JRS Tutorials: Chemistry IIT

JRS TUTORIALS
IIT
CHEMISTRY
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry
JRS Bhawan, Durgakund,

Varanasi – 221005 (U.P.) India
Tel No . : (0542 ) 231192 2, 2311777
Mo b No.: 9794757100
Web site : www.jrstutorials.ac.in
P. No. - 1
List of Anion : 
H– Hydride ion ClO3 Chlorate
OH– Hydroxide ion ClO4 Perchlorate
O 22 Peroxide I Iodide
O 2 Superoxide IO3 Iodate
HO 2 Biperoxide (hydroperoxide) IO4 Periodate or meta per iodate
O  Oxide Br Bromide

HCO3 (Hydrogen Carbonate) bicarbonate BrO Hypobromite
CO3  Carbonate BrO2 Bromite
C4 Methanide BrO3 Bromate
C 22 Acetylide BrO4 Per bromate
C 34 Propynide BO2 Metaborate
N3 Nitride BF4 Fluoro borate

NO2 Nitrite SiO32- Meta silicate
NO3 Nitrate BO 33 Borate or orthoborate
N3 Azide B 4 O 27  Tetraborate
CNS Thio cyanate SiF62 Fluoro Silicate (Silico fluoride)
CN Cyanide SnO3  Meta stanate
NC Isocyanide H2AsO4 Dihydrogen Arsenate
NH 2 Amide CrO4  Chromate
S  Sulphide MnO42  Manganate
HSO3 Bisulphite (Hydrogen sulphite) MnO4 Permanganate
SO3  Sulphite MoO 24  Molybdate
SO4  Sulphate CrO 2 Chromite
HSO4 Bisulphate (Hydrogen sulphate) Cr2 O 72 Dichromate
S2O3  Thiosulphate Fe(CN) 64  Ferocyanide
S4O 62  Tetrathionate Fe(CN)63 Ferricyanide
JRS Tutorials, Durgakund, Varanasi-221005, Ph No. (0542) 2311777, 2311922, 9794757100, 7317347706
P. No. - 2
SO52 Per sulphate (Carro salt) anion AsO 33  Arsenite or ortho arsenite
S2O82 Per disulphate (Marshall salt AsO43 Arsenate or arsorate

anion)
PO 34 ortho phosphate X Halide ion
HPO4  Hydrogen phosphate OX Hypohalite ion
H2PO4 Di hydrogen phosphate XO 2 Halite ion
H2 PO2 Hydrogen phosphite XO 3 Halate ion

(hypophosphite)
PO3 Meta phosphate XO 4 Perhalate
P2O 74 Pyrophosphate HCOO Formate
Cl Chloride CH3COO Acetate
ClO Hypochlorite C2O4  Oxalate
ClO2 Chlorite HC2O 4 Hydrogen oxalate
List of cations :
NH4+ Ammonium Mg2+ Magnesium Hg2+ Mercury (Mercuric)
Na+ Sodium Ca2+ Calcium Pb 2+ Lead (Plumbus)
Strontium
K+ Potassium Sr2+ Sn2+ Tin (Stannous)
Rb+ Rubidium Ba2+ Barium Fe2+ Iron (Ferrous)

Cs+ Cesium Zn2+ Zinc Fe3+ Iron (Ferric)
Ag+ Silver Cd2+ Cadmium Al3+ Aluminium
Copper Nickel(II)
Cu+ Ni2+ Cr3+ Chromium
(Cuprous)
Au+ Gold (Aurous) Cu2+ Copper (Cupric) Au3+ Gold (Auric)
Hg 22
4+ 4+
Mercurous Sn Tin (Stanic) Pb Lead (Plumbic)
P. No. - 3
Writing formula of ionic compounds
Case I: When cation and anion have equal charges
Case II: When cation and anion have unequal charges
An+ & Bm- AmBn
Ex1: Na+ & O2- Na2O

Cation Anion
+ 3-
Ex2: Na & PO4 Na3PO4 An+ Bm
Ex3: Na+ & [Fe(CN)6]4- Na4[Fe(CN)6]
AmBn
Ex4: Ca2+ & Cl- CaCl2 (n : m is the simplest ratio)
Ex5: Ca2+ & PO43- Ca3(PO4)2
Ex6: Al3+ & Cl- AlCl3
Ex7: NH4+ & CO32- (NH4)2CO3
Q. Write formula for following salts of sodium, calcium and aluminum

1. Chloride 2. Bromide 3. Nitrate 4. Sulphate 5. Carbonate 6. Phosphate
7. Hydrogen phospahte 8. Dihydrogen phosphate 9. Oxalate 10. Dichromate
Ans 1. NaCl, CaCl2, AlCl3 2. NaBr, CaBr2, AlBr3

3. NaNO3, Ca(NO3)2, Al(NO3)3 4. Na2SO4, CaSO4, Al2(SO4)3
5. Na2CO3, CaCO3, Al2(CO3)3 6. Na3PO4, Ca3(PO4)2, AlPO4
7. Na2HPO4, CaHPO4, Al2(HPO4)3 8. NaH2PO4, Ca(H2PO4)2, Al(H2PO4)3
9. Na2C2O4, CaC2O4, Al2(C2O4)3 9. Na2Cr2O7, CaCr2O7, Al2(Cr2O7)3
P. No. - 4
Formula of some important compounds
Name of the compound Cation Anion Formula of the compounds

3+
Ferric tetrathionate Fe S4O62– Fe2(S4O6)3
Aluminium thiosulphate Al 3+ S2O 3  Al 2(S2O3)3
Ferric sulphate Fe3+ SO 24  Fe2(SO4)3
Aluminium hydrogen oxalate Al 3+ HC2O 4 Al(HC 2O4)3
++
Calcium dihydrogen phosphate Ca H2PO 4 Ca(H2PO4)2
++
Barium bicarbonate Ba HCO 3 Ba(HCO3)2
Ferric hydrogen phosphate Fe3+ HPO 4  Fe2(HPO4)3
Radium phosphate Ra++ PO 34 Ra3(PO4)2
Cesium oxalate Cs+ C2O 4  Cs2C2O4
++
Zinc nitrate Zn NO 3 Zn(NO3)2
+
Silver chromate Ag CrO 4  Ag 2CrO4
+
Potassium dichromate K Cr2O 72  K2Cr2O7
Aluminium dichromate Al 3+ Cr2O 7  Al 2(Cr2O7)3
Lead chlorate Pb2+ ClO 3 Pb(ClO3)2
Magnesium oxalate Mg++ C2O 4  MgC2O4
Cuprous sulphide Cu+ S Cu 2S
Cupric arsenate Cu++ AsO 34 Cu 3(AsO4)2
Ferrous phosphate Fe++ PO 34 Fe3(PO4)2
3+
Ferric chromate Fe CrO 24  Fe2(CrO4)3
Thallic perchlorate or Tl3+ ClO 4 Tl(ClO4)3
Thallium(III)perchlorate
Thallous sulphate or Thallium(I) Tl+ SO 24  Tl2SO4
sulphate
Mercuric nitrate Hg++ NO 3 Hg(NO3)2
4+
Stanic oxide Sn O2- SnO2
Stanic phosphate Sn4+ PO 34 Sn 3(PO4)4
Stannous nitrate Sn2+ NO 3 Sn(NO3)2
++
Calcium dihydrogenphosphate Ca H2PO 4 Ca(H2PO4)2
3+
Ferric Ferrocyanide Fe [Fe(CN)6]4 Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
Ferrous Ferrocyanide Fe++ [Fe(CN)6]4– Fe2[Fe(CN)6]
3+
Ferric ferricyanide Fe [Fe(CN)6]3 Fe[Fe(CN)6]
2+ 3
Ferrous ferricyanide Fe [Fe(CN)6] Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2
P. No. - 5
Common Name, Chemical Name and Chemical Formula :

Common Name Chemical Name Chemical Formula
Alum Ammonium aluminium sulphate (NH4)2SO4.Al 2(SO4)3.24H2O
Potash alum Potassium aluminium sulphate K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O
Battery acid or oil of Sulphuric acid H2SO4
vitriol
Blue vitriol Copper sulphate CuSO4.5H2O
Baking soda Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3
Bleaching powder Calcium chlorohypochlorite CaOCl2
Borax Sodium tetraborate Na2B4O7.10H2O
Butter of tin Stannic chloride SnCl4.5H2O
Caustic soda Sodium hydroxide NaOH
Caustic potash Potassium hydroxide KOH
Carbolic acid Phenol C6H5OH
Chile saltpetre Sodium nitrate NaNO3
Carborundum Silicon carbide SiC
Corrosive sublimate Mercuric chloride HgCl2
Calomel Mercurous chloride Hg2Cl2
Dry ice Carbon dioxide (solid) CO2
Grain alcohol (Spirit) Ethyl alcohol C2H5OH
Green vitriol Ferrous sulphate FeSO4.7H2O
Gypsum Calcium sulphate CaSO4.2H2O
Gammexane (BHC) Benzene hexachloride C6H6Cl6
Hydrolith Calcium hydride CaH2
Hypo (Antichlor) Sodium thiosulphate Na2S2O3.5H2O
Indian nitre Potassium nitrate KNO3
Limestone Calcium carbonate CaCO3
Lunar caustic Silver nitrate AgNO3
Laughing gas Nitrous oxide N2O
Litharge Lead monoxide PbO
Muriatic acid Hydrochloric acid HCl
Mohr’s salt Ferrous ammonium sulphate FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O
Milk of magnesia Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2
Microcosmic salt Sodium ammonium hydrogen Na(NH4)HPO4
phosphate
P. No. - 6
Marsh gas (Damp fire) Methane CH4

Oleum Sulphuric acid (Fuming) H2S2O7
Oxone Sodium peroxide Na2O2
Plaster of Paris Calcium sulphate hemihydrate 1
CaSO4 . H2O
2
Philosopher’s wool Zinc oxide ZnO
Phosgene Carbonyl chloride COCl2
Pearl ash Potassium carbonate K2CO3
Pyrene Carbon tetrachloride CCl4
Quick lime Calcium oxide CaO
Red lead (Minium) Lead tetra oxide Pb 3O4
Slaked lime (Milk of Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
lime)
Sal ammoniac Ammonium chloride NH4Cl
Sugar of lead Lead acetate (CH3COO)2 Pb
Sand Silicon dioxide SiO2
TEL Tetra-ethyl lead Pb(C2H5)4
Tear gas Chloropicrin CCl3NO2
Washing soda Sodium carbonate Na2CO3.10H2O
Water glass Sodium silicate Na2SiO3
White vitriol Zinc sulphate ZnSO4.7H2O
Concept of mole
A collection of 6.022 × 10 23 particles of anything is referred to as one mole e.g.
1 mole balls = 6.022 × 1023 balls
1 mole electrons = 6.022 × 1023 electrons
1 mole water = 6.022 × 1023 molecules of water (H2O)
1 mole carbon dioxide = 6.022 × 1023 molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2)
1 mole methane = 6.022 × 1023 molecules of methane (CH4)
1 mole glucose = 6.022 × 1023 molecules of glucose (C6H12O6)
1 mole oxygen = 6.022 × 1023 molecules of oxygen (O2)
1 mole nitrogen = 6.022 × 1023 molecules of nitrogen (N2)
1 mole chlorine = 6.022 × 1023 molecules of chlorine (Cl2)
1 mole hydrogen = 6.022 × 1023 molecules of hydrogen (H2)
1 mole sodium = 6.022 × 1023 atoms of sodium (Na)
1 mole silver = 6.022 × 1023 atoms of silver (Ag)
P. No. - 7
Note– All elements do not make well defined molecules e.g. hydrogen (H2), oxygen(O2), nitrogen(N2) form
diatomic molecules but metallic elements e.g. silver (Ag) and sodium (Na) etc. do not form well defined
molecules. This can be explained by using concepts of chemical bonding.
Ex 1: Find out number of atoms in following
1. 5 moles of oxygen 2. 5 moles of water
3. 5 moles of glucose 4. 5 moles of CuSO4.5H2O
Solution–
(1) 5 moles of oxygen = 5 × 6.022 × 1023 molecules of oxygen (O2)
= 2 × 5 × 6.022 × 10 23 atoms
= 6.022 × 1024 atoms
(2) 5 moles of water = 5 × 6.022 × 1023 molecules of water (H2O)
= 3 × 5 × 6.022 × 10 23 atoms
= 90.33 × 1023 atoms
= 9.033 × 1024 atoms
(3) 5 moles of glucose = 5 × 6.022 × 1023 molecules of glucose (C6H12O6)
= 24 × 5 × 6.022 × 1023 atoms
= 90.33 × 1023 atoms
= 9.033 × 1024 atoms
(4) 5 moles of CuSO4.5H2O = 5 × 6.022 × 1023 units of CuSO4.5H2O
= 21 × 5 × 6.022 × 1023 atoms
= 6.323 × 1025 atoms
Ex 2: Find out number of carbon atoms in
1. Two thousand molecules of glucose (C6H12O6)
2. Two lakh molecules of glucose (C6H12O6)
3. Two mole molecules of glucose (C6H12O6)
Solution–
Each glucose molecule contain 6 carbon atom therefore,
1. Number of carbon atoms in two thousand molecules of glucose = 6 × 2000
2. Number of carbon atoms in two lakh molecules of glucose = 6 × 200000
3. Number of carbon atoms in two mole molecules of glucose = 6 × 2 × 6.022 × 10 23
Ex3– Find out number of electrons in 20 moles of water
Solution Number of electron in one molecule of water

