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Enzyme, M-I 024
Enzyme, M-I 024
MBBSI, 024
Arun Pandeya
Definition
• biological catalysts that increase the velocity of
chemical reactions
• no change in overall process
• protein in nature. [except- Ribozymes]
• having the suffix –‘ase’ (exception- pepsin, trypsin, etc.)
• more than 3000 enzymes
Energy of Activation
(EA)
• Enzymes lower EA
• amount of energy
required by reacting
molecules to
undergo the
chemical reactions.
E+S ⇄ ES → E+ P
Enzyme Substrate Binding
Lock-and-Key Model (Emil Fischer)
1. Oxidoreductases:
catalyze the oxidation of
one substrate with
simultaneous reduction of
another substrate.
e.g. Acyl CoAdehydrogenase
Glyceraldehyde-3-P
dehydrogenase
2. Transferases:
transfer a functional
group (e.g. a
phosphate) from
one molecule
(donor) to another
(acceptor).
3. Hydrolases: catalyze the hydrolysis of a chemical
bond by adding water.
eg. All digestive enzymes (Amylase, Lipase and
Trypsin) etc.
4. Lyases:
• catalyze the breaking
of various chemical
bonds by means
other than
hydrolysis and
oxidation.
• eg. Aldolase, HMG
CoA Lyase
5. Isomerases:
• catalyze the
interconversion of
isomers.
• e.g. Triose phosphate
Isomerase,
Phosphoglucose
isomerase.
6. Ligases: catalyze the joining of two molecules with the
involvement of ATP (ATP dependent condensation of
molecules.eg. Pyruvate Carboxylase, Glutamine
Synthetase).
Factors affecting
enzyme activity
The contact
between enzyme
and substrate
determine enzyme
activity
The important factors that influence the velocity
of the enzyme reaction are
1. Concentration of enzyme
2. Concentration of substrate
3. Effect of temperature
4. Effect of pH
5. Effect of product concentration
6. Effect of activators
1. Concentration of enzyme:
Coenzyme Cofactor
If these are organic If these are inorganic
compound (vitamin metal ions (mineral
derived) derived)
Coenzymes from B group of Vitamins
Example of Coenzymes Vitamins
Where,
E= enzyme; S= substrate; ES= Enzyme substrate complex;
P= product; and k1k-1k2 are the rate constants
Michaelis-Menten Equation (simplified form)
[S]
KM
Effect of substrate concentration
on reaction velocity
Lineweaver-Burk plot
• When v is plotted against [S], it is not always
possible to determine when Vmax has been achieved
• However, if 1/v is plotted versus 1/[S], a straight line
is obtained.
• This, a double-reciprocal plot can be used to
calculate Km and Vmax, as well as to determine the
mechanism of action of enzyme inhibitors.
Lineweaver-Burke
Plot
Michaelis-Menten Equation
Lineweaver-Burke
Equation
Use of Lineweaver–Burk plot
Inhibitor:
Any substance that can diminish the velocity of
an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
Two types:
i. Irreversible inhibitors &
ii. reversible inhibitors
Irreversible inhibitor
Binds tightly (mostly covalently) at or near the active
site of an enzyme, & form a stable complex
No dissociation of enzyme and I & enzyme is
permanently inactivated. (or slowly reactivated- hrs or
days for reversal)
• eg. Aspirin covalently modifies the enzyme cyclo-
oxygenase, thus, reduces the synthesis of inflammatory
signals
• Penicillin covalently binds at active site of transpeptidase
and modifies it thereby preventing the synthesis of bacterial
cell walls
Inhibitor may or may not resemble the substrate
Suicide inhibition
• Irreversible inhibition of enzyme by a substrate
analogue that form reactive species upon enzyme
catalyzed reaction
Mevalonate (6C)
Cholesterol
Competitive inhibition: Effect on Vmax and on Km
Effect on Vmax:
• The effect of a competitive inhibitor is reversed by
increasing [S].
• At a sufficiently high substrate concentration, the
reaction velocity reaches the ‘Vmax’
Effect on Km
• in the presence of a competitive inhibitor, more
substrate is needed to achieve 1⁄2 Vmax.
Competitive inhibition Vmax is the same in the
presence of a
competitive inhibitor
Km is increased in
presence of
competitive inhibitor
↑[S]- velocity becomes Vmax
↑[S]- required to achieve Vmax/2
Km- increased by competitive inhibitor
Noncompetitive inhibitor
• A noncompetitive inhibitor can bind
to both free enzyme or ES complex
Example:
• Isoenzymes of Creatine Kinase (CK):- CK1, CK2 and CK3
• Isoenzymes of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH ):- LDH1-
LDH5
Isoenzymes of CK and their normal ranges