Zr''(204).({ejmnÌr).
`hm§ {eï>mÑV emñÌm|H$mo ‘mÝ` H$aZm MmhVo h¢. O¡gm{H$ (H$)A§e‘| àñVwV
{ejmnÌrH$m àU`Z {eï>mÑV gH$bemñÌm|H$mo gå‘V gZmVZ Y‘©Ho$ CnXoemW©
h¡ Z{H$ Xoe‘| Cg g‘` àM{bV gåàXm`m|H$s AZwJm‘r OZVmH$mo AnZo gåàXm`H$s
Amoa ItMZoH$mo {H$`m OmVm N>Ù, `h J«ÝWmonH«$‘‘| hr J«ÝWH$maZo ñnï> H$a {X`m
h¡. (I)A§e‘| CZ {eï>mÑV emñÌm|‘| {Zê${nV Y‘©go {dnarV Omo Hw$N> hmo Cgo
"nmfÊS>' H$h H$a Cgr ~mVna A{YH$ ^ma S>mbm J`m h¡. (J)A§e‘| {ejmnÌrHo$
AmYma^y V AmR> emñÌm| g o A{V[aŠV AÝ` ^r {eîQ>mÑV emñÌm| H $s
ì`dhma{Z`m‘H$Vm Xagm`r h¡. (K)A§e‘| `h {ejmnÌr Ho$db gXmMmanaH$
emñÌmoŠV Y‘m}Ho$ CnXoemW© àd¥Îm J«ÝW Z hmo H$a VÎdmonXoenaH$ emñÌmoŠV
VÎdm|Ho$ CnXoemW© ^r àd¥Îm J«ÝW h¡ `h Xagm {X`m J`m h¡. (L>)A§e gXmMmanaH$
emñÌm|na AmYm[aV H$V©ì`m|Ho$ CnXoemW© ^r h¡ `h Xagm`m. (M)A§e BZ àmMrZ
emñÌm|go grYo ñd`§ Ow‹S> OmZoHo$ ~Om` A{dpÀN>ÝZ ~mXam`UgyÌ Am¡a ^JdX²JrVm
na Adbpå~V hmoZodmbo am‘mZwOgåàXm`H$s naånamgo AnZm gå~ÝY ñdrH$ma
H$a VXr` J«ÝW Am¡a VXwŠV {gÕmÝV XmoZm|Ho$ à{V AnZr {Zð>m Xagm`r h¡. (N>)A§e
Cng§hma‘| ^r CnH«$‘moŠV ~mVm|H$s hr nwZamd¥{Îm H$s J`r h¡.
330
 `m| nwZ…nwZ… ^manyd©H$ CpëbpIV d¡{XH$ F${f`m|H$s A{dpÀN>ÝZ naånam‘|
g‘mÑV emñÌm|Ho$ hr gmW AnZo gå~ÝYH$m {ZX}e lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rOr H$a
aho h¢. `h Vmo R>rH$ hr h¡ {H$ CnXoeH$mb‘| `m {d{d{XfmdñWm‘| lrghOmZÝX
ñdm‘r AnZoH$mo ‘mÝ` AmR> emñÌ hr gH$b emñÌm|Ho$ AÝVJ©V àmYmÝ`oZ
Adbå~Zr` ‘mZ H$a Mbo h¢. Š`m|{H$ {ejmnÌrê$n J«ÝW BZ emñÌm|Ho$ gmaê$noU
CÝhm|Zo ñd`§ g§H${bV {H$`m h¡. Š`m|{H$ ñd`§ Bg J«ÝWHo$ AmÝV[aH$ gmú`Ho$
AmYmana ^r Aï>~{h^©yV "ñd-ñdJ¥h²`gyÌ'H$m àm‘mÊ` ^r CÝh| gd©Wm A{^‘V
Vmo {gÕ hmoVm hr h¡. Bg {ZH$fH$mo ^br^m§{V `m Vmo öX`JV Z H$a nmZoHo$ H$maU
AWdm {H$gr VahH$s Hw$N> d¡Mm[aH$ CbPZHo$ H$maU lr gm.lw.OrHo$ g‘mYmZ‘|
ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` Xe©Z{gÕmÝV Am¡a Y‘©gmYZm Ho$ ~rM Xe©Z{gÕmÝVHo$ ~moYmW©
{ejmnÌrH$s Jm¡UVm {XIbm`r J`r h¡.
dñVwV… VWmH${WV àñWmZMVwï>`H$m EH$ ~d§S>a gm Omo AmYw{ZH$ boIH$m|Zo
doXmÝVHo$ AmYma^yV emñÌm|Ho$ ~mao‘| CR>m aIm h¡, CgHo$ ~mao‘| `h H$WZr` h¡
{H$ VWmH${WV doXm{X àñWmZMVwï>`r‘| {OZ ñdoVa emñÌm|H$mo à‘mUV`m ‘mÝ`
{H$`m J`m h¡, CZHo$ A{damoY `m g‘Ýd` Ho$ {~Zm àñWmZMVwï>`rH$m àm‘mÊ`
^r AjwÊU Zht ah nmVm AV… Eogr {dMmaar{V Ý`m`{gÕmÄOZH$ma lrdoXmÝV
Xo{eH$Ho$ eãXm|‘| Hw$N> H$hZm Mmh| Vmo ""AlwV{gÕmÝVñ` nwñVH${ZarjUmX²
A`§ Xmof…'' H$hZm hr C{MV hmoJm.
ahr ~mV ‘hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`©H$s ñd`§H$s doXmÝVì`m»`m Am¡a ñd`§H$mo
gwhmVr gmYZmàUmbr VWm Hw$bnaånamJV lr{dîUwñdm‘rH$s doXmÝVYmaUm Am¡a
gmYZmàUmbr Ho$ ~rM aho à^oXHo$ ‘wÔoH$s. lr gm.lw.OrZo ñd`§ ‘hmà^wHo$ dMZ,
CZHo$ AmYma^yV CnOrì` lr^mJdVnwamU, CZHo$ nadVu ì`m»`mH$mam|Ho$ {dYmZ
Am¡a gd©Xe©Z‘|go ^r dMZm| H$mo CÕ¥V H$a lr{dîUwñdm{‘‘V Am¡a dmëb^‘V
Ho$ ~rM nañna AÝV{d©amoY gm {XIbmZoH$s Moï>m H$s h¡-
""BVZo g¡ Õ mpÝVH$ ^o X Ho $ ahZo n a
"{dîUwñdm{‘‘VmZwd{V©Ëd'H$m Š`m AW© H$aZm Mm{h`o? Š`m
dëb^ñdm‘r AnZo nyd©dVu AmMm`©go {déÕ AWdm {^ÝZ
331
{dMma aIVo Wo? AWdm {dîUwñdm{‘‘VmZwd{V©Ëd hr µJbV h¡?
{MÝVH$m| H $m H$hZm h¡ {H$ ^JdmZ² lrH¥ $ îU Ûmam ñdßZ‘|
"{gÕmÝVahñ`' H$m kmZ hmoZona hr ^JdmZ² lrH¥$îUHo$ à{V
AZÝ`Vm AWdm ewÕmÛ¡V‘mJ© H$m àmaå^ hþdm. BgHo$ nhbo
{dîUw ñ dm‘rHo $ {gÕmÝV hr gåàXm`‘| ‘mÝ` Wo ' '
(g‘m.nÌ.2.3dëb^‘V).
gd©àW‘ Vmo {OZ {MÝVH$m|H$s ~mV lr gm.lw.Or H$a aho h¢, CÝhm|Zo ‘hmà^w
lrdëb^mMm`©Ho$ ‘VHo$ ~mao‘| Amam‘Hw$guna ~¡R> H$a AnZm ñdVÝÌ {MÝVZ
{H$`m h¡ `m ‘hmà^wHo$ J«ÝWm|Ho$ Jå^ra Am¡a {deX AdJmhZHo$ ê$n‘| {MÝVZ
{H$`m h¡, Bgo OmZZoH$s Z Vmo ‘wPo H$moB© CËH$ÊR>m h¡ Am¡a Z ‘oao nmg H$moB©
AmYmaàX gyMZm hr. {’$a^r BVZm Adí` H$h gH$Vm hÿ§ {H$ ñd`§ ‘hmà^wZo Eogo
{H$gr ñdßZH$s ~mV H$ht H$hr Zht h¡. gmåàXm{`H$ B{VhmgJ«ÝWm|‘| ^r H$ht
Eogr {H$gr ~mVH$m H$moB© CëboI {‘bVm Zht h¡. ñd`§ ‘hmà^wH$s H$ÊR>mopŠV
OmZZr hmo Vmo ""lmdUñ`m‘bo njo EH$mXí`m§ ‘hm{Z{e gmjmX² ^JdVm
àmoŠV§ VXjae… CÀ`Vo'' ({gÕm.ah.1) dMZ {‘bVm h¡. Eo{Vh²`J«ÝWm|Ho$
AmYmana EH$mXerH$mo ‘hmà^wHo$ am{ÌOmJaUHo$ {Z`‘Ho$ H$maU "‘hm{Z{e'nXH$m
^r AW© ñdßZ Vmo hmo Zht gH$Vm h¡. AV… `h Vmo {Zar Jßn hr bJVr h¡.
`h KQ>Zm ^r AmnHo$ Vrg df©H$s Am`w‘| K{Q>V hþ`r Eogm B{VhmgJ«ÝWm|Ho$
AmYmana {gÕ hmoVm h¡. O~{H$ AmnH$m ewÕmÛ¡VdmXmZwgmar {MÝVZ Vmo Bggo
~hþV nyd© àH$Q> hmo hr MwH$m Wm. AV… A~ Û¡VdmX `m AÛ¡VdmX Ho$ ‘V^oXHo$
~mao‘| ^r Hw$N> AdYo` hmo OmVm h¡. ñd`§ ‘hmà^wZo Ohm§ lr{dîUwñdm‘rHo$ ‘VH$mo
"Vm‘g' H$hm h¡ Am¡a AnZo ‘VH$mo "{ZJ©wU', dhm§ dh Z Vmo lr{dîUwñdm‘rHo$
‘VH$s {ZÝXmHo$ {b`o H$hm h¡ Am¡a Z dh lr{dîUwñdm‘rHo$ ‘VHo${b`o ñd`§H$s
AñdrH¥${V XagmZoHo$ A{^àm`de H$hm h¡. {OZ d«O^ŠVm|H$mo AmnZo AnZr
^pŠVHo$ {b`o Jwê$n‘ ‘mZm CÝh| ^r "Vm‘gbrbmHo$ ^ŠV' hr H$hm h¡.
ahr ~mV XmoZm| Ñ{ï>H$moUm|Ho$ ~rM aho ^oXH$s Vmo CgHo$ ~mao‘| ^r ‘hmà^wZo
ñd`§ hr Cgr ñWbna AnZm `h CX²Jma ^r àH$Q> {H$`m h¡ {H$ ""^oX…
332
nma‘m{W©H$… B{V emņ̃ nwañH¥$Ë` {Ì{dYmo ^pŠV`moJ… CŠV… (^JdVm ^mJdVEd)...
V‘moaOñgÎd¡… {^ÝZmo, Añ‘Ëà{Vnm{XV… M Z¡Jw©Ê`…. Ed§ MVw{d©Ymo@{n
^JdVm à{Vnm{XV…'' (gw~mo.3&32&37). AV… ^ybZm Zht Mm{h`o {H$ Bg
{dYmZ‘| "M'H$ma MVwW© ‘Vn[aJUZmHo$ nyaUmW© h¡ Z{H$ BVa‘Vm|H$s {ZOm{^àoVVmHo$
dmaUmW©. Š`m|{H$ ‘hmà^wHo$ ^r ‘V‘| BVa ‘VÌ`rH$s Vah ^oX Anma‘m{W©H$ Zht
àË`wV nma‘m{W©H$ hr ‘mZm J`m h¡. AV… Bg A§e‘| CZHo$ gmW d¡‘Ë` hmo Zht
gH$Vm h¡. hm§, ^JdmZ²Ho$ gd©^dZgm‘Ï`© Am¡a gË`g§H$ëngm‘Ï`© Ho$ de dh
nma‘m{W©H$ ^oX ‘hmà^wH$mo H¥${Ì‘ bJVm h¡, ñdm^m{dH$ Zht. AV… ñdm^m{dH$
Am¡a nma‘m{W©H$ H$m à^oX H$^r ^ybZm Zht Mm{h`o. ^oXH$mo ñdm^m{dH$ ‘mZZo‘|
BVa ‘Vm|Ho$ gmW d¡‘Ë` Adí` h¡ na nma‘m{W©H$ ‘mZZo‘| Zht, `h gmdYmZV`m
AdYo` h¡, `{X ‘hmà^wHo$ ‘VH$mo ^br^m§{V ~w{ÕJV H$aZm hmo Vmo. AVEd
""`{X ~«÷ VmdÝ‘m̧ ^doV² VXm A`§ Xmof…. VV² nwZ… OrdmX² OJV… M
A{YH$‘². Hw$Vmo? ^oX{ZX}emV²'' (AUw^m.2&1&22) Bg {dYmZ‘| ‘hmà^wZo
~o{PPH$ nma‘m{W©H$ ^oXH$mo ñdrH$mam hr h¡. Ohm§ VH$ A{YH$aUg§J«hH$maHo$
CÕ¥V dMZHo$ A{^àm`H$s ~mV h¡ Vmo dh ^r `h Zht H$h aho h¢ {H$ BZ VrZm|Ho$
gmW ‘hmà^wH$m Bg {df`‘| {H$gr VahH$m {damoY h¡. Š`m|{H$ dmëb^ gåàXm`‘|
Eogm H$moB© H$hZm ^r Mmho Vmo ñd`§ CgH$m hr dMZ Aà‘mU hmo Om`oJm,
‘hmà^wH$s Bg ñnï> ñdrH$mamopŠVHo$ MbVo. AV… A{YH$aUg§J«hH$ma Vmo `hr
H$hVo go àVrV hmoVo h¢ {H$ lr{dîUwñdm‘r à^¥{V AmMm`m]H$o AZwgma goì`godH$^md,
O‹S>OrdmË‘H$g¥{ï>-VXwnmXmZ^yV~«÷ Am¡a BZHo$ ~rM A^oXH$m à{VnmXZ H$aZodmbr
lw{V‘| nañna {damoY àH$Q> hmoVm h¡, O~{H$ Cg {XIbm`r XoVo {damoYH$m
Cne‘Z ‘hmà^wZo AnZo {ZJw©U‘VHo$ AmYmana H$a {XIm`m h¡. AV… nma‘m{W©H$
^oXH$mo AH¥${Ì‘ ñdm^m{dH$ ‘mZZm Am¡a Cgo AmË‘brbmW© àH$Q> H¥${Ì‘ ‘mZZm,
`o Xmo {d{^ÝZ ~mV| h¢. Z Vmo ^oXH$mo nma‘m{W©H$ ‘mZZogo dh AH¥${Ì‘ ~Z OmVm
h¡ Am¡a Z H¥${Ì‘ ‘mZ boZogo dh Anma‘m{W©H$ hr {gÕ hmoVm h¡. BZ XmoZm|
YmaUmAm|Ho$ ~rM ahr gyú‘aoIm Z g‘PZoHo$ H$maU hr `hm§ `h AH$mÊS>VmÊS>d
àH$Q> hþdm h¡
BgHo$ ~mX {dMmaUr` ~ZVr h¡ lr{dîUwñdm‘rHo$ lrZ¥qghmonmgH$ hmoZoH$s
Am¡a ‘hmà^wHo$ lrH¥$îUmonmgH$ hmoZoH$s H$Wm. Bg {df`‘| ^r `h ^br^m§{V
g‘P aIZm Mm{h`o {H$ nw{ï>‘mJ©‘| ‘hmà^wH$o H$mbgo AÚmd{Y ^JdmZ² lrZ¥qghH$s
CnmgZm g^r AmMm`©d§eOm|Ho$ J¥h‘| lrH¥$îUH$s ^pŠV^mdmonoV godmHo$ AÝVJ©V
333
hr AZw{ð>V hmoVr Am`r h¡. lrH¥$îUHo$ Mma nw{ï>-AdVmam|‘| lrZ¥qgh lrdm‘Z
lram‘ Am¡a lr~bam‘ H$mo ‘mZm hr J`m h¡. àYmZnrR>‘| {~amO‘mZ ^JdmZ²
lrZmWOrHo$ {dJ«hH$s nr{R>H$m‘| doXm{XemñÌê$n eof(=~bam‘) lrZmW{dJ«hH$s
gH$bemñÌà{VnmÚVmHo$ ÚmoVZmW© h¡. Bgr Vah lrZmW{dJ«hH$s jamjamVrVmHo$
ÚmoVZmW© Z¥qghmH¥${V CËH$sU© h¡. Bgr Vah ñd`§ dmë‘r{H$am‘m`UH$m ^r àm‘mÊ`,
VWmH${WV àñWmZMVwï>`go ~{h^y©V hmoZona ^r, lr‘X²^mJdVH$s Vah
g‘m{Y^mfmê$noU hr ‘hmà^w ñdrH$maVo h¢ : ""Añ` ì`mgmo {dñVma… nyd©‘²
AZoH¡$… CŠV…. gmåàV§ dmë‘r{H$… g‘mYm¡ Cnbä` gd©‘² CŠVdmZ². AV…
gwVam§ BXmZrÝVZ§ à‘mU‘²'' (Ñï>. : V.Xr.{Z.à.2&81).
lr gm.lw.Or H$hVo h¢-
""bo{H$Z ^mJdVHo$ g^r eãX g‘mZê$ngo CnmXo` h¢,
Eogm H$h gH$Vo h¢? Eogm H$h|Jo Vmo lrH¥$îUH$mo H¥$îUHo$e
H$hZo d mbm gÝX^© . .. H$bmdVma H$hZo d mbm gÝX^©
jragmJadmgr {dîUwHo$ AdVma H$hZodmbm gÝX^© H$m "H¥$îUñVw
^JdmZ² ñd`§ ' H$m Bg gÝX^© g o {damo Y n‹ S >o J m. Š`m
^mJdV‘VàdV©H$ ì`mgOr ñd`§ {déÕ ~mV H$a aho h¢?... g^r
ì`m»`mH$mam|Zo Hw$N> Z Hw$N> g‘mYmZ Xo H$a g‘Pm¡Vm {H$`m h¡.
‘Vb~ `h {H$ ‘VàdV©H$ AnZo ‘V‘| nyd©àd{V©V emñÌ AWdm
{dMmaYmam H$mo gåàXm`mZwHy$b AW© H$a Ho$ hr ñdrH$maVo h¢''
(g‘m.nÌ.dëb.2.3).
lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rH$m ^r `{X Eogm A{^àm` hmoVm Vmo do ""EVm{Z Aï>
‘‘ Bï>m{Z... lr‘X²^mJdVñ` Efw ñH$ÝYm¡ Xe‘nÄM‘m¡ gdm©{YH$V`m
ko`m¡ H¥$îU‘mhmËå`~wÕ`o'' ({ejmn.98) Eogo dMZ do H$^r {bIVo Zht
CÝhm|Zo AnZm ‘V BZ emñÌm|Ho$ AZwHy$b J‹T>Zm Mmhm h¡ Z{H$ BZ emñÌm|H$m AnZr
‘mÝ`VmHo$ AZwHy$b ‘Z‘mZm AW© {ZH$mbZm Mmhm h¡. AV… `h Vmo lrghOmZÝX
ñdm‘rHo$ Cnmñ` Bï>XodHo$ ‘mhmËå`Ho$ Ad‘yë`Z H$aZoH$mo hr Ho$db CZHo$
AmYw{ZH$ AZwJm‘r hmoZoH$m Xmdm H$aZodmbm|Ho$ öX`H$m {ZJy‹T> ‘Zmo^md bJVm h¡.
{’$a^r ‘¢ Vmo `hr H$hZm Mmhÿ§Jm {H$ Omo ^r H$moB© AnZo {gÕmÝVH$mo doXmÝV
334
‘mZVm hmo Vmo Cgo `h ~mV `m| Zht H$hZr Mm{h`o; àË`wV `m| H$hZr Mm{h`o {H$
""nyd©àd{V©V emñÌ AWdm {dMmaYmam H$mo gåàXm`mZwHy$b AW©‘| Zht naÝVw
AnZo gmåàXm{`H$ ‘VH$mo nyd©{gÕ emñÌr` AW©Ho$ AZwHy$b T>mb H$a àñVwV
H$aZm Mm{h`o''. AVEd ‘hmà^w H$hVo h¢ ""Z{h ñd~wÕçm doXmWª n[aH$ëß`
VXWª {dMma… H$Vwª eŠ`mo ~«÷ nwZ… `mÑe§ doXmÝVofw AdJV§ VmÑe‘od
‘ÝVì`‘²'' (~«.gy.dmëb.^m.1&1&1). AÝ`Wm H$b H$moB© ñd`§ ñdm{‘Zmam`U
gåàXm`H$m AZwJm‘r hr Bg gåàXm`Ho$ ahñ`J«ÝWm|H$mo AnZo AZwHy$b AW©Ho$
A{^àm`H$mo àH$Q> H$aZo ñdVÝÌ hmo Om`oJm {H$ lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘r B©gm ‘grh
`m ‘hå‘X n`Jå~a Ho$ ^maVr` OZm|Ho$ CÕmamW© àH$Q>o AdVma Wo V~ Bg
{ZH$fH$mo ‘mZZodmbm|Ho$ nmg Eogm|H$mo amoH$ZoH$m H$moB© Cnm` ~M Zht Om`oJm.
lrH¥$îUHo$ AZoH$mZoH$ AdVma hþdo h¢. ñd`§ lrH¥$îU ^r g^r H$ënm|‘|
nyU©nwéfmoÎm‘V`m àH$Q> Z hmo H$a H$^r A§emdVma, H$^r H$bmdVma, H$^r
AmdoemdVma; Am¡a H$^r CZH$s gH$m‘monmgZm H$s OmZona jwÐXodV`m ^r àH$Q>
hmoVo h¢. Eogr pñW{V‘| nwamUm|‘| {‘bVo lrH¥$îUM[aÌgå~ÝYr {d{dY {Zê$nU Vmo
Cg EH$‘odm{ÛVr` VÎdHo$ AZoH${dY ê$n-Zm‘-H$‘m]Ho$ g{hV AZoH${dY
àmH$Q²>çH$m hr à‘mU ‘mZr OmVr h¡. `hr Vmo CZHo$ na~«÷ËdH$m qbJ ~ZVm h¡.
AVEd ‘hmà^w H$hVo h¢ ""àË`ãX§ d¥jdV² H$ënm… ^wdZÐþ‘ê${nUmo
AÝ`H$ënmoŠVarË`m{n H${WVmo ^JdmZ² ñd`‘²'' (V.Xr.{Z.2&58-59).
d¡go Eogm {d{MÌ {dYmZ H$aZogo nyd© lr gm.lw.Or ñd`§ lrghOmZÝXOrH$m Bg
{df`‘| Omo A{^àm` h¡ Cgo ^br^m§{V öX²JV H$a boVo Vmo AÀN>r ~mV hmoVr :
""g amY`m `wVmo ko`mo amYmH¥$îU B{V à^w…, épŠ‘Ê`m a‘`m
Cno V mo bú‘rZmam`U… g{h, ko ` mo AO© w Z o Z `w Š Vmo Agm¡
ZaZmam`Um{^Ymo, ~b^Ðm{X`moJoZ VÎmÝZm‘m CÀ`Vo gM...
AVíM Añ` ñdê$nofw ^oXmo ko`mo Z gd©Wm, MVwam{X^wOËdÝVw
{Û~mhmo… Vñ` M¡pÀN>H§$, Vñ`¡d gd©Wm ^pŠV… H$V©ì`m ‘ZwO¡…
~wY¡…, {Z…lo`ñH$a§ {H$pÄMV² VVmo AÝ`X² Z B{V Ñí`Vm§...H¥$îU…
VXdVmam… M Ü`o`m… VËà{V‘m{n M.'' ({ejmn.109-115).
335
I¡a, ‘hmà^w Vmo H$hVo hr h¢ {H$ ""Z‘mo ^JdVo Vñ‘¡ H¥$îUm` AX²^Vw H$‘©Uo
ê$nZm‘{d^oXoZ `… H«$sS>{V, `mo OJX² ^yËdm H«$sS>{V; `Vmo OJV² H«$sS>{V''
(Ñï>. : V.Xr.{Z.à.1&1).
dñVwV… Vmo lr gm.lw.OrHo$ ^rVa-"MVw^w©O {dé.{Û^wO', "d¡Hw$ÊR> {dé.
JmobmoH$', "bú‘rn{V {dé. amYmn{V', "lrH¥$îU {dé.lrZ¥qghm{X AdVma'-Eogo
AZoH$ {damoYm|Ho$ {ZhmaVo ahZoH$s ‘ZmoJ«pÝW BVZr H$g H$a CbP J`r h¡ {H$ CÝh|
ñd`§ CZHo$ AmMm`©Ho$ gwñnï> {dYmZ ^r `mX Zht AmVo Omo h‘ D$na CÕ¥V H$a
Am`o. lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rHo$ BZ eãXm|Ho$ AJå^ra AdJmhZÛmam ^r h‘mao
H$Ï`H$s àm‘m{UH$Vm naIr Om gH$Vr h¡. `{X {ejmnÌrH$m hr, {H$ÝVw,
VÎd{Zê$nU‘| àm‘mÊ` A{^‘V Z hmo Vmo, H$moB© J{V {’$a ~M Zht OmVr
I¡a, g§jon‘| lr{dîUwñdm{‘‘VH$m AZwJm{‘Ëd ‘hmà^wH$mo Hw$bnaånamgo
àmßV hr Wm, CZH$m OÝ‘ hr Bg d¡îUdgåàXm`Ho$ AZwJm‘r ~«m÷UHo$ Hw$b‘|
hþdm Wm. AVEd O¡go CÝhm|Zo d¡{XH$-ñ‘mV© dUm©l‘Y‘©H$m Ë`mJ {H$`o {~Zm
VX{damoYr gdm©{YH$maH$ d¡îUd ^pŠV‘mJ© Am¡a àn{Îm‘mJ© H$m ^r ^JdXmkm
Am¡a ‘mÝ` gH$bemñÌm|go A{déÕV`m AdJV hmoZona àdV©Z {H$`m, R>rH$ Cgr
Vah Hw$bnaånamàmßV VmpÝÌH$ d¡îUdgåàXm`H$m ^r Ë`mJ {H$`o {~Zm VX{damoYr
AnZm CŠV nw{ï>^pŠVgåàXm` CÝhm|Zo àd{V©V {H$`m. AVEd ‘hmà^wZo `h
Iwbmgm ñd`§ ^r {X`m hr h¡ {H$-
1.""^JdÀN>mñÌ‘² Amkm` {dMm`© M nwZ…nwZ… `X² CŠV§
h[aUm níMmX² gÝXoh{d{Zd¥Îm`o : EH§$ emņ̃ XodH$snwÌJrV‘²
EH$mo Xodmo XodH$snwÌEd ‘ÝÌmo@{n EH$… Vñ` Zm‘m{Z `m{Z H$‘m©{n
EH§ $ Vñ` Xo d ñ` go d m. B{V AmH$bæ`
gVV‘²...''(.V.Xr.{Z.1&3-5).
