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@2الاحتكاك السلبي السطحي لمجموعة الركائز@@
@2الاحتكاك السلبي السطحي لمجموعة الركائز@@
@2الاحتكاك السلبي السطحي لمجموعة الركائز@@
program such as B-6 based on the finite-grid method (FGM), or, preferably, B-28. When
the cap load is at the centroid of both cap and group, the group is symmetrical, and the cap
load is vertical, any computer program for plates will give node moments with adequate
accuracy. The FGM can be used to obtain both the node moments and shears. In using these
programs one replaces (or adds the vertical pile spring) the soil spring at the nodes where
piles are located with a pile "spring" and produces a set of output. Since the pile spring is
usually several orders of magnitude larger than the soil springs in the soft soils where piles
are usually used, the model is not significantly improved by using soil springs at all nodes
and with soil and pile springs in parallel at the pile nodes.
When there are battered piles and/or additional load degrees of freedom, one must use
a special program to obtain a correct pile cap solution. This problem is considered in more
detail in Sec. 18-11. In three- and four-pile groups centrally loaded with a vertical load, cap
flexibility is not a factor as each pile carries P/n, where n = the three or four piles in the group.
When there are more piles than this—particularly both interior and exterior—cap flexibility is
a significant factor; e.g., in a centrally loaded five-pile group with four exterior and one central
pile the central pile will carry most of the load until the cap becomes very rigid (thick). In a
long-term case, the pile loads might tend to even out somewhat; however, the piles must be
designed to support worst-case loading even if it is transient.
1. A cohesive fill placed over a cohesionless soil deposit. The fill develops shear resistance
(adhesion) between the soil and pile from lateral pressure/flow effects, so that the pile,
is pushed downward as the fill consolidates. Little effect is produced in the underlying
cohesionless soil except that the weight of fill increases the lateral pressure. This provides
additional skin resistance against further pile penetration and raises the center of resistance
nearer the cohesive fill for point-bearing piles.
2. A cohesionless fill placed over a compressible, cohesive deposit. In this case there will be
some downdrag in the fill zone, but the principal downdrag will occur in the zone of consol-
idation. For point-bearing piles any settlement of the group will be due to axial shortening
of the pile. For floating piles, additional penetration with matching settlement will occur
unless the pile is sufficiently long that the bottom portion can develop enough positive
skin resistance to balance the additional load developed by negative (or downward) skin
Gap
Cohesive Cohesionless New fill
fill fill
• Point may be in
firm material
For negative skin resistance forces to develop significantly, a portion of the pile must be
fixed against vertical movement, such as the point being on rock or the lower part being
in a dense sand. If the entire pile moves down with the consolidation effect no negative skin
resistance forces develop. For a single pile the negative skin resistance force can be estimated
as follows:
Equation (18-12) could be written using the equivalent of fs from any of Eqs. (16-14) to
obtain the /3 method, which may be more reliable than the a method of Eq. (18-13) [see
Indraratna et al. (1992)]. That is,
(Lf
Pnf = rfiqdz
Jo
where r = reduction factor ranging from about 0.5 to 1.0.
2. For cohesive soil underlying cohesionless fill take the origin of coordinates at the bottom
of the fill (see Fig. 18-96):
where Pnp = amount of negative skin resistance carried by the point where point-bearing
piles are used and other terms as previously defined.
Note that the general form of q is
Cap
Fill
p' = perimeter
Neutral
point
Pnp + Pp + P pf
Figure 18-10 Location of neutral point to satisfy statics of vertical equilibrium with negative skin friction acting
on pile.
Also it may be necessary to adjust the integration limits if the soil is stratified to obtain a
summation of negative skin contributions.
If we take a' = a'2, and a floating pile where Pnp = 0, and if we equate Eqs. (18-16) and
(18-17) after integration for the limits shown, we obtain
*.-£ (H)- a
which reduces for qo = 0 to
Note that L is the effective pile length in the embedment zone and usually is not Lp.
