RETAIL OUTLETS

Guidelines and Typologies

Business types
Open sales --7 0: unrestricted entrance and exit (specialised
shops and retail chains, department stores).

Closed sales --7 f): unrestricted entrance, exit only through

staffed checkout (specialised supermarkets).

Sales types and typologies

0 Open sales, unrestricted entrance f) Closed sales, unrestricted entrance
Specialised shops --7 0: small shops (50-500m 2), mostly only
and exit and controlled exit
one sector (pharmacy, shoe shop, flower shop), service and con-
sultation --7 0.

Specialised retail chains --7 0: chain stores, mostly only one

Stores
sector, presented like specialised shops Oeweller, fashion, shoe
shop), open sales --7 0.
[]Till

Staff Specialised supermarkets --7 0: chain stores, small to very

large businesses, one or more branches, self-service (pharmacy/
drugstore, toys, DIY, electrical goods, groceries, supermarket),
closed sales --7 e.
C) Specialised shop G Specialised supermarket (self- Department stores --7 0: often chain stores, very large shops,
service) mostly multi-storey, various sectors, sections can be rented to
other chains (shop-in-shop principle}, open sales --7 0.

Shopping arcades, shopping centres/malls --7 0 Cli): concen-

tration and conglomeration of specialised shops, supermarkets
RETAIL and department stores, on one or more floors, with additional
OUTLETS Stores
cafes, bars, restaurants.
Guidelines and
typologies
Till
Retail regulations Staff A shopping arcade --7 0 is from 10,000 m2 in area, usually
Entrances and
shop windows approx. 20,000-25,000 m2 in area, roofed, mostly a 2-3 storey
Checkout and street space with multi-level access, exploiting urban block
waiting zones
Waiting zones- zones, external access (min. two) via squares, streets or shop-
examples ping areas, semi-public access routes; no fixed opening times.
Routeing,
Smaller shops are often along the internal street, with well-
escalators
Fittings-
0 Specialised shop with counter 0 Department store
known large-area chains mostly in the corners or at the end of a
dimensions
sales
Food shops
street as a 'magnet'. Internal streets often lead into squares or
Self-service courtyards.
shops

BS 9999 A shopping centre/mall --7 Cli) is a larger and more elaborate

DIN 4102
collection of retail outlets, eating places etc. It has fixed opening

~
I
LBO
Retail outlet,
I times, therefore no semi-public access routes; main external ac-
I

_
trading, business cess normally from only one road, but additional side access from
and accident
prevention
0 Section of a shopping arcade e Section of a shopping arcade a car park or multi-storey car park is possible.
regulations

~t
Workplace Road/
public area
and insurance
guidelines
___, ~----

Adjacent Adjacent
building building

Road/
1
1
public area ......
·t
Cl) Plan of a shopping arcade 4D) Shopping centre/mall

254
 ~22m
RETAIL OUTLETS
--------~ Retail Regulations

The provisions of the retail regulations apply to retail outlets whose

sales area and shop passages, including building elements, have
Ground a total area of >2,000 m2 .
- - - - - - - - Ground ~
level :55m
Sales areas
'7 v Those in which goods for sale or other services are offered (ex-
cept for emergency staircases, staircase extensions and garages.
0 Layout of sales areas
Shop passages do not count as sales areas.

Shop passages
These are roofed or covered routes adjacent to sales areas, which
Sales area Sales area
Fir~_ ;;;10,000 m2 ;;; 5,000 m2 f- Fire contain customer traffic. They must be at least 5 m wide.
_Fire Fir~­
wall on upper floor wall wall on upper floor wall
Layout of sales areas
Sales areas, except for catering establishments, may not have a
f) Size of fire compartments with sprinkler system floor level >22 m above ground level, or >5 m below ground level
-->0.