2.""{d{eï>ê$n§ doXmW©… ’$b§, ào‘ M gmYZ§, VËgmYZ§
Zd{dYm ^pŠV…, VËà{Vnm{XH$m JrVm, g§jonV… Vñ` dŠVm
ñd`‘² A^yX² h[a…. VX²{dñVmamo ^mJdV§ gd©{ZU©`nyd©H§$ ì`mg…
g‘m{YZm gd© ‘ ² Amh H¥ $ îUmo Š V‘² Am{XV…. ‘mJm} A`§
336
 gd©‘mJm©Um‘² CÎm‘… n[aH$s{V©Vmo `pñ‘Z² nmV^`§ ZmpñV ‘moMH$…
gd©Wm `V…. dUm©l‘dVm§ Y‘} ‘w»`o Zï>o N>boZVw {H«$`‘mUo Z
Y‘©… ñ`mX² AV… Vñ‘mX² Z ‘moMZ‘². ~w{Õ‘mZ² AmXa§ Vpñ‘Z² N>bo
gmÜ`o@{n Xw…IV… Ë`ŠËdm ‘mJ} Y«wd’$bo ^pŠV‘mJ} g‘m{deoV².
{déÕH$aU§ ZmpñV à{H«$`m Z {déÕçVo H$pënV¡aod ~mY… ñ`mX²
AdmoMm‘ à‘mUVm‘²... ZmÌ lw{Vñ‘¥{V{déÕmMmamo, Zm{n à‘o`§
do X {déÕ‘² . AVmo ZmÌ {déÕgå^mdZm{n...''
(V.Xr.{Z.à.2&220-226)
`hm§ gwñnï>V`m h‘ XoI gH$Vo h¢ ‘hmà^w lwË`m{X emñÌm|go A{déÕ hmoZoH$s
H$gm¡Q>rna Iao CVaZoH$s {ZpíM{VHo$ gmW hr ZyVZ lrH¥$îUgodm^pŠV-eaUmJ{VHo$
gåàXm`àdV©ZH$s enW bo aho h¡. ñd`§ AnZoH$mo {XIbm`r {X`o ñdßZ `m
‘Zmo^«‘ Ho$ AmYmana Zht.
Bg ‘mJ©H$s CŠV gH$b emñÌm|Ho$ {gÕmÝVgo A{déÕVm {gÕ H$aZoH$mo
emñÌmW©àH$aUHo$ Ho$db CnXoeH$mb‘| à‘mUMVwï>`H$m g‘pÝdVàm‘mÊ` àñVm{dV
{H$`m h¡, {eï>mÑV AÝ`mÝ` emñÌm|Ho$ Aàm‘mÊ`H$mo ‘mZ H$a `m Cgo B§{JV
H$aZoH$mo Zht. AVEd Bgr {Z~ÝYHo$ AÝV‘| ""AWm} A`‘od {ZpIb¡a{n
doXdmŠ`¡… am‘m`U¡… g{hV^maVnÄMamÌ¡… AÝ`¡… M emñÌdMZ¡… gh VÎdgyÌ…¡
{ZUu`Vo göX`§ h[aUm gX¡d... gd}fm§ à‘mUmZm‘² AÌ EH$dmŠ`Vm AÝ`ofw
dmŠ`m^mgmEd... AÝ`Wm MVwX©e{dÚmZm§ gañdVrê$nËdmX² EH${Zð>Vm
Z ñ`mV²'' (V.Xr.{Z.à.1&104) Eogo CX²JmaÛma gH$b emñÌm|Ho$ g‘Ýd`‘| hr;
AWm©V² EH$dmŠ`Vm {gÕ H$aZona hr emñÌàm‘mÊ`H$mo ñdrH$maZona ^ma XoVo h¢,
Z{H$ Ho$db ^mJdVHo$ àm‘mÊ`Ho$ AÝYmZwH$aUna. AV… ‘hmà^wH$mo ^mJdVH$m
gdm}n[a Am¡a AÝ`mÝ` emñÌm|H$m Jm¡Uàm‘mÊ` ‘mÝ` Zht h¡, O¡gm{H$ lr
gm.lw.Or gmoM aho h¢. ‘hmà^w Vmo gwñnï> eãXm|‘,| AVEd, H$hVo h¢ ""EVÀMVwï>`‘²
EH$dmŠ`VmnÝZ§ gV² à‘mOZH$‘². Ed§ nyU©kmZmoX`md{Y `X² J«mh²`§
à‘mUËdoZ, VX² {Zê$ß` VXZÝVa§ `V² à‘mU§ VX² Amh "AWdm gd©ê$nËdmV²
Zm‘brbm{d^o X Vmo {déÕm§ e n[aË`mJmV² , à‘mU§ gd© ‘ o d {h''
(V.Xr.{Z.à.1&7-9). AVEd VÎdmW©Xrn{Z~ÝYHo$ AJbo gd©{ZU©`àH$aU‘|
337
àm‘mÊ`Ho$ Bg à‘mUMVwï>`ê$n {ZH$fHo$ gmW ~§Yo ahZm ‘hmà^wZo Amdí`H$
Zht g‘Pm. EVmdVm {gÕ hmoVm h¡ {H$ Bg VahHo$ à^oXm|H$mo g‘Po {~Zm hr lr
gm.lw.OrZo ^mJdVHo$ lwË`m{XemñÌmonOrdr gd©gÝXohdmaH$ Ma‘àm‘mÊ` Am¡a
AÝ`mÝ` AZoH$emñÌm|go Cn~¥§hUr` lw{VHo$ gdm}nOrì` àW‘àm‘mÊ` Ho$ à^oXH$mo
g‘PZoH$m V{ZH$ ^r H$ï> Zht CR>m`m h¡. Am¡a Z `hr H$ï> CR>mZoH$m à`mg {H$`m
h¡ {H$ àñVwV à‘mUMVwï>`H$s EH$dmŠ`VmnÝZ eãXam{e Ho$db {d{d{XfmH$mb
`m CnXoeH$mbrZ àmW{‘H$s ì`dñWm h¡, Z{H$ emñÌHo$ Agå^mdZm-
{dnarV^mdZma{hV nyU©~moY hmo OmZoHo$ ~mXH$s.
h‘ XoI gH$Vo h¢ {H$ ñd`§ lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rZo ^r BZ MmaHo$ ~Om` AmR>
emñÌm|H$s {ejmnÌrHo$ CnXoeH$mb‘| Omo gÀN>mñÌV`m à‘mUV`m CnmXo`Vm
ñdrH$mar h¡, dh AnZoH$mo ‘mÝ` gH$bemñÌm|H$s ApÝV‘oËW§ n[aJUZm Zht h¡.
{’$a^r {ZOgåàXm`Ho$ ahñ`Ho$ n[akmZmW© BZHo$ ^r àm‘mÊ`H$m Ë`mJ `m Cnojm
H$a Ho$db gmåàXm{`H$ J«ÝWm|Ho$ àm‘mÊ`na Adbpå~V hmoZm ñdJmoð>çoH$aå`
H$Wm hmo gH$Vr na emñÌ{dÛX²Jmo{ð>‘mÝ` Zht. AñVw.
(5.Š`m {ejmnÌr‘| ^r VÎdnÄMH$ AWm©{jßV ‘mZm Om gH$Vm h¡?)
lr gm.lw.Or H$hVo h¢ ""{’$a^r O~ {ejmnÌr‘|go hr VmpÎdH$ {dMmam|H$mo
àYmZmonmXo` ‘mZ H$a H$moB© Amjon H$aVo h¢, V~ {ejmnÌr‘|go ^r àË`wÎma
{‘b gH$Vm h¡... : #B~«÷{Zê$nU#A"{ZOmË‘mZ§ ~«÷ê$n§ XohÌ`{dbjU§
{d^mì` VoZ H$V©ì`m ^pŠV… H¥$îUñ` gd©Xm'-"VÌ ~«÷mË‘Zm H¥$îUgodm
‘wpŠV… M Jå`Vm‘²' `hm§ "lrH¥$îU' nXgo na‘mË‘m, "{ZOmË‘m'nXgo
OrdmË‘m Am¡ a "Xo h Ì`'nXgo ‘m`mH$m {Zê$nU h¡ bo { H$Z
"~«÷ê$n'eãXmÝVJ©V ~«÷ Š`m VÎd h¡? `h àíZ hmoVm h¡. "g{V Hw$S²>ço
{MÌ‘²' Bg Ý`m`Ho$ AZwgma... Bg ~«÷VÎdHo$ kmZHo${b`o gmåàXm{`H$
J« Ý W "dMZm‘¥ V ' "gËg§ { JOrdZ'...Am{X J« Ý Wm| H $mo Xo I Zm
n‹S>oJm.''(g‘m.nÌ.4.3.1dëb.).
338
 d¡go gmåàXm{`H$ J«ÝWm| Ûmam ‘Vahñ`H$mo g‘P boZo‘| Vmo H$moB© Amn{ÎmH$s
~mV hmo hr Zht gH$Vr naÝVw O~ do ñd`§ {ejmnÌrHo$ Xwê$h ahñ`m|H$mo g‘PmZoHo$
~Om` CgHo$ {dnarV `m CgH$m àË`m»`mZ hr H$aZo bJ| V~ Vmo CÝh| H$Xm{n
Zht XoIZo Mm{h`o, ñd`§ lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rHo$ ""‘Ðÿn‘² B{V ‘X²dmUr ‘mÝ`m
B`§ na‘mXamV²''-""H¥$îU^ŠVo…... nVZ§ `ñ` dmŠ`V… ñ`mV² VÝ‘wImX²
Zd¡ lì`m''-""H¥$îUH¥$îUmdVmamUm§ IÊS>Z§ `Ì... Vm{Z emñÌm{U Z
‘mÝ`m{Z H$XmMZ''-""B‘m‘od VVmo {ZË`‘² AZwg¥Ë` ‘‘ Am{lV¡…
`VmË‘{^… d{V©Vì`§ ZVw ñd¡a§ H$XmMZ... ZoËW§ `o AmM[aî`pÝV VoVw
Añ‘ËgåàXm`V… ~{h^y©Vm… B{V ko`‘²'' Eogo H$R>moa {ZfoYH$s ^r{V öX`‘|
aIVo hþdo.
Ohm§ VH$ Aja~«÷Ho$ ‘yV© Am¡a A‘yV© Eogo Xmo ê$nm|H$o ñdrH$maH$mo ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur`
{gÕmÝVH$m A{ZVagmYmaU ñdê$n H$hm Om ahm h¡, Vmo dh Vmo BVaXe©Zm|Ho$
^br^m§{V AdbmoH$Z {H$`o {~Zm {H$`m J`m {dYmZ h¡. XopI`o :
1.""na§ ~«÷Vw H¥$îUmo {h gpÀMXmZÝXH§$ ~¥hX² {Ûê$n§ V{Õ
gdª ñ`mX² EH§$ Vñ‘mX² {dbjU‘²'' ({gÕm.‘wŠVm.3).
2.""àH¥${V… nwéf… M C^m¡ na‘mË‘m A^dV² nwam `X² ê$n§
g‘{Yð>m` VX² Aja‘² CXr`©Vo... à^wËdoZ hao… ñ’y$Vm£ bmoH$ËdoZ
VXwX²^d…... à^w… d¡Hw$ÊR>dmgr, bmoH$mo d¡Hw$ÊR>mo, OrdOS>mH$maoU
àmXw^©d{V B{V AW©…. AVEd d¡Hw$ÊR>dm{gZmo ‘wŠVm…. VVmo@{n
nwéfmoÎm‘mo ‘hmZ²'' (V.Xr.{Z.à.2&98-102).
3.""~« m ÷o U ~« ÷ gå~pÝYZm ~« ÷ Um ^JdV¡ d
ñd^mo J mZw ê $nV`m gånm{XVo Z ... earao U ... naàmßVo …
‘wpŠVê$nËdmX² Aja~«÷U… nwéfmoÎm‘m`VZê$nËdmV² VXmË‘H$‘od
eara§ Vñ` dŠVw‘² C{MV§ ZVw àmH¥$V‘²... `Ì H$‘©dmXr O¡{‘{Z…
Ed§ ‘ZwVo, AÝ`ofm‘² Ed‘² A“rH$mao {H$‘² AmíM`©‘² B{V kmnZm`
VÝ‘VmonÝ`mgEd H¥$V…'' (~«.gy.dmëb.^m.4&4&2).
4.""^JdXwŠVdUm©l‘Y‘m©MaUoZ namonH$mam{XY‘m©MaUoZ
M d¡ î UdmÝZ^jUo Z AÝ`ml`Ë`mJny d © H $^JdXml`o Z
339
à{V~ÝYH$nmnZmeo ^JdËàgmXo M {H« $ `‘mUm`m…
ldUm{Xê$nm`m… nmofo ~rO^mdXmT²>ç} ì`gZ^md… nyUm} ^d{V.
VVmo d¥Õm¡ H«$‘oU JwUmZm§ Zmemo brbmg¥{ï>ñWmZm§ "Xe©`m‘mg
bmoH§$ ñd§ JmonmZm§ V‘g… na§ gË`§ kmZ‘² AZÝV§ `X² ~«÷Á`mo{V…
gZmVZ‘² ' ' (^mJ.nw a m.10&25&14-15) B{V dmŠ`mX²
ì`m{nd¡Hw$ÊR>bmoH$mË‘H$m@jamZw^d…; VWm, AÌ nydm}ŠVarË`m
god`m... JwUZmeo ~«÷^md…'' (à‘o.aËZm.’$b{ddo.).
EVmdVm {gÕ hmoVm h¡ {H$ ñdm{‘Zmam`U ‘V‘| à‘o`ê$n VÎdm|H$s nm§M
g§»`m OwQ>mZona ^r H$moB© AgmYmaU Xme©{ZH$ àXmZ àH$Q> hmoVm Zht h¡. AWm©V²
Bg‘| Hw$N> ^r ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` {gÕmÝVH$m AZyR>mnZ PbH$ Zht nmVm. h‘ XoI
MwH$o h¢ am‘mZwOr` doXmÝV Am¡a dmëb^ doXmÝVHo$ g‘Ýd`H$m Omo à`mg lrghOmZÝX
ñdm‘rZo {H$`m dh Adí` ZyVZ {d^mdZm Wr. naÝVw Bgo AmYw{ZH$ AZwJm‘r
ñdrH$maZogo H$VamZm MmhVo h¢. AVEd {ejmnÌrJV ~«÷ahñ`H$mo dMZm‘¥VHo$
AmYmana g‘PZoH$m à`mg H$aZona^r H$moB© am‘mZwOr` doXmÝVgo ^r ZyVZ H$moB©
~mV C^a H$a gm‘Zo AmVr Zht h¡. Š`m|{H$-
""na‘‘² Aja§ àH¥ $ {V{d{Z‘w © Š V‘² AmË‘ñdê$n§ . ..
AZmË‘^y V ‘² AmË‘{Z gå~Ü`‘mZ§
^yVgyú‘VX²dmgZm{XH§$...VXw^`§ àmß`V`m Ë`mÁ`V`m M
‘w‘wjw{^… kmVì`‘².'',"""`… à`m{V Ë`OZ² Xoh§ gm `m{V na‘m§
J{V‘² ' BË`Ì "na‘J{V'eãX{Z{X© ï >mo Aja…
àH¥ $ {Vg§ g J© { d`w Š Vñdê$no U AdpñWV… AmË‘m''...
""A{MËg§gJ©{d`wŠV§ ñdê$noU AdpñWV§ ‘wŠVñdê$n§ na‘‘²
{Z`‘ZñWmZ§, VÀM AnwZamd¥{Îmê$n‘². AWdm àH$medmMr
"Ym‘'eãX…'', """Aja'eãX{Z{X© ï >… Hy $ Q>ñW… AmË‘m
A{MËg§gJ©{d`wŠV… ñdoZ ê$noU AdpñWVmo ‘wŠVmË‘m'', ""na§
~«÷ CnmgrZmZ² AmË‘mZ§ M àH¥${V{d`wŠV§ ~«÷mË‘H$‘² CnmgrZmZ²
Am{Vdm{hH$mo JUmo Z`{V B{V {gÕ‘²'', ""àË`JmË‘Z… na§
Á`mo{V… CngånÚ {Zd¥Îm{VamoYmZñ` ñdê$nm{d^m©d…... ~«m÷oU
AnhVnmß‘Ëdm{XZm B{V AW©…'' (Jr.am.^m.8&3,8&21,15&16
VWm ~«.gy.am.^m.4&3&15,4&4&5).
340

`hr Vmo g~ lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘r dMZm‘¥V‘| ^r H$h aho h¢ `Wm-
""^JdmZ²H$mo A{VàgÝZ H$aZoH$s BÀN>m hmo, Vmo EH$ Cnm`
`h h¡ {H$ AnZo-AnZo dUm©l‘Y‘m]Ho$ gå~ÝY‘| AMb{Zð>m,
AmË‘{Zð>mH$s A{Ve` Ñ‹T>Vm, EH$‘mÌ ^JdmZ²Ho$ {gdm AÝ`
g‘ñV nXmWm]Ho$ à{V Aé{M Am¡a ^JdmZ²‘| ‘mhmËå`g{hV
{ZîH$m‘^pŠV aIZr Mm{h`o. BZ Mmam| gmYZm| Ûmam ^JdmZ²H$mo
A{Ve` àgÝZVm hmoVr h¡... Eogm EoH$mpÝVH$ ^ŠV Xoh Ë`mJ
H$a VWm ‘m`mHo$ g‘ñV ^mdm|go ‘wŠV hmo H$a A{M©‘mJ© Ûmam
^JdmZ²Ho$ AjaYm‘ OmVm h¡. Cg AjaHo$ Xmo ñdê$n h¢ : BZ‘|
EH$ Vmo {ZamH$ma EH$ag M¡VÝ` h¡. Cgo "{MXmH$me' Am¡a
"~«÷Ym‘' H$hVo h¢ VWm Xygao ê$ngo nwéfmoÎm‘ Zmam`UH$s godm‘|
ahVm h¡. Cg AjaYm‘‘| OmZodmbm ^ŠV ^r Aja~«÷Ho$
gmYå`©^mdH$mo àmßV hmoVm h¡ Am¡a AIÊS> godm‘| ahVm h¡. Bg
AjaYm‘‘| lrH¥$îU nwéfmoÎm‘ Zmam`U gX¡d(Z{H$ ñdm{‘Zmam`U
nÝWHo$ ~hþOZ‘mÝ` Z hmoZoH$s Ad{Y‘| hr) {~amO‘mZ ahVo
h¢...'' (dMZm.J.à.20).
""~«÷ Vmo nwéfmoÎm‘ ^JdmZ²H$m {H$aUê$n h¡ {H$ÝVw ñd`§
^JdmZ² Vmo gX¡d gmH$ma ‘y{V© hr h¢.''(J.‘.10)
nVm Zht {H$ Bg nÝWH$m AmYw{ZH$ AZwJm‘r ~moMmgUdmgr Xb dMZm‘¥VH$s
ahñ`mW©Xr{nH$mH$m àm‘mÊ` ñdrH$maVo h¢ `m Zht? CÝh| Omo Hw$N> ‘mÝ` hmo naÝVw
Cg‘| Bg dMZm‘¥ V H$m ahñ` dñVw V … AX² ^ w V àH$Q> {H$`m J`m h¡ .
ahñ`mW©Xr{nH$mH$ma H$hVo h¢ : ""ZZw ^JdÎmoOmoê$nñ` YmåZmo ^Jd{V
lrñdm{‘Zmam`Uo ñdm{‘godH$^mdmo {dÚVo Zdm? B{V MoV² gy`©àH$meñ`
gy`} dpôZÁdmbm`m… M dôZm¡ `Wm Z¡d ApñV ñdm{‘godH$^md… VW¡d
^JdÎmoOmoê$nmjaYmåZmo ^JdËñdm{‘Zmam`Uo Z¡d ApñV ñdm{‘godH$^md….
`V… BX§ VoOñVw ‘yV}… H$m`©^yV‘² B{V Z¡d ApñV VVmo {^ÝZ§ {H$ÝVw
H$m`© H $maU^md… earaear[a^md… M¡ d {dÚVo . ZZw AjaYmåZmo
341
^JdX²{^ÝZËdm^md§ MoV² V{h©... Vñ`¡d {ÛVr`ê$noU ^JdËgodm`m§
dV©‘mZËd§ `X² CŠV§ VÌ {ÛVr`§ ê$n§ H$W§ ko`‘²? godm M H$m? B{V MoX²
^JdÎmo O gEd AjaYm‘Ëd‘² . .. Vñ`¡ d M ‘y { V© ‘ Ý‘y b mjaear[aËd§
VX²ì`mnH$Ëd§ VX²Ñï¥>Ëd§ VXmË‘Ëd§ VXmYmaËd§ M B{V ahñ`mW©ËdmV² M''
(dM.ah.Xr{n.J.à.22&4). ‘wPo Vmo ahñ`mW©Xr{nH$mHo$ Eogo {dYmZH$m
AdbmoH$Z H$aZona ‘hmà^wHo$ ""àW‘‘² Aja‘² Amh... OrdmZm§ {MÐÿnmUm§
{MÐÿno ñd`mo½`o ~«÷{U àdoe…... ZZw AmZÝXm§e{Vamo^mdo OrdËd‘od
ñ`mX²... B{V AmeL²>Š` Amh... ~«÷Hy$Q>ñWmì`ŠVm{XeãX¡… dmÀ`mo
{ZaÝVa…... VWm{n Z nwéfmoÎm‘mX² {^ÝZV`m AdpñWV… {H$ÝVw {ZaÝVaEd.
Vñ`¡d H$maUËd§ kmn{`Vw§ VÌ¡d H$m`©pñW{V‘² Amh gdm©daU`wŠVm{Z Vpñ‘Z²
AÊS>m{Z H$mo { Q>e… ‘y b m{dÀN>o X ê$no U VXmYmaV`m pñWV…''
(V.Xr.{Z.à.2&98-102) dMZ `mX Am OmVo h¢. A~ ñd`§ ahñ`J«ÝWH$s ^r
ahñ`mW©Xr{nH$m Aja~«÷H$mo {^ÝZV`m àH$m{eV Z H$aVr hmo Vmo Š`m H$aZm `h
^r h‘ `hm§ XoI gH$Vo h¢ {H$ Aja~«÷H$mo ^JdÎmoOmoê$n lram‘mZwOmMm`©Zo ^r
ñdrH$mam hr h¡. Cgo ì`m{nd¡Hw$ÊR>mË‘H$ Ym‘ê$n ‘hmà^wZo Am¡a A{YH$ ‘mZm h¡,
àH$meê$nVmHo$ gmW-gmW. BZ XmoZm| ‘Vm|H$mo g‘pÝdV H$a EH$ ZyVZ {d^mdZm
‘ybê$noU ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` doXmÝVH$s Wr. AmYw{ZH$ ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` {gÕmÝV
{H$ÝVw BZH$m Ë`mJ H$aZm MmhVm h¡.
d¡go Vmo {MÌ{Z‘m©UHo${b`o Hw$S²>çmÝdofU `m Hw$S²>ç{Z‘m©U Ho$ à`moOZde
dMZm‘¥VH$m nmZ H$aZo OmZona ^r ""Cn{ZfX² doXmÝV lw{V`m| Am¡a ñ‘¥{V`m| ‘|
{OZH$mo namojê$ngo ~«÷ Á`mo{V…ñdê$n kmZê$n VÎd gyú‘ {ZaÄOZ joÌk
gd©H$maU na~«÷ nwéfmoÎm‘... ~Vm`m J`m...'' (dMZm.J.‘.39) Bg
dMZm‘¥V‘| "~«÷' Am¡a "nwéfmoÎm‘' nXm|H$mo n`m©`dmMr nmZona ahñ`mW©Xr{nH$m
Ûmam àñVwV ì`m»`mZ AH$mÊS>VmÊS>d Vmo Zht bJVm h¡. AV… Z Vmo Ym‘mË‘H$
A‘yV© Aja~«÷ H$moB© n¥WH²$ VÎd {gÕ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Z Cg ^JdÕm‘‘| nhþ§Mo
‘wŠVmË‘JU hr H$moB© n¥WH²$ {gÕ hmoVo h¢. Š`m|{H$ do ^r VÎdÌ`rHo$ AÝVJ©V
OrdmË‘mH$s ~ÕmdñWm Am¡a ‘wŠVmdñWmê$n Ho$db AdñWm^oX hr {gÕ hm|Jo
VÎdmÝVa Zht. ahr ~mV B©ídaVÎdH$s Vmo {OgHo$ ~mao‘| lr gm.lw.Or H$hVo h¢-
342
 B© í da{Zê$nU
"""gå^dì`{^Mmamä`m§ ñ`mX² {deo f U‘²
AW© d V² ' ... {ejmnÌr‘| "ko ` … ñdVÝÌ B© e mo Agm¡
gd©H$‘©’$bàX…' `h {deofU{d{eï> nX Š`m| {X`m h¡? Š`m
naVÝÌ H$moB© B©ída h¡? `{X h¡ Vmo `hr EH$ {^ÝZ VÎdHo$ ê$n‘|
à{V{ð>V h¡. Zht Vmo "B©e'nXH$m "ñdVÝÌ' {deofU {ZaW©H$ h¡''
(g‘m.nÌ.4.3.2).