= Number of electron in two hydrogen atoms + Number of electron in one oxygen atom
= 2 + 8 = 10
20 mole of water = 20  6.022  10 23 molecule
= 10  20  6.022  1023 electrons
Exercise 1.1
1. Which of the following contains 12.044 × 1023 molecules? Also specify the reason.
1. 2 moles of water 2. 2 moles of oxygen
3. 2 moles of silver 4. 2 moles of sodium
Ans: 1,2
P. No. - 8
2. Find out number of molecules and atoms in following

1. 25 moles of nitrogen 2. 0.24 moles of methane
3.. 1.2 moles of glucose 4. 200 milimoles of water
Hint: 1000 milimoles = 1 mole
[Molecules– 1. 25  NA 2. 0.24  NA 3. 1.2 NA 4. 200 10–3  NA
Atoms– 1. 25 2  NA 2. 0.24  5  NA 3. 1.2 24 NA 4. 200 10–3 3 NA
3. Convert following into moles
1. 3.011 × 1023 molecules of water 2. 1.2044 × 10 25 molecules of water
20
3. 3.011 × 10 molecules of oxygen 4. 2.4088 × 10 22 molecules of nitrogen
[1. 0.5 2. 20 3. 5 × 10 –4 4. 0.04]
4. Find out number of electrons in following
1. 6.022 × 103 molecules of water 2. 10 moles of water
3. 0.0024 moles of carbon dioxide 4. 400 milimoles of oxygen
[1. 6.022 × 104 2. 10 ×10 × 6.022 × 10 23 3. 3.2 × 1022 4. 3.9 × 1024 ]
Atomic masses of common elements
Element Mass Element Mass
H 1 S 32
C 12 Cl 35.5
N 14 Ca 40
O 16 Mn 55
Na 23 Fe 56
Mg 24 Cu 63.5
Al 27 Ag 108
P 31 S 32
Unit of the atomic mass

The above atomic masses can be expressed in two units
1. amu per atom
2. gram per mole
Atomic mass of carbon = 12 amu for one atom = 12 gram for one mole atoms
Atomic mass of sodium = 23 amu for one atom = 23 gram for one mole atoms
Relation between amu and gram
1 gram = 6.022 × 10 23 amu
1
1 amu = = 1.66 × 10 -24 gram
6.02210 23
Definition of amu (Atomic Mass Unit)
1 amu is defined as 1/12 th of mass of carbon atom i.e.
mass of one carbon atom
1amu 
12
Ex1 : What is mass of five sodium atoms in amu
Mass of one sodium atom = 23 amu
Mass of five sodium atoms = 5 × 23 amu = 115 amu
P. No. - 9
Ex2 : Find out number of atoms of magnesium in 1800 amu magnesium.

Mass of one Mg atom = 24 amu
Number of Mg atoms in 1800 amu = 1800/24 = 75 atoms
Ex3 : Find out mass of one Mg atom in gram
Mass of one Mg atom = 24 amu = 24 × (1.66 × 10 -24 gram) = 39.84 × 10-24 gram
Molecular mass and formula mass
Molecular mass of a compound can be obtained by adding the mass of atoms present in its formula
Ex 1: Molecular mass of water (H2O)
= mass of two hydrogen atoms + mass of one oxygen atom
= 2×1 + 16 × 1
= 2 + 16
= 18
Note: Unit of molecular mass of molecule will be same as that of atomic mass thus when we calculate that
molecular mass of water is 18 it means
Mass of one molecule of water (H2O) = 18 amu
Mass of one mole molecules of water (H2O) = 18 gram
Ex 2: Molecular mass of glucose (C6H12O6)

mass of six carbon atom + mass of twelve hydrogen atoms + mass of six oxygen atoms
= 6 × 12 + 12 × 1 + 6 × 16
= 72 + 12 + 96
= 180
Ex 3: Formula mass of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
= mass of two sodium atom + mass of one carbon atom + mass of three oxygen atoms
= 2 × 23 + 12 + 3 × 16
= 106
Ex 4: Formula mass of sodium carbonate deca–hydrate (Na2CO3. 10 H2O)
= mass of Na2CO3 + mass of 10 H2O molecules
= 106 + 10 × 18
= 286
Ex 5: Find out mass of 120 molecules of water in amu

Mass of one molecule of water (H2O) = 18 amu
Mass of 120 molecule of water (H2O) = 120 ×18 amu = 2160 amu
Ex 6: What should be mass of one molecule of water in gram

Mass of one molecule of water (H2O) = 18 amu = 18 × (1.66 × 10-24 gram) = 29.88 × 10-24 gram
Ex 7: Find out number of electrons in 90 amu of water

90 amu of water = (90/18) molecules of water
= 5 molecules
= 5 × 10 electrons [Each molecule of water contains 10 electrons]
= 50 electrons
P. No. - 10
Inter conversion of mass and mole

Molar mass
It is defined as mass of one mole substance. Since molar atomic masses of elements are known in
literature we can find out the molar mass of a substance by using its chemical formula.
Relation between number of moles and molar mass
Ex 1: Find out number of moles in 0.0036 gram of water?
Ex 2: Find out number of moles in 0.072 gram of glucose?
Ex 3: Find out number of mass in 0.14 mole of glucose?

mass
Number of moles =
molar mass
Mass = Number of moles × Molar mass
= 0.14 mole × 180 gram mole -1
= 25.2 gram
Inter conversion of volume and mole

Molar volume
It can be defined as volume of one mole substance. For ideally behaving gases molar volume is 22.4
L at STP.
Here STP stand for standard temperature (273 K) and pressure (1 atm).
Example: What should be volume of one mole of CO2 and one mole of CH4 at STP?
1 mole CO2 at STP = 22.4 L
1 mole CH4 at STP = 22.4 L
P. No. - 11
Relation between number of moles and molar volume
Example 1: Find out number of moles of CH4 in 5.6 L of CH4 at STP.
Example 2: Find out total number of moles of atoms in 2.8 L of CH4 at STP.
Example 3: Find out volume of 10 moles methane at STP.

Volume of 1 mole methane at STP = 22.4 L
Volume of 10 mole methane at STP = 10 × 22.4 L = 224 L
Effect of change of temperature and pressure on molar volume

Volume of a gas changes with change in temperature and pressure. For ideally behaving gases, this
change can be calculated by using ideal gas equation
PV = nRT
In other way, if molar volume in one set of pressure and temperature is known the value of molar
volume in other set of situations can be calculated by using following equation
Example 1: What should be molar volume of CO2 at 273 K and 4 atm?
P. No. - 12
Example 2: Find out number of moles of CO2 in 5.6 L of CO2 at 273K and 4 atm. From previous
calculation we can see that molar volume of CO2 at 273 K and 4 atm = 5.6 L mole-1
Equivalent Weight
Molecular weight
Equivalent Weight =
X
Where X is
 basicity of acid
 acidity of base
 total +ve valence per molecule
 Number of electrons gained per molecule
 Number of electrons lost per molecule.
Acids and bases

1. Arrhenius acids: The substances which give H+ ion in water are Arrhenius acids.
HCl(g) + nH2O(l) H+(aq)+Cl-(aq)
H2SO4(l)+nH2O(l) )2H+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
2. The substances which give OH– ion in water are Arrhenius bases
NaOH(s)+ nH2O(l) Na+(aq) + OH–(aq)
Ba(OH)2 (s) + nH2O(l) Ba++(aq) + 2OH–(aq)
3. The substances which are proton donor are Lowry Bronsted acid and which are proton
acceptor are Lowry- Bronsted base
4. The pair of substances which can be converted into one another by the migration of H+ ion
are called as conjugate acid base pairs.
5. For conjugate acid H+ ion is added. For Conjugate base H+ ion is eliminated.
6. There are species for which conjugate acid is possible but conjugate base is not possible.
7. There are species for which conjugate base is possible but conjugate acid is not possible
8. There are species both conjugate acid and conjugate base both are possible
9. There are species for which neither conjugate acid nor conjugate base is possible
P. No. - 13
10. The species for which conjugate acid and conjugate base both are possible in normal
conditions will act as amphoteric
11. The conjugate base of stronger acid will be weaker base.
12. The conjugate base of weaker acid will be stronger base
13. The conjugate acid of stronger base will be weaker acid
14. The conjugate acid of weaker base will be stronger acid

H+ H+
..
O: + OH
15. .. ..
R- C-OH+
.. HCl  R- C-OH + Cl-
O +OH
..
R– C-OH R– C-OH
base conjugate acid
HCl Cl-
acid conjugate base
H+ H+
16. .. + -
H–O  H– O-NO
.. 2+ HSO4
.. – NO2+H2SO4
SSSSsssSsSO4
H
+
H-O – NO2 H– O-NO
.. 2
base
H Conjugate acid
H2SO4 HSO4-
acid conjugate base
+H+ –H+
17. Conjugate acid Species Conjugate base

H2O OH– O2-
H3O+ H2O OH–
NH4+ NH3 NH2–
H2CO3 HCO3– CO32–
H2SO4 HSO4– SO42–
H3PO3 H2PO3– HPO32–
H3PO4 H2PO4– HPO42–
H2PO4– HPO42– PO43–
P. No. - 14
18. The species (atom, ion or molecule) which are having tendency to accept a pair of
electrons, will act as Lewis acid.
19. Cations, electron deficient molecules or ions in which central atom can extend it’s valence
shell due to presence of vacant or partially filled d orbital will act as Lewis acid.
20. Electron deficient molecules are those molecules, in which octet of central atom is not
complete. For examples
:CCl2 , :CX2 , BX3, AlX3, H3BO3, : SnCl2, BeCl2, SnX2, BeX2 and so on .
21. FeCl3 can act as Lewis acid because Fe can extend its valence shell due to presence of
partially filled d orbitals in its valence shell -
FeCl3 + Cl2  FeCl4– + Cl+
22. SnCl4 can act as Lewis acid because Sn can extend its valence shell due to presence of
vacant d orbitals in it’s valence shell.
SnCl4 + 2Cl–  SnCl62–
23. Ortho boric acid (H3BO3) is an electronic deficient molecule so it acts as Lewis acid. In
water it accepts one OH– ion from water. So in ionisation H+ ion produced belongs to
water. So H3BO3 is monobasic acid but not monoprotic acid.
B(OH)3 + H2O  B(OH)4– + H+
H3BO3 is weak acid but in the presence of cis-diol it’s acidic strength will increase. cis-diol
reacts with B(OH)4– to form stable anion. So according to Le–Chatelier’s principle more
ionisation of H3BO3 will be favoured and so acidic strength will increase.