Sales area Fire compartments

Sales area ;;;1,500 m2 Sales outlets are to be divided into fire compartments with parti-
Fir~- ;;;3,000 m2 _Fire Fir~­ on upper floor r-- Fire
wall on ground floor wall wall up to max wall tioning walls built like fire walls--> 0- 0.
3rd floor
The permissible areas of fire compartments on each floor are:
C) Size of fire compartments without sprinkler system
with sprinkler system without sprinkler system

ground floor sales outlets 10,000 m2 5,000 m2

Sales area Sales area
Exit into open air other sales outlets 5,000 m2 1,500m2 '
>500m2 >500m 2 RETAIL
OUTLETS
'if the sales areas extend over more than three floors and the total area of all floors
within a fire compartment is not more than 3,000 m2 Guidelines and
typologies
Sales area
Retail
>100m 2
regulations
Emergency stairways Entrances and
Emergency stairways for customers must be at least 2.0 m wide shop windows
Checkout and
- - Exit into stair space and may not exceed a width of 2.5 m. A width of 1.25 m is ad- waiting zones
equate if the stairway is provided for sales areas <500 m2 in total Waiting zones -
f---2.00-2.50---j f-1.25---j
-->o. examples
Routeing,
G Width of emergency stairways 0 Minimum two exits/escape routes escalators
Furnishing -
Exits dimensions
Every sales area, occupied room and shop passage must have Food shops
a min. 2 exits leading to the open air or into an emergency Self-service
shops
stairway. One exit is sufficient for sales areas <1 00 m2 in total
11.001 f--2.00-l
--> 0. Exits from a floor of a sales outlet into the open air or
into an emergency stairway must have a width of 30 em per
100 m2 of sales area, and be min. 2 m wide, but for exits from
~ 500 m2 sales area > 500 m2 sales area
sales areas <500 m2 , a width of 1 m is sufficient--> ().An exit
leading into a corridor may not be wider than the corridor, and
an exit leading into an emergency stairway may not be wider
than the stairway.

0 Width of exits, depending on size of sales areas Escape routes

For every sales area, occupied area and shop passage, min. two
escape routes must be provided on the same floor, if possible go-
ing in opposite directions, leading to exits into the open air or to an
emergency stairway. These must be accessible within a distance
of 25 m from every point of a sales area (or 35 m for other areas or
shop passages). The doors must open in the direction of escape
and be without thresholds. A main entrance or a shop passage
~ 500 m2 sales area > 500 m2 sales area must be provided within 10 m (linear distance) of every point in a
sales area.

Emergency corridors
· •••••••·••••••••·• . •••n••···u••n~•·••·•
::::.:::::r:: ..
For customers these must be at least 2 m wide. A width of
1.40 m is sufficient if corridors are intended for sales areas
8 Width of emergency corridors <500 m2 --> 0.

255
 -1-- 2.00---t RETAIL OUTLETS
Entrances and Shop Windows

0
1.00-H- 1.00-f

Opening or revolving door with a

clear opening height of 2.20 m
JC==:r
f) Sliding door
Entrances
With entrances to sales outlets <2000 m2 the door widths can be
> 1.00 m; to those >2000 m2 they must be disability-friendly and
have automatic doors. According to the retail regulations, the clear
opening width must be >2.00 m, and the clear height >2.20 m
~o.

Shop windows
These serve, outside the shop, to present the goods on sale, to
wake the interest of customers and to present an invitation to pur-
chase~ 6) - 0, 0 - 0. The design of shop windows depends
C) Revolving doors with side doors G Folding door
on the particular goods being sold and should complement the
layout, form and size of the entrance. The two basic types are
windows with display area ~ 6) and windows with a view of the
shop~0.

Shop windows with display area: separation of the displayed

goods and the sales area, mostly in department stores and spe-
cialised retail chains.
Shop windows with a view of the shop: view through the win-
dow into the sales area, mostly for specialised shops (e.g. baker,
D butcher ... )

0 Simple single-leaf entrance 0 Corner entrance

RETAIL
OUTLETS
Guidelines and
typologies
Retail regulations @) Rounded turnstile 0 Three-arm turnstile
Entrances and
shop windows

D
Checkout and
waiting zones
Waiting zones-
examples
Routeing,
escalators
8 Funnel-shaped entrance e Recessed entrance
Sun
screen
Furnishing -
dimensions
Food shops
Self-service
shops

C) Offset entrance ([!) Small funnel-shaped entrance

4D Stepped shop window display with 0 Mobile shop window display
glazed screen behind unit with screen behind

''
''
'