{H$VZo N>moQ>ogo {VbH$m {H$VZm bå~m Vm‹S> `hm§ ~Zm`m Om ahm h¡ ñd`§ lr
gm.lw.OrHo$ ""JwUmVrVmo Aja§ ~«÷ ^JdmZ² nwéfmoÎm‘…'' ‘§JbmMaU‘| hr
"Aja~«÷' {deoî`Ho$ gmW "JwUmVrV' {deofU Omo‹S>m J`m h¡, Vmo `hm§ ^r Š`m|
nyN>m Zht Om gH$Vm {H$ Aja~«÷Ho$ ^r Š`m JwUmVrV Am¡a JwUmÝV…nmVr Eogo
Xmo àH$ma ‘§JbmMaU‘| Üd{ZV hmo aho h¢? `{X "hm§' Vmo nwZ… EH$ hr ~«÷Ho$ Xmo
AdñWm^oX Š`m| Zht ‘mZ boZo? Eogm ‘mZ boZona AÝd`ì`{VaoH$monXoeê$n
dMZm‘¥V (J.à.7) Ho$ gmW gwg§dmX ^r hmo Om`oJm. dmëb^ doXmÝV Vmo AnZo
àmapå^H$ H$mbgo hr ~«÷Ho$ AÝd`-ì`{VaoH$^mdna ~hþV ^ma XoVm ahm h¡
""VÌ "gdª ^JdmZ² H$W‘²?' B{V AmH$m§jm`m‘² AÝd`-ì`{VaoH$mä`m‘²
B{V. gd©Ì ^JdVmo AÝd`mo ApñV-"KQ>… gZ²'-"nQ>… gZ²', "^mgVo' B{V,
"{à`‘²' B{V M gd©Ì¡d EH$ñ` AÝd`…. AÝ`Wm EH$eãXmZwd¥{Îm…
àVrË`Zwd¥{Îm… Z ñ`mV². {deofoU A{V[aÀ`Vo B{V ì`{VaoH$…... Ed§ gd©Ì
`V² gdª gV² gd©ñ‘mX² A{V[aÀ`Vo VX² ~«÷¡d'' (gw~mo.2&9&35). AV… O¡go
OrdmË‘m ‘m`mJwUm|‘| ’§$g H$a JwUmÝV…nmVr hmoZona ^r emñÌmon{Xï> gmYZmAm|Ho$
AZwð>mZ Ûmam JwUmVrV hmo nmVr h¡, d¡go hr na~«÷ nwéfmoÎm‘ AnZo brbmg§H$ënHo$
AZwê$n JwUmÝV…nm{V Am¡a JwUmVrV ^r hmoVm h¡. `h nwZ… lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rH$mo
A{Ve` ‘mÝ` lr‘X²^mJdVHo$ dMZm|H$m ñdma{gH$ d¥ÎmmÝV h¡. AV… Eogm
ñdrH$ma boZona dmëb^ doXmÝV‘| AÝV^y©V hmo OmZoH$s ì`W©^r{V ^r gVmZr Vmo
Zht Mm{h`o. Š`m|{H$ ñd`§ lrOr‘hmamO ^r nydm}ŠV dMZm‘¥VHo$ CnH«$‘‘|
""emñÌm|‘| Ohm§-Ohm§ AÜ`mË‘dmVm© AmVr h¡, Cgo H$moB© g‘P Zht nmVm
Am¡a ^«mpÝV hmo OmVr h¡. Bg{b`o h‘ AÜ`mË‘dmVm©Ho$ `WmW© ñdê$nH$m
dU©Z H$aVo h¢'' (dMZm.J.à.7) Eogm AË`ÝV ñnï> eãXm|‘| Bg YmaUmH$s
‘hÎmm g‘Pm hr aho h¢. Bgo naÝVw Z ‘mZZr hmo Am¡a Z Aja~«÷H$mo ^r JwUmVrV
Ed§ JwUmÝV…nm{V `m| C^`ì`nXoemh© hr ‘mZZm hmo Vmo, O¡go `h {deofU {ZaW©H$
hmo gH$Vm h¡, Eogo hr "ñdVÝÌ' {deofU ^r Š`m| {ZaW©H$ hmo Zht gH$Vm? `{X
343
gmoMm Om`o {H$ lr gm.lw.Or {ZaW©H$ {deofUH$m à`moJ H$a gH$Vo h¡ naÝVw
lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘r Zht, Vmo O~ do ""emñÌgå‘Vm… gXm{ef…''-
""‘ZgopßgVmZm§ gwImZm‘²'' ({ejmn.6-212) dMZm|‘| "emñÌgå‘V' Am¡a
"‘ZgopßgVmZm§' {deofUm|go {d{eï> Am{ef Am¡a gwI H$s ~mV H$h aho h¢, Vmo
Š`m lrOr‘hmamO emñÌgo Agå‘V Am{ef ^r AnZo ^ŠVm|H$mo H$^r-H$^r XoVo
ahVo Wo Š`m? AWdm gwI ^r Š`m ‘Zmo^rpßgV Am¡a ‘ZmoZ^rpßgV Eogo Xmo
VahHo$ ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` {gÕmÝV‘| H$ht Xagm`o J`o h¢ Š`m? d¡go lr gm.lw.Or
gå^dV… {deofUH$mo EH${dY hr ‘mZVo bJVo h¢. AÝ`Wm {deofU Vmo 1ì`mdV©H$
2
{dYo` Am¡a 3hoVwJ^© `m| VrZ àH$maHo$ ‘mZo J`o h¢. AV… àË`oH$ {deofU{d{eï>
CëboI‘| BVaì`mdV©Zê$n Hw$S²>çH$s ImoO A{Zdm`© Zht hmoVr ""g H$sMH¡$…
‘méVnyUa© ÝY«…¡ '' (aKwd.§ 2&12) Bg H$mbrXmgHo$ dU©Z‘| "‘méVnyUa© ÝY«' {deofU
O¡go {H$MH$m|H$m hoVwJ^© {deofU h¡, d¡go hr "ñdVÝÌ' {deofU B©ídaH$m ^r
hoVwJ^© {deofU Š`m| Zht hmo gH$Vm? e¡d ‘V‘| O¡go ""nme~Õ… new… ko`…
nme‘wŠV… gXm{ed…'' H$hm VX²dV² EH$ hr B©ída AdñWm^oXde AmË‘brb`m
ñdVÝÌ Am¡a naVÝÌ C^`{dY Š`m| Zht hmo gH$Vm?
lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rHo$ gd©H$maUH$maUê$n Cnmñ` Bï>Xod lrH¥$îUH$mo,
AjaYm‘Ho$ ñdm‘r hmoZoHo$ nXgo À`wV H$a ñd`§ lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rH$mo Cg
nXna A{^{fŠV H$a XoZoH$mo hr Vmo H$ht `h gmam `wpŠVànÄM aMm Zht Om ahm
h¡ gMmB© `{X `hr hmo Vmo {ejmnÌrHo$ hr Ho$db Zht àË`wV dMZm‘¥VHo$
AdbmoH$Z H$aZona ^r {H$VZm {ZOmMm`m}nXoeHo$ à{V AmYw{ZH$ AZwJm{‘Am|H$m
{ZamXaH$m ^md àH$Q> h¡, `h XoI boZm ^r C{MV hmoJm.
Cggo ^r nhbo `h EH$ Am¡a ñnï>rH$aU ‘wPo Amdí`H$ bJVm h¡ {H$ `h
d¡Hw$ÊR>-JmobmoH$ Am{X g^r Ym‘m|go D$na Omo AjaYm‘ (dñVwV… Vmo dMZm‘¥VH$m
àm‘mÊ` {Z…gpÝX½Y hmo Vmo ""‘m`mHo$ V‘go nao Omo JmobmoH$ h¡ CgHo$ ‘Ü`^mJ‘|
pñWV AjaYm‘...'' (dMZm.d.18) Eogo nXà`moJde Hw$N> Xygam hr {MÌ
C^aVm h¡) H$hm Om ahm h¡ CgHo$ ñdm‘r hmoZoHo$ nXna lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rH$mo
A{^{fŠV H$aZoHo$ lÕm{VaoH$H$s ‘mZ{gH$Vm ^maVr` Y‘©-gåàXm`m|Ho$ B{Vhmg‘|
H$moB© ZyVZ AÜ`m` `m ZyVZ ahñ`H$Wm Zht h¡. dh Vmo A{VgmYmaU `m
344
gd©gmYmaU gXmMmaH$s Ho$db H$Wm h¡. Bgr‘| {H$ÝVw EH$ ahñ` `h Adí`
AÝV{Z©Jy‹T> h¡ Omo gd©‘yb lw{VdMZZo `Wm`W ~«÷M`©-Jmh©ñÏ`-dmZàñW-
g§Ý`mg `m| Mmam| Aml{‘Am|H$mo EH$ gmYmaU gXmMmaHo$ ê$n‘| ""‘mV¥Xodmo ^d,
{nV¥Xdo mo ^d, AmMm`©Xdo mo ^d, A{V{WXodmo ^d'' (V¡{Îm.Cn.1&11) g‘Pm`m
h¡. `hm§ ‘mVmAm{XHo$ gmW ""AmMm`m} Xodmo ^d{V'' Eogm BVa{Zanoj XodËd
Zht H$hm. AWm©V² AmMm`©H$mo CÔoí` ~Zm H$a XodËdH$m {dYmZ H$aZoHo$ ~Om`
""AmMm`m} Xodmo `ñ‘¡ `ñ` dm'' `m| ~hþd«rhrHo$ à`moJ Ûmam {eî`gmnoj XodËd
hr {XIbm`m h¡.
ghO gå^d h¡ {H$ gÀN>mñÌH$s Bg nwamVZ n[anm{Q>Ho$ AZwgaUmW©
lrghOmZÝXOr ^r AnZr AjaYm‘ñdm{‘VmH$m CnXoe H$a aho hm|Jo. gÀN>mñÌm|‘|
CZH$s A{Ve` Y‘©{Zð>mHo$ AmYmana ""ñd`§ CZHo$ nwéfmoÎm‘ hmoZo''Ho$ {dYmZH$s
`h ì`m»`m CnnÝZ hmoVr h¡. naÝVw Ohm§ dgwXdo -XodH$sgwV lrH¥$îUH$mo ""AjaYm‘Ho$
A{Yn{V nwéfmoÎm‘'' H$hm J`m h¡ dhm§ CZHo$ lr‘wIgo {ZH$bo dMZm|H$mo hr CÕ¥V
{H$`m J`m hmoZogo CgH$s AÝ`Wmonn{Îm eŠ` hr Zht, `{X dmŠ`mW©‘r‘m§gmH$m
boe‘mÌ ^r kmZ hmo Vmo. {’$a^r dMZm‘¥VHo$ lmoVmAm|Zo lÕmOmS²>çde AÝ`WmW©
hr {dMmam I¡a, lw{VHo$ Abmdm ñ‘¥{VAm|‘| ^r Eogr gmdYmZr ""AmMm`m}
~«÷Umo ‘y{V©…''-""AmMm`m} ~«÷bmoHo$e…'' (‘Zwñ‘¥.2&226-4&182) O¡go
dMZm|‘| ~aVr J`r h¡. Š`m|{H$ {nVm-nwÌ^mdH$s Vah AmMm`©-{eî`^md ^r
BVaoVagmnoj hr hmoVm h¡. XodXÎmê$n {eî`H$m `kXÎm AmMm`© Amdí`H$ Zht
{H$ ~«÷XÎmHo${b`o ^r AmMm`© hr hmo. AVEd `hr {ddoH$ lr‘X²^mJdVnwamU‘|
^r ""AmMm`ª ‘m§ {dOmZr`mX² Zmd‘Ý`oV H${h©{MV² Z ‘Ë`©~wÕçm Agy`oV
gd© X o d ‘`mo Jw é …''-""AmMm`© M ¡ Ë `dnw f m ñdJqV ì`ZpŠV''
(^mJ.nwam.11&17&27-VÌ¡.11&29&6) O¡go CnXoem|‘| {‘bVm h¡. `hm§ ^r
bú`‘| aIZo bm`H$ ~mV `hr h¡ {H$ "~«÷' Z H$h "~«÷‘y{V©' H$hm Ed§
""AmMm`m} Ah§ ^dm{‘'' Z H$h H$a ""‘m§ {dOmZr`mX²'' H$hm. Bgr Vah
""jamjamVrVdnwfm ñdJqV ì`ZpŠV'' Z H$h H$a ""M¡Ë`dnwfm ñdJqV ì`ZpŠV''
H$hm.
345
Bgo `WmonXoe boZoHo$ ~Om` {Og Xod, ~«÷, jamjamVrV nwéfmoÎm‘, lrH¥$îU,
lrh[a, KZí`m‘, `m ZrbH$ÊR> Am{X Xodm|H$s ~w{Õ AmMm`©‘| H$aZoH$mo H$hm
Om`, ñd`§ Cg KZí`m‘ `m ZrbH$ÊR> XodHo$ ~mao‘| AWdm Vmo ~«÷ `m
jamjamVrV nwéfmoÎm‘Ho$ ~mao‘| bmoH$lÕmHo$ {Z‘y©bZ Ûmam ñd`§ AmMm`©H$mo Cg
Vahgo ‘mZ boZm `m {~aXmZo bJ OmZm gd©Wm AZw{MV h¡ {Og g§{dYmZHo$
àmdYmZ{deof Ûmam {H$gr ì`pŠV `m g‘wXm` H$mo ‘mZdr` Jm¡admZwê$n A{YH$ma
{H$gr amîQ´>‘| ahZoH$m {‘bVm hmo Cgo nm boZoHo$ ~mX amï´>r` g§{dYmZH$s AdhobZm
H$aZoH$mo AnZo {Z`‘m|H$s gdm}n[aVm {XImZo O¡gr `h CÔm‘dmXr Hy$Q>Zr{V Iobr
OmVr bJVr h¡ AñVw.
ñd`§ lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rOr BZ gÀN>mñÌmon{Xï> AmXem]‘| {H$VZr A{dMb
{Zð>m aIVo Wo `h Vmo CZHo$ Z Ho$db {ejmnÌr àË`wV dMZm‘¥V‘| ^r ~M nm`o
AZoH$mZoH$ dMZm|Ho$ AmYmana {Z…g§{X½YV`m àH$Q> hmoVm hr h¡. gd©àW‘ Vmo
{ejmnÌr O¡go nÌ AnZo AZwJm{‘Am|H$mo CÝh| Š`m| {bIZo n‹S>o? BgHo$ nrN>o aho
H$maUm|Ho$ {Okmñ` hmoZona `h dU©Z {‘bVm h¡ :
""do JmXrV{H$`mna CXmg ~¡R> J`o. CÝhm|Zo Z Vmo {H$grH$mo
~wbm`m Am¡a Z {H$grHo$ gm‘Zo XoIm... Cgr pñW{V‘| CZHo$ ZoÌm|go
Am§gy n‹S>Zo bJo... BgHo$ níMmV² ~mobo "h‘Zo ewîH$km{Z`m|H$m
‘V OmZZoH$o {b`o CZHo$ emñÌH$m ldU {H$`m. CgHo$ ldU‘mÌgo
h‘mao AÝV…H$aU‘| C{Û½ZVm hmo J`r, Š`m|{H$ ewîH$doXmÝVHo$
ldUgo OrdH$s ~w{Õ‘|go ^JdmZ²H$s CnmgZmH$s ^mdZm bwßV
hmo OmVr h¡... Bg{b`o AÝ` Xodm|H$s ^r CnmgZm hmo OmVr h¡...
CZH$s ~w{Õ {~bHw$b ^«ï> hmo OmVr h¡...' Bg àH$ma do ~hþV X¡a
VH$ CXmg aho Am¡a AnZo hmWm|go ZoÌm|Ho$ Am§gy nm|N> H$a Eogm
~mobo {H$ ^JdX²JrVmna Omo am‘mZwO^mî` h¡ CgH$s H$Wm gwZ
H$a am{Ì‘| gmo aho Wo V~ h‘Zo EH$ ñdßZ XoIm {H$ h‘ JmobmoH$‘|
J`o, Ohm§ ^JdmZ²(Zht {H$ ñd`§)Ho$ AZÝV nmf©Xm|H$mo XoIm...
h‘| Eogm {dMma hþdm {H$ na‘oídaH$s Eogr ào‘^pŠV VWm
na‘oída(Zht {H$ ñd`§)H$s Eogr CnmgZmH$m n[aË`mJ H$aHo$ Omo
346
 {‘Ï`mkmZr Eogm ‘mZVm h¡ {H$ h‘ ^JdmZ² h¢ dh ‘hmXwï> h¡...
{Og àH$ma Y‘© VWm ^JdmZ² H$s ^pŠVgo {H$gr ^r Vah {dM{bV
Z hm| VWm AnZo Bï>Xod lrH¥$îUZmam`U(Zht {H$ ñd`§)go {H$gr
^r àH$ma ~w{Õ {S>Jo Zht, Bg Ame`H$m EH$ nÌ {bI H$a
Xoe^aHo$ gËg§{J`m|Ho$ nmg ^oO|... Omo nwéf h‘mar Bg AmkmH$m
Ñ‹T>Vmnyd©H$ nmbZ H$aoJm, CgH$mo lrH¥$îUZmam`U(Zht {H$
ñd`§)‘| ZmaX O¡gr Ñ‹T> ^pŠV hmo Om`oJr... Omo h‘mao Bg
dMZH$m Cëb§KZ H$a|Jo, CZH$s ^pŠV doí`m O¡gr ì`{^Mm[aUr
hmo Om`oJr' g§dV² 1878‘| ‘mJ©erf© H¥$îU MVwX©erH$mo `h nÌ
{bIm'' (dMZm.J.‘.19).
A~ nVm Zht MbVm {H$ dMZm‘¥Vm|H$mo gmaV‘ ‘mZZodmbo AmYw{ZH$
AZwJm‘r BZH$s {ejmnÌrH$mo ""Agmaê$nm Aëngmaê$nm gmaê$nm AWdm
gmaVaê$nm'' Ho$ ~rM Š`m ‘mZVo h¢ Aao hm§ lw{V-gyÌ {OZ‘| Ajam{Yn{V
nwéfmoÎm‘H$m {Zê$nU {‘bVm Zht Cgo Agmaê$n, JrVm-^mJdV‘| {‘bVm hmoZona
^r lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rH$m Ajam{Yn{VHo$ ê$n‘| dU©Z Z {‘bVm hmoZogo CÝh|
Aëngmaê$n, BZ gÀN>mñÌm|Ho$ gmaV`m {ejmnÌrH$mo ñd`§ lrOr‘hmamO {~aXmVo
hmoZogo Cgo gmaê$n; Am¡a, gmaVaê$n Omo ^r H$moB© AÝ` J«ÝW hmo, Bg AW©‘| Vmo
H$ht dMZm‘¥VH$mo gmaV‘ Zht ‘mZm Om ahm h¡
I¡a, {Og-{H$gr AW©‘| dh ‘mZm OmVm hmo BVZm Vmo {ZpíMV h¡ {H$ Bg
gmaV‘ CnXoeH$mo ^r lr gm.lw.Or AnZo g‘mYmZnÌHo$ ‘§JbmMaU‘| nwZ…
AñdrH$ma H$a aho h¢-""am‘H¥$îUmÚdVmamUm§ H$maU§ na‘oída‘²'' {dYmZ
Ûmam. Am¡a AVEd AmO ^r em`X lrghOmZÝXOrHo$ ‘ZH$mo C{Û½Z, ‘wIH$mo
CXmg Am¡a Z`Zm|H$mo Alwn[any[aV hr H$a aho h¢
Bg gmaV‘ dMZH$s VwbZm‘| hr Hw$N> AÝ` ^r gmaV‘ dMZ XoIZo bm`H$
h¢ :
347
1.""Omo `h EH$ag VoO h¡, Cgo "~«÷' VWm "AjaYm‘'
H$hVo h¢. Cg àH$me‘| Omo ^JdmZ²H$s ‘y{V© {XIm`r n‹S>Vr h¡,
Cgo "AmË‘mH$m VÎd' "na~«÷' VWm "nwéfmoÎm‘' H$hVo h¢. do hr
^JdmZ² AnZr BÀN> m go Ordm| H $m H$ë`mU H$aZo H o $ {b`o
am‘H¥$îUm{XHo$ ê$n YmaU H$aHo$ `wJ-`wJ‘| àH$Q> hmoVo h¢. `Ú{n
do ^JdmZ² Bg bmoH$‘| ‘Zwî`gÑe {XIm`r n‹S>Vo h¢ VWm{n do
‘Zwî`dV² Zht h¢. do Vmo AjaYm‘Ho$ ñdm‘r h¡. `hr ~mV lrH¥$îU
^JdmZ²(Zht {H$ lrOr‘hmamO)Zo JrVm‘| H$hr h¡:-"Z VX²
^mg`Vo gy`©…... VX² Ym‘ na‘§ ‘‘' AVEd lrH¥$îU ^JdmZ²
`Ú{n ‘Zw î `dV² {XIm`r n‹ S > V o Wo VWm{n do ( Zht {H$
lrOr‘hmamO) AjamVrV H¡$dë`‘y{V© hr h¢... Bg àH$ma
lrOr‘hmamOZo AnZo ^ŠVOZm|H$mo {ejm XoZoHo${b`o AnZo(`h
"AnZo' nX `hm§ AMmZH$ H¡$go Am J`m?) nwéfmoÎm‘ hmoZoH$s
dmVm© namojê$n‘| H$hr. `h ~mV gwZ H$a g‘ñV gmYwAm| VWm
h[a^ŠVm| Zo `h ‘mZ {b`m(AWm©V² lrOrZo H$hm hmo `m Z H$hm
hmo) {H$ "VoOnw§O‘| {Og ‘y{V©Ho$ ahZoH$s ~mV H$hr J`r h¡ CgHo$
àË`j à‘mU `o lrOr‘hmamO h¢.(dMZm.J.‘.13).
2.""lrOr‘hmamOZo ~‹S>o-~‹S>o na‘h§gm|go nyN>m {H$ h‘Zo
lr‘X² ^ mJdVHo $ nÄM‘ñH$ÝY Xe‘ñH$ÝY H$m A{Ve`
à{VnmXZ {H$`m... Xe‘ñH$ÝYH$m ahñ` `h h¡ {H$ Cn{ZfX²
doXmÝV lw{V`m| Am¡a ñ‘¥{V`m| ‘| {OZH$mo namojê$ngo ~«÷
Á`mo{V…ñdê$n kmZê$n VÎd gyú‘ {ZaÄOZ joÌk gd©H$maU na~«÷
nwéfmoÎm‘ dmgwXod {dîUw Zmam`U Am¡a {ZJw©U Zm‘m|go ~Vm`m J`m
do hr `o àË`j dgw X o d nw Ì lrH¥ $ îU dmgw X o d h¢ ' '
(dMZm.J.‘.39).
3.""AÝ` AdVmam|Ho$ g‘mZ lrH¥$îU ^JdmZ² AdVma Zht
AdVmar(Vmo lrOr‘hmamHo$ AdVma Š`m| ‘mZVo hmo?) h¢. Eogo Omo
lrH¥$îU ^JdmZ² h¢ do AnZo Bï>Xod h¢. CZ lrH¥$îU ^JdmZ²(Zht
{H$ lrOr‘hmamO)Ho $ M[aÌm| H $m gåny U © dU© Z
lr‘X²^mJdVnwamUHo$ Xe‘ñH$ÝY {H$`m J`m h¡. Bg{b`o h‘Zo
348
 AnZo CÕdgåàXm`‘| Xe‘ñH$ÝYH$mo AË`ÝV àm‘m{UH$ ‘mZm
h¡... ^JdmZ² lrH¥$îU nwéfmoÎm‘(Zht {H$ lrOr‘hmamO) Vmo
amOm{YamO VWm AIÊS>‘{y V© h¢. do(Zht {H$ lrOr‘hmamO) AnZo
AjaYm‘ê$nr qghmgZna gX¡d(Zht {H$ lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rHo$
à{gÕ hmoZogo nyd© hr) {~amO‘mZ ahVo h¢''(dMZm.J.‘.64).
4.""gËg§{JOZH$mo H$m¡Z-H$m¡Z gr dmVm© Amdí`H$ ê$ngo
OmZ aIZr Mm{h`o... nhbr ~mV... AnZm CÕdgåàXm` h¡...
Xygar ~mV... JwénaånamH$m kmZ... am‘mZÝXñdm‘rHo$ Jwé
am‘mZwOmMm`© h¢ CZ am‘mZÝXñdm‘rHo$ h‘ {eî` h¢, Eogr
Jw é naånam OmZZr... Vrgar ~mV... h‘mao gåàXm`‘|
A{Và‘mUê$n Omo emñÌ h¢... doX ì`mggyÌ lr‘X²^mJdVnwamU
‘hm^maVH$m {dîUw g hòZm‘ ^JdX² J rVm {dXw a Zr{V
ñH$ÝXnw a mUHo $ {dîUw I ÊS>H$m dmgw X o d ‘mhmËå`
`mkdëŠ`ñ‘¥{V... Mm¡Wr ~mV... gËg§J{OZm|Ho$ {Z`‘...
nm§Mdr ~mV...AnZo Bï>Xod lrH¥$îU^JdmZ²... ‘m`mHo$ V‘go
nao Omo JmobmoH$ h¡ CgHo$ ‘Ü`^mJ‘| pñWV AjaYm‘‘| lrH¥$îU
^JdmZ² . .. am{YH$mOr Ed§ bú‘rOr Ho $
g{hV...''(dMZm.d.18)
AmíM`© hmoVm h¡ {H$ BZ gmaV‘ CnXoem|‘| Z OmZo {H$VZr ~ma Anamojê$n‘|
^JdmZ² dmgwXod lrH¥$îUH$mo hr AjaYm‘H$m ñdm‘r ‘mZm h¡ :
""lrH¥$îU O¡gm gd©epŠVgånÝZ H$moB© AÝ` AdVma Zht
hþdm. Š`m|{H$ AÝ` Omo g~ CZH$s AZÝV ‘y{V©`m§ {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ
ê$ngo ahr h¢, CZ g~H$m ^md lrH¥$îU ^JdmZ²(Zht {H$
lrOr‘hmamO)Zo AnZo ñdê$n‘| {XIm`m... gd© à W‘...
XodH$sH$s H$moIgo OÝ‘ {b`m V~ MVw^w©Oê$n‘|... bú‘rn{V
d¡Hw$ÊR>ZmWH$m ^md... ‘mVm `emoXmH$mo AnZo ‘wI‘| {dídê$n
{XIm`m Bg‘|... ghòerf©ê$n Ûmam A{ZéÕ^md... AH«w$aH$mo
`‘wZmH$s Ymam‘| eofem{`^md... AOw©ZH$mo {dídê$n {XIbm`m
{H$ "ní` ‘o nmW© ê$nm{U eVemo@W ghòe…' Bg àH$ma AZÝV
~« ÷ mÊS> {XIbm H$a nw é fmo Î m‘^md ~Vm`m VWm ñd`§
349
lrH¥$îU(Zht {H$ lrOr‘hmamO)Zo H$hm {H$ "`ñ‘mV² ja‘²
AVrVmo Ah‘² AjamX{n M CÎm‘mo AVmo Apñ‘ bmoH$o doXo M à{WV…
nwéfmoÎm‘…' Bg àH$ma lrH¥$îUZo ñd`§ AnZm nwéfmoÎm‘^md
{XIm`m. JmobmoH$dmgr am{YH$mg{hV lrH¥$îU ^r ñd`‘od Wo...
ídoVÛrndmgr dmgwXodZo ñd`§ `h AdVma YmaU {H$`m Wm...
Bg{b`o `hr AdVma(Zht {H$ lrOr‘hmamO) gdm}n[a h¡...
lrH¥$îUHo$ ñdê$n‘| {OgH$s AMb‘{V gX¡d ~Zr ahVr h¡, dh
‘{V H$^r ^r ì`{^MmaHo$ XbXb‘| Zht ’§$gVr. `{X {H$gr
Hw$g§Jde H$^r Hw$N> AZw{MV AmMaU hmo J`m hmo Vmo ^r CgH$m
H$ë`mU‘mJ©go nVZ Zht hmoVm. CgH$m H$ë`mU hr hmoVm h¡.
Bg{b`o Amn g~ na‘h§ g h[a^ŠV ^r `{X Bg àH$ma
^JdmZ²(Zht {H$ lrOr‘hmamO)‘| CnmgZmH$s Ñ‹T>Vm aIVo ah|Jo
Vmo H$Xm{MV² H$moB© AZw{MV AmMaU hmo OmZona ^r AÝV‘|
H$ë`mU hr hmoJm. (BZ dMZm|H$mo gwZ H$a H$moB© ^r Am¡gV
~w{Õdmbm {ddoMH$ ^r A{YH$m{YH$ lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rH$mo
lrH¥$îUH$m AdVma ‘mZ nm`oJm naÝVw lrghOmZÝXmonmñ`
^JdmZ²H$o à{V {ZJyT‹ > Ûof `m Agy`m Ho$ ^mdHo$ H$maU dMZm‘¥VHo$
lmoVmAm|Zo Omo {ZU©` {b`m dh `m| h¡) Bg dmVm©H$mo gwZ H$a
g‘ñV gmYwAm| VWm h[a^ŠVm| Zo lrOr‘hmamO‘| gd©H$maU^md
OmZ H$a CnmgZmH$s Ñ‹T>Vm H$s''(dMZm.n§.6).
AV… `hm§ ""EH$J«ÝWeH$bmñdmañ`§ ~hþJ«ÝWñdmañ`m` J«mh²`§''Ý`m` C{MV
hmoVm naÝVw dh Z ^r ‘mZm Om`o Vmo ^r Bg gÝX^©‘| `h Vmo CëboIZr` hr hmoVm
h¡ {H$ `{X Bg dMZm‘¥V‘| "lrH¥$îU'Zm‘Ho$ à`moJ Ûmam lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘r ñd`§
AnZr AjaYm‘mYreVm B§{JV H$aZm MmhVo hm| Vmo ""ñd`§ lrH¥$îUZo H$hm {H$
"`ñ‘mV² ja‘² AVrVmo Ah‘² AjamX{n M CÎm‘mo AVmo Apñ‘ bmoHo$ doXo M
à{WV… nwéfmoÎm‘…' Bg àH$ma lrH¥$îUZo ñd`§ AnZm nwéfmoÎm‘^md {XIm`m.