B(OH)3+H2O  B(OH)4- + H +
 C OH HO OH HO  C  C O O  C
B + 4 H2O
 C OH
+ B + HO  C
 C O O C
HO OH
In H3BO3, there is very high extent of inter molecular H–bonding, So it is having very high
melting point. In H3BO3, B is sp2 hybridised, so it is a planar molecule. An aqueous
solution of orthoboric acid acts as antiseptic. It is used to clean the eyes.
24. H3O+: is neither Lewis acid nor Lewis base. It can produce H+ ion that will act as Lewis
acid
25. Basicity of the acid is the number of replaceable H+ ion per molecule, number of OH– ions
accepted per molecule or number of lone pairs accepted per molecule.
26. Acidity of base is the number of replaceable OH– ion per molecule or the number H+ ion
accepted per molecule or the number of lone pairs donated per molecule.
P. No. - 15
27. Consider the following Lewis acid-base reactions

L.A L.B. ..
H+ + H2O:  H3O + :
b=1 a=1
Ag+ + 2 :NH3  Ag(NH3)2+
b=2 a=1
Cu++ + 4:NH3  Cu(NH3)42+
b=4 a=1
28. H3PO2 H3PO3 H3PO4
hypophosphorous acid Phosphorous acid Phosphoric acid
O O
O
P P
P
H H OH
H O H O HO
H O H OH
acidic H = 1 acidic H = 2 acidic H = 3

reducing H = 2 reducing H = 1 reducing H = 0
basicity (b) = 1 basicity (b) = 1, 2 basicity (b) = 1, 2, 3
29. Consider the following reactions
2H3PO2 + Ca(OH)2  Ca(H2PO2)2 + 2H2O (l)
b=1 a=2
2H3PO3 + Ca(OH)2  Ca(H2PO3)2 + 2H2O (l)
b=1 a=2
3H3PO3 + 2Al(OH)3  Al2(HPO3)3 + 6H2O (l)
b=2 a=3
3H3PO4 + Al(OH)3  Al(H2PO4)3 + 3H2O (l)
b=1 a=3
2H3PO4 + 3Ca(OH)2  Ca3(PO4)2 + 6H2O (l)
b=3 a=2
H3PO4 + Ca(OH)2  CaHPO4 + 2H2O (l)
b=2 a=2
30. Equivalent weight of Na2CO3 for the following reaction.
(i) Na2CO3 + HCl  NaHCO3 + NaCl
a=1 b=1
[ CO 32  H   HCO 3 ]
base
(ii) Na2CO3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + HCl + CO2
a=2
[ CO 32  2H   H 2 CO 3  H 2 O  CO 2 ]
unstable
31. Equivalent weight of Al2(SO4)3 as salt

Al 2(SO4)3  2Al3+ + 3SO 24
total +ve valence per molecule = 6
 equivalent weight = M.W.
6
P. No. - 16
Oxidation: It involves
1. addition of oxygen or electronegative element
2. removal of H or electropositive element
3. loss of electrons
4. increase in oxidation number
Reduction: It involves
1. removal of O or electronegative element
2. addition of H or electropositive element
3. gain of electrons
4. decrease in oxidation number
Oxidising agent:
It oxidizes others but itself reduced i.e. gained the electrons
Reducing agent:
It reduces others but itself oxidizes i.e. donates the electrons.
Oxidation number:-
1. It is apparent charge on an atom in a molecule or ion if all other atoms are removed in form
of ions.
2. Oxidation number of an atom in elemental form will be zero
3. Charge on an ion will be its oxidation number.
4. During oxidation number determination shared pair of electrons is considered with more
electronegative atom.
5. If more than one atom of an element is present in a molecule which are having different
oxidation numbers, oxidation state of element will be average of those oxidation number
and it may be in fractions also.
6. N shows a large number of oxidation numbers because it can form multiple bond also with
other atoms, specially with O atoms.
Substance Oxidation number of N
NH3 –3
N2H4 –2
NH2OH –1
N2 0
N2O +1
NO +2
N2O3 +3
NO2 +4
N2O5 +5
N shows oxidation numbers of +4 and +5 with oxygen only
1
7. Oxygen shows oxidation number of –2 in normal oxide, –1 in peroxide,  in superoxide,
2
0 in elemental form, +1 in O2F2 and +2 in OF2
8. Oxygen can not show oxidation number more than +2 because F is only one element which
is more electronegative than O but F is only monovalent.
P. No. - 17
9. Oxidation number of an element can not be more than total number of electrons present in
(a) ns orbitals in case of s block element
(b) ns and np orbitals in case of p block elements
(c) ns and (n – 1)d orbitals in case of d block elements
(d) ns, (n – 2)f and (n – 1)d orbitals in case of f block elements
10. Transition metals show variable oxidation numbers because there is very small difference
in the energy of ns and (n–1)d atomic orbitals, so electrons of both the subshell can take
part in bonding.
11. What are oxidation number(s) of S in following

(a) Na2S2O3 (b) Na2S4O6
Solution
(a) –2 –2 + element oxidation number

O O Na
+4 S 0
S S +4
0
S O Na+  40
–2 So oxidation state of S will be 2
2
(b) –2 –2 + element oxidation number

O O Na S 0
+5
S S 0
–2
O S0 S +5
–2O 0
S +5
+5 S So oxidation state of S will be :
S
(5)  (5)  0  0
O O Na + =  2.5
–2 –2 4
Q. Oxidation number of Cr in CrO5 –1 O O –2

O –1
Cr
+6 O –1
–1 O
Q. What is oxidation number of S in Caro’s acid (peroxy monosulphuric acid or persulphuric

acid)
O 2–
+1 2–
H – O – S+6
–O–O–H S = +6
–1 –1 +1
O 2–
Q. What is oxidation number of S in Marshallas acid (peroxydisulphuric acid)

–2 –2 element oxidation number
O O S +6
+6 +6 S +6
H–O – S– O – O–S–O–H
+1 –2 –1 –1 –2 +1
O O
–2 –2
P. No. - 18
Concept of Limiting reagent

H2SO4 + 2 NaOH  Na2SO4 + 2H2O
If a reaction is started by taking two reactants in proper ratio then both of them are exhausted together but if they
are not taken in proper ratio then one of them is consumed completely and some amount of other reactant
remains unreacted. In such situation the reactant which is consumed completely is called as limiting reagent.
For example if we start above reaction with 5 moles of H2SO4 and 10 moles of NaOH, both will be consumed
completely in the end of reaction. But if we start the reaction with 6 moles of H 2SO4 and 10 moles of NaOH we
will see that 1 mole of H2SO4 remains unreacted in the end of reaction.
Finding out the limiting reagent

xA + yB + zC  aP + bQ
Given that, it is a balanced chemical equation and reaction is started with n1, n2 and n3 moles of A, B and C
n1 n 2 n
respectively. Find out , and 3 . The smallest value indicates the limiting reagent.
x y z
Illustration
Q. Following reaction is started with 6 moles of H2SO4 and 10 moles of NaOH. Find out limiting reagent.
Also find out amount of Na2SO4 formed in the end of reaction.
H2SO4 + 2NaOH  Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Sol. Step I – Finding limiting reagent

H2SO4 NaOH
Starting moles 6 moles 10 moles
Coefficient in balanced equation 1 2

6 10
Ratio 6 5
1 2
Since smaller value indicates the limiting reagent, we can say that NaOH is the limiting reagent. It
means NaOH will get exhausted before H2SO4.
Step II – Calculation of amount of Na2SO4 formed
Formation of Na2SO4 will stop as soon as all NaOH is exhausted. So we will calculate how much
Na2SO4 will be formed when all NaOH is consumed.
NaOH Na2SO4
2 mole 1 mole
10 mole x mole (Assumed)
By law of proportions
2 1

10 x
10  1
x=  5 moles
2
Q. What amount of Fe(OH)3 will be produced if following reaction is started with 1 mole of Fe2S3, 2 moles
of H2O and 3 moles of O2.
Fe2S3 + 6H2O + 3O2  4 Fe(OH)3 + 6S
P. No. - 19
Sol. Step 1: finding limiting reagent

Fe2S4 H2O O2
Starting moles 1 2 3
Coefficient in balanced equation 1 6 3
1 2 3
Ratio 1  0.33 1
1 6 3
Smallest ratio 0.33 indicates that H2O is limiting reagent and we shall calculate the amount of Fe(OH)3
when water in consumed completely.
Step 2: Calculation by amount of Fe(OH)3 by using limiting reagent

H2O Fe(OH)3
6 mole 4 mole
2 mole x mole (Assumed)
By law of proportions
6 4

2 x
42
x=  1.33 mole
6
Q. What amount of P2O5 can be produced by following reaction is started with 93 g phosphorus and 192 g
oxygen? 4P + 5 O2  2P2O5
Sol. Atomic mass of P = 31
93
Moles of P = 3
31
Molecular mass of O2 = 32
192
Moles of O2 = 6
32
Calculation of limiting reagent
P O2
Starting moles 3 6
Coefficient in balanced equation 4 5
3 6
ratio  0.75  1.2
4 5
So P is limiting reagent
2
Mole of P2O5 formed =  3 1.5 mole
3
Mass of P2O5 formed 1.5  142 = 213gm
Concept of H2O2 solution
H2O2 decomposes to give O2 gas as

2H2O2  2 H2O + O2
The part of O2 gas at STP is produced by the decomposition of one part of H2O2 is called
volume strength of H2O2. It is represented by ‘V’ in inverted comma such as ‘5V’, ‘10V’,
etc.
P. No. - 20
Relation between Volume strength, Normality, Molarity, percentage of H2O2:

Volume strength = Normality × 5.6
Volume strength = Molarity × 11.2
56
Volume strength = percentage ×
17
Laws of chemical combination
Law of conservation of mass-[Lavoisier, 1744]

(a) According to this law, matter is neither created nor destroyed in the course of
chemical reaction although it may change from one form to other
(b) This law contradicts nuclear reactions where Einstein equation is applicable
(c) According to this law, sum of the masses of product formed is always equal to the sum of
the masses of the reactant undergone change
Example : H2 + Cl2  2HCl
2gm 71 gm 2 [ 1 + 35.5]
 73 gm  73 gm
Law of definite proportion [Proust, 1799]

According to the law, the composition of a compound always remains a constant i.e. the ratio of weights
of different elements in a compound ; no matter by whatever method, it is prepared or obtained from
different sources, remains always a constant
Example : In H2O ratio of weight = 1 : 8
In CO2 ratio of weight = 3 : 8
Law of multiple proportion [John Dalton, 1804]

According to this law, when two elements A and B combine to form more than one chemical compound
then different weights of B, which combine with a fixed weight of A, are in a proportion of simple
whole number
Example : CO & CO2
12 : 16 & 12 : 32
ratio = 16 : 32
= 1:2
Law of reciprocal proportions [Ritche, 1792-94]

When two elements combine separately with third element and form different types of molecules, their
combining ratio is directly reciprocated if they combine directly
Example :
P. No. - 21
C with H form methane and with O form CO2. In CH4 , 12 grams of C reacts with 4 grams of H whereas
in CO2 12 gram of C reacts with 32 grams of O. Therefore when H combines with O they should
combine in the ratio of 4 : 32 (i.e. = 1 : 8) or in simple multiple of it. The same is found to be true in
H2O molecule. The ratio of weights of H and O in Water is 1 : 8
Gay-Lussac’s [1808] law of combining volumes :