G Shop window as display area f) Variant of->

jeweller)
6) with parapet (e.g. Cf) Shop window with view into shop e Variant of->0
(e.g. book shop)
with parapet

256
 RETAIL OUTLETS

I=
~170--1
ol c!JI
H-1oo-teo~
15
Types of checkout
Checkout and Waiting Zones

According to the product and shop type, there are various types of
0 Single cash desk, straight f) Single cash desk, angled checkout: single, area and central cash desks and rows of check-

l
outs.
Row of checkouts
In specialised supermarkets (self-service area), these form the
0 only exit from all shops with a closed sales area. The passing
0
width between the checkouts should be sufficiently wide that
0
"'"'
All
1<l shopping trolleys, pushchairs and wheelchairs can pass through,
i.e. min. 1 m. Checkouts are mostly equipped with a conveyor belt
l
1
(sometimes a before- and after-sale belt) and stationary scanner.
0
0
Self-checkouts are also available as complete products.
-1-- Single, area, floor and central cash desks
0

-'-"' In specialised shops, specialised retail chains and department

stores with open sales, depending on the functional organisation
110---i ~eat 100 -teoi of the shop, cash desks can be arranged as single, by area, by
Area or floor cash desk C) Island cash desk with large floor or centrally. Department stores with different specialised sec-
packing area tions have mostly area cash desks, specialised retail chains often
have cash desks on each floor or grouped centrally, specialised

I
~
small shops mostly have single cash desks.

1----- 130 - - I
1 1---130----j
T0
~
RETAIL
OUTLETS
0 Checkout desk in self-service 0 Variant of 0
/Ill
Checkout Guidelines and
supermarket trolleys typologies
Retail regulations

\')t D Entrances and

I +D
shop windows
Checkout and
waiting zones
Waiting zones -
examples
0 Routeing,
~ escalators

11
0 /Ill
0

~ "'"' Fittings-

j_--~------Pa_c-ki-ng_z_a_n_e----------~
l
dimensions
Food shops
Self-service
shops
111111
Entry/Exit
1----- 140 - - I I
$
f) Variant of 0 e Variantof0
Waiting zone, self-service area
basket
~65+60~ stack
-- T
check~out -
-
- -
-
- t;;
counter -
---

T
!t\l
T.
0
0
'f
0
:r.
·:
'I
>I 0 g]
basket shelf
t
+
t t\lo T

~
1------ 160-180 -----!

@) Island cash desk

~

+
0

0 [!]] "'
I"'
~
0
-L
0
~
f g T
~65+60~ 1
0 Checkout with before- and after-sale (!) Repacking checkout 0 Double checkout e Section through small island cash
desk
conveyor belt

257
 • G) confectioner
@ glazed frontage
RETAIL OUTLETS
@bakery Waiting Zones - Examples
G) ovens
®lockers
®staff area
(J) cold room While you wait: buying, with the emphasis on experience - con-
® store-room
sumption on the spot or take-away.
• ® washing-up
@silo - .
Impulse buying

I
standing consumption
® "'"" 0 snacks Addressing the senses, suggestive display, lifestyle, quality of life,
'-.
0
folding glass partition convenience for employed people and homemakers. Prepared
o ;\ plants and flowers
products, warm or to be warmed up= fast food. No self-service=
~ flower arrangement
\Ly room
0 free flow. Shop-in-shop. Multitude of ideas, concentration, smaller
• o·"-~exit shops, high turnover. Matching designs from one designer. Stor-
age for one day, deliveries typically every morning, fresh stock.
Minimal sanitary facilities for standing customers. One WC for
staff.
Range
• Bakery- sales only 40-80 m2 , +eat in shop 80-120 m2 • Butcher's
-sales only 40-80 m2 , +eat in shop 80-120 m2 • Cafe, pastries, ice
cream parlour- sales only 40-80 m2 , + eat in shop from 220 m2 •
Fish - sales 40-80 m 2, + eat in shop 80-120 m2 • Fresh food
market, eat in shop as extension from 600 m2 in checkout waiting
zone -tO: seafood, fruit, flowers, drinks, wine, champagne, deli-
• catessen, up-market snacks.
Additionally
Pizza, steaks, organic food, brewery bar etc. -1 0
(j) brewing tanks
®malting mill
• ®fish ffi
2 fish specialities @bar, steaks '<1Y
3 preparation ®hot food and drinks
counter
4 bar/eating area
RETAIL F = = - - - t 2 standing consumption
OUTLETS
Guidelines and
typologies
Retail regulations
•
Entrances and
shop windows
Checkout and
waiting zones
Waiting zones-
examples
Routeing,
Q Checkout waiting zone

escalators
Fittings-
dimensions
Food shops
Self-service Micro-brewery and pub in fresh food supermarket
shops