JmobmoH$dmgr am{YH$mg{hV lrH¥$îU ^r do ñd`‘od Wo'' dMZHo$ AmYmana
Aja~«÷ê$n Ym‘‘| Ho$db lrJwUmVrVmZÝX ñdm‘r `m lr‘wŠVmZÝX ñdm{‘gÑe
350
nwéf hr ahVo h¢ ñÌrOZ Zht, Bg YmaUmH$mo {Vbm§Obr XoZr n‹S>oJr AÝ`Wm
lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rna {‘Ï`m^mfUH$m Amamon bJ Om`oJm
{OVZr ~ma ^JdmZ² lrH¥$îUH$mo AjaYm‘H$m ñdm‘r Anamoj {Zê$nU Ûmam
‘mZm, CgH$s VwbZm‘| Vmo ~hþV H$‘ ~ma lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rZo ñd`§ AnZo ~mao‘|
AjaYm‘Ho$ ñdm‘r hmoZoH$m ^md namojê$n‘| B§{JV {H$`m h¡. {’$a^r lrghOmZÝX
ñdm‘rHo$ Bï>Xod Am¡a CZHo$ gmjmV² CnXoem|‘| EoH$mpÝVH$s AlÕmHo$ H$maU hr
CÝh| Jå^raVmHo$ gmW Z Vmo g‘PZo Am¡a Z ñdrH$maZo H$s hr ‘Zmod¥{Îm dMZm‘¥VHo$
lmoVmAm| Am¡a g§H$bZH$mam| ‘| àH$Q> hmoVr h¡. AV… Ho$db Mma-N>h ~ma Omo
namojê$n‘| H$hm CgH$m P§S>m D$§Mo ’$ham {X`m OmVm h¡ lr gm.lw.OrH$m H$hZm
h¡ ""{ejmnÌr ^JdmZ² ñdm{‘Zmam`UZo {bIr h¡ Bg{b`o àm‘m{UH$ h¡.
Bgr àH$ma dMZm‘¥VH$m J«ÝW ^r g§dV² 1877 ‘mJ©erf© ewŠbm V¥Vr`m...
Ho$ {XZ ^JdmZ² ñdm{‘Zmam`UZo ñd`§ XoIm... V~ 115 dMZm‘¥V g§H${bV
Wo... BZHo$ níMmX²^d dMZm‘¥V ^r ^r BZ 115 H$s nÕ{Vgo àmßV hmoZogo
BZH$m ^r gd©Vmo‘wI àm‘mÊ` ñdm{‘Zmam`U gåàXm`‘| h¡. ~pëH$
VÎdkmZHo$ joÌ‘| {ejmnÌrgo ^r A{YH$ àm‘mÊ` h¡''(g‘m.nÌ.4.3.2).
‘wPo bJVm h¡ {H$ {OZ 115d| dMZm‘¥VHo$ ~mX Bgr nÕ{Vgo dMZm‘¥V
g§H${bV hmoZoH$s ~mV lr gm.lw.Or H$h aho h¢, CZ ~mXdmbo dMZm‘¥Vm|‘| hr
{ejmnÌrgo {déÕ dMZ A{YH$ {‘bVo h¢. AV… ghO gå^d h¡ {H$ dh
lrOr‘mhmamOHo$ AdbmoH$Z Z H$a nmZoHo$ H$maU g§H$bZH$mam|H$s ‘Z‘mZr Ny>Q>
boZoHo$ H$maU hr hþdm hmoJm. Bg EH$ VÏ`H$mo Om§MZona hr AÝ` ^r {damoY
lrOrHo$ AZdbmoH$ZHo$ n[aUm‘ Š`m| Zht ‘mZo Om gH$Vo? `{X lrghOmZÝXOr
ñdm‘rHo$ am‘mZwO gåàXm`Ho$ Xr{jV AZwJm‘r AZwJm‘r hmoZoH$s H$Wm Aàm‘m{UH$
hmo Vmo dh ^r 115d| dMZm‘¥VHo$ ~mX AmVo dMZm‘¥V hmoZogo am‘mZwOgåàXm`H$s
à{g{ÕH$m bm^ bo boZoH$mo hr g§H$bZH$mam|Ûmam à{jßV Š`m| Zht ‘mZ boZr
Mm{h`o? Eogm ‘mZ H$a ^r Mb| na Bg‘| ~mYm EH$ hr {XIbm`r XoVr h¡ {H$
V~ ñd`§Ho$ Aja~«÷Ym‘Ho$ ñdm‘r hmoZoHo$ ^r dMZm‘¥V gå^dV… 115d|
dMZm‘¥VHo$ ~mX hr A{YH$ ‘wI[aV hþdo h¢ Am¡a BÝh| Aàm‘m{UH$ H$h nmZm A~
Xw…eH$ ~Z J`m hmoZogo ‘m¡ZgodZ {H$`m Om ahm h¡ d¡go EH$ AË`ÝV ‘hÎdnyU©
351
VÏ` `h h¡ {H$ {OZ dMZm‘¥Vm|Ho$ ~mao‘| lr gm.lw.Or ""gd©Vmo‘wI àm‘mÊ`
ñdm{‘Zmam`U gåàXm`‘| h¡. ~pëH$ VÎdkmZHo$ joÌ‘| {ejmnÌrgo ^r
A{YH$ àm‘mÊ` h¡''(g‘m.nÌ.4.3.2) Eogm ~‹T>m-M‹T>m Xmdm àñVwV H$a aho
h¢ do dMZm‘¥V ñd`§ ""h‘mao Am{lV... H$mo h‘mar {bIr hþ`r {ejmnÌrH$m {ZË`
nmR> H$aZm Mm{h`o. {Ogo n‹T>Zm Z AmVm hmo Cgo {ZË` {ejmnÌrH$m ldU H$aZm
Mm{h`o. {Ogo CgH$m ldU H$aZoH$m `moJ Zht Amdo, Cgo à{V{XZ {ejmnÌrH$s
nyOm H$aZr Mm{h`o. Bg àH$ma h‘Zo {ejmnÌr‘| ^r {bIm h¡. `{X {H$grH$mo BZ
VrZm| {Z`‘m|H$m nmbZ H$aZo‘| {d¿Z n‹S> Om`o Cgo Vmo Cgo EH$ Cndmg H$a boZm
Mm{h`o'' (dMZm.J.A§.1) `m| {ejmnÌrH$s gdm©{Vem{`Vm BZ eãXm|‘| à{Vnm{XV
H$a aho h¢. ‘wPo `h AdJV Zht {H$ Eogr gdm©{Vem{`Vm dMZm‘¥VH$s H$hm§
Cn{Xï> hþ`r h¡? Am¡a dh H$ht Cn{Xï> Z hmo Vmo `h ñd`§‘| Bg VÏ`H$m à‘mU
h¡ {H$ lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rHo$ AmYw{ZH$ AZwJm{‘Am|H$m CZHo$ CnXoe‘| lÕmH$m
H¡$gm H$éU õmg hþdm h¡
`Ú{n {ejmnÌr Am¡a dMZm‘¥V XmoZm|‘| hr lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘r ñd`§H$m
am‘mZwOgåàXm`Ho$ AZwJm‘r hmoZm ^manyd©H$ Kmo{fV H$a aho h¢, {’$a^r lr
gm.lw.Or AnZo g‘mYmZnÌ‘| Z Ho$db AZoH$ VWmH${WV gmåàXm{`H$ J«ÝWm|Ho$
AmYmana ~pëH$ dMZm‘¥VH$s ^r H$moB© gÚmobãY àmMrZ() hñVà{VHo$ AmYmana
^r lrOr‘hmamOHo$ am‘mZwO‘VmZwJm‘r hmoZoH$s H$WmH$mo Aàm‘m{UH$ ‘mZ aho h¢
(Ñï>. : g‘m.nÌ.4.4-4.4.1).
`h `{X Eo{Vhm{gH$ VÏ` hmo Vmo {’$a ñd`§ lr gm.lw.OrH$s KmofUm {H$
""dMZm‘¥VH$m àm‘mÊ` ñdm{‘Zmam`U gåàXm`‘| {Z…gpÝX½YV`m ñdrH¥$V
h¡... dMZm‘¥V‘| Aàm‘mÊ`H$m JÝY XoI|Jo V~ Vmo d¡îUd gåàXm`Ho$ ‘mÝ`
^JdX²JrVm lr‘X²^mJdV BË`m{X J«ÝW ^r Aàm‘m{UH$VmHo$ bú` ~Z
Om`|Jo... dMZm‘¥VHo$ gånmXH$ BVZo {Z…ñn¥h Am¡a àm‘m{UH$ Wo Bg{b`o
J«ÝW {Z…gÝXoh àm‘m{UH$ hr h¡'' (g‘m.nÌ.4.3.2) Bg {dYmZH$mo Š`m
{ZañV ‘mZ boZm? Š`m|{H$ Eogr pñW{V‘| `m Vmo lrghOmZÝXOrH$m AnZo-
AmnH$mo am‘mZwOHo$ {eî`Ho$ ê$n‘| {~aXmZm Ho$db bmoH$àVmaUmW© {‘Ï`m^mfU
{gÕ hmoJm. `m ‘Zwî`^mdmo{MV CZ‘| ^r {dñ‘¥{VerbVm {gÕ hmoJr. AWdm
352
Jwéê$n am‘mZÝXñdm‘rH$mo am{ÌH$mbrZ ñdßZ Vmo {eî`ê$n lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rOrH$mo
Š`m {XdmñdßZ XoIZoHo$ ‘mZ{gH$amoJH$m {eH$ma ‘mZZm? ‘wPo Vmo Eogr H$ënZm
H$aZo‘| ^r AnamY~moY hmoVm h¡
‘¢Zo dMZm‘¥VH$s àm‘m{UH$VmHo$ ~mao‘| gÝXoh àH$Q> {H$`m Vmo dh ‘oam `{X
ñdm{‘Zmam`U gåàXm`H$s naånamHo$ ~mao‘| AkmZH$m àXe©Z hmo Vmo Š`m| lr
gm.lw.Or ñdm{‘Zmam`UgåàXm`Ho$ naånam{dX² hmoZona ^r ‘oar Vah hr dMZm‘¥VHo$
àm‘mÊ`‘| gÝXoh H$a aho h¢? `{X dñVwV… Amf© J«ÝWmJma‘| CnbãY dMZm‘¥VH$s
H$moB© àmMrZ hñVà{V CÝhm|Zo ImoO br h¡ Vmo Š`m CgHo$ AmYmana do CnbãY
dMZm‘¥VHo$ H$bodaH$mo Aàm‘m{UH$ {gÕ H$a Zht aho h¢? Bgo gM ‘mZ H$a Mb|
Vmo ^r ‘Z Vmo e§H$mHw$b hmo hr OmVm h¡ {H$ ^{dî`‘| Bggo ^r A{YH$ àm‘m{UH$
H$moB© àmMrZ hñVà{V {H$gr AÝ` ImoOrH$mo {‘b Zht Om`oJr BgH$s Š`m
{ZpíM{V hmo gH$Vm h¡ {H$ Cg àmMrZV‘ hñVà{V‘| Eogm ^r H$moB© CëboI H$ht
{‘b Om`o {H$ CnbãY gmaoHo$ gmao dMZm‘¥V lrghOmZÝXOrHo$ {eî`m|Zo ‘ZJ‹T>§V
{bI {b`o h¢. Eogm lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rOrH$m dMZm‘¥V {‘b Zht gH$Vm,
BgH$s {ZpíM{V A~ H¡$go nmZr? AV… dMZm‘¥VH$s Bg AYwZmbãY {H$gr
hñV{bpIV à{VHo$ AmYmana Eogo àg§Jm|H$mo {‘Ï`mdMZ ‘mZZo n‹S>Vo hm| Vmo
àM{bV dMZm‘¥VJ«ÝWH$m àm‘mÊ` `m Vmo g§H$bZH$Vm©Am|Ho$ {‘Ï`m^mfUHo$
Xmofde AWdm CÎmaH$mbrZ AZw{b{nH$mam|Ho$ {‘Ï`màjonHo$ Xmofde gpÝX½Y Vmo
~Z hr Om`oJm
AV… lr gm.lw.OrH$m ""`hm§ am‘mZÝXñdm‘rHo$ XrjmJwé am‘mZwOmMm`©
Wo Eogr H$moB© ~mV Zht h¡'' (g‘m.nÌ.4.4) {dYmZ ^r gÝXohH$s n[a{Ygo ~mha
ah Zht nmVm h¡. {H$pÄMV² Y¡`©Ho$ gmW Bg {df`‘| `h {dMmaUr` ~ZVm h¡ {H$
Š`m H$maU h¡ {H$ {dJV Xmo gmo dfm]go A{VàMm[aV "{ejmnÌr' Am¡a "dMZm‘¥V'
J«ÝWm|H$s hr àmMrZ hñVàV A~ {‘bZr ewé hmo J`r h¢? BZ‘| BZ XmoZm| J«ÝWm|Ho$
dV©‘mZ ñdê$n Am¡a A{^‘{V go n¥WH²$ ñdê$n Am¡a A{^‘{V {‘bZo bJr h¡.
Š`m H$maU h¡ {H$ "JwéàgmX' "gËg§{JOrdZ' "gËg§{J^yfU' "h[aM[aÌm‘¥VgmJa'
"^ŠV{MÝVm‘{U' "h[abrbmH$ënVé' Am{X J«ÝW Omo lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rOrHo$
{H$gr nyd©dVu `m {H$gr CÎmadVu gÝVm|Zo {bIo h¢, CZ‘| Omo ñd`§ lrOr‘hmamOZo
353
Omo H$hm-{bIm Cgo hr gwYmaZodmbr AWdm CZH$m AÝ`Wm Ame` {XIbmZodmbr
{dYmZ {‘bZo bJo h¢ (Ñï>. : g‘m.nÌ.5.3) lr gm.lw.Or H$hVo h¢ {H$
""na‘h§gm|Ho$ J«ÝWm|H$s àH$meZ`moOZm‘| ^r {d{eï>mÛ¡Vr {dÛmZm|H$s
ghm`VmHo$ H$maU ^r {d{eï>mÛ¡VH$m ‘mhmËå` Á`mXm à{jßV hmo J`m''
(g‘m.nÌ. "{d{eï>mÛ¡V A{^‘{V EH$ {eï>mMma' erf©H$). BgH$m ‘Vb~ EH$
Vmo `h hmo gH$Vm lrOr‘hmamO Am¡a CZHo$ AZwJm{‘Am|Zo AnZo J«ÝW ñd`§ Z
{bI H$a {d{eï>mÛ¡Vr {dÛmZm|H$mo ~wbm H$a {bIdmVo aho hm|Jo g§ñH¥$V^mfm{dX²
Z hmoZoHo$ H$maU. AVEd do O~ {bI aho Wo V~ BVZr ^r gmdYmZr `o
Ag§ñH¥$Vk ~aV Zht nm`o {H$ `o ^m‹Sz>Vr {dÛmZ² lrOr‘hmamOH$m ‘V {bI aho
h¢ `m ñd`§ lram‘mZwOmMm`©H$m BVZo {dídmgHo$ A{VaoH$Ho$ nrN>o ^r Ho$db
lrOr‘hmamOH$s H$moB© Z H$moB© H$‹S>r {d{eï>mÛ¡{V`m|Ho$ gmW Ow‹S>r hmoZoHo$ VÏ`H$mo
nwZ… COmJa H$a XoJr. AÝ`Wm AnZo gåàXm`‘| J«ÝWboIH$ {dÛmZm|Ho$ A^md‘|
‘mÜd dmëb^ M¡VÝ` `m Z¡`m{`H$ Am{X {dÛmZm|H$mo ^r E§JoO Vmo {H$`m Om hr
gH$Vm Wm d¡go gM‘wM‘| `{X am‘mZwO {dÛmZm| Ûmam g§ñH¥$V {bIdm`o OmZoH$s
Ame§H$mH$mo gË` ‘mZVo h¢ Vmo lram‘mZwOmMm`©H$mo "gd©d¡îUdamO' Z H$h H$a
‘hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`©Ho$ ~mao‘| Eogo nXH$m à`moJ ^r {dMmaUr` ~Z OmVm h¡.
AV… {gÕ hmoVm h¡ {H$ AYwZmbãY J«ÝWm|Ho$ boIH$ {OZH$s ~amV‘| OwQ>o h¢,
Cg daamOmHo$ JrV JmZoHo$ ~Om`, Cgo hr àm‘m{UH$ dMZHo$ CnXoeH$ hmoZoHo$
Kmo‹S>onago ZrMo nQ>H$ H$a, AnZo dMZm|Ho$ àm‘m{UH$ hmoZoHo$ XmdoHo$ Kmo‹S>ona gdma
hmo OmZm MmhVo h¢ BZ J«ÝWm|H$s H$moB© àmMrZ hñVàV Š`m| {‘b Zht ahr h¢?
BgH$m ‘Vb~ ‘VàdV©H$ CnXoeH$Ho$ dMZm|H$s VwbZm‘| VËnyd©dVu `m VXwÎmadVu
‘VmZwJm{‘`m|Ho$ dMZm|‘| A{YH$ {dídgZr`Vm AmYw{ZH$ ‘VmZwJm‘r ‘mZ aho h¢
{ZîH$f©V`m `h ñnï>rH$aU Xo XoZm ‘oao{b`o C{MV hmoJm {H$ ñdm{‘Zmam`U
‘V‘| VÎdÌ`r ‘mZr Om` `m VÎdnÄMH$ EVmdVm Bg {d‘e© Ûmam Omo ‘wÔm ‘¢
CR>mZm MmhVm hÿ§ Cg‘| H$moB© AÝVa Zht n‹S>Vm. Š`m|{H$ ñd`§ {d{eï>mÛ¡VdoXmÝV‘|
^r {g{ÕÌ`H$ma VÎdÌ`r ‘mZ H$a Mbo h¢. naÝVw lrdoXmÝVXo{eH$ ñd`§
"Ý`m`{gÕmÄOZ' Zm‘H$ J«ÝW‘| ""Aeof{MX{MËàH$ma§ ~«÷ EH$‘od VÎd‘²''
(Ý`m.{g.OS>Ð.n[a.) O¡go à{Vnm{XV H$aVo h¢ d¡go hr "VÎd‘wŠVmH$bmn' Zm‘H$
354
J«ÝW‘| ""H$Ðì`mI@Ðì`à^oXmX² {‘V‘² C^`{dY… VX²{dXg² VÎd‘² Amhþ….
Ðì`§ ÛoYm {d^ŠV§ H$-1OS>‘² H$-2AOS>‘² B{V. àmÀ`‘² H$-1/A-AmAì`ŠVH$mbm¡,
AÝË`§ H$-2/AàË`H²$ H$-2/AmnamH²$ M. àW‘‘² C^`Ym VÌ H$-2/A/1-2Ordoe^oXmV².
H$-2Am-1
{ZË`m ^y{V… H$-2/Am-2‘{V… M B{V Ana‘² Bh OS>m‘² Am{X‘m§ Ho${MX²
Amhþ…'' (VÎd‘w.1&6) `m| gßV{dY VÎdm|H$s n[aJUZm ^r H$aVo h¢. AV…
ñdm{‘Zmam`U-gåàXm` ^r CZHo$ AZwJm‘r hmoZoHo$ ~mdOyX nÄM{dY VÎd-
Aì`ŠV=‘m`m, """‘m`m'-"@{dÚm'{XeãX¡… àH¥${V…
H$-1/A
A{^‘Vm'' (VÎd‘w.3&41) VwbZr` ""lrOr‘hmamO~mobo {H$
O~ Ord, OJV²Ho$ H$maUr^yV nwéf àH¥${V H$mb... VÎdm|H$mo
OmZ boVm h¡... ‘wŠV hmo OmVm h¡'' (dMZm.J.à.11).
Ord, ""‘w Š Vm¡ Xo h mÚ^mdo ‘w H w $ {bV{df`mo
H$-2/A-1
OjXm{XàdmX… VËgÎdo M Aearalw { V{dh{V… AV… H$m
{M{H$Ëgm B{V Mo V ² Z, BÀN>mV… ñ`mX² AdñWmÛ`‘²
C^`{dYlwË`~mYmX² {d‘wŠVm¡ H$‘m©`Îm¡… {d`moJ… na‘² Bh
H${WV… Vñ` Xodmon‘ñ`'' (VÎd‘w.2&62) VwbZr` ""O~ Bg
OrdHo$ AkmZH$s {Zd¥{Îm… hmo OmVr h¡ V~ BgH$m VrZm| ‘m{`H$
XohHo$ gmW g§J Ny>Q> OmVm h¡ ~mX‘| `h Ord Ho$db M¡VÝ`gÎmm^md
ah OmVm h¡. BgHo$ níMmV² ^JdmZ²H$s BÀN>mgo hr Bg OrdHo$
{b`o ^JdmZ²H$s ^y{‘ Am{X AmR> àH¥${Vgo {^ÝZ M¡VÝ`àH¥${VOÝ`
XohH$m {Z‘m©U hmoVm h¡. Cg Xohgo `wŠV hmo H$a dh ^JdmZ²Ho$
Ym‘‘| ahVm h¡'' (dMZm.J.‘.66).
B©e=nwéfmoÎm‘+B©ída, ""`wpŠV… àíZmoÎmamXo… Z{h
H$-2/Am
nwéf{^Xm§ ~w{Õ^oX§ M ‘wŠËdm Vñ‘mX² ì`yhm{X^oXo H${VMZnwéfm…
ñ`w… naoU AZw~Õm… VÝZ; ñdÀN>ÝXbrb… ñd`‘² A{^Z`{V
ñdmÝ`Vm§ gd©doXr...'' (VÎd‘w.3&74) VwbZr` ""O~ lrH¥$îU
^JdmZ² AOw © Z H$s à{Vkm ny U © H$aZo H $mo . .. ‘m`mHo $
AÝYH$maH$mo... Xya H$a ^y‘mnwéfgo ~«m÷UHo$ nwÌH$mo bo Am`o.
355
lrH¥$îU ^JdmZ² {Xì`‘y{V©‘mZ² Wo... ^JdmZ²H$s ‘y{V©Ho$ àVmngo
‘m{`H$ nXmW© ^r A‘m{`H$ ~Z J`o. ^JdmZ²Ho$ Eogo ñdê$nH$mo
‘yI© nwéf ‘m{`H$ g‘PVm h¡. O~{H$ EH$mpÝVH$ gÝV ^JdmZ²H$s
‘y{V©H$mo jamVrV VWm ‘y{V©‘mZ nwéfmoÎm‘ ^JdmZ²H$mo ~«÷ê$n
AZÝVH$mo { Q> ‘ w Š Vm| VWm ~« ÷ Ym‘ H$s AmË‘m ‘mZVm h¡ ' '
(dMZm.J.à.66).
{ZË`^y{V={ZË`mjaYm‘ ""Vñ` AàmH¥$VËd‘² Amh
H$-2/Am-1
ñWmZ‘² B{V ly`Vo "VX² {dîUmo… na‘§ nX§ ní`pÝV gya`…' VX² BX§
gXm ní`Ëgy [ a{d{eï> ñ WmZ{dYmZmW© ‘ ² B{V do X mW© g § J « h o
ñWm{nV‘²'' (VÎd‘w.3&61), ""XemoÎmam{YH¡$…`Ì à{dï>…
na‘mUwdV² bú`Vo AÝVJ©V… M AÝ`o H$mo{Q>emo AÊS>ame`… VX²
Amhþ… "Aja§ ~«÷' gd©H$maUH$maU§ {dîUmo… Ym‘ na§ gmjmV²
nwéfñ` ‘hmË‘Z…=AÌ ‘ybàH¥$Vm¡ à{dï>… na‘mUw… Ñí`Vo
Ed§{dY… M AÝ`o AÊS>ame`mo H$mo{Q>e… à{dï>m… na‘mUwdX²
Ñí`ÝVo. gd}fm§ H$maUmZm§ ‘hXmXrZm‘{n H$maU§ ‘yb§ àYmZ§
‘hmË‘Z… nwéfñ` {dîUmo… Ym‘=eara‘² Amhþ…, "`ñ` Aì`ŠV§
eara‘²' B{V lwVo…. Ed§ ... na‘mË‘Z… H$W§ H$mb… à^w… ñ`mX²?
B{V Ame`…'' (^mJ.draamK.3&11&40-41) Vw b Zr`
""^JdmZ²H$m Ym‘ gZmVZ {ZË` AàmH¥$V gpÀMXmZÝX AZÝV
VWm AIÊS> h¡'' (dMZm.J.à.12).
‘{VHo$ ~mao‘| Vmo lrdoXmÝVXo{eH$ ^r AnZo EH$XoerHo$
H$-2/Am-2
‘VHo$ AZwgma O‹S> hmoZoH$s ~mV H$h ah h¢ gmo dhm§ `m Ord‘| ^r
AÝV^m©d eŠ` h¡. gmVd| IAÐì`Ho$ AÝVJ©V Vmo AdJuH¥$V Ðì`Ho$
JwUY‘m]H$s hr JUZm H$s J`r hmoZogo Ðì`m|Ho$ {Ì{dY ^oXm|‘| AÝV^m©d
eŠ`h¡hr.
Bg Vah XoIZona ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` VÎdnÄMH$dmXr doXmÝVH$m VÎdgßVH$dmXr
am‘mZwOr` doXmÝV‘| ^r AÝV^m©d gwIoZ gmoMm Om gH$Vm hmoZogo VÎdnÄMH$H$m
356
ñdrH$ma ^r Š`m| eŠ` Zht? Adí` {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡. {ddmX `hm§ Zht h¡.
Bg gmao {df`{ddoMZ Ûmam ‘wPo Omo {d{M{H$pËgV h¡, dh Vmo Ho$db BVZm hr
h¡ {H$ lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rHo$ Zm‘na à{gÕ J«ÝWm|‘| EH$dmŠ`VmH$m à{Vð>mnH$
H$moB© ì`m»`memñÌr` àm‘m{UH$ {ZH$f ImoOZm Amdí`H$ h¡. AÝ`Wm
gwÝXmongwÝXÝ`m`oZ XmoZm| hr J«ÝWm|H$m àm‘mÊ` gpÝX½Y ~Z Om`oJm.
Š`m|{H$ lr gm.lw.OrHo$ Eogo A{ZUm©`H$ g‘mYmZnÌHo$ ~mX A~ `h Am¡a
A{YH$ {Okmñ` ~Z J`m h¡ {H$ ñdm{‘Zmam`UnÝW‘| gmåàXm{`H$ J«ÝWm|H$m
àm‘mÊ` lrOr‘mhmamOÛmam Kmo{fV 1""gÀN>mñÌmUm§ g‘wÕ¥Ë` gd}fm§ gma‘²
AmË‘Zm nÌr B`§ {bpIVm'' ({ejmn.204) {dYmZHo$ AZwgma à‘mUV`m
gH$b{eï>mÑV lwË`m{XemñÌm|na Adbpå~V h¡? AWdm 2""gmåàXm{`H$J«ÝWoä`mo
ko`… EfmÝVw {dñVa…'' ({ejmn.204) {dYmZHo$ AZwgma Ho$db {ejmnÌr Am¡a
dMZm‘¥V-gËg§{JOrdZ Am{X J«ÝWm|Ho$ gma-{dñVmaê$n AWdm Amééjw-
Amê$‹T>^oX{^ÝZ gmYmaUmonXoe-ahñ`monXoeê$n AÝ`moÝ`m{lV àm‘mÊ` h¡? `{X
àW‘ H$ën ñdrH$maVo h¢ Vmo do X mo n {ZfX² J rVm^mJdVmo Š V lrH¥ $ îUHo $
Aja~«÷Ym‘m{Yn{V hmoZoHo$ VÏ`go {déÕ lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rHo$ AdVma hmoZoH$s
H$Wm ñd‘ybmoÀN>o{XH$m hmoZogo Aàm‘m{UH$ {gÕ hmoJr. `{X {ÛVr` H$ën ñdrH$maVo
h¢ Vmo lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rHo$ ‘ybdMZ VWm CZHo$ {eî`m|Ho$ ahñ`ñ’$moQ>H$ dMZm|‘|
nañna {damoYm^mgH$m n[ahma ‘ybdMZm|Ho$ àm‘mÊ`H$m Ë`mJ H$aHo$ J«hU H$aZm
AWdm ‘ybdMZm|Ho$ ñdma{gH$ AW©H$m Ë`mJ H$aHo$? AWdm CZHo$ ^ŠVm|Zo CZHo$
dMZm|H$m namojê$noU {dd{jV Omo Hw$N> VmËn`© g‘Pm VXZwgma H$aZm? Bg
VahH$s {H$å~moÕì`{d‘y‹T>Vm ‘wPo gVm ahr h¡. lr gm.lw.Or Vmo lw{VH$ën
lrOrdMZ Am¡a ñ‘¥{VH$ën CZHo$ gËg§{JAm|Ho$ dMZ‘| Ohm§ ^r {damoY `m
{damoYm^mg PbH$Vm h¡ dhm§ ""ñ‘¥{Vaod ~br`gr'' AmXe©H$m AZwgaU {H$g
gr‘m VH$ H$a aho h¢, `h A~ AmZodmbo {Zê$nU‘| h‘ XoIZoH$m à`mg H$a|Jo.