This law states that under similar conditions of pressure and temperature, volume ratio of gases is
always in terms of simple integers.
Example N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
vol. ratio 1 : 3 : 2
The average atomic mass and average molecular mass

(i) Average atomic mass : Let us consider, an element X, is available in the earth as isotopes of
a1 a2 an
n X , n X ,……, n X , the percentage abundance of the given isotopes in earth are
x 1 , x 2, ........, xn respectively.
a1x 1  a 2 x 2  a n x n
 The average atomic mass of X =
100
(ii) Average molecular mass : Let us consider, in a container, n1 moles of substance X1 (mol. wt M1)
present, n 2 moles of substance X2 (mol. wt M2) present ...........nn moles of substance Xn (mol. wt
Mn) present hence, the total number of moles of substance present in the container = n1 + n2 + .......
+ nn
Total mass of the substance present in the container = n1M1 + n2M2 + ……… + nnMn
n 1M 1  n 2 M 2  ......n n M n
   The average molar mass of the mixture =
n 1  n 2  .....n n
Empirical formula and molecular formula
(i) Empirical formula (simplest formula) : The empirical formula of a compound reflects the
simple ratio of atoms present in the formula units of the compound.
(ii) Molecular formula : The molecular formula is the actual number of atoms of the constituent
elements that comprise a molecule of the substance.
Molecular formula = (Empirical formula)n Here n = 1, 2, 3.......
Examples
1. An organic compound contains 40% C, 6.66% H and rest Oxygen. Its vapour density is 30. Calculate
empirical and molecular formula.
Solution :
Calculation of empirical formula
P. No. - 22
Element % At. mass Relative no. of atoms Simplest ratio
C 40 12 40 3.33
 3.33 1
12 3.33
H 6.66 1 6.66 6.66

 6.66 2
1 3.33
O 53.34 16 53.34 3.33

 3.33 1
16 3.33
Empirical formula = CH2O

Empirical formula mass = 12 + 2 + 16 = 30
Molecular mass = 2 × 30 = 60
60
n 2
30
Molecular formula = 2 × empirical formula
= 2 × (CH2O)
= C2H4O 2
2. A compound contains, C = 28.66%, H = 4.48%, Br = 47.76% and O = 19.10%. The

empirical formula of the compound is (At. wt. C = 12, H =1, Br = 80, O = 16)
Element % composition At. Mass Relative number of Dividing by Simplest
atoms smallest factor whole No. of
ratio
C 28.66 12 28.66 2.39 42=8

= 2.39 = 4.0
12 0.597
H 4.48 1 4.48 4.48 7.5  2= 15

= 4.48 = 7.50
1 0.597
Br 47.76 80 47.76 0.597 12=2

= 0.597 =1
80 0.597
O 19.10 16 19.10 1.19 1.99  2= 4

= 1.19 = 1.999
16 0.597
Empirical Formula = C8H15Br2O4
P. No. - 23
3. An organic compound contains, 44.8% C, 8.71% H, 26.56% S and 19.92% O. The

empirical formula of the compound is (At. wt. C = 12, H = 1, S = 32, O = 16)
Element % composition At. Mass Relative number Dividing by Simplest whole No. of
of atoms smallest factor ratio
C 44.8 12 44.8 3.73 4.49  2 = 8.98 = 9

= 3.73 = 4.49
12 0.83
H 8.71 1 8.71 8.71 10.49  2 = 20.98 = 21

= 8.71 = 10.49
1 0.83
S 26.56 32 26.56 0.83 12=2

= 0.83 =1
32 0.83
O 19.92 16 19.92 1.25 1.5  2 = 3

= 1.25 = 1.5
16 0.83
Empirical Formula = C9H21S2O3
4. An organic compound contains, 54.11% C, 8.22% H, 16.45% P and 21.22% O. Calculate

the empirical formula of the compound (At. wt. C = 12, H = 1, P = 31, O = 16)
Element % composition At. Relative Dividing by Simplest whole No. of
Mass number of smallest ratio
atoms factor
C 54.11 12 54.11 4.5 8.49  2 = 16.98 = 17
= 4.5 = 8.49
12 0.53
H 8.22 1 8.22 8.22 15.5  2 = 31

= 8.22 = 15.50
1 0.53
P 16.45 31 16.45 0.53 12=2

= 0.53 =1
31 0.53
O 21.22 16 21.22 1.33 2.5  2 = 5

= 1.33 = 2.5
16 0.53
Empirical Formula = C17H31P2O5

P. No. - 24
5. A compound contains, C = 7.75%, Cl = 34.41%, Br = 51.70% and F = 6.14%. Calculate

the empirical formula of the compound (At. wt. C = 12, Cl = 35.5, Br = 80, F = 19)
Element % composition At. Relative number Dividing by Simplest

Mass of atoms smallest factor whole No.
of ratio
C 7.75 12 7.75 0.646 2
= 0.646 =2
12 0.323
Cl 34.41 35.5 34.4 0.969 3

= 0.969 =3
35.5 0.323
Br 51.70 80 51.70 0.646 2

= 0.646 =2
80 0.323
F 6.14 19 6.14 0.323 1

= 0.323 =1
19 0.323
Empirical Formula = C2Cl3Br2F
.
Eudiometry
(i) Different solutions used for absorbing gases:
Sr. Gas(es) Solution (or solvent)
No.
1. CO2, SO2, Cl2 KOH or NaOH (aq. solution)
2. O2 ….. Alkaline Pyrogallol
3. CO ….. Ammonical Cu2Cl2
4. O3 ….. Mineral turpentine oil
5. NH3 & HCl ….. Water
6. Water (vapour) Silica gel or anhydrous CaCl2
On cooling if volume of gaseous mixture decreases then this is because of condensation of H2O(V).
P. No. - 25
Some Important Reactions

(i) Decomposition Reaction :
 
CaCO3(s) 
 CaO(s) + CO2(g) MgCO3(s) 
 MgO(s) + CO2(g)
 
SrCO3(s) 
 SrO(s) + CO2(g) 2NaHCO3 
 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
 
2KHCO3 
 K2CO3 + H2O + CO2 2 HI 
 H2 + I2

2 NH3 
 N2 + 3H2
 Carbonates of Ist group elements i.e. Na, K, Rb, Cs do not decompose on heating.
(ii) Displacement Reactions :
Zn(s) + CuSO4  ZnSO4 + Cu Fe + CuSO4  FeSO4 + Cu

Pb + CuCl2  PbCl2 + Cu Zn + H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2
(iii)Double Displacement Reactions :
NaCl + AgNO3  AgCl + NaNO3 NaBr + AgNO3  AgBr  + NaNO3

white precipitate Yellow
NaI + AgNO3  AgI  + NaNO3 Na2SO4 + BaCl2  BaSO4  + 2NaCl
Yellow white
(iv) Neutralisation Reactions :

Reaction between acids (contain replaceable H+ ion) and bases (containing replaceable
OH¯ ion) is known as neutralisation reaction
Examples :
NaOH + HCl  NaCl + H2O
2 KOH + H2SO4  K2SO4 + 2H2O
P. No. - 26
Concentration terms
Mass of the subs tance
(i) Density (d) =
volume of the subs tance
In c.g.s. and MKS units, density is expressed in gm/cm3 or gm/ml and kg/m3 respectively.
Density of any subs tance

(ii) Relative density =
Density of reference subs tance
Density of any subs tan ce

(iii) Specific gravity =
Density of H 2 O at 4º C
weight of solute
(iv) Weight by weight percentage (% w/w) or percentage by weight =  100
weight of solution
[Part per hundred (pph)]
weight of solute
(v) Weight by volume percentage (%w/v) or percentage by volume =  100
volume of solution
volume of solute
(vi) volume by volume percentage (%v/v) or percentage by strength =  100
volume of solution
(vii)mole percentage (% mol/mol) or percentage by mole

(Moles of solute)
=  100
Moles of solute  Moles of solvent
Do remember, for the calculation of strength (% w/w, %w/v etc) the solute must be completely
dissolved into the solution, otherwise, the given terminologies will be invalid.
If, anything is not specified, % strength generally means % by mass.
mass of solute
(viii–a) Parts per million (ppm (w/w)) =  106
Total mass of the solution
mass of solute
(viii–b) Parts per billion (ppb) (w/w) =  109
Total mass of the solution
 ppm and ppb is generally expressed as w/w (mass to mass)
 ppm and ppb can also be expressed as w/v (mass to volume) or V/V (volume to volume)
(ix) gram per litre (gm/lit): It is the amount of solute in gm dissolved in 1 litre (1000 ml) of solution.
P. No. - 27
Number of moles of formula units of solute

(x) Formality =
volume of solution (in litres)
Number of moles of solute

(xi) Molality(m) =
mass of solvent in kg
No. of moles of solute

(xii) Molarity (M)=
Volume of solution (in litres)
10  x  d
 Molarity = ;
M1
w
Here x = % of solute, d = density of solution in gm/mL, M1 = molar mass of solute
w
n solute n solvent
(xiii) Mole fraction : Xsolute = Xsolvent =
n solute  n solvent n solute  n solvent
 Xsolute + Xsolvent = 1
Relation between concentration terms
1000X1 1000M 1000 d X1

(i) m = (ii) m= (iii) M 
(1  X1 )M 2 1000d  MM1 X1M1  (1  X1 )M 2
Here m = molality, M = molarity, d = density of solution in gm/mL, X1 = mole fraction

of solute, M1 = molar mass of solute, M2 = molar mass of solvent
w
(iv) ppm = %  concentration  × 104 (v) Gram per litre = M × M1
w 
w w  w
(vi) Gram per litre = 10 × %  (vii) %  % d
 v v  W 
Percentage purity and Percentage yield of reaction
Mass of pure compound in the impure sample

% Purity = 100
Total mass of impure sample
 amount of a definite product actually produced in a reaction 

% Yield of reaction =  100
 Maximum possible amount of the same product wh ich can be produced 
P. No. - 28
Subjective exercise
1. Element, compound homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture
Classify the following in terms of element, compound homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture :
1. Diamond 2. Graphite 3. Carborundum
4. Tungsten 5. silica 6. Alumina
7. Hydrogen bromide 8. Hydrochloric acid 9. Hydrocynic acid .
10. Oxygen 11. Ozone 12. Milk
13. Curd 14. Ink 15. Soda lime
[element 1,2,4,10,11 compound  3,5,6,7 homogeneous mixture8,9 heterogeneous mixture
12,13,14,15]
2. Atomic and molecular mass
1. What will be weight in amu of
(i) One atom of Ca (ii) One hypophasphite ion
(iii) One metaaluminate ion (iv) One molecule of calcium hydrogen oxalate
[((i) 40 (ii) 65 (iii) 95 (iv) 218)]
2. The number of electrons in M+++ ion is 25 e– and it contains 30 neutrons. What is weight of one atom of
M in amu. [58]
3. A molecule contains 30 C-atoms, 50 H-atoms, 2 S-atom and 4.98  10 –22 g other atoms. What is
molecular mass of compound? [774 ]
4. Molecular mass of a compound is, 672000. If contains 0.0333% iron by mass calculate the no. of iron
atoms in one molecule of the compound. [4]
5. Find out % of sodium in sodium carbonate. [43.39%]
6. What is % of water in sodium carbonate decahydrate? [62.93]
7. A plant virus is found to consist of uniform cylindrical particles of 150 A in diameter and 5000 A
long. The specific volume of virus is 0.75 cm3/g. If the virus is considered to be a single particle. Find
its molecular weight. [7.1  107]
8. A divalent cation is isoelectronic of CO2 and has (Z + 2) neutrons. What is the ionic mass of divalent
cation? [50]
9. Molecular weight of a compound is 70000. It contains 0.4 % iron by mass calculate the number iron
atoms in one molecule of the compound. [5]
10. A pure sample of compound contains 0.4% Fe and 1.37% S by mass. What will be minimum molecular
weight of compound and what will ratio of Fe and S atom in this compound.
[14000, 1:6]
11. What will be weight in gram of