Operator: Floor space

(incl. ancillary areas)
CD bakery with eating area 64m 2
® butcher's with steak
and drinks bar 89m 2
® local specialities 50m 2
@ Italian specialities 54m2
@ Japanese specialities "' 43m2
@ fish specialities 43m2
(J) cheeses/salads "' 45m 2
@ Mexican specialities "' 46m 2
@ cold meat specialities 68m 2
@ fruit/saladsfluices 42m 2
• <!]) coffee and ice-cream "' 20m 2
.... @ wine merchant, tasting
@ confectioner's "' 28m2
35m2
.... .... ~ coffee roasting
@ tea merchant
28m2
23m2
@ champagne bar "'
and delicatessen 21m 2
@ chocolates ~ 25m 2

f)
<J
~.
Fresh food supermarket at Hamburg main station
,
•
em •
General circulation space
and WCs

Design: Maler and Pistor

total "'724m 2

::::::95m 2

Design: Maier und Pistor

258
 ~~''' , , , ,,,,,,,]1
RETAIL OUTLETS
Routeing, Escalators

····~.
riTniiir=l•Yi\.:··.··.~.··.·.···.··.·······
·~L_j\@W
Routes and escalators serve above all to highlight the promotion of
goods and special offers. The larger the area of a retail outlet, the more
important is the routeing concept It can be put into practice through

.~
,t=,,,,,,,,,,.,,~~
different means on the floor of the shop: lighting, fittings and pos-
itioning of the goods on offer. The location of the goods is determined
by the intention to encourage customers to buy by displaying, as they
pass by, shelves, stock and thus all the product ranges -t 0- f).
The following variants are common for vertical escalator access
Q Centric routeing (variant 1)
in shops:
Double criss-cross: -t 0
The direction of travel of this escalator is 180°.

Parallel layout: -t 0
Escalators in the same direction lie above one another.

The rule of thumb is one escalator for every approx. 1000 m 2 of

sales area.

f) Centric routeing (variant 2)

Down RETAIL
OUTLETS
Guidelines and

Sf~
typologies
Retail regulations
Entrances and
shop windows
Checkout and
waiting zones
Waiting zones -
Down examples

0 Polygonal routeing 0 Single parallel escalators 0 Double criss-cross escalators

Routeing,
escalators
Fittings-
dimensions
Food shops
Self-service
shops

Q Routeing in a single loop

Routes should include corner areas; separate entrance and exit in a and c,
doubled in b. K =checkout

express service

--,
/ I
\ ," J

:~'~ ~·~..~··~
'- -- --- _:J -- ___ ,__ ---- -"----- __ ,_), __ · · - - - I - - - - -
•
__ .. '

refill aisle

e Routeing in a self-service supermarket

The shop should be clearly laid out for customers and control (checkout), so the
customer is not forced to make diversions -7 ae

259
 • • • RETAIL OUTLETS
rn ttB tE ~il
~ ~ ~ ~ tE HE tE
~ "l
f-d
!;?
0

~
Fittings- Dimensions

H
r--------10.00 10.00----------j

I •I I I I I I I I•II
I I I I I I I I I II ~ +~
I I I I I I I I I II

II 90-1.25
,_ 60 -1 1-- ---1

I •I I I I I I I l•n • f) Wall shelves Wall shelves for Cl) Wall with drawers, passage for

~2.00i for bottles fruit and vegetables

(goods to restock)
restocking (sliding baskets are
exchanged)
~I I I I I I I I I II

u
0 e>J C!
~ shelving +~

~I I I I I I I Fsps
I I IIs9 I
T
0
0
oi 1

Ill I I I I I I I •I I I I I I I I •I I I 0

0 Dimensions of the counters and shelves, column grid 10 x 10 m

C)
f---- 59-----1
Small shopping trolley (e.g. drugstore)
l
RETAIL
OUTLETS
Guidelines and
lypologies
Retail regulations
T
0