`hm§ `h nwZ… CëboIZr` hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ {ejmnÌrHo$ íbmoH$m|H$s g§»`m,
dMZm‘¥Vm|H$s g§»`m, CZHo$ boIZH$mb, CZHo$ g§H$bZH$mam|H$s g§»`mHo$ ~mao‘|
Bg naånam‘| {‘bVo AmÝV[aH$ ‘V^oX Mmho g¡ÕmpÝVH$ Ñ{ï>go A{YH$ ‘hÎdnyU©
Z^r hm| na Eo{Vh²`H$s ÑpîQ>go ‘ZH$mo e§H$mHw$b Vmo ~ZmVo hr h¢. Š`m|{H$ `{X
357
g§H$bZH$mam|Ho$ ~rM hr ñd`§ AnZo ~mao‘| {ddmX hmo {H$ `o dMZm‘¥V h‘ Mma-
‘wŠVmZÝX JmonmbmZÝX {ZË`mZÝX Am¡a ewH$‘w{Z-Zo g§H${bV {H$`o `m ~«÷mZÝX
^r h‘mao gmWr Wo Vmo {dídmg H¡$go {H$`m Om`o {H$ BÝht ì`pŠVAm|Zo g§H${bV
{H$`o `m BZHo$ Zm‘go AÝ` {H$grZo g§H${bV `m g§H$pënV H$a {b`o h¢. `Ú{n
Bg Eo{Vh²`JV {dg§dm{XVmH$m {gÕmÝVgo Hw$N> boZm-XoZm Zht. {’$a^r J«ÝWHo$
{dídZr` gyÌm|Ûmam g§H${bV hmoZo `m Z-hmoZo H$m {gÕmÝVna ^r Hw$N> Z Hw$N>
Aga Vmo ‘mZZm hr n‹S>Vm h¡. {deof‘| V~ {H$ O~ dh ñdhñVmjambopIV
{ejmnÌrHo$ dMZm|Ho$ gmW hr Zht A{nVw Cggo g§dmX aIZodmbo dMZm‘¥Vm|Ho$
^rVa ^r EH$ dMZHo$ ^r ñdma{gH$ AW©go AÝ` dMZ {déÕ OmVm hmo Am¡a
Img H$a V~ {H$ O~ Bgo lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rHo$ ^ŠVm|Ûmam {bIo {dYmZm|Ho$
AmYmana hr Ho$db ñdrH$aUr` ‘mZ {b`m OmVm hmo.
AV… g‘mYmZ àXmZ H$aZoH$s Bg {Xem‘| à`mg H$aZoHo$ ~Om` lr
gm.lw.Or ‘mZm| ñd`§ d¡îUd Z hm| Eogr ‘wÐm AnZm H$a O~ {d^r{fH$m {XImVo
h¢ {H$ ""dMZm‘¥V‘| Aàm‘mÊ`H$m JÝY XoI|Jo V~ Vmo d¡îUd gåàXm`Ho$
‘mÝ` ^JdX²JrVm lr‘X²^mJdV BË`m{X J«ÝW ^r Aàm{UH$VmHo$ bú`
~Z Om`|Jo'' (`Wmnydm}ŠV) Vmo Eogr {d^r{fH$mgo ñd`§ lr gm.lw.Or hr h‘|
ÌmUmonm` {XIm`| Š`m|{H$ `{X gmaoHo$ gmao d¡îUdemñÌ Aàm‘m{UH$ hmo Om`|Jo,
Vmo Š`m lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rOrH$mo A{Ve` à‘mUV`m AmÑV gÀN>mñÌ ^r
AgÀN>mñÌ {gÕ Zht hmo Om`|Jo? AV… H$moB© Z H$moB© g‘mYmZ Vmo lr gm.lw.OrH$mo
^r ImoOZm hr n‹S>oJm. dh Ho$db h‘mam hr CÎmaXm{`Ëd hmo Eogr ~mV Vmo Zht.
CZH$m ^r Hw$N> CÎmaXm{`Ëd h¡ hr. gmo Omo g‘mYmZ do ImoO| dh h‘| ^r ~Vm
X| h‘ ^r CZH$m ImoOm g‘mYmZ gwZ H$a CZHo$ H¥$Vk ~Z Om`|Jo Am¡a Vmo Bg
~mao‘| Š`m H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡? d¡go `h Vmo Eogr ~mV H$h Xr h¡ {H$ {H$grHo$
eara‘| JaXZ `m nrR> na H$moB© Jm§R> C^a Am`o; Am¡a H$moB© eë`{M{H$ËgH$ Cgo
H$mQ> XoZoH$s gbmh XoVm hmo; Am¡a V~ eara{dkmZ‘| {ZVmÝV AZ{^k n[admaHo$
ñZohr OZ A{Zï>e§H$mHo$ H$maU Eogm H$h| {H$ ""JaXZ `m nrR> H$s Jm§R> H$mQ>ZoH$s
~mV H$aZona Vmo {~‘maHo$ gmao earaH$mo ^r H$mQ>m Om gHo$Jm''
358
 h‘| ^ybZm Zht Mm{h`o {H$ d¡îUdemñÌm|H$m àm‘mÊ` d¡îUddoXmÝVHo$ g^r
gåàXm`m|H$m à{VVÝÌ{gÕmÝV h¡. O~{H$ VÎmV² gåàXm`Ho$ gmYmaUJ«ÝW `m
ahñ`J«ÝW EH$XoerHo$ A{YH$aU{gÕmÝV hmoVo h¢, g‘mZVÝÌ{gÕmÝV Zht. AV…
dmëb^ gåàXm`Ho$ {Z~ÝY fmoS>eJ«ÝW Am{X J«ÝWm|Ho$ àm‘mÊ`Ho$ ~mao‘| H$moB©
e§H$m `m Amjon H$aZo bJo Vmo VmdVm doX JrVm ~«÷gyÌ ^mJdV ‘hm^maV `m
nmÄMamÌ Am{X d¡îUdemñÌm|H$m àm‘mÊ` gpÝX½Y `m {ZañV Zht hmo OmVm.
(6.""‘V§ {d{eï>mÛ¡V§ ‘o'', ""^mî`‘² AmÜ`mpË‘H§$ ‘‘'' VWm {d{e.-
ñdm.Zm.Xe©Zm|‘o gmå`-d¡få` H$s g‘rjm)
g‘mYmZnÌ(Ho$ IÊS> : 4.4, 4.4.1)‘| ""ñdm{‘Zmam`U gåàXm`H$s nyd©
Jwénaånam'' erf©H$Ho$ AÝVJ©V lrOr‘hmamOgo nyd©dVu ì`pŠV Am¡a J«ÝWm| Ho$
CÕaUm|Ûmam ñd`§ am‘mZÝXñdm‘rZo am‘mZwOgåàXm`H$mo Ë`mJ {X`m Wm Eogm ^r
EH$ d¥VmÝV {X`m h¡ Am¡a gmW hr gmW am‘mZwOgåàXm`‘| {eî` hþdo hr Zht
Š`m|{H$ lrH¥$îU^pŠVH$s naånam‘| hr do Xr{jV Wo Eogm Xygam d¥ÎmmÝV ^r. `m|
Xmo nañna {damoYm^mgr Eo{Vh²` {X`o h¢. A~ BZ d¥ÎmmÝVm|H$mo àm‘m{UH$ ^r ‘mZ
boVo h¢ Vmo AZÝVH$mo{Q>~«÷mÊS>Ho$ na‘oída VWm gd©k lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rH$mo
Š`m BZ d¥ÎmmÝVm|go AZ{^k ‘mZZm? `m am‘mZÝXñdm‘rHo$ am‘mZwOHo$ {eî`
hmoZHo $s ñdrH¥${VH$mo Š`m {‘Ï`mkmZ‘ybH$ ‘mZZm? AWdm {eî`ofUmHo$ A{VaoH$de
lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rH$mo g~ Hw$N> OmZVo hþdo ^r Š`m H$nQ>dMZHo$ à`moJ
H$aZodmbo ‘mZZm? Cg {díddÝÚ nwéfH$mo BZ VrZm|‘|go Eogm Hw$N> ^r ‘mZZoH$mo
‘oam öX` Vmo Jdmhr Zht XoVm !
AV… Bg {df`‘| ‘wPo Bggo A{YH$ Hw$N> ^r {dd{jV Zht. A~ BgHo$ ~mX
AmVr h¡ ""‘V§ {d{eï>mÛ¡V§ ‘o'' {dYmZH$s lr gm.lw.Or. Ûmam Xr OmVr
ì`m»`mH$s ~mV. `hm§ lr gm.lw.Or BVaoVa{Zanoj VrZ {dH$ën àñVm{dV H$aVo
h¢ : 1."‘V§' nXH$m A{^àm` gdmªe‘| am‘mZwOr` {d{eï>mÛ¡VHo$ ñdrH$m`© `m
AZwgaUr` hmoZoHo$ ~Om` Cg ‘VHo$ {H$gr nj{deofHo$ à{V {deofé{MHo$ ê$n‘|
boZm, 2.{d{eï>mÛ¡VdmXmoŠV earaear[a^mdH$s à{H«$`m VÎdnÄMH$Ho$ gÝX^©‘|
‘mÝ` hmoZoHo$ AW©‘| boZr, 3.{d{eï>mÛ¡{V`m|H$mo Vmo JmobmoH$ ‘mÝ` Zht Omo Bgr
359
íbmoH$Ho$ AJbo nmX‘| CpëbpIV h¡. AV… `ht `h {gÕ hmo OmVm h¡ {H$
gdmªe‘| {d{eï>mÛ¡VdmX lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rH$mo ‘mÝ` Zht h¡.
1.H$ënHo$ ~mao‘| `o àíZ CR>Vo h¢ : lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rOrH$mo gÀN>mñÌV`m
A{^‘V emaraH$emñÌ Am¡a ^JdX²JrVm na lram‘mZwOmMm`©H¥$V ^mî`m|‘| Am¡a
VËà{VnmÚ {d{eï>mÛ¡VdmX‘| é{M BZ ^mî` Am¡a VËà{Vnm{XV {gÕmÝV Ho$
àm‘m{UH$ hmoZoHo$ H$maU h¡ `m CÝh| Aàm‘m{UH$ ‘mZ H$a ^r? àW‘ H$ën‘|
lram‘mZwOmMm`© Ûmam ì`m»`mV {gÕmÝV AZwëb§¿` ~Z Om`oJm. {ÛVr` H$ën‘|
""H$ht Aàm‘m{UH$ Vmo H$ht àm‘m{UH$ ‘mZ H$a é{M h¡'' Eogm ‘mZ boZona `h
Amdí`H$ hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ {Og A§e‘| CÝh| AmË‘ñdrH¥$V àm‘mÊ`go ~§YZm h¡
CgHo$ ~mao‘| ñd`§ CZHo$ Ûmam {X`o J`o ñnï>rH$aUH$mo hr {d{ZJ‘H$ ‘mZZm n‹S>oJm,
`Ûm-VÛm g‘PH$mo Zht. O¡go{H$ ""EVofw `m{Z dmŠ`m{Z, lrH¥$îUñ` d¥fñ` M
CËH$f©nam{U ñ`w… VWm ^pŠV{damJ`mo…, ‘ÝVì`m{Z àYmZm{Z VmÝ`od BVadmŠ`V….
Y‘}U g{hVm H¥$îU^pŠV… H$m`m© B{V VX²ah…'' ({ejmn.101-102) Bgo hr
{d{ZJ‘H$ ‘mZZm n‹S>Jo m. dh ‘mZZona Vmo lrH¥$îUH$s ‘hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`m}n{Xï>
^pŠVH$s ar{Vgo {déÕ OmZodmbo {deofV… 115d| dMZm‘¥Vm|H$o ~mXHo$ AZdbmo{H$V
dMZm‘¥Vm|‘| namojd¥{ÎmHo$ ê$n {eî`m|Ûmam ‘mZ {b`o J`o ‘ZJK‹S>§V ahñ`m|Ho$
AmYmana A§eVmo-Aàm‘mÊ` {ZYm©[aV Zht hmo nm`oJm. Š`m|{H$ Eogm H$aZona Vmo
""‘V§ {d{eï>mÛ¡V§ ‘o''-""am‘mZwOmMm`©H¥$V§ ^mî`‘² AmÜ`mpË‘H§$(emņ̃)
‘‘'' ({ejmn.121-100) dMZm|H$m àm‘mÊ` {ZadH$me hr hmo Om`oJm. Eogr
pñW{V‘| ""gmdH$me{ZadH$me`mo… {ZadH$memo ~br`mZ²'' Ý`m`oZ nwZ… BÝht
dMZm|H$m ~bdÎmaàm‘mÊ` ñdrH$maZm n‹S>oJm.
2.H$ënHo$ ~mao‘| `h H$WZr` h¡ {H$ VÎdÌ`r ‘mZm| `m VÎdn§MH$ ‘mZm|,
{H$gr ^r gyaV‘| CZ AÜ`mË‘emñÌ(ÑîQ>. : {ejmn.100)Ho$ {df`ê$n(Ñï>. :
dMZm.J.n.7) "B©eOrd‘m`m'/"nwéfmoÎm‘mjaoídaOrd‘m`m' VÎdm|H$m
ñdê$n emaraH$gyÌ-^JdX²JrVmHo$ ^mî`m|‘| lram‘mZwOm`©Ûmam à{Vnm{XV BZ
VÎdm|Ho$ ñdê$ngo {déÕ hmoZona àm‘m{UH$V`m ‘mÝ` Zht hmo nm`oJm. ñd`§ CZHo$
""am‘mZwOñdm‘rZo {Og àH$ma ja-Ajago nao nwéfmoÎm‘ ^JdmZ²H$m
{Zê$nU {H$`m h¡, CZ nwéfmoÎm‘ ^JdmZ²H$s Vmo h‘ CnmgZm H$aVo h¢ (AWm©V²
360
h‘ ñd`§ nwéfmoÎm‘ Zht h¢) Jmo{n`m|Ho$ g‘mZ CZ nwéfmoÎm‘ ^JdmZ²H$s h‘
^r ^pŠV H$aVo h¢'' (dMZm.bmo.14) gÑe dMZm‘¥V ^r AZwgÝYo` ~ZVo h¢.
AV… EVX{damoYoZ Vmo lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rHo$ hr Zht àË`wV lrlw{VàH$meXmgOrHo$
^r AZÝVH$mo{Q>~«÷mÊS>Ho$ AmYma^yV AjaYm‘Ho$ ñdm‘r hmoZoH$m {dYmZ ^r
‘mZZo‘| {H$grH$mo Amn{Îm hmo Zht gH$Vr. AÝ`Wm bú‘r-Zmam`U `m amYmH¥$îU
H$s naVÎdVmHo$ àË`m»`mZnyd©H$ lrghOmZÝX-JwUmVrVmZÝXOrHo$ naVÎd hmoZoH$m
H$mobmhb H$Xm{n àm‘m{UH$ hmo Zht nm`oJm, `{X {ejmnÌrH$mo hr Aàm‘m{UH$
Kmo{fV H$a XoZoH$m Xw…gmhg Z àH$Q> H$aZm hmo Vmo
3.H$ën‘| lr gm.lw.Or H$hVo h¢ {H$ {ejmnÌrHo$ ^mî`H$maHo$ AZwgma
gmH$ma~«÷H$m g‘rMrZ à{VnmXZ Š`m|{H$ am‘mZwOr`^mî`‘| CnbãY hmoVm h¡;
AV… CVZm hr A§e ‘mÝ` h¡, gdmªe‘| Zht. Bg ~mao‘| `h H$hZm Mmhÿ§Jm {H$
Eogm {dYmZ ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` gåàXm`‘| lr gm.lw.Or ñd`§ dXVmoì`mKmVHo$
{~Zm H$a Zht nm`|Jo. Š`m|{H$ ""dMZm‘¥V‘| Aàm‘mÊ`H$m JÝY XoI|Jo V~
Vmo...'' ~‹S>r {dnXmH$s {d^r{fH$m do ñd`§ àH$Q> MwHo$ h¢ Am¡a Am¡a h‘ OmZVo
h¢ {H$ "CÕdgåàXm`'erf©H$dmbo dMZm‘¥V(d.18)‘| Adí`m§JrH$aUr` nm§M‘|go
Xygar ~mVHo$ ê$n‘| lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘r AnZr am‘mZwOmZwJm{‘VmHo$ ahñ`na na
^ma Xo ah| h¢. AV… Xmo‘|go {H$gr EH$H$m àm‘mÊ` Vmo N>mo‹S>Zm hr n‹S>oJm. nwZíM
Bg A§eH$mo dMZm‘¥V‘| à{jßV ^r ‘mZ b| V~ ^r `WmonbãY dMZm‘¥Vm|Ho$
àm‘mÊ`H$m Ë`mJ Vmo Jbon{VV hr ahoJm.
ahr ~mV am‘mZwO^mî`‘| CnbãY hmoVo {ejmnÌr{déÕ {dYmZm|Ho$ {d‘e©H$s
Vmo ñd`§ lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rH$mo A§JrH$aUr` àm‘mÊ`n[a{Y {Og bú‘UaoImHo$
^rVa CÝhm|Zo {XIbm`r h¡, Cggo ~mha OmZona Vmo {ejmnÌrH$s àm‘m{UH$VmH$s
grVmH$mo ^r Aàm‘mÊ`gÝXohê$nr amdU ha boJm ^mJdVnwamUna am‘mZwOm|H$s
Q>rH$m {‘bVr h¡ Am¡a ^mJdV(10&27&1)‘| JmobmoH$H$m CëboI ^r h¡ hr. gmW
hr gmW ñd`§ lrdoXmÝVXo{eH$Zo ^r Ho$db {dîUwnwamUH$m hr àm‘mÊ` ñdrH$maVo
hm| Eogr ~mV ^r Zht h¡. Š`m|{H$ CÝhm|Zo Vmo Bg {df`‘| CÝh| ‘mÝ` {ZH$f ""Z{h
nwamUm{Xfw àYmZmW©{damoYmo ^y`mZ². lwË`wŠV‘od AZwgapÝV gÎdmoÎmam{U
nwamUmXr{Z.'' (VÎd‘w.4&120) `m| ~hþdMZHo$ à`moJnyd©H$ ñnï> n[a^m{fV
361
H$a hr aIm h¡. lr‘X²^mJdV gmpÎdH$ nwamUmÝV©JV n[aJ{UV hmoZogo CpëbpIV
{ZH$fna Iam ^r CVaVm hr h¡. AV… lrdoXmÝVXo{eH$ ^mJdVnwamU `m JmobmoH$
H$s àm‘m{UH$VmH$mo Š`m| Zht ‘mZ|Jo? VÎd‘wŠVmH$bmn (3&74) ~bam‘H¥$îUH$s
^mJdVd{U©V brbmH$m CëboI H$aVo hr h¢. lr gm.lw.Or H$hVo h¢ {H$ am‘mZwOr`
^mî`‘| newqhgmË‘H$ `km|H$s AZw‘{V {Ogo {ejmnÌr‘| {Z{fÕ ‘mZm J`m h¡,
AV… lrOr‘hmamOH$mo am‘mZwO‘VmZwJm‘r ‘mZm Zht Om gH$Vm. `h Vmo ""Am‘«mZ²
n¥ï>o H$mo{dXmamZ² ì`mMï>o'' O¡gr H$Wm hmo J`r. lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘r AnZo Ûmam
gwn[a^m{fV AW©‘| am‘mZwO^mî`moŠV AmÜ`mpË‘H$ nXmW© B©ída Ord Am¡a ‘m`m
Ho$ ~mao‘| {d{eï>mÛ¡VdmXH$mo AnZm ‘V ~Vm aho h¢. lr gm.lw.Or newqhgmHo$
{ZfoYH$mo hoVwV`m àñVwV H$a Cgo BÝH$maZm MmhVo h¢. qH$ Ho$Z gå~Ü`Vo? H$hm
OmVm h¡ {H$ ""XodVmoÔoeoZ Ðì`Ë`mJ… `mJ…'' VXZwgma `OZ{H«$`mHo$ H$‘©ê$n
new H $s qhgmHo $ ~mao ‘ | BVZr nmnnw Ê `Ho $ {ddo H $H$s {MÝVm H$aZr na
""XmZd«VVnmohmo‘OnñdmÜ`m`g§`‘¡… lo`mo{^… {d{dY¡… M AÝ`¡… H¥$îUo
^pŠV… {h gmÜ`Vo'' (^mJ.nwam.10&47&24) dMZmoŠV gmao `km{X Y‘m]Ho$
EH$‘mÌ gåàXmZ^yV VWm lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rHo$ ^r Cnmñ` Bï>Xod ^JdmZ²
nwéfmoÎm‘ lrH¥$îUH$s naVÎdVmHo$ AñdrH$ma Ûmam CZH$s H$s OmVr qhgmH$s
{MÝVm Š`m| Zht gVmVr
lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘r gwñnï> eãXm|‘| ""`mkdëŠ`ñ` M ñ‘¥{V... Y‘m}
ko`… gXmMma… lw{Vñ‘¥Ë`wnnm{XV…'' ({ejmn.99-103) H$hVo h¢. A~
`mkdëŠ`ñ‘¥{V‘| Vmo ""‘oXgm Vn©`oX² XodmZ²... AÝdh§ epŠVVmo {ÛO…''-
""àmUmË``o VWm lmÕo àmo{jV§ {ÛOH$må``m XodmZ² {nV¦Z² VWm Aä`À`©
ImXZ² ‘m§g§ Z Xmof^mH²$'' (`mkd.ñ‘¥.AmMmamÜ`m`o : 2&47-7&178) Eogr
Amkm-AZwkm XmoZm| {‘bVr hr h¢. Vmo Š`m ñdm{‘Zmam`U gåàXm`‘| Bg
{damoYm^mgHo$ ~hmZo `mkdëŠ`mon{Xï> gH$b Y‘m]H$mo AZZwgaUr` ‘mZm Om
gH$Vm h¡? Š`m ~«÷Mmar gmYw `m na‘h§g {ddmh H$a gH$Vo h¢? Š`m|{H$
""~«÷M`©d«VË`mJna§ dmŠ`§ Jwamoa{n V¡… Z ‘mÝ`‘²''-""Z àdo{eVì`m M
ñdmdmgo ñÌr H$XmMZ'' ({ejmn.180-190) {ZfoY ^r `mkdëŠ`ñ‘¥{VHo$
""‘Yw‘m§gmÄOZmopÀN>ï>ewŠVñÌràm{UqhgZ§
^mñH$ambmoH$Zmíbrbn[admXmZ² M dO©`oV²'' (`mkd.ñ‘¥.AmMmamÜ`m`o :
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2&30) dMZna AmYm[aV h¡. Vmo `mkdëŠ`mon{Xï> ‘m§g^jUHo$ {ZfoYÛmam Š`m
lrOr‘hmamOZo ~«÷M`©Ho$ dMZH$m ~ÝYZ ^r A‘mÝ` H$a {X`m h¡ Š`m? Š`m
Eogm `wpŠVdmX eŠ` h¡? `{X Zht Vmo Cgr Vah B©ída Ord ‘m`m ê$nr
AmÜ`mpË‘H$ VÎdm|H$m ñdê$n am‘mZwOr` ~«÷gyÌ^JdX²JrVm^mî`m|‘| à{Vnm{XV
ar{VHo$ AZwgma Am¡Ëg{J©H$ ê$noU ñdrH$ma H$aZm hr n‹S>oJm. Cg na~«÷ na‘mË‘m
^JdmZ² nwéfmoÎm‘ dmgwXod lrH¥$îUH$s godm^pŠV ^r AndmXê$noU ‘hmà^w
lrdëb^mMm`©{Z{X©ï> ar{Vgo lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rOrZo {Z`V ~Zm Xr h¡. BZ
~mVm|H$mo Ho$db é{MàXe©ZH$m Jm¡UH$ën Zht ~Zm`m Om gH$Vm.
VX²dV² hr XodmamYmZmW© newqhgm `m ‘m§g^jU ^r `mkdëŠ`ñ‘¥{V Ûmam
AZw‘mo{XV hmoZona ^r ‘hmà^w lrdëb^mMm`© Ûmam ""Ed§ {H«$`m`moJmo d¡{XH$mo
`kmË‘H$… àeñV…=Vofw ~«m÷UdmŠ`m{Z A{Vàe§gH$m{Z ^dpÝV. ZVw
ÛmXemhrZdV²(!?) {ZpÝXVmÝ`{n ^dpÝV. VÌm{n qhgmàMwa§ Z H$V©ì`‘².
Aënqhgm BÜ‘m~{h©fm‘² AW}. Ambå^o@{n VmÑŠnewgX²^mdo Aënqhgm
^d{V "‘¥Ë`do dm Ef Zr`Vo' B{V lwVo…. AVmo Zm{VqhòoU B{V CŠV‘²''
(gw~mo.3&29&15) `m| A{YH$m[a^oXde H$‘©‘mJu` A{VqhòH$‘m]H$m lw{V{d{hV
^r AZwð>mZ ^pŠV‘mJu` A{YH$marH$mo CËgJ©V… àmßV hmoZm Mm{h`o Wm naÝVw
^mJdVnwamU Cgo H$‘©‘mJ©‘| AZwkßV ‘mZ H$a ^r ^pŠV‘| lo`ñH$a Zht ‘mZVm.
AV… AndmXê$noU AàgŠV R>hamVm h¡. Eogm ‘hmà^wZo ñnï>rH$aU {X`m h¡. Bgr
‘mJ©Xe©ZHo$ AZwgma lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘r ^r doXàm‘mÊ`Ho$ {dbmonZ {H$`o {~Zm
AnZo ^pŠV‘mJu` gåàXm`‘| ""XodVm{nV¥`mJmW©‘{n AOmXo… M qhgZ§ Z
H$V©ì`‘² Aqhg¡d Y‘©… àmoŠVmo ApñV `X² ‘hmZ²'' ({ejmn.12) dMZ Ûmam
`mkdëŠ`ñ‘¥{VHo$ ""‘hmoj§ dm ‘hmO§ dm lmo{Ì`m` CnH$ën`oV² gpËH«$`m
godZ§ ñdmXw ^moOZ§...'' (`mkd.ñ‘¥.AmMmamÜ`m`o : 5&108) Ho$ Bg dMZgo
àgŠVH$m ^r à{VfoY H$a aho h¢, AàgŠVH$m Vmo à{VfoY AH$ënZr` hr hmoVm
h¡.
am‘mZwOr` Amëdma gÝV lrnaH$mbgy[aHo$ M[aÌH$m àíZ CR>m`m J`m h¡.