(i) One atom of Ca
 atomic / Ionic / molecular weight 
(ii) One hypophasphite ion  
 NA 
(iii) One metaaluminate ion
(iv) One molecule of calcium hydrogen oxalate
12. The number of electrons in M+++ ion is 25 e– and it contains 30 neutrons. What is weight of one atom of
M in gram. [58/NA]
P. No. - 29
3. Average atomic and molecular weights
1. A mixture contains 80% H2 and 20% O2 by mole. What is average molecular mass of mixture? [8]
2. Natural chlorine is mixture of two isotopes namely Cl–35 and Cl–37. If average atomic mass of the
natural chlorine sample is 35.5, find out % of Cl–35 and Cl–37 in the natural sample. [75% and 25%]
3. A sample of Fe contains Fe56, Fe57 and Fe58. Mass number of sample is 57.4. If percentage by mass of
Fe57 is 20%, calculate the percentages by mass of Fe56 and Fe58 in the mixture.
[Fe56 = 19.4, Fe58 = 60.6]
4. A mixture contains 80% H2 and 20% O2 by mass. What is average molecular mass of mixture?
[2.462]
5. A mixture contains two polymers having molecular weights 2800 and 5600 in mole ratio 2 : 3. Calculate
(1) Weight average molecular mass [4900]
(2) number average molecular mass [4480]
6. The vapour density of a mixture containing NO2 and N2O4 is 38.3 at 27C. Calculate the moles of NO2
in the 100 moles mixture? [33.5 moles]
4. The concept of mole

1. One atom of an element ‘X’ weighs 6.644  10–23 g. Calculate the number of moles in 40 kg of it.
[1000]
2. Calculate no. of molecules in 22.4 L of H2O at STP. [7.5  1026]
3. Calculate no. of Hg atoms in 100 mL of Hg at STP. Give that density of mercury is 13.6 g/ml.
(Hg = 200). [6.8  NA]
4. Calculate the number of valence electrons in one gram each of the following
(i) Nitride ion [0.57 NA ]
(ii) azide ion [0.38 NA ]
(iii) Oxide ion [0.5 NA ]
(iv) peroxide ion [0.4375 NA ]
(v) superoxide ion [0.4063 NA ]
5. A country is having Avogadro's number of rupees. If rate of expenditure is 1 million per second, how
many years it will take to spend all the rupees. [1.9  1010 year]
6. Calculate the amount of charge in coulomb in 1 mole of electrons. [96500C]
7. Mass of an e–is 9.1  10 –31 kg. What will be charge in coulomb on, 1 kg electrons ? [1.76  10 11C]
8. What mass of water will contain same number of atoms as in 2.8 g of C2H4? [3.6 g]
9. What amount of sucrose will contain same number of atoms as the number of ions in 2.84 mg of
Na2SO4 [4.56 10–4g]
10. Calculate the number of neutrons in 100 g each of the following:
(i) K2SO4.10H2O [47.5  NA]
(ii) FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O [48  NA]
P. No. - 30
11. In which case, the no. of N-atoms will be more ?

(i). A mix. containing 40 g NO2, 60g N2O4.
(ii). A mix containing 60 g NO2, 40g N2O4. [i = ii]
12. In which case, the no. of N-atoms will be more ?

(i). A mix. containing 40 mole NO2, 60 mole N2O4.
(ii). A mix containing 60 mole NO2, 40 mole N2O4. [i > ii]
13. If 1 g each of following were taken, arrange in decreasing order of Cl atoms.

I. Benzenehexachloride (291) II. Hexachlorobenzene (285)
III. Tetrachloroethane (166) IV. DDT (354.5) [III > II > I > IV]
14. Calculate the amount of charge in coulomb on following, if 1 mole each were taken :
1. Phosphate ion 2. Pyrophosphate ion
3. Aluminium ion 4. Radium ion
Ans: 1. 3  96500C 2. 4  96500C 3. 3  96500C 4. 2  96500C
15. What amount of following will bear 1 C charge

1. Peroxide ion 2. Ferrocynide ion (212)
3. Stannic ion (119) 4. Plumbic ion (108)
[1 – 1.66  10 –4 g 2 – 5.5  10–4 g 3 – 3.1  10–4 g 4 – 2.8  10–4 g]
16. What amount of Na2CO3.10H2O will contains same no. of neutrons as the no. of ions in 100g of
plumbic pyrophosphate. (Pb = 208, P = 31, Na = 23) [1.12 g]
17. Calculate the amount of sucrose which contains same no. of atoms as the no. of ions in 200 g of ferric
ferrocynide. [12.3g]
18. What amount of mohr's salt [FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O  392 g/mole] will contain same no. of neutrons
as the no. of electrons in 150ml of CCl4 measured at STP ? (d = CCl4 = 2.4 g/ml). [361 g]
19. What volume of H2O will contain same no. of lone pair as the no. of bonds in 10 L of NH3 gas, if both
are measured at 4°C and at 1 atm pressure. [12 mL]
20. What amount of Cr will contain same no. of unpaired electrons, as the no. of paired electrons in 100 g
of Fe2+. (24Cr52, 26Fe56) [309.5 g]
21. What amount of Mn2+ will contain same no. of paired electrons as the no. of valence electrons in 100 g
of azide ion. ( N 3 ) (25Mn55). [116.4 g]
22. An aqueous solution of Na2SO4, contains 30% Na2SO4 by mass. Density of solution is
1.6 g/mL. Calculate the total number of electrons in 62.5 mL of this solution.
[53.67NA]
23. A gaseous mixture contains O2 and O3. Mass of 600 ml of this mixture is 1 g at STP. What is % of O2 in
this mixture :
(i). by mass (ii). by mole (iii). by volume
[i – 57% ii – 66.67%, iii – 66.67%]
P. No. - 31
5. Empirical formula
1. An organic compound on analysis gave the following data : C = 57.82%, H = 3.6% and the rest is
oxygen. Its vapour density is 83. Find its empirical and molecular formula.
[C4H3O2, C8H6O4]
2. The nitroderivative (A) of an aromatic hydrocarbon contains 61.28% C, 5.12% H, 10.2% N and rest %
of oxygen O. Its vap. density is 68.5 . What is the empirical formula and what is the molecular formula?
[Both C7H7NO2]
3. A well known antibiotic, penicillin, contains C = 57.49%; H = 5.39%, N = 8.39%;
S = 9.58%; The remaining being oxygen. Given that penicillin contains one atom of S per molecule.
Determine the empirical formula and molecular formula of the compound.
[Both . C16 H18 N2 SO4]
4. An organic compound contains 40% C, 6.66% H and rest is oxygen. Its vapour density is 30. Find the
empirical formula and molecular formula of the compound. [CH2O, C2H4O2]
5. A hydrocarbon contains 10.5 g C-per gram atom of hydrogen, 1 litre hydrocarbon at 127C and 1 atm
pressure weighs 2.8 g. Find out the empirical formula and the molecular formula.
[C7H8, C7H8]
6. An organic compound has C : H : N in weight ratio of 9 : 1 : 3.5 Mol. wt. of the compound is 108. What
are the empirical and molecular formula of the compound.
[C3H4N, C6H8N2]
7. 0.20 g of a dibasic organic acid gave 0.195 g of CO2 and 0.040g H2O on combustion. It had no nitrogen.
0.50 g of its silver salt gave 0.355 g of Ag on heating. What is the empirical formula and molecular
formula of the compound. [CHO2, H2C2O4]
8. 7.5 mL of a gaseous hydrocarbon was exploded with 36 mL of oxygen. The volume of gases on cooling
was found to be 28.5 mL, 15 mL of which was absorbed by KOH and the rest was absorbed in a
solution of alkaline pyrogallol. If all volumes are measured under the same conditions, deduce the
formula of the hydrocarbon. [C2H4]
9. 0.246 g of an organic compound containing bromine gave 0.198 g of CO2 and 0.1014 g of H2O on
complete combustion; 0.37 g of the compound gave 0.638 g of silver bromide. What is the empirical
formula and molecular formula of the compound? V.D. of the compound is 54.4?
[Both C2H5Br]
10. 16 mL of a hydrocarbon gas was exploded with excess of oxygen. On cooling, the volume of the
resulting gaseous mixture was reduced by 48 mL. When KOH was added, there was a further decrease
of 48 mL in the volume. Find the molecular formula of the compound.
[C3H6]
11. A welding fuel gas contains carbon and hydrogen only. Burning a small sample of it in oxygen gives
3.38 g CO2, 0.690 g of H2O and no other products. A volume of 10.0 L (measured at S.T.P.) of this
welding gas is found to weigh 11.6 g. Calculate
(i) empirical formula (ii) molar mass of the gas (iii) molecular formula
[i  CH, ii  26, iii  C2H2]
12. Nitrobenzene is formed as the major product along with a minor product in the reaction of benzene with
a hot mixture of nitric acid and sulphuric acid. The minor product consists of
C = 42.86%, H = 2.40%, N = 16.67% and O = 38.07%. Calculate the empirical formula of the minor
product? [C3H2NO2]
P. No. - 32
13. By analysis of organic compounds, percentages of different element by mass were found to be
following. Calculate empirical formula in each of the following :
1. C = 57%, H = 5%, N = 14%, O = 24% [C19H20N4O6]
2. C = 54.26%, H = 7.98%, P = 16.49%, O = 21.28% [C17H30P2O5]
3. C = 60%, H = 10.25%, Cl = 17.75, O = 12% [C20H41Cl2O3]
4. C = 24.14%, H = 2.3%, O = 4.6%, Br = 68.97% [C7H8OBr3]
14. A compound on analysis gave the following percentage composition;