The Pnp term of Fig. (18-10) requires estimation for either point-bearing piles or where
it may be substantial for floating piles. The most recent attempt to refine the location of the
neutral point and obtain a general quantification of the negative skin resistance is that of
Matyas and Santamarina (1994). This work is not presented because in the author's opinion
there are too many estimations (both yield and working load side and point displacements and
point capacities—five values to estimate). From their work, however, it does appear that the
neutral point is somewhere between L/2 and L/3 (of Fig. 18-10) measured upward from the
pile point. The L/3 point seems particularly applicable when the point carries a substantial
part of the design load.
If you have enough load test data to compute the neutral point directly, this method is
preferable—but seldom likely to be carried out because of the expense. Alternatively, you
might compute the neutral point using Eq. (18-18) and see where it locates along shaft zone
L. Then arbitrarily compute the estimated axial load to this neutral point and also at depths of
about 0.6L and 0.67L down the shaft length L. If the pile shaft can carry these loads using an
SF on the order of 2 to 3, it is adequately sized. If the shaft is overstressed, then use a slightly
larger pile cross section.
When the piles are spaced at small s/D ratios, the negative friction force may act effectively
on the block perimeter rather than on the individual piles to obtain two modes of stressing
requiring investigation:
1. The total group negative skin resistance as the sum from the individual piles,
Qn =^Pnf (18-19)
2. The "block" skin resistance based on shear resistance on the block perimeter H- weight of
block trapped between the piles,
Qn = fsLfP'g + yLfA (18-20)
The maximum from Eq. (18-19) or (18-20) should be used for the estimate of the nega-
tive skin resistance that could be developed. Some evidence exists [Baligh et al. (1978),
Indraratna et al. (1992)] that coating the pile shaft downdrag zone with a special bitumen
mixture will substantially reduce the negative skin friction force.
Example 18-5. Estimate the negative skin-friction effect for the pile group shown in Fig. E18-5.
The group is square and the piles are driven through the fill after it has been placed and while the
underlying soil is still in a consolidating state. The CD angle of internal friction of the fill is assumed
as shown.
(after integration)
Pile'cap
406 mm OD Fill
Figure E18-5
Obtain a' = 0.667 tan $ = 0.667 tan 30° = 0.385. Then by inspection go = 0. Take K = K0 =
1 - s i n 30° = 0.5, so that
_ 0.385(77 x 0.406)(17.29 X 3.052)0.50
rnf — — 20 KN
Check the alternative possibility of block loading of the piles using Eq. (18-20). Take the effective
perimeter of the group based on center-to-center pile spacing:
where /, = ^ ~
= 85 + 396 = 481 kN
Example 18-6. Redo Example 18-5 as if the fill is only 1.5 m deep and the underlying soil is a
soft clay. Assume the piles are D = 400 mm X 25 m long. The water table is at the top of the clay
and y'clay = 9.4 kN/m3. Assume the piles are floating and the clay is normally consolidated with
(/>' = 30°(CD).
Required. Compute the location of the neutral point and the maximum load increase in the piles
due to negative skin function.
Solution. We will use Eq. (18-18) and take an effective L = 25 - 1.5 = 23.5 m:
qo = 17.29 X 1.5 = 26kPa (on top of clay)
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Solving by trial (programmable calculator), we find L\ = 15.9 m. From the ground surface (or base
of pile cap) Lx = 15.9+ 1.5 = 17.4 m. The increase in pile load is the accumulation of negative
friction from the fill base (distance of Li) to the neutral point (see Fig. 18-10), or
Pn = a'p'{ao + ^-\LxK
Use a' = 0.667 tan 30° = 0.385; tf = l-sin<£ = 0.50; and/?' = TTD = OAOTT = 1.26 m to find
(26 +
Q 4 X 1S Q\
2 115.9 X 0.50 = 388 kN
Check positive resistance (no point load and L = 23.5 m) by Eq. (18-14)