{ejmnÌr‘| Cn{Xï> gmV {ZfoYm|Ho$ AmYmana CZHo$ AmMaUH$mo {Z{fÕ H¥$Ë` ‘mZ
H$a CÝh| Jwénaånam‘| Z ñdrH$maZoH$s g‘ñ`m I‹S>r H$s J`r h¡. Vmo Bg ~mao‘| ‘wPo
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bJVm h¡ {H$ ñd`§ lr gm.lw.OrHo$ AZwgma {ejmnÌr gmYmaUY‘m}nXoenaH$
J«ÝW h¡, ahñ`ê$n Y‘©H$m CXoeH$ Zht. Eogr pñW{V‘| lrnaH$mbgy[aHo$ M[aÌH$mo
gmYmaUY‘©go {dnarV hmoZona ^r ahñ`ê$nY‘©H$s H$gm¡Q>rna H$gZm Mm{h`o Wm.
dMZm‘¥V‘| H$hm hr h¡ {H$ ""`Ú{n AO©wZZo `wÕ‘| AZoH$ qhgmË‘H$ H$m`©
{H$`o {’$a^r do ‘Z‘| boe‘mÌ jwãY Zht hþdo Š`m|{H$ CÝh| ^JdmZ²Ho$
Aml`H$m g§~b Wm''-""Omo nwéf ñdê$n{Zð>m aIVm h¡ CgH$s Y‘©{Zð>m
^r ghO^mdgo ~Zr ahVr h¡. `{X CgZo EH$‘mÌ Y‘©{Zð>m hr aIr Vmo
ñdê$n{Zð>m {e{Wb n‹S> Om`oJr'' (dMZm.J.‘.9-J.‘.16). BZ dMZm|go
Vmo M[aÌ A{déÕ hr bJVm hmoZogo lrnaH$mbgy[aH$mo Jwénaånam‘| ‘mÝ` aIZo‘|
Amn{Îm àñVwV Zht H$aZr Mm{h`o Wr. ^bm ""Z¡H$mZh§ {d{ZÝXm{‘ Zmh§ {ZÝÚmo@pñ‘
Ho$Z{MV²'' Vmo gmYwZr{V Zht hmoVr.
(6.VmpÎdH$^o X , gmåàXm{`H$-Ym{‘© H $^o X , Xe© Z ^o X VWm
{d{eï>mÛ¡Vm{^‘{V EH$ {eï>mMma H$s g‘rjm)
g‘mYmZnÌHo$ BZ IÊS>m| (5.1-5.2-5.3) ‘| lr gm.lw.OrZo am‘mZwOr`
Am¡a ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` ‘Vm|Ho$ ~rM nañna d¡‘Ë`H$s b§~r Vm{bH$m Xr h¡. Bg‘|
H$ar~Z 66 ‘wÔm|H$s g§H$bZm h¡. BZ ‘wÔm|H$mo 66go ~‹T>m H$a 666H$s g§»`m‘|
^r Jw{UV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ na AÝV‘| dh g~ ñd`§ lrOr‘hmamO Ûmam
AÜ`mË‘emñÌr` J«ÝWm|Ho$ Zm‘{ZX}enyd©H$ ñd`§H$s "A{^‘{V' H$hmo `m "é{M'
H$hmo, Omo Hw$N> ^r H$hmo, CgHo$ ~mao‘| Omo ñdrH$mamopŠV Kmo{fV H$s, Cg {dYmZHo$
àm‘mÊ`H$s Anhm[aH$m hr hm|Jr Eogr AZwnn{Îm ñd`§ CZHo$ dMZm|‘| gXmofVm hr
àH$Q> H$a|Jr. Š`m|{H$ BVZm d¡narË` hmoZona ^r CÝh| am‘mZwOr` J«ÝWmoŠV ‘V‘|
é{M Š`m| h¡ `h Vmo {Okmñ` hmoJm hr Š`m|{H$ {ZJ©wU-{ZamH$madmXH$m IÊS>Z Vmo
‘mÜdJ«ÝWm|‘| ^r CVZm hr CnbãY hmoVm h¡ Am¡a dmëb^ J«ÝWm|‘| ^r. Vmo BZ‘|
Š`m| é{M Zht h¡? lr gm.lw.Or H$hVo am‘mZwO‘V X{jU VWm CÎma XmoZm| Xoem|‘|
à{gÕ Wm. AV… CgHo$ à{V AnZm AmXa^md àH$Q> {H$`m. naÝVw lrOr‘mhmamOZo
Vmo JwOamV‘| hr AnZo ‘VH$m àMma A{YH$ {H$`m Ohm§ dmëb^ gåàXm`
A{YH$ à~b Wm Cg‘| Š`m| é{M Zht {XIm`r? AWm©V² `h ^r eŠ` Wm
dmëb^ doXmÝV‘| Am¡a am‘mZwOr` gmYZmàUmbr‘| ^r é{M {XIm gH$Vo Wo !
A~ `h H$hm Om`o {H$ gm¡amï´>-JwOamVH$s A{YH$m§e OZVm dmëb^ doXmÝVgo
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CVZr gwn[aMV Zht Wr {OVZr {H$ lrH¥$îUH$s godm^pŠVgo. AV… lrH¥$îU^pŠV
dmëb^ gåàXm`go {XIbm`r VWm am‘mZwO gåàXm`Ho$ Xe©Z‘| é{M {XIm Xr
{Oggo H$moB© hm{Z Vmo hmoZr Zht Wr.
Bgo EH$ Hy$Q>Zr{V Vmo ‘mZr Om gH$Vr h¡ na AZÝVH$mo{Q>~«÷mÊS>Ho$ AYre
‘mZo OmVo lrghOmZÝXOrH$mo gË`Y‘m}nXoeH$s {Zð>mH$s ~m~V‘| ‘mZ{gH$ ê$n‘|
AVrd {Z~©b hr {gÕ H$aVr h¡. AVEd ‘wPo H$Xm{n ‘mÝ` Zht bJVr.
AV… BZ àíZm|H$m g‘mYmZ Z ImoO nm`|, V~ VH$ Eogr ‘V^oXVm{bH$mHo$
‘wÔm|H$s {H$VZr g§»`m ^r Š`m| Z hmo dmñV{dH$ g‘mYmZ {‘b Zht nm`oJm.
AVEd Eogr Vm{bH$mH$s g‘rjm ^r ~hþV Amdí`H$ Zht bJVr. {’$a^r
ñWyUmIZZÝ`m`oZ Bg Vm{bH$mHo$ Hw$N> ‘wÔm|H$mo Ñ{ï>JV H$a boZm C{MV hmoJm.
VXZwgma gd©àW‘ am‘mZwOr` doXmÝVm{^‘V VÎdÌ`r `m VÎdgßVH$ CZ
emñÌm|Ho$ AmYmana {gÕ h¢, {OZH$m àm‘mÊ` ñd`§ lrOr‘hmamOH$mo nyU©V`m
‘mÝ` h¡. AV… CZ-CZ dMZm|H$m d¡gm AW© Z hmo H$a O¡gm AmYw{ZH$
ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` {gÕmÝV àñVwV H$aZm MmhVm h¡, d¡gm hr A{^àoV h¡ `h {gÕ
Z H$a {X`m Om`o, V~ VH$ Eogr Vm{bH$mH$m H$moB© ‘hÎd {gÕ Zht hmoVm. AV…
VmpÎdH$^oXHo$ AÝVJ©V 1-18 VH$Ho$ gmao ‘wÔm|H$mo Vmo ‘¢ J^©òmdgo hr {ZañV
‘mZVm hÿ§. CXmhaUV`m lr‘X²^mJdVH$m A{Ve` àm‘mÊ` {ejmnÌr Am¡a
dMZm‘¥V XmoZm|‘| hr ñdrH$mam J`m h¡. AV… Bg ñdrH$mamopŠVHo$ AZwamoYde
^JdX²Ym‘ {ZJ©wU h¡ `m {dewÕgÎdmË‘H$ BgH$m g‘mYmZ ""› Z‘mo Zmam`Um`
nw é fm` ‘hmË‘Zo {dew Õ gÎd{YîÊ`m`...'' (^mJ.nw a m.6&5&28),
""{dewÕgÎd§ Vd Ym‘ emÝV§ Vnmo‘`§ ÜdñVV‘moaOñH§$ ‘`m‘`mo A`§
JwUgåàdmhmo Z {dÚVo...'' (^mJ.nwam.10&27&4) Bg dMZ‘| gwñnï>V`m
{dewÕgÎdmË‘H$ Ym‘H$mo "‘m`mVrV' H$hm J`m h¡. AV… am‘mZwOr` doXmÝVm{^‘V
YmaUmH$s Vmo `hm§ ^mJdVr gånw{ï> hmo OmVr h¡ naÝVw AmYw{ZH$ ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur`
{gÕmÝVH$s àm‘m{UH$VmHo$ AmYma^yV emñÌdMZ Š`m h¢ Am¡a H$moB hm| ^r Vmo
BZ ^mJdVdMZm|Ho$ gmW CZH$s EH$dmŠ`Vm H¡$go gmYZr? ""Vñ‘¡ ñdbmoH§$
^JdmZ² g^m{OV… g§Xe©`m‘mg na§ Z `V²na§ ì`noVg§Šboe{d‘mohgmÜdg§
365
ñdÑï>dX²{^… {d~wY¡… A{^ïw>V§ àdV©Vo `Ì aOñV‘‘`mo… gÎd§ M {‘l§ ZM
H$mb{dH«$‘…, Z `mÌm ‘m`m {H$‘² CV Anao hao… AZwd«Vm… `Ì gwamgwam{M©Vm…
í`m‘mdXmVm… eVnÌbmo M Zm… {ne“dñÌm… gw é M… gw n o e g… gd}
MVw~m©hd…... lr… `Ì ê${nUr CéJm`nmX`mo… H$amo{V ‘mZ§ ~hþYm
{d^y{V{^… à|L²>I{lVm...'' (^mJ.nwam.2&9&9-13) Bg ^mJdVHo$ dMZ‘|
am‘mZwOr` na‘Ym‘H$s àm‘m{UH$Vm ñd`§ lrOr‘hmamOH$mo A{Ve` à‘mUV`m
A{^‘V ^mJdVnwamUHo$ AmYmana {gÕ hmoVr h¡. Bgo AñdrH$ma H$aZona Vmo
ñd`§ lrOr‘hmamOHo$ dMZ Aà‘mU hmo Om`|Jo. naÝVw AmYw{ZH$ ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur`
{gÕmÝVm{^‘V na‘Ym‘Ho$ g‘W©Z‘| ñd`§ lrOr‘hmamOH$mo A{^‘V gÀN>mñÌm|‘|go
EH$ dMZ ^r CÕ¥V H$a nmZm gd©Wm Agå^d H$Wm hr bJVr h¡.
BgHo$ ~mX AmVo h¢ ‘wÔo 19-38. BZHo$ AÝVJ©V VwbZmW© àñVwV ‘wÔm|‘| Ohm§
^r d¡îUdVÝÌm|Ho$ dMZ CÕ¥V {H$`o J`o h¢ CZ ‘wÔm|‘| Vmo emñÌdMZHo$ ~bna hr
am‘mZwOr` ‘VH$s àm‘m{UH$Vm {gÕ hmo Om`oJr. AnZo-AmnH$mo CgHo$ à{Vnjr
XagmZona AmYw{ZH$ ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` {gÕmÝVH$s Aàm‘m{UH$Vm ^r ñd`§ lr
gm.lw.Or ñdrH$ma boVo hm| Vmo A{YH$ H$hZoH$mo Hw$N> Ad{eï> ah Zht OmVm.
{’$a^r {ZVmÝV gmåàXm{`H$ YmaUm {H$ ""lrghOmZÝXOr na~«÷ h¢ Am¡a àË`oH$
Jwé Aja~«÷ h¢'' Bgo {gÕ H$a nm`o Eogo {eï>mÑV emñÌm|Ho$ dMZ `{X àñVwV
Zht {H$`o OmVo Vmo H$mì`H$ënZm Am¡a VÎdemñÌr` YmaUmAm|‘| à^oX hr XwîH$a
hmo Om`oJm.
AZÝVH$mo{Q> ~«÷mÊS> hmoZHo $s YmaUm {eï>mÑV emñÌmoŠV h¡ dh ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur`
{MÝVZH$s EH$ñdrH¥$V YmaUm Zht h¡. h‘Zo XoI hr {b`m {H$ dh ^mJdVH$s
"draamKdr' am‘mZwOr`ì`m»`m‘| ñdrH$mar hr J`r h¡. AÝ`Wm ^r Eogr YmaUm
Ohm§-Ohm§ emñÌ‘| à{Vnm{XV h¡ CZ emñÌm|Ho$ àm‘mÊ` ñdrH$maZo‘mÌgo ^r dh
AWm©n{ÎmñdrH¥$V hmo OmVr h¡.
`hr ~mV g¥{ï>H$s CËn{Îm Ho$db brbm‘mÌ h¡, `h {gÕmÝV ^r ñd`§
lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rOrH$mo ""doXmíM ì`mggyÌm{U lr‘X²^mJdVm{^Y‘²''
({ejmn.93) dMZ‘| {eagm ‘mÝ` ""gd¡ Z¡d ao‘o... Vñ‘mV² VV² gd©‘²
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A^dV²''-""bmoH$dÎmw brbmH¡$dë`‘²''-""H«$sS>mW©‘² AmË‘Z… BX§ {ÌOJ²
H¥$V§ Vo'' (~¥h.Cn.1&4&3-10, ~«.gy.2&1&33,^mJ.nwam.8&22&20) Am{X
lw{VgyÌnwamUm|H$s EH$dmŠ`VmHo$ AmYmana {gÕ h¡. Bgo AñdrH$ma H$aZona `m
BgHo$ {dnarV ‘ZKS§>V H$ënZm H$aZona ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` {gÕmÝV `m Vmo doXmÝV
hmoZoH$s `mo½`Vm Imo XoJm `m dXVmoì`mKmVHo$ JV©‘| n‹S> Om`oJm. gmo am‘mZwO‘V
hr gd©Wm àm‘m{UH$ hmoZogo CgHo$ gmW VwbZmh© hr Zht ah OmVm.
am‘mZwO‘V‘| ^pŠVàn{Îm XmoZm| hr àYmZ h¢ Cg‘| H$hZo bm`H$ H$moB© H$Wm
hr Zht.
38d| ‘wÔo‘| lr gm.lw.Or H$hVo h¡ {H$ ""am‘mZwO‘V‘| doXmÝV AmJ‘ Am¡a
Ð{dS>à~ÝY H$m àmYmÝ` h¡ O~{H$ ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` {gÕmÝV‘| gm§»`-
`moJ nÄMamÌ doXmÝV Am¡a dMZm‘¥V H$m àmYmÝ` h¡'' `h ^r Iy~ ahr {H$
ñd`§ lrOr‘hmamOHo$ dMZm‘¥V(n§.2)‘| {OZ gm§»``moJm|‘| aho Xmofm|H$o {ZagZnydH© $
CÝh| ‘mZZoH$s ~mV H$hr do Vmo àYmZ hmo J`o. Am¡a {ZOH$ÊR>go {OZ‘| EH$ ^r
Xmof {Zê${nV Zht {H$`m Am¡a AnZr "é{M' `m "A{^‘{V' Omo H$hmo Cgo
JwénaånamJVV`m {gÕmÝVZm‘ Am¡a J«ÝWZm‘ J«hUHo$ gmW ñdrH$mam, Cg
{d{eï>mÛ¡VdmX‘| 6Ho$ ~Om` 66 Xmof ñ’w$[aV hmo aho h¢. H$maU Bg‘| `h bJVm
h¡ Omo ñd`§ lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rZo H$hm h¡ ""Am¡a gm§»`‘VmZw`m`r O~
AmH$maH$mo {‘Ï`m g‘PVo h¢ V~ do VrW© d«V à{V‘m `‘-{Z`‘ ~«÷M`m©{X
Y‘© VWm ~«÷m-{dîUw-{ed Ed§ am‘H¥$îUm{X AdVmam|H$m IÊS>Z H$aVo h¢.
Bg{b`o `o AmYw{ZH$ gm§»`-`moJ‘VmZw`m`r BZ XmoZm| ‘mJm}H$mo N>mo‹S> H$a
Hw$‘mJ©Jm‘r hmo J`o h¢. Bg H$maU do ZmaH$s hmoVo h¢'' (dMZm.n§.2). {eï>mÑV
emñÌà{Vnm{XV ^JdmZ²Ho$ ê$nm|H$m Ad‘yë`Z H$a AnZo Ho$db Jwé Am¡a CZHo$
^ŠVm| H$s ‘{h‘m ~‹T>mZoHo$ hoVw am‘mZwOdoXmÝVH$mo ‘mÝ`Vm XoZm A~ AZno{jV hmo
J`m h¡.
d¡go BZ‘| Ðm{dS>à~ÝY O¡go ñdm{‘Zmam`U nÝWH$mo ‘mÝ` Zht, Eogo hr
dMZm‘¥V Am{X J«ÝWm|H$mo am‘mZwOgåàXm` Š`m| à‘mUH$mo{Q>‘| ‘mÝ` aIoJm. AV…
Ad{eï> aho J«ÝWm|‘| nm¡am{UH$ gm§»`-`moJ Vmo am‘mZwO‘V‘| ^r ‘mÝ` hm|Jo naÝVw
367
~mXam`UgyÌm|‘| {ZamH¥$V CZHo$ VÎmX² A§e `{X ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` nÝW‘| ‘mÝ` hm|
Vmo dh doXmÝV Zht ah Om`oJm. EVmdVm {gÕ hmoVm h¡ {H$ Omo ^r C^`‘mÝ`
emñÌ h¢, CZ‘| Vmo ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` {gÕmÝV {Zê${nV Zht hþdm àË`wV {déÕ
hmoZoHo$ H$maU am‘mZwOdoXmÝVH$s VwbZm‘| à‘mUdÎmm gpÝX½Y hr R>haVr h¡.
gdm©{YH$ AmíM`© Vmo lr gm.lw.OrHo$ Bg {dYmZna hmoVm h¡ {H$
""ñdm{‘Zmam`UXe©ZHo$ CX²J‘Ho$ g‘` {d{eï>mÛ¡VgåàXm` Z Ho$db
X{jU^maV‘| {H$ÝVw ny a o ^maV‘| à{gÕ Wm... {’$a^r ^JdmZ²
ñdm{‘Zmam`UH$mo AnZo - Amn {d{eï> m Û¡ V {gÕmÝV ñdrH$maZo H $s
Amdí`H$Vm Zht Wr. `{X {d{eï>mÛ¡V hr AnZm ñdrH¥$V {gÕmÝV hmoVm
Vmo X{jU^maV‘| gwà{gÕ VmoVm{БR>Ho$ à‘wI OrAa ñdm‘rZo ^JdmZ²H$mo
MH«$m§{H$V H$a Xrjm Xr Wr, "dmZ‘m‘b¡ VmoVm{Ð am‘mZwOXmg' Zm‘ ^r
aIm Wm. Cgr g‘` VmoVm{БR>go hr {d{eï>mÛ¡VH$m àMma H$aVo hmoVo. bo{H$Z
nm§M VÎdm|H$m {gÕmÝV Am¡a ñÌrnwéf‘`m©Xm(?) BË`m{X AnZo {dMmaHo$
AZwê$n ì`dñWm VmoVm{Б| Zht XoI H$a dhm§go Mb n‹S>o. JwOamV‘| am‘mZÝX
ñdm‘rHo$ gåàXm`‘| AnZo {dMmaHo$ AZwê$n {gÕmÝV XoI H$a `hm§ hr
pñWa hmo H$a gåàXm`àdV©Z {H$`m'' (g‘m.nÌ.""{d{eï>mÛ¡V-A{^‘{V EH$
{eï>mMma''erf©H$). Bg ZyVZ Eo{Vh²`H$m òmoV A^r lr gm.lw.OrZo àH$Q> Zht
{H$`m h¡. `h Vmo, {H$ÝVw, AmË‘{dg§J{VH$s namH$mð>m hmo J`r Š`m|{H$ {~Mmao
lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘r ñd`§ Zht àË`wV AnZo Jwé am‘mZÝXñdm‘rH$mo lram‘mZwOmMm`©go
ñdßZ‘| {‘br XrjmHo$ AmYmana ^r AnZo-AmnH$mo am‘mZwOgåàXm`mZwJm‘r
Kmo{fV H$a aho h¢ O~{H$ CÝh| AZÝVH$mo{Q>~«÷mÊS>Ho$ Zm`H$ na~«÷ nwéfmoÎm‘
^JdmZ² ‘mZZodmbo lr gm.lw.Or Cgo Aàm‘m{UH$ {gÕ H$aZoH$mo H$hVo h¢ {H$
lrOr‘hmamOHo$ Jwé Zht àË`wV ñd`§ lrOr‘hmamO hr am‘mZwOgåàXm`‘| Xr{jV
hmoZona ^r am‘mZwOr Zht Wo Š`m OrAa ñdm‘rZo lrOr‘hmamOHo$ hmW-n¡a ~§Ydm
H$a ~bmV² CÝh| am‘mZwOr Xrjm Vmo Xr Zht hmoJr Eogm `{X CÝhm|Zo {H$`m ^r hmo
Vmo AZÝVH$mo{Q>~«÷mÊS>Ho$ Zm`H$H$s gd©epŠV‘Îmm Cg g‘` H$hm§ {dbwßV hmo
J`r Wr `{X ñd`§H$s AZw‘{V ^r V~ AkmZde lrOr‘hmamOZo àH$Q> H$a Xr,
Eogm ‘mZVo h¢ Vmo gd©kVm H$hm§ {dbwßV hmo J`r Wr Eogr pñW{V‘| Vmo am‘mZÝX
ñdm‘r ^r H$moB© Eo{Vhm{gH$ ì`pŠV Zht Wo, Ho$db JwOamV‘| CZH$s OZlw{Vde
368
à{g{Õ Wr. AVEd lrOr‘hmamOZo AnZo-AmnH$mo am‘mZÝX ñdm‘rH$m {eî`
Kmo{fV H$a {X`m Vm{H$ bmoJm|H$mo AnZr Amoa A{^‘wI H$a nm`| Eogr ^r H$moB©
àmMrZ hñVàV {H$gr J«ÝWmJma‘| H$ht CnbãY Z hmo Om`o BgH$s {ZpíM{V A~
ah Zht OmVr.
Eogr ~mV| H$aZo-gmoMZogo ""gË`§ dX Y‘ª Ma'' Ho$ ñWmZna ""AgË`‘od
dX ñd{eî`g‘wXm`~hþbrH$aUm`¡d Ma¡do{V'' Eogr lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rH$s
‘mZ{gH$Vm H$moB© ‘mZZo bJ Om`oJm. {OgZo "{ejmnÌr'H$m (Am¡a ~hþbm§e‘| Vmo)
"dMZm‘¥V'H$m ^r VQ>ñW AÜ``Z {H$`m hmo dh Eogr {Z‘y©b YmaUmAm|H$mo H$^r
ñdrH$ma Zht nm`oJm. H$‘go H$‘ ‘¢ Vmo Eogm ñdrH$maZo H$W‘{n CÚV Zht. BZ
J«ÝWm|‘| Cn{Xï> Y‘©^mdZmonoV ~mVm|H$m AnZr ~w{Õgm‘Ï`©Ho$ AZwgma {ddoMZ
H$aZona ‘wPo Vmo Eogr {H$gr Xw‘©Zmod¥{ÎmH$s boe‘mÌ JÝY ^r CZHo$ M[aÌ‘|
gå^m{dV Zht bJVr.
AVEd Bgr erf©H$Ho$ AÝVJ©V `h Omo H$hm J`m {H$ lr Or.Eg². ^Å>Ho$
"{dîUwñdm‘r E§S²> dëb^mMm`©' {Z~ÝY‘| Eogr hr Xw‘©Zmod¥{Îm {Z~ÝYH$maZo ‘hmà^w
lrdëb^mMm`©Ho$ ~mao‘| ^r gmoMr h¡, Cgo ^r ñdrH$maZo ‘¢ Vmo CÚV Zht. Š`m|{H$
‘hmà^wZo A{V ñnï>dm{XVmHo$ gmW AnZm lr{dîUwñdm{‘‘VmZwdVu hmoZm {ZOJ«ÝWm|H$s
B{Vlr‘| {bI H$a Am¡a CÁO{`Zr VWm lr~ÐrZmW Ho$ VrW©nwamo{hVm|H$mo {X`o
{ZOhñVmjam|‘| {bpIV d¥{ÎmnÌm|‘| ^r Kmo{fV {H$`m h¡. gmW hr gmW
lr{dîUwñdm‘rH$s Vm‘g^pŠVHo$ VWm {ZOmon{Xï> {ZJ©wU^pŠVHo$ àH$mam|H$mo
^JdËà{Vnm{XV Mma ^pŠVHo$ AÝVJ©V Kmo{fV {H$`m h¡. Cgo XoIVo hþdo H$W‘{n
Eogr Xw‘©Zmod¥{Îm ‘hmà^w‘| ^r {gÕ Zht hmo nmVr. lr gm.lw.OrH$m `h H$hZm Vmo
B{VhmgHo$ AdbmoH$Zgo ^r CnnÝZ hr h¡ {H$ ‘hmà^wH$o g‘`‘| {dîUwñdm{‘gåàXm`
‘mÝ` J«ÝW `m AmMm`m©{X nrR> Ho$ ê$n‘| {dÚ‘mZ Zht Wm. dV©‘mZ g‘`‘| ^r
gm¡a JmUnË` Ed§ ñH$mÝX gåàXm`m|Ho$ ‘pÝXam| Ed§ ^ŠVm| Ho$ ~Mo ahZona ^r
gmåàXm{`H$ J«ÝW Ed§ AmMm`©nrR> H$s naånam CpÀN>ÝZ hmo J`r h¡, VX²dV².