Na = 14.31%, S = 9.97%, H = 6.22%, O = 69.5%
calculate the molecular formula of the compound on the assumption that all the hydrogen in the
compound is present in combination with oxygen as water of crystallisation. Molecular mass of the
compound is 322. [Na 2SO4 .10H2O]
15. An organic acid contains C, H, O elements. A 4.24 mg sample of organic acid is completely burnt in
oxygen. It gives 8.45 mg of carbondioxide and 3.46 mg of water. What is the mass percentage of each
element? Determine the empirical and molecular formula of the organic acid if molecular mass of the
organic acid is determined to be 88u.
[C = 54.35%, H = 9.07 , O = 36.58% , C2H4O,C4H8O2]
16. A hydrated sulfate of a metal contained 8.1% metal and 43.2% SO 24 by mass. Assuming the specific
heat of metal to be 0.24. Determine the formula of the hydrated sulfate.
[M2(SO4)3.18H2O]
6. Equivalent weight
1. Calculate the equivalent weight of acid and base respectively in the following reactions:
a. 2H3PO2 + Ca(OH)2  Ca(H2PO2)2 + 2H2O
b. 3H3PO3 + Al(OH)3  Al(H2PO3)3 + 3H2O
c. 3H3PO3 + 2Al(OH)3  Al2(HPO3)3 + 6H2O
d. 2H3PO3 + Ca(OH)2  Ca(H2PO3)2 + 2H2O
e. H3PO4 + NaOH  NaH2PO4 + H2O
f. H3PO4 + 2NaOH  Na2HPO4 + 2H2O
g. 2H3PO4 + 3Ca(OH)2  Ca3(PO4)2 + 6H2O
h. Al(OH)3 + NaOH  Na+ + Al(OH)4–
i. Al(OH)3 + 3HCl  AlCl3 + 3H2O
2. Equivalent weight if Na2CO3 (MW = M) in the following reaction
Na2CO3 + HCl  NaHCO3 + NaCl
3. Equivalent weight if NaHCO3 (MW = M) in the following reaction
NaHCO3 + HCl  NaCl + CO2 + H2O
4. Equivalent weight if Na2CO3 (MW = M) in the following reaction
Na2CO3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Ans
1. (a) [MW/1, MW/2] (b) [MW/1, MW/3] (c) [MW/2, MW/3] (d) [MW/1, MW/2] (e) [MW/1,
MW/1] (f) [MW/2, MW/1] (g) [MW/3, MW/2] (h) [MW/1, MW/1] (i) [MW/1, MW/3]
2. M 3. M 4. M/2
P. No. - 33
7. Acid base neutralization
1. Taking H2SO4 as a dibasic acid, find out volume of N/4 solution of NaOH required to neutralise
(a) 50 mL of 0.6 N of H2SO4 solution
(b) 50 mL of 0.6 M of H2SO4 solution [(a) 120mL (b) 240mL]
2. What volume of following solution is required to react completely with 0.63 g of oxalic acid?
(a) 0.2 M NaOH solution (b) 0.4 M NaOH solution
[(a) 70mL (b) 35mL]
3. 0.80 g of a dibasic acid needs 20 mL of 0.2 M NaOH solution for complete reaction. Find out equivalent
weight and molecular weight of the acid. [eq. weight 200, MW = 400]
4. 0.72 g of a dibasic acid was dissolved in water to prepare 200 mL solution. 20 mL of this solution
needed 10 mL of N/10 NaOH for complete neutralisation. Find out molecular weight of the acid.
[ 144]
5. 0.63 g sample of oxalic acid (H2C2O4.xH2O) needed 50 mL of 0.2 M NaOH solution for neutralisation.
Find out number of molecules of water of crystallisation in the oxalic acid sample. [ 2]
8. Concentration of solution
1. Calculate mass of solute required to prepare following solutions
(a) 200 mL of M/4 solution of urea. [3g]
(b) 600 mL of M/2 solution of oxalic acid (H2C 2O4.2H2O) [37.8g]
(c) 100 mL of M/6 solution of sodium sulphate [2.367g]
(d) 300 mL of M/8 solution of sodium hydroxide [1.5g]
Hint: w = m.M.V/1000 (m = molecular wt, M = molarity, V = volume in mL)
2. What volume of following solution of Na2CO3 can be prepared by dissolving 0.53 g of Na2CO3 in
water?
(a) 0.2 M solution [25mL]
(b) 0.4 M solution [12.5mL]
(c) 0.8 M solution [6.25mL]
(d) 1.0 M solution [5mL]
3. Calculate number of moles of glucose present in following solution.

(a) 200 mL of 0.24 M solution of glucose. [0.048 mole]
(b) 600 mL of 0.12M solution of glucose [0.075 mole]
(c) 400 mL of 0.45 milimolar solution of glucose [1.8  10–4 mole]
(d) 20 mL of 0.25 micromolar solution of glucose [5  10 –9 mole]
4. Find out the mass of crystalline oxalic acid (H2C2O4.2H2O) required to produce 200 mL of 0.3 M
solution of oxalic acid (H2C2O4)? [7.56g]
5. What is molarity of sodium and carbonate ions in 0.12 molar solution of Na2CO3?
[0.24M, 0.12M]
6. What mass of Na2CO3.10 H2O is needed to produce 200 mL having 0.24 molar concentration of sodium
ion? [6.86g]
7. What volume of 2M NaOH solution is needed to prepare 400 mL of 1M NaOH solution?

[200mL]
8. If 100 mL solution of 0.16 M glucose is added with 300 mL water, what will be the molarity of
resulting solution? [0.04M]
P. No. - 34
9. Calculate molarity of HCl in the mixture made by mixing 100 mL of 2M HCl and 300 mL 4M HCl.
[3.5M]
10. What volume of the 4M HCl solution should be added to the 10 mL of 2M HCl so that resulting
solution becomes 3.2M. [15mL]
11. Find out mole fraction of glucose in the solution prepared by mixing 90 g glucose in 351 g water.
[0.025]
12. Find out molality of solution obtained by mixing 45 g glucose with 200 g water. [1.25]
13. Find out mole fraction of glucose in 2 molal aqueous solution. [2/57.56]
14. Calculate the molality of a 1 litre solution of 93% H2SO4 (wt./volume). The density of the solution is
1.84 g/mL. [10.43 m]
15. Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles per litre in a sample which has a density 1.41 g mL1
and the mass percent of nitric acid in it being 69%. [15.44 mol /L]
16. A 6.90 M solution of KOH in water has 30% by weight of KOH. Calculate density of solution.
[1.288 g/mL]
17. Calculate the molality and molarity of a solution made by mixing equal volumes of 30% by weight of
H2SO4 (density = 1.218 g/ml) and 70% by weight of H 2SO4 (density = 1.610 g/mL).
[11.4m, 7.6M ]
18. An aqueous solution contains 49% H2SO4 by mass. Density of solution is 1.8 g/ml. Calculate molarity
and molality of solution. Calculate the normality of solution as an acid.
[9M, 9.8m, 18N]
 mass 
19. An aqueous solution contains 40% H3PO4   . Density of solution is 1.6 g/ml. Calculate
 volume 
molarity and molality of solution. Calculate the normality of solution as an acid.
[4.1M, 3.4m, 12.3N]
20. One litre of milk weighs 1.035 kg. The butter fat contains to the extent of 4% by volume has a density
of 875 kg/m3. Find the density of fat free ‘skimmed milk’. [1042 kg/m3]
21. A solution of ethanol in water is 10% by volume. If the solution and pure ethanol have densities of
0.9866g/cc and 0.785 g/cc, find the percent of solute by weight in the
solution. [7.95%]
22. The density of 3M solution of sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3) is 1.25 g/mL calculate
(i) amount of sodiumthiosulphate [37. 92%]
(ii) mole fraction of sodiumthiosulphate [0.065]
+ 2
(iii) molality of Na and S2O3 ions. [7.73 m, 3.86m]
23. If the density of Methanol is 0.793 kg L1, what is its volume needed for making 2.5 L of
its 0.25 M solution? [25.2 mL]
24. A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with the chloroform CHCl3,
supposed to be carcinogenic in nature. The level of contamination was 15 ppm
(by mass)
(i) express this in percent by mass [1.5 10–3%]
(ii) determine the molality of chloroform in water sample. [1.25  10–4 m]
25. What amount of Na2SO4.10H2O and water should be mixed to form 800 g 2 molal aqueous solution of
Na2SO4. [401g, 399g]
P. No. - 35
26. In 420 g water 286 g Na2CO3.10H2O is dissolved to form solution. What is molality of solution with
respect to
(i) Na2CO3 (ii) Na+ (iii) CO32 – [i = 1.66m ii 3.33m iii 1.66m]
27. 105 mL water measured at 4C and one atm pressure is saturated with ammonia, the resulting solution
contains 30% ammonia by mass. Density of solution is 0.9 g/mL. Calculate
(1) Molarity (2) molality (3) Normality as base (4) X NH 3 (5) X H 2 O (6)Volume of
solution
[1. 15.88M 2. 25.21m 3. 15.88N 4. 0.313 5. 0.687 6. 166.6mL]
28. A solution contains water and ethyl alcohol. Mole fraction of water in the solution is 3/5. What is
molality of solution? [32.6m]
29. A mole fraction glucose in aqueous solution is 1/10. Calculate molality of solution.
[6.2 m]
30. A moist sample of KOH contains 85% KOH by mass. What amount of this sample should be dissolved
in 600 g of water so that resulting solution contains 5% K+ by mass ? [55.35g ]
31. What amount of FeSO4.7H2O should be added in 200 g of water, so that resulting solution contains 10%
FeSO4 by mass ? [44.77g]
32. In what amount of water, 28.6 g Na2CO3.10H2O should be added, so that resulting solution contains
10% Na2CO3 by mass ? [77.4g]
33. What amount of CuSO4.5H2O should be added in 175 g of water, so that resulting solution contains 8%
CuSO4 by mass. [Cu = 64]. [25g]
34. A and B are two metals and densities are 9 and 6 g/mL. An alloy is made up of these two metals and
density of alloy is 7.2 g/mL. What is % composition by mass of the alloy?
[50%A & 50%B]
9. Stoichiometric calculations
1. Ferrous oxide on heating in air converts to ferric oxide. What mass of ferric oxide will be produced by
heating 5 g of ferrous oxide in air? [5.55g]
2. 100 g of Fe3O4 is heated with oxygen, upto constant weight. What amount of Fe2O3 will be formed if no
Fe3O4 is left? [103.45g]
3. When 400 g KClO3 is heated, 10 L of O2(g) at 1 atm, and at 327°C is obtained. What % of KClO3 is
decomposed ? [4%]
4. One gram of a hydrated copper sulphate gave, on heating 0.6393 g of anhydrous salt. Calculate the
number of molecules of water of crystallization per molecule of the hydrated salt. [5]
5. On heating 1.763 g of hydrated BaCl2 to dryness 1.505 g of unhydrous salt remained the number of
atoms in one molecule of hydrated salt is [9]
6. The crystalline salt Na2SO4 .x H2O on heating loses 55.9% of its mass. Fined the value of x
[10]
7. A compound contains 28% N and 72% of a metal by weight. Three atoms of metal combine with two
atoms of nitrogen. Find the atomic weight of metal. [24]
8. 1.331 g of a mixture of KCl and NaCl gave, on treatment with silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution, 2.876 g
of dry silver chloride. Find the percentage composition of mixture? [KCl = 55.47%]
P. No. - 36
9. A mixture contains 40% ferrous oxide, 30% ferric oxide and 30% ferousoferic oxide by mass. What is
percentage of iron content by mass in the mixture? [73.83%]
10. A mixture contains 30% calcium phosphate 40% calcium dihydrogen phosphate and 30% calcium
hydrogen phosphate by mass. Calculate the percentage by mass of
(i) Ca (ii) P (iii) O
[(i) 27.3% (ii) 23.5% (iii) 48.4%]
11. Consider the following reactions;
A + 2B + 3C  6D + 9 E
If two moles of A, 3 moles of B, and 5 moles of C were taken for this reaction, find out the limiting
reagent. How many moles of D will be obtained in the end of the reaction. [ 9 mol]
12. A rigid vessel contains acetylene and excess of H2(g) of 100°C at a pressure of 80 cm Hg. The mixture
is subjected to react at 100°C to form C2H6. When reaction is complete the pressure of gaseous mixture
is 35 cmHg. Calculate partial pressure of C2H6 in the final mixture. [22.5 cmHg]
13. A rigid vessel contains nitrogen and excess of H2 at a pressure of 90 cmHg. At the same temp mixture is
subjected to react. When reaction is complete the pressure of gaseous mixture is 60 cmHg. Calculate
partial pressures of ammonia and hydrogen in the reaction. [Ans = 30 cmHg each]
14. Calcium carbonate reacts with aq. HCl to give CaCl2 and CO2 according to the reaction CaCO3 (s) +
2HCl (aq)  CaCl2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
What mass of CaCO3 is required to react completely with 25 ml of 0.75 M HCl? [0.9375gm]
15. A sample of clay was partially dried and then contained 50% silica and 7% water. The original clay
contained 12% water. Find the % of silica in original sample? [47.31%]
16. % of a metal by mass in metallic carbonate is 40%. What is % of metal in metallic bromide?
[At wt. Br = 80] [20% ]
17. In Habers process, for manufacturing of NH3 rate of formation of NH3 is : 136 kg/hr. What will be rate
of consumption of N2 and H2 ? [N2 = 112 kg/hr, H2 = 24 kg/hr]
18. A polystyrene, having the formula Br3C6H3(C 3H8)n, contains 10.46% bromine by weight, find the value
of n. [n = 45]
19. If 80g of X combines with 1.5  1023 atoms of Y to form X2Y without any of either element remaining.
Determine gram atomic weight of X . [ NA = 6  1023] [160]
20. 3.150 g of oxalic acid (COOH)2xH2O were dissolved in 500 mL water. 28 mL of this solution required
35 mL of 0.08 N NaOH solution for complete neutralisation. Find out the number of molecules of water
of crystallisation in the acid [2]
21. 1.42 g of a mixture of CaCO3 and MgCO3, were heated till no further loss in weight takes place. The
residue left was weighed and found to be 0.76g. Find the percentage composition of the mixture?
[CaCO3 = 70 .42% , Mg CO3 = 29.58%]
22. A mixture of FeO and Fe3O4 when heated in air to constant weight, gains 5% in its weight. Find out
composition of mixture? [Fe O = 20.25% , Fe3O4 = 79 . 75%]
23. 25.4 g of I2 and 14.2 g of Cl2 are made to react completely to yield a mixture of ICl and ICl3. Calculate
the moles of ICl and ICl3 formed? [each 0.1 mole]
P. No. - 37
24. A mixture of HCOOH and H2C2O4 is heated with conc. H2SO4. The gas produced is collected and on
treating with KOH solution. The volume of the gas decreases by (1/6 th). Calculate molar ratio of two
acids in original mixture.? [4: 1]
25. Two acids H2SO4 and H3PO4 are neutralised separately by the same amount of alkali when sulphate and
dihydrogen orthophosphate are formed respectively. Find the ratio of the masses of H2SO4 and H3PO4?
[1 : 2]
26. Consider the following reactions;
A + 2B + 3C  6D + 9 E
If two moles of A, 3 moles of B, and 5 moles of C were taken, how many moles of D and E will be
obtained and how many moles of which reactant will be left if yield of the reaction
(i) 100% (ii) 90%
[(i) D = 9 mol, E = 13.5 mole, left A = 0.5 mole, C = 0.5 mole]
[(ii) D = 8.1 mol, E = 12 .15mole, left = A = 0.65mole, C = 0.95]
27. 1. CaC2 + 2 H2O  Ca(OH)2 + C2H2