Entrances and

1
shop windows
Checkout and
waiting zones l-ao--1-so-l-4o+4o-l--120-13o---J-;,;ao-f4o--f
Waiting zones - I I
examples f) Minimum width of a shop "'4.0 m, better 5.0 m f----1.02------1 j-5s--j
Routeing,
escalators
L ~ 2.60 + 3.85m
Cil) Large shopping trolley (e.g. large supermarket chain)
Fittings- total display area = 3.0 + 4.5 m 2
dimensions capacity~ 910 + 1360 I
Food shops
Self-service

I
shops

e
1-----1.46-

Refrigerated display case with Q

1-----1.46-

Refrigerated display case without

t----97----j

$
f----5a---i
Shopping trolley (e.g. DIY store)
l
upper shelves upper shelves

f------ 91---4

I
~

I
f---1.17----1
9 Vertical refrigerated display case C) Refrigerated display cabinet 4!) Island shelf unit G) Wall shelf unit
with upper shelves

260
 RETAIL OUTLETS
Food Shops

Fishmonger
Because fresh fish do not keep very long, they are stored cool, but
smoked fish have to be stored dry. The goods are odour-intensive,
so the shops are accessed through control doors or protective
curtains. Walls and floors must be easy to clean. Take into ac-
count bulk deliveries in the design. Consider an aquarium (display
advertising). -7 0 -f)

0 Traffic scheme for fishmonger
f) Fish display case with cooler and Game and poultry dealer
extraction This business is often combined with a fishmonger. Storage for
only a day's needs. A workroom must be provided with pluck-
ing machine and game scraper. Because poultry is susceptible to
hanging odour, it must be stored separately in the shop and the cold room.
game

Counter worktops and walls (marble, tiles, mosaic, plastic) must

be washable. Provide plenty of refrigerated display cases or cabi-
nets. -7 e- e.
Greengrocer
Fresh vegetables, unprocessed or kitchen-ready, must be stored
cool, but not chilled. Potatoes are stored in dark rooms and sold
from the deposit-bearing containers they are delivered in (baskets,
8 Traffic scheme for game and
poultry dealer
e Solid counter with marble and tiled
worktop
crates, boxes). Protective sliding inserts are provided under stor-
age trays. Greengrocers -7 0- 0 can possibly be combined with
flower shops. Self-service shops offer pre-packed goods in trans-
parent packs.

Butcher
Work steps: 1. delivery of live animals, 2. slaughter, 3. butcher, RETAIL
OUTLETS
4. process, 5. cool/store, 6. sell -7 (!) -G). A single-storey shop is
Guidelines and
advantageous, possibly with hanging and sliding rail system, be- typologies
cause sides of pork or quarters of beef weigh 50 kg. Processing Retail regulations
Entrances and
and cold rooms must be 1.5-2 times the size of the shop. Walls: shop windows
tiled, mosaic etc. and washable. Counter tops: marble, glass, Checkout and
ceramic. waiting zones
Waiting zones -
0 Traffic scheme for bakery. Storerooms
should be well ventilated, possibly
e Sales counter with screen
examples
Routeing,
escalators
with vapour extraction. Fittings-
dimensions
Food shops
Self-service
shops

Sales scheme for greengrocer; small

storeroom, as mostly delivered daily
e Counter with mounting for boxes
and wire baskets; draining shelf
Ci) Pavement sales to 'passers-by' on wheeled stand or at shop front with goods
displayed for advertising purposes
and dirt drawer

I - - 1.00 ___, f---1.50 - - - 1

electric wide service passage
heating for peak times

(!) Counter with chopping block for 4D Normal counter for butcher-> f) and for fishmonger
butcher

261
 RETAIL OUTLETS
Self-Service Shops

Self-service shops mostly sell food. The staff is responsible for ad-
vice, assistance and service. The butchery, cold meats, fruit and
vegetable sections are staffed. The goods are displayed clearly in
packaging according to type. It is important to design practical
routeing. The round trip starts at the basket stack or trolley park
and ends at the checkout or packing table. Wall shelves extend
up to reach height (top shelf is 1.80 m high and lowest 0.30 m
above the floor).