‘hmà^wHo$ nyd©O Cg Aënà{gÕ gåàXm`Ho$ Hw$bnaånamgo AZwJm‘r Wo, `h Vmo
CZHo$ ½`mahdf©Ho$ boInÌHo$ AmYmana ^r àH$Q> hmoVm h¡. {’$a^r Eogm gmoMm Om`o
{H$ ñd`§ ‘hmà^wH$mo V~ CVZr à{g{Õ Zht {‘br Wr, Bg{b`o CÝhm|Zo {dîUwñdm‘rHo$
369
gåàXm`Ho$ gmW AnZm {‘Ï`m gå~ÝY AnZm Omo‹S> Wm. Bgo gM ‘mZ| Vmo à{g{Õ
{‘b OmZoH$o ~mX Cg AZwJm{‘VmH$m AñdrH$ma Z Vmo ‘hmà^wZo Am¡a Z AZwJm{‘Am|Zo
AmO VH$ {H$`m H$ar~ {gÎma-Añg df©nyd© EH$ ~ma `h {ddmX Adí`
Omoaemoago gåàXm`‘| {N>‹S>m Wm {H$ ‘hmà^w Ûmam àñWm{nV ewÕmÛ¡VdmX `m
^JdXmk`m àd{V©V nw{ï>^pŠV‘mJ© dñVwV… CÝhm|Zo ñd`§ àd{V©V {H$`o Wo {H$ `o
^r {dîUwñdm‘rHo$ hr gåàXm`de CÝh| Hw$bnaånamJV Wo? Xohm{^‘mZ‘ybH$
lm¡V-ñ‘mV© dUm©l‘Y‘©H$s Jm`Ìr‘ÝÌXrjm Am¡a VÝ‘ybH$ dUm©l‘Y‘©H$mo
^JdXmkßV hmoZoHo$ H$maU Adí`mZwð>o` ‘mZZm n‹S>Vm h¡. Cgo ^JdX²^pŠV `m
^JdËàn{Îm Ho$ ì`mOgo N>mo‹S>m Zht Om gH$Vm. `hm§ BVZm hr AdYo` h¡ {H$
^JdmZ²H$s ^pŠV-àn{ÎmH$mo AmË‘Y‘©V`m CËH¥$ï> Adí` ‘mZm OmVm h¡. Bgr
Vah ^oXdmX‘ybH$ {d{hV^pŠV‘| n`©d{gV hmoZodmbr lr{dîUwñdm{‘gåàXm`mZwJV
Jmonmb‘ÝÌH$s XrjmH$s VwbZm‘| ^r nw{ï>‘mJu` ào‘bjUm ^pŠV `m àn{Îm ‘|
n`©d{gV hmoZodmbr eaUXrjm Am¡a AmË‘{ZdoXZXrjm H$mo CËH¥$ï> Adí` ‘mZm
OmVm h¡. Š`m|{H$ BZH$m AmYma ‘hmà^wHo$ ewÕmÛ¡VdmX‘ybH$ ~«÷OrdH$m VmXmËå`
h¡. na EVmdVm Bg lr{dîUwñdm{‘‘VmZwJm{‘VmH$mo Z ‘hmà^wZo, Z CZHo$ nadVu
J«ÝWH$ma d§eOm|Zo, Z AÝ` {dÛmZm|Zo Am¡a Z ^ŠVH${d`m|Zo hr H$^r AñdrH$ma
{H$`m : ""lrd«OamO {eamo‘{U gw§Xa ^yVb àH$Q>o dëb^MÝX, AdJmhV
lr{dîUwñdm{‘nW ZdYm ^pŠVaËZ agH$ÝX'', ""dÝXo@h§ V§ {d‘bhþVme§...
lrbú‘UgwV {dîUwñdm{‘nW lw{VdM‘ÊS>Z H$ho {dîUwXmg§'' `o XmoZm| hr
^ŠVH${d ‘hmà^wHo$ gmjmV² {eî` Wo Am¡a {ZOJwé‘wIgo gwZ H$a hr JwénaånamH$mo
OmZ nm`o hm|Jo. ‘hmà^wHo$ àmH$Q²>çmoËgdHo$ {XZ AmO ^r BZ nXm|H$m JmZ hmoVm
hr h¡. AV… ‘hmà^wHo$ ñVw{VJmZ `m B{Vd¥Îm ‘| ^r BÝH$mam J`m Zht h¡. AnZr
Hw$bnaånamJV {dîUwñdm{‘‘VmZwJm{‘VmH$mo Ë`mJo {~Zm Omo ewÕmÛ¡V‘ybH$
nw{ï>^pŠVH$m àdV©Z ‘hmà^wZo {H$`m CgH$m nmW©Š` `m CgH$s ~‹T>-M‹T> H$a
àe§gm Vmo ñd`§ ‘hmà^wZo ^r H$s h¡ Am¡a CZHo$ nad{V©Am|Zo ^r H$s h¡. Bggo H$B©
~ma AZwnm{gVJwéAm|H$mo ñd`§ hr `ÑÀN>mÑ{ï>nWmJV J«ÝWmoÕaUm|Ho$ AdbmoH$Zde
^« m pÝV hmo V r ahVr h¡ {H$ dmëb^ ‘V dñVw V … {dîUw ñ dm{‘àd{V© V
d¡ î UdgåàXm`mZw J m‘r h¡ {H$ Zht? dmñV{dH$Vm `h h¡ {H$ ‘hmà^w
lrdëb^mMm`©go boH$a AÚmd{Y h‘ g^r {dîUwñdm{‘gåàXm`‘| Cgr Vah
Xr{jV hmoVo h¢ O¡go dëb^gåàXm`‘|. VXZwgma {dîUwgåàXm`mJV Jmonmb‘ÝÌ-
lrZ¥qgh‘ÝÌXrjm ^r àm`… g^r boVo h¢. dëb^gåàXm`mZwJ{VàmßV Aï>mja-
370
~«÷gå~ÝYXrjm A{Zdm`©V`m boVo Xohm{^‘mZ‘ybH$ dUm©l‘mZwamoYr Jm`ÌrXrjmH$s
Vah. d¡îUd gåàXm`mZwJm{‘VmHo$ de O¡go d¡{XH$s Jm`Ìr‘ÝÌXrjmH$m Ë`mJ h‘
C{MV Zht ‘mZVo d¡go hr `hm§ ^r OmZ boZm Amdí`H$ h¡.
(7.gmåàXm{`H$-Ym{‘©H$ ^oXH$s g‘rjm)
AV… {Og am‘mZwOgåàXm`‘| lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘r Xr{jV Wo Cg gåàXm`Ho$
à{V O~ Bg nÝWHo$ AZwJm{‘Am|Ho$ Eogo {damoYr ^md hm|, Vmo ‘hmà^w
lrdëb^mMm`©MaU Am¡a CZHo$ AmË‘O lr{dÆ>bZmW à^wMaU Ho$ ~mao‘| H$moB©
~mV N>o‹S>Zo bm`H$ Zht ah OmVr. AÝ`Wm `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ BZ {nVm-
nwÌm|Ho$ à{V, AWdm dñVwV… Vmo CZHo$ Ûmam Cn{Xï> gmYZmàUmbrHo$ à{V hr
lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rHo$ öX`‘| hm{X©H$ bJmd Ed§ AmXa{deof H$m ^md Wm.
dMZm‘¥VH$m AdbmoH$Z H$aZona BVZm Vmo ñnï> hmoVm hr h¡.
O¡go am‘mZwOr` doXmÝV‘| ewÕmÛ¡VdmX AWm©V² O‹S>OrdmË‘H$ g¥{ï> Am¡a ~«÷
Ho$ ~rM VmXmËå` ñdrH$maZodmbo {gÕmÝVH$mo ""BËW§ ~«÷m{n Ord… n[aU‘{V
{döË`W© ‘ ² BË`{n Agma§ ñdmZW£ H $àd¥ Î mo … àgO{V M VXm
gd©emñÌmonKmV…'' (VÎd‘w.3&30) Eogo CX²Jmam| Ûmam ‘m`mdmXgo ^r A{YH$
Jh²`© nj ‘mZm h¡. Eogo hr AnZr am‘mZwO‘VmZwJm{‘VmH$mo AjwÊU {Z^mVo hþdo
lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rZo ^r {d{eï>mÛ¡VdmXHo$ AZwgma Bg lw{VH$s ì`m»`m H$s.
dMZm‘¥V‘| AmVm h¡ {H$ ""Z¥qghmZÝX ñdm‘rZo nyN>m... "EH$mo@h§ ~hþ ñ`m§
àOm`o`' Bg lw{VdmŠ`H$m... àb`H$mb‘| EH$‘mÌ ^JdmZ² Wo, do hr
ñdoÀN>mgo g¥{ï>H$mb‘| g‘ñV Ord-B©ídaê$n hmo J`o, `h ~mV Vmo ‘yI© hr
‘mZVm h¡... ^JdmZ² Vmo AÀ`wV h¢ do À`wV hmo H$a Ord-B©ídaê$n Zht hmo
gH$Vo... Bg{b`o Amn lw{VdmŠ`H$m AW© H${h`o... lrOr‘hmamO ~mobo
`o g~ lw{VH$m O¡gm AW© ~VmVo h¢ d¡gm Zht h¡... EH$‘mÌ nwéfmoÎm‘ ^JdmZ²
AÝV`m©{‘ê$ngo BZ g~‘| àdoe H$aHo$ aho h¢ {H$ÝVw Ord-B©ída^mdH$mo ñd`§
J«hU H$aHo$ AZoH$ ê$nm|‘| Zht hþdo, Bg àH$ma lw{VdmŠ`H$m AW© g‘PZm
Mm{h`o'' (dMZm.J.à.41). EVmdVm {gÕ hmoVm h¡ {H$ lrOr‘hmamOH$mo
dmëb^ gmYZmàUmbr hr ‘mÝ` Wr Am¡a dh CZH$s lrH¥$îUHo$ à{V AZÝ`{Zð>mHo$
AZwê$n ^r Wr. dmëb^ doXmÝV naÝVw CÝh| gd©Wm A‘mÝ` Wm AnZr
371
am‘mZwO‘VmZwJm{‘VmHo$ AZwê$n hr. AVEd ñdm{‘Zmam`Ur` VrZ Xrjm‘ÝÌm|‘| go
Xmo ‘ÝÌ Vmo gd©Wm dëb^gåàXm`H$s AmË‘{ZdoXZXrjm Am¡a eaUXrjm eãXm|H$m
hr Wmo‹S>m gm empãXH$ h¡a’o$a h¡.
(8.lrH¥$îUH$s Cnmñ`VmHo$ {d‘e©H$s g‘rjm)
g‘mYmZnÌHo$ Bg IÊS>‘| CN>mbo J`o ‘wÔm|Ho$ ~mao‘| Hw$N> ^r AmbmoMZm
{bIZr ‘wPo C{MV Zht bJVr. Š`m|{H$ `{X ‘hmà^wgo à^m{dV hþdm {~Zm ñd`§
AnZr nyd©{gÕ Hw$bnaånam Ed§ Jwénaånam Ho$ H$maU lrOr ‘hmamOH$mo lrH¥$îUHo$
à{V bJmd Wm Eogm ‘mZ H$a Mb| V~ ^r lr gm.lw.OrH$s `h YmaUm {H$
""JwOamV‘|... AÝ` d¡îUd gåàXm`m|H$s g§»`m ~hþV Wr. AmJÝVwH$
AZw`m{`Am|‘| AnZo-AmnH$mo "gd© AdVmago nao AdVmar' H$hZona
gåàXm`‘| Am¡a ~mha AnZm H$m`© XwîH$a ~Z OmVm... Bg hoVwH$mo XoI H$a
^JdmZ² ñdm{‘Zmam`UZo H$ht-H$ht amYmH¥$îUH$s ~mV H$hr Wr...
AZw`m`r dJ©‘| ^JdmZ² ñdm{‘Zmam`UHo$ àVmn Am¡a ‘mhmËå` na A{YH$
{dídmg ~¡R>ZoHo$ ~mX ^JdmZ² ñdm{‘Zmam`UZo AnZo A{YH$ à^mdH$s
~mV H$hr Wr'' (g‘m.nÌ.6.lrH¥$îUH$s Cnmñ`VmH$m {d‘e©) ‘oao {hgm~go
Aàm‘m{UH$ {gÕ hmo OmVr h¡.
d¡go nVm Zht Bg B{Vd¥Îm‘| Eo{Vhm{gH$ VÏ` {H$VZm h¡ Am¡a A~ A{YH$
à{gÕ hmo OmZoHo$ H$maU AH$ñ‘mV² nZnr Y¥ï>Vm {H$VZr h¡? {H$gr ^r gyaV‘|
lrH¥$îU^pŠVH$mo EH$ñdrH¥$V H$aZoH$s ‘ZmoJ«pÝW ~m§YZr AZw{MV h¡. AV…
AZÝVH$mo{Q>~«÷mÊS>Zm`H$ na~«÷ na‘mË‘m nwéfmoÎm‘ lrH¥$îU ^JdmZ²H$mo gZmVZ
gd©ì`mnr gdm}nmXmZ gd}ída gdm}ÕmaH$ gd©k H$Vw©‘² AH$Vw©‘² AÝ`WmH$Vwª
gd©g‘W© ‘mZVm hmoZoHo$ H$maU dmëb^ gåàXm`H$s Amoago Bg {df`‘| ‘m¡Z
aIZm hr C{MV ‘mZVm hÿ§. Cg gd©gm‘Ï`©‘| A{dídmg àH$Q> H$aZm ‘oao{b`o
‘hmZ² AnamYH$ën h¡. AV… lrH¥$îU lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rHo$ `m CZHo$ gåàXm`Ho$
Cnmñ` Bï>Xod Z ghr h‘mao na‘mamÜ` Bï>Xod hmoZoHo$ H$maU hr BgH$m àË`wÎma XoZm
AZmdí`H$ bJVm h¡. Š`m|{H$ OrdmË‘mAm|Ho$ CÕmaH$s R>oHo$Xmar `{X na‘mË‘m
{H$gr EH$ AmMm`© `m EH$ Y‘©-gåàXm` H$mo XoVm hmo, Vmo Eogm na‘mË‘m ‘wPo
{dídmË‘m Zht bJVm. AV… h‘mao gåàXm` `m AÝ` {H$gr gåàXm`Ho$ ~mao‘|
372
Eogm H$moB© Xmdm H$ao Vmo ‘wPo hmñ`mñnX H$Wm hr bJVr h¡. ‘oar lÕm h¡ {H$
{d{dY Y‘©-gåàXm` ‘w‘wjw OrdmË‘mH$mo gÀMm ‘mJ© Vmo ~Vm gH$Vo h¢ naÝVw
Cgna Mb nmZoH$s gm‘Ï`© {Ogo na‘mË‘m àXmZ H$aVm h¡ CgH$s hr hmoVr h¡.
dh AZoH${dY gåàXm`m|H$s gmYZmAm| Ûmam {‘b gH$Vm h¡, Cgo {‘bZm hmo Vmo.
Am¡a Zht ^r {‘bVm, Cgo Z {‘bZm hmo Vmo. na‘mË‘mH$mo {H$gr EH$ Y‘©-
gåàXm`H$s gmYZmH$m ‘mohVmO ‘mZZm CgH$s {Zénm{YH$ AZwJ«herbVm
{Za§Hw$e‘wpŠVXmZgm‘Ï`© gd©kVm gd©ì`m{nVm Am¡a gd}ídaVm O¡go JwUY‘m]H$m
AñdrH$ma h¡. BZ JwUY‘m]H$mo BÝH$maZona Vmo Cgo na‘mË‘mHo$ ê$n‘| ‘mÝ` H$aZm
^r Amdí`H$ Zht ah OmVm.
AV… ñdm{‘Zmam`U gåàXm` AnZr Amapå^H$ AdñWm‘| AWdm A~
{dH${gV {dídì`mnr AdñWm‘| dmëb^ gmYZm `m dmëb^ gåàXm`Ho$ AmamÜ`
lrH¥$îUH$mo Z ñdrH$maZm MmhVm hmo Vmo CgH$m CgH$m CÕma Zht hmo gH$Vm h¡,
BVZm Ag‘W© Am¡a g§Hw${MV ‘Zmod¥{Îmdmbm AnZo AmamÜ` lrH¥$îUH$m ñdê$n hmo
Vmo, ñdm{‘Zmam`U gåàXm`Ho$ gåàXm`Ho$ AmYw{ZH$ AZwJm{‘Am|H$s YmaUmHo$
~Om` ‘wPo ñd`§ lrH¥$îUH$s na~«÷Vm Aàm‘m{UH$ bJZo bJVr h¡. Wmo‹S>m-~hmoV
Omo BZ ~mVm|na ‘¢Zo Ü`mZ AmH¥$ï> {H$`m dh ñd`§ lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rHo$ dMZm|Ho$
A{^àm`H$s ñdma{gH$ ‘r‘m§gmHo$ ê$n‘| hr. Z{H$ na~«÷ `m na‘oída Ho$ ê$n‘|
EH$‘mÌ lrH¥$îUHo$ ñdê$nH$s An[ahm`©VmHo$ AW©‘|. Š`m|{H$ ‘wPo bJVm h¡ {H$
AmO Zht Vmo H$b, H$b Zht Vmo AmJm‘r eVH$‘|, O~ ^r AnZo AmMm`m]Ho$
à{V d’$mXmarH$m ^md Bg gåàXm`‘| OmJ«V hmoJm Vmo ‘oao CR>m`o J`o ‘wÔm|na Ü`mZ
Vmo XoZm hr n‹S>oJm.
nÙnwamUmoŠV ^mJdV‘mhmËå`‘| ""CËnÝZm Ð{dSo> gmh§ d¥qÕ H$Um©Q>Ho$
JVm Šd{MV²-Šd{MV² ‘hmamï´>o JwO©ao jrUVm§ JVm'' (1&48) Eogm {dYmZ
{‘bVm h¡. `h ^pŠVHo$ AW©‘| H$Xm{MV² gË` hmoZona ^r JwO©aXo{eAm|H$s
ñZohàYmZ ‘Zmod¥{ÎmH$mo XoIVo hþdo Hw$N> Bg dMZH$m A{^àm` ‘r‘m§ñ` bJVm h¡.
{H$gr em`aZo H$hm h¡ {H$ ""AnZr Hw$E-d’$mgo S>aVm hÿ§ Am{eH$s ~ÝXJr Z
hmo Om`o'' Bgr Vah JwO©aXoedm{gAm|H$s ñZoh‘`r ‘Zmod¥{Îm H$~ ^pŠV‘`r d¥{Îm
373
~Z OmVr h¡ Bg ~mao‘| H$moB© ^{dî`dmUr H$a hr Zht gH$Vm ñd^mdV…
AgmYmaUê$noU JwO©aàOm ñZohàYmZ Ñ{ï>JmoMa hmoVr h¡.
AnZo dëb^gåàXm`‘| ^r H$hm OmVm h¡ {H$ ‘hmà^w H o $ nm¡ Ì
lrJmoHw$bZmWMaUHo$ JwO©aXoer {eî` CÝh| AZÝVH$mo{Q>~«÷mÊS> Zm`H$ ‘mZVo Wo.
CZH$s Eogr haH$Vm|go V§J Am H$a CZHo$ {nV¥MaU Jmoñdm‘r lr{dÆ>bZmWOrZo
H$hm {H$ Vwåhmao {eî` ~hþV VH$br’$ XoVo h¢. Bgna jwãY hmo H$a lrJmoH$w bZmWOrZo
AnZo {eî`m|H$mo JmoHw$bgo {ZH$mb XoZoH$mo EH$ Zmd ‘§Jm`r Am¡a CÝh| Amkm Xr
{H$ Bg‘| ~¡R> H$a lr`‘wZmHo$ Cg nma ‘WwamH$s Amoa g~ Mbo OmAmo Bgna g^r
{eî`m|Zo Jwé‘| lÕmõmg `m jmo^ H$m ^md àH$Q> {H$`o {~Zm ^OZ JmZm ewé
{H$`m {H$ ""ìhmbo åhmao OrdVm nma CVm`m© ao Ho$ ìhmbo åhmao H$éUm H$[a
{ZñVm`m© ao !'' Bgna IrO H$a CÝhm|Zo AnZr MaUnmXwH$m CÝh| àVm{‹S>V
H$aZoH$mo {ZemZm VmH$ H$a ZXr‘| Om ahr ZmdH$s Va’$ ’|$H$s Am¡a à^md BgH$m
^r {dnarV hr hþdm {H$ ^ŠVJU JmZo bJo ""ìhmbo åhmao nmXwH$mOr nYamì`m
ao ! nYm`m© nwéfmoÎm‘ ^dZm¡H$m‘m§, hm§ ao A‘Zo OrdVm nma CVm`m© ao !'' Bg
lÕm{VaoH$H$m CZHo$ nmg ^r H$moB© Cnm` Zht Wm. Ho$db BVZm {bI H$a ah do
ah J`o {H$ ""‘oao godH$ ‘wPo hr gmjmV² nwéfmoÎm‘ ‘mZVo h¢ Bggo nw{ï>’$bHo$
bm^go Vmo CÝh| d§{MV hr ahZm n‹S>oJm''. na Cg nmXwH$mH$mo àH$Q> nwéfmoÎm‘ ‘mZ
H$a {eî`m|Zo nmd{S>`mnÝW VWm ^‹Sz>Mrn§W Mbm {X`m !