2. C2H2 + H2  C 2H4
3. n C 2H4  ( CH2  CH2 )n
If one kg of CaC2 is taken with required amount of other reagent, what amount of polythene will be
obtained? [437.5 gm]
28. 1. CaC2 + 2H2O  Ca(OH)2 + C2H2

2. C2H2 + H2  C2H4
3. n C2H4  ( CH2  CH2 )n
Percentage yield of steps 1, 2 and 3 are 80, 60 and 40 respectively. If 1 kg of CaC 2 is taken with
required amount of other reagents, what mass of polythene will be obtained?
[84 gm]
29. 1. CH2 = CH2 (g) + HBr(g)  CH3.CH2Br(l)

2. 2 CH3CH2Br(l) + 2 Na(s)  CH3CH2CH2CH3(g) + NaBr (s)
Percentage yield of steps 1 and 2 are 80 and 60 respectively. In order to obtain 580 g of
n-Butane, how many litres of CH2 = CH2 (g) at S.T.P. will be required. [933.3L]
30. A rigid vessel contains nitrogen and excess of H2 at a pressure of 90 cmHg. At the same temp mixture is
subjected to react. When reaction is complete the pressure of gaseous mixture is 60 cmHg. Calculate
mole fraction H2 gas before the reaction and ammonia gas after the reaction.
[ X H 2  5 / 6, X NH 3  0.5 ]
31. A rigid vessel contains acetylene and excess of H2(g) of 100°C at a pressure of 80 cm Hg. The mixture
is subjected to react at 100°C to form C2H6. When reaction is complete the pressure of gaseous mixture
is 35 cmHg. Calculate mole fractions of each gas before and after the reaction.
[Before  XC 2 H 2  22.5 / 80, X H 2  57.5 / 80 After  XC 2 H 6  22.5 / 35, X H 2  12.5 / 35 ]
32. If equal weights P and O2 were heated to form P2O3 and P2O5 in molar ratio 2 : 1 and limiting reactant is
exhausted, what fraction and what percentage of which reactant will be left unreacted. (At. wt. = 31)
[0.0537, 5.37%, Oxygen]
33. Equal weights of P and O2 were heated to form P2O3 and P2O5. In what molar ratio products will be
formed if no reactant is left. [9 : 7]
P. No. - 38
34. Equal weights of Hg and I2 were heated to form Hg2I2 and HgI2. In what molar ratio the products will be
formed if no reactant is left. (Hg = 200, I = 127) [ 27:73]
35. 2 moles of KClO3 is heated to form KCl, KClO4 and O2. If 0.5 mole O2 is formed, how many moles of
KCl and KClO4 will be formed, if no KClO3 is left. [0.75 mole,1.25 mole]
36. A mixture containing NaCl and NaI is heated with concentrated H2SO4. Mass of Na2SO4 obtained is
equal to mass of original mixture. What is percentage composition of mixture?
[NaCl = 71.1%, NaI = 28.9%]
37. Chlorine is prepared in the laboratory by treating manganesedioxide (MnO2) with aqueous hydrochloric
acid according to the reaction,
4 HCl (aq.) + MnO2 (s)  2 H2O(l) + MnCl2 (aq) + Cl2 (g)
How many grams of HCl react with 5.0 g of mangenesedioxide? [8.39gm]
38. A partially dried sample of clay contains 80% silica and 10% water. The original sample of clay
contains 25% water. If in 90 g of original sample 80 g of partially dried sample is added, what is the %
silica in resulting mixture ? [72.94% ]
39. (i). A metal is monovalent. % of metal in metallic carbonate is 40. What is at. mass of metal ?
[20 ]
(ii). A metal is divalent. % of metal in metallic carbonate is 40. What is at. mass of metal ?
[40]
40. What is % of P2O5 by mass in a pure sample of :

(i). Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate [61.74%]
(ii). Ammonium hydrogen phosphate [53.8%]
41. A mixture contains 80% mohr's salt, and 20% potash alum by mass. What is % of water content by
mass in this mixture ? If this mixture is heated to make it an hydrous, what is % of oxygen by mass in
anhydrous sample ? (Al = 27, K = 39) [31%, 45.7%]
42. A impure sample of Na2CO3.10H2O is heated to make it anhydrous. The sample contains
Na2CO3.10H2O and SiO2, In mole ratio 8 : 1. What is % of oxygen by mass in anhydrous sample ?
(Si = 28) [45.8%]
43. When Na is treated with H2SO4 (aq) solution, H2 gas is produced.

2Na(s) + H2SO4(aq)  Na2SO4(aq) + H2(g)
Density of H2SO4(soln) = 1.8 g/mL; and molarity of the solution is 2. What amount of H 2SO4(aq)
solution will be required to produce 1 m3 H2 gas at STP ? [40.17 kg]
44. What volume of 2 molar aq. solution of HCl solution will be required to react with excess of MnO2 in
order to produce 16.42 L Cl2 gas at 1.2 atm and at 27°C?
MnO2 + 4HCl  MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2 [1.6 L]
45. M3O10 + CO  M2(CO)10 + CO2.

10 moles of M3O10 is taken with 50 moles of CO how many moles of CO2 will be formed and how
many moles of reactant will be left, if yield :
(i). 90% (ii). 100%
[i- 18 mole CO2, 8.2mole M3O10 & 5mole CO. ii- 20mole CO2, 8mole M3O10 ]
P. No. - 39
46. VO + Fe2O3  V2O5 + FeO

If, 3 moles of VO is treated with 4 moles of Fe2O3, how many moles of V2O5 will be formed and how
many moles of reactant will be left, if yield is
(i). 100% (ii). 90%
[i- 1.33mole V2O5, 0.33moles VO. ii- 1.2mole V2O5,0.6moles VO & 0.4mole Fe2O3
47. Consider the reaction :

CaO(s) + 3C(s)  CaC2(s) + CO(g)
The solid crude product mixture contains 90% CaC2 and 10% unreacted CaO by mass. What amount of
CaO will be required to form 1 kg of CaC 2 ? [986.1 g]
48. When ferreso-ferric oxide is heated with oxygen, ferric oxide is obtained. The crude solid mixture
contains 80% ferric oxide and 20% unreacted ferrso-ferric oxide. What amount of ferreso-ferric oxide
will be required to form crude product which contains 1kg of Fe2O3.
[1216.3 g]
49. A Sample of ore contains 80% MnO2, 10% SiO2 and 10% water by mass. It is strongly heated so that
MnO2 is converted into Mn3O4. Water is lossed in form of vapours. What is % of Mn in ignited sample
? (Mn = 55, Si = 30, O = 16). [63.07%]
50. Equal amounts of Fe and O2 were heated to form Fe3O4 and Fe2O3 in molar ratio 1 : 2 and limiting
reactant is exhausted. What fraction and what % of which reactant is left un reacted ?
[0.592 fraction O2 & 59. 2%]
51. A gaseous mixture contains 60% CH4, 20% C2H6, 10% C3H8, 10% N2 by volume at a given temperature
and pressure. 100g of this mixture is subjected to a series of chemical actions in order to convert all the
carbon into 1,3-butadiene, what amount of product will be obtained ?
[78gm]
52. A gaseous mixture contains 60% CH4, 20% C2H6, 10% C 3H8, 10% N2 by mass at a given temperature
and pressure. 100g of this mixture is subjected to a series of chemical actions in order to convert all the
carbon into 1,3-butadiene, what amount of product will be obtained ? [77.83gm]
53. A mixture 'M' contains Na2CO3, Na2SO4, NaHCO3, and an inert material. When it is gently heated, loss
in mass of the mixture is 100 g. It ('M') requires 10 L, 2 molar aq. solution of HCl in order to react
completely. Mixture contains 100 g of inert material, and 10% Na2SO4 by mass. (Na2SO4 does not react
with HCl)
i. What is the amounts of Na2SO4 in the mixture ? [ 140 g]
ii What is the percentage of Na2CO3 in the mixture ? [63%]
ii What is the percentage of inert material in the mixture ? [7.1%]
P. No. - 40
Objective questions
1. Which of the following is example of heterogeneous mixture ?