Important design up to 400-499 500-599 600-- 800-899 1000-

parameters 399m 2 m> m> 799m 2 m> 1499m 2
1. full-time staff needed 10.6 12.9 15.3 17.7 22.1 30.2
range 7-14 10--16 12-18 16-20 18-25 25-33
2. fresh and cold meat

~ D department
a) turnover share(%) 22 21 20 19 18 17
.,c ~
~.~ D .,ge b) counter length (m)
19-28
6.50
20-32
7.60
20-28
8.75
17-25
9.08
16-24
9.75
14.5-24
11.75
:~ 0"0
.Elij
c.
E3
<00
C) C.
c"'
~~
D .,·;;; ~ 6.0-7.0 7.0--8.2 7.5-9.0 1.5-10.5 9.0--10.5 10.0-13.5
30
.gB c) preparation room 14 19 24 26 36
D (m') 8-20 13-25 18-30 20-32 23-38 23-50
confectionery d) cold room (m3) 11 13.5 15 15 22 25

II Ll I I I 0
confectionery 3. dairy and fats
7-15 9-18 10-20 10-20 14-30 16-35

confectionery department
ITT! ! I I! a) cool wall shelves 6.75 8.0 8.75 10.25 11.25 15.7
confectionery (running m) 9-12 10-13.5 12-18.5
perfumery 6.3-7.3 6.5-9.5 7.5-11

Etd I II II b) cold room (m 2 ) 6.0 7.6 10.0 12.0 13.0 15.0

4.0-8.0 5.0-10.5 8.0--12.0 8.0-15.5 8.0-18.0 10.0-20.0
RETAIL
OUTLETS
Guidelines and
II II 4. frozen food (without
ice cream)
typologies a) normal island (m) 5.5 6.1 7.5 8.75 10.1 13.5
Retail regulations
Entrances and II ~l*a:JI~
II II I I I II l[lldried food E
~ 5.0-8.0 5.5-7.0 6.5-8.5 7.5-10.0 7.5-12.0 12.0-15.0
shop windows
Checkout and
non~food items non-food items
.!!; a.ID b) wide island (m) 3.85 4.1 5.5 6.75 7.75 8.75

waiting zones
Waiting zones-
IEH391
non-food items
i?D I[EI~~~~~~113g
cocoa tea .!!!
c) cabinets (m)
2.6-4.6
2.4
3.0-5.0
2.75
4.0--7.0
3.6
4.0-7.5
4.4
5.5-10.0 6.0-10.0
5.8 6.6

~B~~coff~•·iJl"~
examples 2.3-2.5 2.3-3.2 3.2-4.0 4.0-4.8 5.0-8.5 5.5-8.0
Routeing,
escalators
II FII U I I !_ ·~ g
pastries
d) freezer room (m 2 ) 2.4 3.25 5.0 5.75 8.25 8.5
Fittings- 2.0-2.8 2.0-4.5 4.0-8.0 4.0-7.5 6.0-10.5 6.0-11.0
E
dimensions rr1 brd1J n
~ 0
5. fruit and veg wall 6.5 7.5 7.5 8.75 10.0 10.75
Food shops
0 0 shelving (with

i\)
5.0-8.0 6.5-8.5 7.0-8.0 7.0--10.5 8.0-12.0 9.0-12.5
Self~service
2 shelves) (m)
shops
0 6. no. cash desks
- at checkout 2.5 2.9 3.4 3.9 4.9 6.3

~·~t~~
2-3 2-3 3-4 3-4 4-5 6-7
- in the departments 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.3 1.3
1-+-'"-'--'-J' 0-1 0--1 0-1 0--1 1-2 1-2
7. no. shopping trolleys 85 105 120 150 180 240
required 70--100 85-130 100-160 100-200 150--220 200-300

Note: first line= average values; second line= range of the parameter

f) Planning data for the design and fitting out of self-service shops and supermarkets

<> oj
<> <>l:>
entrance

0 Supermarket

e Service counter in self-service shop, section

262