CgHo$ ~mX nwZ… dëb^gåàXm`Ho$ AÝVJ©V BZ Jmoñdm‘r lrJmoHw$bZmWOrHo$
hr ^VrOo Jmoñdm‘r lrO`JmonmbbmbH$mo ^r CZHo$ {eî`m|Zo na~«÷ na‘mË‘m
^JdmZ² lrH¥$îUgo ^r AZÝVH$mo{Q> gm‘Ï`©dmZ ‘mZ H$a "O`Jmonmb-nÝW' Mbm
{X`m. CgHo$ ~mX Vmo gmao gm¡amï´>-JwOamV‘| h‘ dëb^d§eO Jmoñdm‘r AmMm`m]H$mo
àH$Q>nwéfmoÎm‘ ‘mZ H$a Z OmZo Š`m-Š`m CËnmV Zht hþdo BYa gmo-So>‹T> gmo dfm]go
h‘ dëb^d§eO AmMm`m]H$m H$m à^md jrUgo jrUVa hmoVo XoI H$a EH$
AÝVYm©am dmëb^ gåàXm`‘| ZyVZ dëb^n§WH$s Am¡a Mb n‹S>r h¡. Bg‘|
AZÝVH$mo{Q>~«÷mÊS>m|Ho$ ZmW nwéfmoÎm‘ ‘hmà^wHo$ Ho$db EH$ amo‘‘| {~amOVo h¢,
Eogr AÝYlÕm ^ao CnXoem|go OZVmH$mo `o dëb^n§Wr ~aJbmVo ahVo h¢. BZHo$
374
AZwgma ‘hmà^wHo$ CnXoem|H$mo ‘mZZo `m AZwgaZo H$s H$moB© Amdí`H$Vm Zht. hm| `m Zhm| CZHo$ dMZm|H$m O¡gm Ame` ‘wPo AnZr g‘PHo$ AZwgma C{MV bJm
Š`m|{H$ `o CnXoe Vmo hrZm{YH$mar OZm|Ho$ {b`o {X`o J`o CnXoe h¢ ! Cgo `hm§ {Z~Õ ‘¢Zo {H$`m h¡. Š`m|{H$ `{X à{jßV Z hmo Vmo CÝhm|Zo ‘hmà^w
lrdëb^mMm`©MaUHo$ {b`o Omo nXà`moJ {H$`o CgHo$ AmYmana Z Ho$db CÝh|
ñd`§ ‘oao {nV¥MaUHo$ Hw$N> {eî` CZH$mo àH$Q> nwéfmoÎm‘ ‘mZ H$a MaUm|‘| naÝVw CZHo$ AZwJm{‘Am|H$mo ^r AnZo gwöX ‘mZZoHo$ H$maU ‘¢ gmoMVm hÿ§ {H$ ""g
VwbgrnÌ g‘{n©V H$a OmVo Wo. Bggo éï> hmo H$a do CÝh| AnZo nmg AmZo Zht qH$gIm `mo{h {hV§ Z dpŠV''
XoVo Wo. Vmo do O~ {~Mmao {ZÐmYrZ hmoVo V~ MwnHo$go CZHo$ MaUm|‘| VwbgrnÌ
do ‘y‹T> bmoJ g‘{n©V H$a OmVo Bggo CÝh| BVZm ‘mZ{gH$ gÝVmn hmoVm {H$ ~hþYm gH$bmÝVamË‘m lrh[a… àgÝZmo ^dVw
A^Ð JmbràXmZ VH$ H$aZo bJ OmVo, AnZo d¡Xwî`H$s J[a‘mH$mo ^yb H$a {~Mmao
XmoZm| n¡am|‘| H|$ga hmoZogo I‹S>o Vmo hmo Zht nmVo V~ naÝVw CZH$m ‘mZ{gH$ Ìmg XoIm
Zht OmVm Wm. ‘wPo bJVm h¡ {H$ lrghOmZÝXOrHo$ gåàXm`‘| h‘mao `hm§Ho$ Eogr
‘Zmod¥{Îmdmbo hr Hw$N> bmoJm|Zo Kwg H$a AnZo ZyVZ Jwé lrghOmZÝX ñdm‘rH$s
^r h‘mao O¡gr hr J{V ~Zm Xr h¡. ""Jwé… gmjmV² na§~«÷''H$m AmXe© `Ú{n
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375 376

dmXmdbrn[a{eï>‘²
(4)
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emñÌmZWm©X² AemñÌmWm©V² emñÌmWm} {h ew^… gXm&&
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178
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OJVmo Û¡ ô`wnmXmZo OS>mOS>{d^oXV…&&
VÌ ‘m`m OS>m ko`m@OS>m¡ Ordoídam¡ ‘Vm¡&&10&&
{Z{‘ÎmH$maUo{n Ûo na§ Mmß`ja§ VWm&&
Ed§ {^ÝZ§ {‘WñVËdnÄMH§$ g‘wXr[aV‘²2&&11&&
(VXoH$Xo{eZm‘² AmYw{ZH$mZm§ nj…)
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‘yV©ñVw nwéfmH$ma… godH$… {ZË`g§{ZYm¡&&12&&
A‘yVª {ZpIbmYma§ gd©ì`m{n gZmVZ‘²&&
Ym‘ê$nÝVw VX² `Ì ‘wŠV¡… gmH§$ na… nw‘mZ²&&13&&
BËW§ Ì¡{dÜ`gËdo@{n VËd¡Š`mX² EH$‘od VX²3&&
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Ý`H¥$Ë`monmñ`Vm§ Ho${MV² VpÀN>î`mYw{ZH$m… nwZ…&&15&&
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Ed§ {ÌYmja§ àmhþ…5 ñdJmopîR>n[aH$pënV‘²&&16&&
(AmYw { ZH$mZmÝVw {ZOmMm`m} p ŠV{^a{n ‘Vd¡ n arË`{‘{V
AZoH$mjaËdmàm‘mÊ`{Zê$nU‘²)
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Šd{MV² lwVm…6 VWmß`oH$mo@jamo Z nwéf… Šd{MV²&&17&&
dMZm‘¥Vo Z dm {ejmnË`m§ dmß`wnbä`Vo&&
179
Ì¡{dÜ`‘² Ajañ`moŠV§ ‘yb§ VÌ ^doÝZdm&&18&&
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lrH¥$îUdëb^mMm`©… ñd‘Vo@Hw$ÝÐ`V² Šd{MV²7&&19&&
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(EVpñ‘Z² ‘Vo lw{V{damoYmo@{n B{V {Zê$nU‘²)
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gdª ^d{V {dkmV§ ô`oH${dkmZVmo9 `Xm&&
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{Z{‘ÎmH$maUmX² OÝ‘pñWVr eŠ`o H$WÄMZ&&
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ly`Vo ~«÷Ug² Vñ‘mX² Z OJX²{^ÝZVoî`Vo11&&25&&
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ZZw Vmo`o@ZwnmXmZo Xw½Y§ M bdU§ VWm&&
br`Vo `m J{VñVÌ VWohmnr{V MoX² Z{h&&26&&
`ñ‘mV² VßVoVw n`{g H¥$VoZmVÄMZoZ {h&&
180
àH$Q>§ Om`Vo VÌ ÐdËdKQ>H§$ Ob‘²&&27&&
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BËW‘od ‘VÝËd¡Š`§ {deofmÛ¡Vdm{XZm‘²&&29&&
n`©dñ`{V VÀMm{n ^oXm^oX‘Vo VXm&&
à`mVmo ^oXdmXmo@V… àb`m` Z g§e`…&&30&&
(~«ô‘U… g¥ï²>çmË‘ZmoX²^do AOËdì`mh{V{ZagZ‘²)
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lwË`wŠV§ ~m{YV§ d¡ ñ`m{X{V e§Š`§ Z H${h©{MV²&&31&&
JrVm`m§ ^JdmZod e§H$m‘² EVm§ {ZamH$amoV²&&
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""VX² AmË‘mZ§ ñd`‘²''B{V lw{VíM¡d§ ""VX² EojV''&&
""AOm`‘mZmo ~hþYm {dOm`V'' B{V lwVr&33&&
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ZmZw^md`{V qH$ {ZpIbmZ² d¡?&&35&&
H$maUËd§12 M Ym‘Ëd§13 ~«÷Ëd§14 {ÌV`§ H«$‘mV²&&
CnmXmZV`m g¥îQ>o… haoaml`V… ñdV…&&36&&
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181
EfEd {h ^oXmo Zmo ^mñH$ar`mX² ‘Vm{Xh&&37&&
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AmË`pÝVHo$Vw ^oXo{h ^dVm M {Zê${nVo&&
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CËnÎmm¡ `X² ì`d{hV§ ô`Ý`Wm{gÕ‘od VV²&&
AjaÛmaH§$ Vñ‘mX² Z na§ H$maU§ ^doV²&&42&&
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Ab§ VXmÝVJ©Sw>Zm ~«÷Um ô`jaoU Vw&&43&&
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182
H$pñ‘Z² A^rîQ>‘² BË`oX² dŠVì`§ gw{dMm`©{h&&47&&
`Újao napñ‘Z² ñ`mX² A~«÷Ëd§ VXm Y«wd‘²&&
napñ‘Z² `Ú{^àoV§ H$maU§ Z VXmja‘²&&48&&
BîQ>mnÎmoZ© bm^mo@Ì Z¡H$e… lwV`g² VXm&&
VX²~mo{YH$mñVw Hw$ß`oaZ² ‘V§ Mmlm¡VVm§ d«OoV²&&49&&
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{dîUmoa² Ym‘ na§ gmjmV² nwéfñ` ‘hmË‘Z…''
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dmŠ`oZ ^oXo@ja‘od H$maU§
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n¥WH²$ VmÝ`jaËdm{Xê$n^oX¡a² ‘VmÝ`{n&&51&&
Añ‘Xr`o ‘Vo Vñ‘mX² ZmñË`wŠV§ XyfU§ VWm&&
XyfUm{Z `Wmñ‘m{^a² dÊ`©ÝVo Vw ^dÝ‘Vo&&52&&
Ì¡{dÜ`‘² Ajao M¡Š`§ ñdrH¥$Ë` ^dVm{n {h&&
àmoÀ`Vo VÛX² Añ‘m{^… namjaOJËñd{n&&53&&
`wî‘m{^a² Û¡VdmXmo{h ñdrH¥$Vmo@pñV jamjao17&&
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ñnîQ>… ewÕmÛ¡VdmX… {Ì{dYo Mmjao VWm19&&
nwéfmja`moa² Ed§ JT>S>mdMZm‘¥Vo&&55&&
{déÕmZmÝVw dmXmZm§ g‘mhmañVw Xw…eH$…&&
Zm{n M¡VmÑemo Xmof… ewÕmÛ¡Vo {h H$íMZ&&56&&
VmXmËå`dmXm§JrH$mamV² gd©Ì¡dmonnmXZmX²20&&
^oXj‘mo ô`^oXíM VmXmËå`‘² B{V bjUmV²&&57&&
AÝV`m©å`^dX² ZyZ§ dmëb^§ ô`ja§ pËdh&&
183
Ym‘ê$n§ Mmja§ `X² Jr`Vo@ÝVJ©Sw>… nwZ…&&58&&
nañ‘mV² VX{^ÝZ§ dm {^ÝZ§ doVrh {ZíM`…&&
{ejmdMZJ«ÝWmä`m§ Om`Vo Z{h boeV…&&59&&
KQ>mXmaä` àH¥$qV`mdX² A§JrH¥$Vñ` {h&&
ñdê$nn[aUm‘ñ` dMZm‘¥Vg§J«ho&&60&&
VmXmËå`n[aUm‘r`m à{H«$`mËddbpå~Vm&&
ewÕmÛ¡Vñ` ^mfm`m§ {M̧ VX² Û¡Vdm{XZm‘²&&61&&
àYmZmJ«o@ja§ `mdX² CËn{Îmàb`|@eV…&&
n[aUm‘… H$Wå^yVg² VÌ Y‘©ñdê$n`mo…&&62&&
ZmñË`od ñnîQ>Vm dmÊ`m§ OmVmo ^oXmo ‘hmZ² Bh&&
Ag‘ÄOg§ {h {ZpIb§ lw{VdmŠ`{damoYV…&&63&&
(^JdX²JrVmopŠV{d‘e©ZoZ Ame§H$mn[ahmam¡)
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"nwéfm'{d{V à`moJmo@Ì "ê$no'nX{ddO©ZmV²&&64&&
AÝ`ËdmoÎm‘Ëdmä`m§ jamjanam… n¥WH²$&&
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nañËdÝ`íMmoÎm‘íM ô`jamX² ê$n^oXV…&&66&&
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184
Ûmdod nwéfm¡ H$ñ‘mX² Z H$ñ‘mV² nwéfmñÌ`…?&&67&&
nwéfmoÎm‘mo Z bmoHo$ MoV² Hw$Ì ñ`mX² Aja§ VXm&&
bmoHo$? hr{V {dMm`£d XmVì`{‘h MmoÎma‘²&&68&&
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OrdmË‘Ëdo Ëdjañ` ZmjamX² CÎm‘… na…&&69&&
OrdmXodmoÎm‘ËdmV² M {df‘§ g‘wnpñWV‘²&&
ZmV… namjaÛ¡V§ ‘ÝVì`§ emñÌ‘m{Z{^…&&70&&
Ag‘r{jVm{^YmZ§ VX² `X² Ed‘² CndÊ`©Vo
namjao n¥WJ² B{V Z lwVmdwnbä`Vo&&71&&
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na‘² Bh d{U©V‘² AjaËdoZ emñÌo
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JrVm`m‘{n ^oXmo@`§ VËdVñVw ‘Vmo Z{h&&
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nañ`mß`jaËdoZ dU©Z§ ô`wnbä`Vo&&
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Ajañ` earaËd§ nañ` M ear[aVm&&76&&
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jamjanamUm§ {h VmXmËå`‘² CnnÚVo&&
185
nwéfmoÎm‘ñVyÎm‘mo{h nwéfmX² AjamX² Bh&&78&&
Z¡dmVrV§ ô`wÎm‘m§J§ {eamo d¡ ñdearaV…&&
(nañ` AjamVrVVm{d‘e©…)
AÝ`Wm@VrVVm Ho$`§ {Zdm©À`m gw{dMm`© {h&&79&&
qH$ XoemVrVVm ô`mhmopñdV² H$mbmVrVVm nwZ…&&
Ðì`mVrVVm dm ñ`mV² ñ`mX² ê$nmVrVVmWdm&&80&&
àd¥{Îmgm‘Ï`m©VrVVmWdo{V ZMm{X‘m&&
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{ZË`ËdmX² C^`moaod§, V¥Vr`m{n Z gå^dm&&
nañnamYmamYo`^mdmo `Ì ‘Vmo `Wm&&82&&
‘¥{ÎmH$mKQ>`mo… VÌ Z Ðì`mVrVVm ‘Vm&&
KQ>ê$n§ ‘¥{ÎmH$m`m§ g‘doV§ `Wm ‘V‘²&&83&&
H$nmbm{XH«$‘oU¡d‘² AUdmo@{n ‘¥Xmo KQ>o&&
g‘doVm… gÝË`d`dmd`{d^mdoZ VÌ {h&&84&&
namo@ß`od§ ear[aËdoZmjao dV©Vo Z dm?&&
ZZw ZmÌ ‘Vmo ê$nê${n^mdmo@WdoVa…&&85&&
Ad`dmd`{d^mdmo@{n nañ`moVmjañ` d¡&&
B{V MoV² VX² Zd¡ `wŠV§ Z¡d§ ^oXmo{h {gÕç{V&&86&&
gpÀMXmZÝXVmY‘m} Û`moíM¡H$mo `Xm ‘V…&&
AdÀN>oXH$V¡Š`oVw Ðì`¡Š`§ ô`mnVo{Xh&&87&&
Ðì`Ëd‘² C^`moa² CŠV§ gpÀMXmZÝXVm{n {h&&
nañnamYo`VmoŠVm VW¡dmYmaVm{n {h&&88&&
AVíM¡d§ Zd¡ Ðì`mVrVËd§ Ibw gå^doX²&&
(ê$nmVrVVm‘² AmXm` e§H$mg‘mYmZo)
186
`mÑJ«yn§ Z d¥jñ` VmÑJ«yn§ àgyZJ‘²&&89&&
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g{dbjUê$nmo {h namoß`od§ {h Mmjao&&
newËdoZ Jdmídm¡ Vw g‘mZmd{n ê$nV…&&91&&
AídmVrV§ {h Jmoê$n§ Vñ‘mX² ^oXmo Jdmíd`mo…&&
`Wm Mm{^‘Vmo bmoHo$ VWm ñ`mX² EV`moa{n&&92&&
gpÀMXmZÝXê$noU g‘mZo@{n namjao&&
ê$n^oXmV² nañ`oËW§ ñ`mÐÿnmVrVVm{n {h&&93&&
ê$n^oXmV² nag² Vñ‘mX² AjamVrV CÀ`Vo&&
AÌ ~«y‘mo Zd¡ `wŠV§ M¡VX² dŠVw§ H$WÄMZ&&94&&
dñVw^oXmo `Wm ê$nÛ¡{dÜ`mX² dÊ`©Vo VWm&&
A^oXmo@{n {h ê$n¡Š`mV² Hw$Vmo Zo{V {ZéÀ`Vm‘²&&95&&
VmXmËå`‘² AmJV§ ZmoMoV² ^oXm^oXm¡Vw {ZpíMVm¡&&
Vñ‘mX² ê$nmVrVVm{n Z ^doX² bm^H$m[aUr&&96&&
lrH¥$îUdëb^mMm`©… Ðì`Vm§ JwUVm‘{n21&&
ñdrMH$ma à^mdë`m§ VmXmËå`»`m{nH$m§ Û`mo…&&97&&
XÎmm {VbmÄO{b… Vñ‘mX² Û`mo^}Xm` gd©Wm&&
Jbo M n{VV§ ZyZ§ ewÕmÛ¡V§ Hw$Vmo Z{h&&98&&
(BpÝÐ`mUm§ ‘Zmo@YrZVmoXmhaUoZ e§H$mg‘mYmZo)
ZpÝdpÝÐ`mUm§ ‘Zgmo ô`YrZ§
àd¥{Îmgm‘Ï`©‘² BhmpñV VX²dV²&&
‘V§ namYrZ‘² AVmo@jañ`
àd¥{Îmgm‘Ï`©‘² BhmpñV ^oXH$‘²&&99&&
(B{V MoX)²
187
 ZMmä`wnoV§ ‘Z BpÝÐ`ofw
‘Vm{Z Zmo d¡ ‘Zgrh Vm{Z&&
àd¥{Îmgm‘Ï`©‘² BVrpÝÐ`mUm§
‘Z…namYrZV`mpñV ^oXH$‘²&&100&&
VWmjamX² Zmo ~{ha² Aä`wnoV…
na… ñdVÝÌmo@{n ^dÝ‘VoVw&&
pñWVñVXÝVñVw {Z`m‘H$mo@{n gZ²
~{híM, ^oX§ H$W‘² AmdhoV?&&101&&
(nwZ… e§H$mg‘mYmZmÝVao)
ZMoh Xoho {H$b VpÝZ`m‘H$…
qH$ ZmpñV {^ÝZ… Ibw OrdEf…&&
VWmjao ñ`mV² nwéfmoÎm‘… namo
Z VoZ Xyî`§ {H$‘nr{V e§Š`‘²&&102&&
VXmYma… Šd{MX² {^ÝZmo `Wm ^y{‘O©bñ` {h&&
VX²ì`mnH$mo@{n {^ÝZ… ñ`mX² AmH$memo ‘yV©dñVwZ…&&103&&
VXÝVñWmo ^doX² {^ÝZmo Ordmo XohpñWVmo `Wm&&
{Z`m‘H$mo@{n {^ÝZ… ñ`mX² amOm amÁ`o J¥hr J¥ho&&104&&
ZÚmYmam {h `m ^y{‘… Z¡d gm Obì`m{nH$m&&
AmH$meo {dÚVo Vmo`§ df©Vm£ n¥{Wdt {dZm&&105&&
XohpñWVmo{n Ordmo@`§ Z Xohì`mnH$… edo&&
{Z`m‘H$mo `mo amÁ`ñ` ì`mnH$mo Zmß`gm¡ Z¥n…&&106&&
J¥hñ`moV J¥hËdñ` J¥hñWmo ì`mnH$mo Z{h&&
ZMmÝVñWmo{n gd©… ñ`mV² H$Xm{MÎmw {Z`m‘H$…&&107&&
`Wm KQ>mo J¥hñWmo@{n Z J¥hñ` {Z`m‘H$…&&
Vñ‘mX² ^{dVw‘² Ah©pÝV {^ÝZmíM¡Vo {‘W… gXm&&108&&
188
`V² nwZ… ñ`mV² VXmYmañVWm VX²ì`mnH$mo{n M&&
VXÝVñWmo@{n gmo@Ì ñ`mV² VpÝZ`m‘H$Ed M&&109&&
g H$W§ Zw ^doX² {^ÝZmo ÑîQ>… Šdm{n ZdoÑe…&&
ZÝd{^ÝZmo@{n Zmo ÑîQ>… B{V MoX² Z¡d‘² AÌ{h&&110&&
CnmXmZÝVw `X² Ðì`§ H$m`©ê$nñ` dñVwZ…&&
AmYma§ ì`mnH§$ MmÝVpñWV§ JwU{Z`m‘H$‘²&&111&&
ÑîQ>§, ÑîQ>m¡ ‘¥X²KQ>m¡Vw {H${‘ËW§ Zmo OZ¡… gXm?&&
namjao Hw$Vmo Z¡d§ ñdrH$Vw©‘² Bh gå^do&&112&&
""Am{lVËdmX² JwUíMm`§ àg¥VËdmV² n¥WH²$pñWV…&&
Ðì`mË‘H$mo@jaíMm`§ ~¥hËdmX²''B{V dU©Zo&&113&&
""EH$ñ`¡d JwUËdo M Ðì`Ëdo Z {damo{YVm&&
Ad¥{Îmd¥{Îm‘Ëdo@{n MmÝV`m©‘r''{V dU©Zo&&114&&
à^mdëë`m§ ñdH$s`m`m§ ewÕmÛ¡Và^m{dV…&&
namjao Ðì`JwUm¡ ô`~«drV² H¥$îUdëb^…&&115&&
VmXmËå`§ Ðì`JwU`mo… ZmpñV MoX² Zmja§ JwU…&&
ApñV MoV² IpÊS>Vm ZyZ§ {^Xm MmË`pÝVH$spËdh&&116&&
({H$ÄM)
Ajañ` earaËd§ `oZ `oZ dmŠ`oZ {gÕç{V&&
{gÕçË`odVw VoZ¡d namkmZ§ VWmjao22&&117&&
ñdJwé§ nwéfmH$ma‘² Aja§ ‘ZwVo23 Xdo&&
lra‘oe… Jwam¡ Vñ‘mV² namkmZ§ Hw$Vmo Z{h…?&&118&&
AH$m`‘² Aeara§24 VV² n¥{Wì`m{XñV‘mo@d{Y…25&&
gdm©Ê`{n earam{U Vñ` lw{V‘Vm{Z M&&119&&
Zô`ja§ Ho$db‘od MmÌ
earaê$noU nañ` nwg§ …
àmoŠV§ ô`ZoHo$fw earaê$no-
189
 îdoH§$ na§ VËd‘² Bh lwVm¡ {h&&120&&
earaËdoZ Ym‘Ëdo YmåZmo@jaV`m VWm&&
ñdrH$V©ì`§ ^doV² H$VaX² dŠVì`§ ^dV¡X{n&&121&&
~hÿ{Z gÝË`jam{U ~hÿZm§ dmjamË‘Vm&&
ZyZ§ ô`w^`VmonmeaÁOw~Õmo ^dm{Zh&&122&&
Vñ‘mX² A{^ÝZ§ gdª ñ`mV² namV² M¡dmjamX² A{n&&
({H$ÄM)
gdm©Ê`{nVw Ym‘m{Z gmjam{U nao b`o&&123&&
Vpñ‘Z² EH$s^dÝVr{V ly`Vo Vñ` H$m J{V…&&
namjaOJX²^oXdmXmo@Vmo Z lwVm¡ ‘V…&&124&&
`"Úja§' Ordna§ dmMH§$ ô`ä`wno`Vo&&
am‘mZwO‘Vo `ÛV² VÛV² gd©Ì Zmo Hw$V…&&125&&
H$ënZr`‘² BX§ ZoîQ>§ {ZpIbmZm§ b`mV² nao&&
EH$s^dZdMZmV² nÄMËd§ `m{V nÄMH$‘²&&126&&
{ZË`Ëd§ nÄMH$ñ`moŠV§ lwVm¡ VX² Zmonbä`Vo&&
Am{d^m©d{Vamo^mdà{H«$`m‘² Adbåã` Vw&&127&&
gyú‘mdñWmgw M¡Vofm§ {Vamo^mdmo b`ñ` MoX²&&
(‘m Ed‘²)
~«ô‘oVaV`m gdª ""gXgËgXgV²''26nX¡…&&128&&
{Z{fÕçVo VV… gyú‘mdñWmnÝZ§ {ÌH§$ Vw VV²&&
b`mX² D$Üdª Zd¡ eŠ`§ dŠVw§ Mm{^Y`m nao&&129&&
Z eŠ`Vo gw~mbmon{ZfÚ{n {MH$s{f©Vm&&
ñd‘Vlm¡VVm{gÕç¡ H«$sS>mW©KQ>ZmpË‘H$m&&130&&
lr‘Ðm‘mZwOm`©H¥$V`mo… ñdmonOrì``mo…&&
JrVm`míMm{n gyÌmUm§ ^mî``mo… ZmpñV VËH$Wm&&131&&
Aàm‘mÊ`‘V… ñdmonOrì`m|@JrH$m`©‘od {h&&
190
Zmo MoV² VXZwamoYmÎmw H$m`©… Ë`mJmo@jañ` d¡&&132&&
(ZZw)
VÌ lrghOmZÝXñdm{‘Z… nwéfmoÎm‘m…&&
Vofm§ dŠVw‘² AdŠVwÄMmß`Ý`WmdŠVw‘od M&&133&&
g‘mÏ`m©X² ZmpñV d¡ {H$pÄMX² CnOrì`§ Vw VËH¥$Vo&&
(VÌ ~«y‘…)
VÎmy{MVVa§ dmŠ`§ VÎmÝ‘VdVm§ gXm&&134&&
ñdJwam¡ ^JdX²~wÕo… lwË`m@@{XîQ>V`m{n M&&
Añ‘X²{dYmZm‘² AÝ`ofm‘² AÝ`mMm`m©Zwd{V©Zm‘²&&135&&
ñdJwamdod VX²~w{Õ… Z¡d gm Vw ^dX²Jwam¡&&
VWm{n VX^rîQ>ofw emñÌofw `{X eŠ`Vo&&136&&
àXe©{`Vw‘od§ {h ñdJwamo… na‘mË‘Vm&&
{gÕm ñ`mpÝZanojm {h nwéfmoÎm‘Vm VXm&&137&&
Zmo MoV² ñd{eî`gmnojm nwéfmoÎm‘Vm ^doV²&&
AmMm`m©Um§ à‘mUËd§ VWm{n lw{V‘ybH$‘²&&138&&
emñÌmW}pËdh gd}fm‘² AmMm`m©Um‘² AYrZVm&&
""Am{MZmo{V {h emñÌm{U ñdmMmao ñWmn`Ë`{n''&&
dmŠ`{gÕmMm`©Vm {h d¡narË`o Zd¡ ‘Vm&&139&&
emñÌmUm§ {df`ñVmdV² emñÌmWm} `md{Xî`Vo&&
{eî`mUm‘² CnXoemW} gå^doX² {ZanojVm&&140&&
ñdJmopîR>{gÕ{gÕmÝVñ`monXoeo Jwamo[ah&&
~wÕmXo… ^JdËdo@{n CnXoemà‘mUVm&&141&&
lwË`m{XemñÌV… Vñ` à{VHy$bV`m `Wm&&
VW¡d dm J{Vk}`m ^JdËdmJ«ho Jwam¡&&142&&
emñÌmZwHy$ë`§ ñd‘Vo ZmoMoV² gmÜ`§ ñd`wpŠV{^…&&
""gd©d¡îUdamOlrdëb^mMm`©'' KmofUm&&143&&
191
 H¥$Vm `oZ ñdH$s`ofw ñZohmXag‘m`wVm&&
Vñ` {ZÝXm ^doX² ZyZ§ H¥$V¿ZËdm` gd©Wm&&144&&
B`ÝVw ^mdZm ê$T>m ÑT>m ‘X²öX`o gXm&&
{ZÝXo`{‘{V H$ñ`m{n àVr{Va² Z à‘m ô`V…&&145&&
VX²{^ÝZm emñÌMM}`§ VËdkmZew^§H$ar&&
""gd©d¡îUdamOlr''Ë`wŠËdmñ‘Ý‘VIÊS>Z‘²&&146&&
`Wm@H$amoV² g ghOmZÝX… VX²dX² BX§ ‘‘&&
emñÌmW©{ZU©`m`¡d VÌ e§H$m Z H$mMZ&&147&&
(Cng§hma…)
~«÷mkmZà^d§ àmoŠV§ ^d^`‘pIb§
ewÕmÛ¡V§ ‘V‘² Añ‘mH§$ lw{VeVJ{XV‘²&&
VmXmËå`§ dñVw{Z gd©pñ‘Z² {dbg{V V{XX§
kmËdm H¥$îU§ ^O gÝË`Á`mpIbH${be~b‘²&&148&&
B{V lr‘X²dëb^mMm`©MaUmZwMaoU Jmoñdm{‘lrXr{jVmË‘OoZ
í`m‘‘ZmohaoU {da{MVmo AjanwéfmoÎm‘Û¡V{ZamgdmX…
gånyU©…
&&gH$bmÝVamË‘m lrh[a… àgÝZmoñVw&&
1.dMZm.J.à.41. 2.na~«÷‘m`oídaOrdm… {h emídVm…, VËdmWm©… B©[aVm…
{^ÝZm… {ZË`{gÕm… AZmX`…, lw{V{^… na‘mË‘moŠV AmZÝXVËd‘od {h g ~«÷VËd§
àH$mem¡ d¡ ‘m`mVËd§ V‘mo OS>‘², B©ída… AmoO… VËd§ n¥WJ¡íd`©‘² AX²^wV‘²,
OrdmË‘m kmZVËd§ d¡ Vm{Z Ðì`m{U dñVwV…, na‘mË‘m earar ApñV AÝ`ofm§
gX²dî‘©Um§ gXm, na‘oeoVaV² gdª eara§ na‘mË‘Z… (VÎdà^m.546-549).
3.""‘yV©ê$n§ M "Ajam'»`§ "àH$mem'»`ÝVw A‘yV©H$‘², ‘yVm©‘yV©H¥$Vmo ^oXg²
192
VËd¡Š`o@{n CnMmaV… àH$meà^`mo… ^oXmo `Wm EoŠ`o@{n g‘wÀ`Vo, gy`m©Vnà^oXmo@{n
`ÛX² ~«÷{U V{ÛY…'' (VÎdà^m.571-73). 4.dMZm.da.à.18, {e.n.108-
109. 5.amYmH¥$îUZr `wJb CnmgZm AmnUZo dëb^mMm`© {Zå~mH$m©Mm`© M¡VÝ`
‘hmà^w gyaXmg Zaqgh ‘ram dJoaoE erIdr N>o. `wJb CnmgZmZo VoZm loîR> AZo
ewÕ ñdê$no ^JdmZ² ñdm{‘Zmam`Uo g‘Omdr N>o. Vo‘Uo H$ô`w§ N>o Ajaê$n WB©Zo
nwéfmoÎm‘Zr ^pŠV H$adr. nwéfmoÎm‘ ^JdmZ² ñdm{‘Zmam`UZr Vo‘Zm CÎm‘^ŠV
AjaJwUmVrVmZÝXñdm‘r gmWoZr CnmgZmZo ^JVOr ‘hmamO emñÌrOr ‘hmamO
AZo dV©‘mZ H$mio à‘wI ñdm{‘OrÛmam nmofU ‘ë`w§ N>o ("ñdm{‘Zmam`UZJa'
85V‘o dfu`‘hmoËgdñ‘m[aH$mn¥.14). 6.dMZm.J.‘.50. 7.(-). 8.""g B‘‘od
AmË‘mZ§ ÛoYm AnmV`V²'' (~¥h.Cn.1&4&3), ""VXoVV² Ì`§ gX² EH$‘² A`‘²
AmË‘m A`‘² EH$… gZ² EVV² Ì`‘²'' (~¥h.Cn.1&6&3). 9.""EH${dkmZoZ gd©‘²
BX§ {dkmV§ ^d{V'' (N>mÝXmo.Cn.3-6&2&3) B{V lw{VdMZH$Xå~H§$ EH${dkmZoZ
gd© { dkmZgmYH$Ëd{df`o à‘mU‘² . 10.b`{Zê$nH$m{U Vw dMZm{Z
"""VÁObmZ²'B{V emÝV CnmgrV'' (N>mÝXmo.Cn.3&14&1), ""`V² à`pÝV
A{^g§ { depÝV (V¡ { Îm.Cn.3&1) ""àOm`ÝVo VÌ M¡ d A{n`pÝV''
(‘w Ê S>.Cn.2&1&1). 11.~« ô ‘OJVmo … A^o X gmYH$mZm§
OJÁOÝ‘mÚml`ËdmonmXmZËdH$V¥©Ëdm{XY‘m©Um§ {Zê$nH$m{U dMZm{Z : ""VÕ¡H$
Amhþ… AgXod BX‘² AJ«o AmgrV². H$W‘² AgV… gX² Om`oV gËdod Ibw, gm¡å`,
BX‘² AJ«o AmgrX² EH$‘od A{ÛVr`‘². VX² EojV "~hþ ñ`m§ àOm`o`' B{V''
(N>mÝXmo.Cn.6&2&2), ""`Vmo dm B‘m{Z ^yVm{Z Om`ÝVo... `V² à`pÝV A{^g§{depÝV
VX² {d{Okmñd VX² ~«ô‘'' (V¡{Îm.Cn.3&1), ""VX² AmË‘mZ§ ñd`‘² AHw$éV''
(V¡{Îm.Cn.2&7) ""`Wm CU©Zm^r... VWm AjamV² gå^d{V Bh {díd‘²''
(‘wÊS>.Cn.1&1&7) BË`od‘mX`…. 12.""~«ô‘ dZ§ ~«ô‘ g d¥j AmgrX² `Vmo
Úmdmn¥ { Wdr {Zï>Vjw … ... ~« ô ‘ AÜ`{Vð>X² ^w d Zm{Z Yma`Z² ' '
(V¡{Îm.~«mô‘.2&8&9&7). 13.""VX² Amhþ… Aja§ ~«÷ gd©H$maUH$maU§ {dîUmo…
Ym‘'' (^mJ.nwam.3&41&1), ""`X² JËdm Z {ZdV©ÝVo VX² Ym‘ na‘§ ‘‘''
(^J.JrVm.15&6) 14.^moŠVm ^mo½`§ ào[aVma§ M ‘Ëdm gdª àmoŠV§ {Ì{dY§ ~«ô‘
EVV² (ídoVm.Cn.1&12). 15.VÕ BX§ V{h© Aì`mH¥$V‘² AmgrV² VX² Zm‘ê$nmä`m‘od
ì`m{H«$`V "Agm¡Zm‘m A`§' "BX§ê$n' B{V... gEf Bh à{dï>… (~¥h.Cn.1&3&7),
`X² d¡ {H$ÄMZ AZyŠV§ Vñ` gd©ñ` "~«ô‘' B{V EH$Vm (~¥h.Cn.1&5&17).
16.dMZm.J.à.45. 17. lra.‘.Xdo{bpIV "X ^ŠV-^JdmZ² [aboeZ{en'
193