1. Water 2. Ozone 3. Ink 4. Hydrochloric acid
2. Which of the following is example of element ?

1. Drinking water 2. Ozone 3. Ink 4. Hydrochloric acid
3. Which of the following is not an example of heterogeneous mixture

1. Hydrocynic acid 2. Milk 3. Curd 4. Ink
4. Which of the following is an example of compound

1. Vinegar 2. Sodalime 3. Fe3O4 4. carbon tetrachloride
1. What will be atomic mass of 11Na23

1. 11g/mole 2. 23g/mole 3. 11 amu/atom 4. 23amu/mole
2. Calculate 2g atom of Mg (molar mass = 24)

1. 2g 2. 12g 3. 24g 4. 48g
3. Calculate the mass in g of 2NA molecules of CO2 (molar mass = 44)

1. 22g 2. 44g 3. 88g 4. 88 1023g
4. The number of gram molecules of oxygen in 6.02  10 24 CO molecules is

1. 10 g molecules 2. 5 g molecules
3. 1 g molecules 4. 0.5 g molecules
5. One molecule of a compound contains 50C, 80H, 2S, 3Br and 4.98  10–22 g other atoms. What is
molecular weight of the compound
1. 1364 2. 1284 3. 1150 4. 1000
3. Average molecular weight
1. Boron occurs in two varieties, namely, 10B (atomic mass 10.1 amu) and 11B (atomic mass
11.01 a.m.u). The atomic mass of naturally occurring element is reported 10.82 amu. The
percent % of 10B in this naturally occurring boron is
1. 10 2. 19 3. 29 4. 35
2. Lithium occurs in two isotopes, namely, 7Li (atomic mass 7.00 a.m.u) and 6Li (atomic
mass 6.00 a.m.u). If there exists 7.4% of 6Li in naturally occurring Lithium, then it atomic
mass will be
1. 6.2 a.m.u 2. 6.5 amu 3. 6.94 amu 4. 7.2 amu
3. Given that the abundances of isotopes 54Fe, 56Fe and 57Fe are 5%, 90% and 5%,
respectively, the atomic mass of Fe is
1. 55.85 2. 55.95 3. 55.75 4. 56.05
P. No. - 41
4. Molecular mass of dry air is

1. less than moist air 2. Greater than moist air
3. equal to moist air 4. May be greater or less than moist air
5. A gaseous mixture contains 70% N2 and 30% unknown gas, by volume. If the average
molecular mass of gaseous mixture is 37.60. the molecular mass of unknown gas is
1. 42.2 2. 60 3. 40 4. 50
6. A quantity of 10 g of a mixture of C2H6 and C 5H10 occupy 4480 ml at 1 atm and 273 K. the
percentage of C2H6 by mass, in the mixture is
1. 30% 2. 70% 3. 50% 4. 60%
7. ‘n’ mol of N2 and 0.05 mol of Ar are enclosed in a vessel of capacity 6 L at 1 atm and
27 C. the value of ‘n’ is (R =0.08 atm mol-1 K-1)
1. 0.25 2. 0.20 3. 0.05 4. 0.4
8. A gaseous mixture contains 40% H2 and 60% He, by volume. What is the total number of
moles of gases present in 10 g of such mixture?
1. 5 2. 2.5 3. 3.33 4. 3.125
4. Mole concept
1. The value of gram–molar volume of gas is

1. 1 litre 2. 22.4 litre 3. 11.2 litre 4. 22.4 litre of STP
2. One a.m.u. is equivalent to

1. 1.66  10 –24 kg 2. 1.66  10–25 kg 3. 1.66  10 –26 kg 4. 1.66  10–27 kg
3. The number of atoms present in 0.05g of water is

1. 1.67  1023 2. 1.67  1022 3. 5.02  1021 4. 1.67  1021
4. The numbers of protons, electrons and neutrons in a molecule of heavy water are
respectively :
1. 8, 10, 11 2. 10, 10, 10 3. 10, 11, 10 4. 11, 10, 10
5. Number of atoms in the following samples of substances is the largest in

1. 4.0 g of hydrogen 2. 71.0 g of chlorine
3. 127.0 g of iodine 4. 48.0 g of magnesium
6. In which of the following number of atoms are maximum ?

1. 24 gms C 2. 27 gms of Al 3. 56 gms of Fe 4. 108 gms of Ag
7. How many moles of electron weight one kilogram ?

1 3. 6.023 ×1054 1
1. 6.023 × 1023 2. ×1031 4. × 108
9.108 9.108 9.108  6.023
P. No. - 42
8. Select the quantity of NO2 which has the highest mass :

1. 100 amu 2. 1.0  10–3 g 3. 7.0  10 22 molecules 4. 8.0  10 –1 mole
9. The number of atoms in 558.5 g of Fe (at. wt. = 55.85 ) is

1. twice that in 60 g carbon 2. 6.022  1022
3. half in 8g He 4. 558.5  6.023  1023
10. How many moles of Magnesium phosphate Mg3(PO4)2 will contain 0.25 mole of oxygen
atoms?
1. 0.02 2. 3.125  10–2 3. 1.25  10–2 4. 2.5  10 –2
11. Which has the maximum no. of atom?

1. 6gC 2. 1 g H2 3, 12 g Mg 4. 30 g Ca
12. The least no. of molecules are contained in

1. 2 g hydrogen 2. 8 g oxygen 3. 4 g nitrogen 4. 16 g CO2
13. Which has maximum no. of atom?

1. 24 g C (12) 2. 56 g of Fe (56) 3. 27 g of Al (27) 4. 108 g of Ag (108)
14. One mole of P4 molecules contain

1. 1 molecule 2. 4 molecules
1
3.  6.022  1023 mole 4. 24.088  10 23 atoms
4
15. The ratio of masses of oxygen and nitrogen in a particular gaseous mixture is 1 : 4. The
ratio of number of their molecule is:
1. 1: 8 2. 3 : 16 3. 1:4 4. 7 : 32
16. Equal masses of H2’ O2 and methane have been taken in a container of volume V at
temperature 27oC in identical conditions. The ration of the volumes of gases H2 : O2 :
methane would be
1. 8 : 16 : 1 2. 16 : 8 : 1 3. 16 : 1 : 2 4. 8:1:2
17. At 100ºC and 1 atm, if the density of liquid water is 1.0 g cm–3 and that of water vapor is
0.0006 g cm–3, then the volume occupied by water molecules in 1 litre of steam at that
temperature is
1. 6 cm3 2. 60 cm3 3. 0.6 cm3 4. 0.06 cm3
1. The simplest formula of the compound which contains 85.6% C and 14.4% H by mass is
1. CH 2. CH2 3. C2H3 4. CH3
2. A gaseous hydrocarbon gives upon combustion 0.72 g of water and 3.08 g of CO2. The
empirical formula of the hydrocarbon is
1. C6H5 2. C7H8 3. C2H4 4. C3H4
P. No. - 43
3. An insecticide contains 47.5%C, 2.54% H and 50% chlorine by mass. It’s empirical
formula is
1. C13H8Cl5 2. C14H9Cl5 3. C12H10Cl5 4. C15H12Cl6
4. An organic compound contains 20.0% C, 6.66%, H 47.33% N and the rest was oxygen. Its
molar mass is 60 g mol–1. The molecular formula of the compound is
1. CH4N2O 2. CH2NO2 3. C2H6NO 4. CH18NO
5. The simplest formula of the compound containing 32.5% K, 0.839% H, 26.7% S and
39.9% O by mass is
1. KHSO2 2. KHSO3 3. KHSO4 4. K2H2S2O7
6. The simplest formula of a compound containing 21.9% Mg, 27.8 % P and 50.3% O by
mass is
1. Mg2P3O5 2. MgP2O4 3. Mg2P2O7 4. Mg3PO4
7. In a compound C, H, N atoms a represent in 9 : 1 : 3.5 by weight. Molecular weight of

compound is 108.9. Its molecular formula is
1. C2H6N2 2. C3H4N 3. C6H8N2 4. C9H12N3
1. 0.84 g of a metal carbonate reacts with 40 mL of N/2 H2SO4. The equivalent weight of
metal carbonate is
1. 84 g 2. 64 g 3. 42 g 4. 38 g
2. The equivalent mass of H3PO4 in the following reaction is

H3PO4 + Ca(OH)2  CaHPO4 + 2H2O
1. 98 2. 49 3. 32.66 4. 40
7. Volumetric
1. 25 mL of a solution of barium hydroxide on titration with 0.1 M solution of HCl gave a
titre value of 35 mL.The molarity of Ba(OH)2 is
1. 0.28 M 2. 0.35 M 3. 0.07 M 4. 0.14 M
2. If 20 mL of 0.4 N NaOH solution completely neutralizes 40 mL of a diabasic acid, the

molarity of the acid solution is
1. 0.1 M 2. 0.2 M 3. 0.3 M 4. 0.4 M
3. To neutralize completely 20 mL of 0.1 M aqueous solution of Phosphorous acid (H3PO3),

the volume of 0.1M aq. KOH solution required is,
1. 60 mL 2. 20 mL 3. 40 mL 4. 10 mL
4. An aq. solution of 6.3 g oxalic acid dihydrate is made upto 250 mL. The volume of 0.1 N.
NaOH required to completely neutralize 10 mL of this solution is
1. 40 mL 2. 20 mL 3. 10 mL 4. 4 mL
P. No. - 44
8. Concentration
1. 50 mL of an aqueous solution of glucose contains 6.02  1022 molecules. The

concentration of solution is
1. 0.1 M 2. 1.0 M 3. 0.2 M 4. 2.0 M
2. 6.02  1020 molecules of urea are present in 100 mL of its solution. The concentration of
solution is
1. 0.001 M 2. 0.1 M 3. 0.02 M 4. 0.01 M
3. The volume of 0.25 M NaOH to be added to 250 mL of 0.15 M NaOH so that the resultant
solution is 0.2 M would be
1. 250 mL 2. 350 mL 3. 450 mL 4. 550 mL
4. Molarity of liq H2O at 4C is,

1. 5.56 mol L–1 2. 55.56 mol L–1 3. 0.556 mol L–1 4. 18 mol L–1
5. The normality of 0.3 M phosphorus acid (H3PO3) is

1. 0.1 2. 0.9 3. 0.3 4. 0.6
6. 6.02  1020 molecule of urea are present in 100 mL of its solution. The molarity of urea
solution is
1. 0.1 2. 0.01 3. 0.02 4. 0.001
7. 10 mL of 2(M) NaOH solution is added to 200 mL of 0.5 (M) of NaOH solution. What is
the final concentration ?
1. 0.57 (M) 2. 5.7 (M) 3. 11.4 (M) 4. 1.14 (M)
8. The density of a solution prepared by dissolving 120 g of urea (mol. Mass = 60 u ) in

1000g of water is 1.15 g/mL. The molarity of this solution is :
1. 0.50 M 2. 1.78 M 3. 1.02 M 4. 2.05 M
9. A 5.2 molal aqueous solution of methyl alcohol, CH3OH , is supplied. What is the mole
fraction of methyl alcohol in the solution ?
1. 0.190 2. 0.086 3. 0.050 4. 0.100
10. Dissolving 36 g of glucose (mol. wt. 180) in 1000 g of water gave a solution of density
1.15 g/mL. The molarity of the solution is -
1. 1.78 M 2. 2.00 M 3. 0.222 M 4. 2.22 M
11. The molarity of concentrated sulphuric acid (density = 1.834 g cm–3) containing 95% of
H2SO4 by mass is
1. 4.44 M 2. 8.88 M 3. 13.32 M 4. 17.78 M
12. Dissolving 120 g of a compound of (mol. wt. 60) in 1000 g of water gave a solution of
density 1.12 g/mL. The molarity of the solution is
1. 1.00 M 2. 4.00 M 3. 2.50 M 4. 2.00 M
P. No. - 45
13. The volume of conc. HCl (density 1.20 g mL–1) containing 36.5 mass percent of HCl
required for preparing 2 L of 0.1 M Hydrochloric acid solution, is about
1. 15.4 mL 2. 16.7 mL 3. 17.5 mL 4. 22.2 mL
14. The volume of water needs to be added to 10.0 mL of nitric acid (density = 1.40 g mL–1)
containing 70 mass percent of acid to prepare 1.0 M solution would be
1. 120.6 mL 2. 130.6 mL 3. 135.6 mL 4. 145.6 mL
15. Medicinal alcohol is an aq. solution of C2H5OH that contains half alcohol and half water
by volume. If this contains 44.29% alcohol by mass, the density of pure alcohol is about
1. 0.795 gmL–1 2. 0.895 gmL–1 3. 0.443 gmL–1 4. 0.557 gmL–1
16. The density (in g mL–1) of a 3.60 M H2SO4 solution having 29% by mass of H2SO4 (molar
mass 98) will be
1. 1.45 2. 1.64 3. 1.88 4. 1.22
17. Two solutions of a substance (non-electrolyte) are mixed in the following manner; 480 mL
of 1.5 M of (I) solution with 520 mL of 1.2 M of (II) solution. The molarity of final
solution is
1. 1.20 M 2. 1.50 M 3. 1.344 M 4. 2.70 M
18. Density of a 2.05 M solution of acetic acid in water is 1.02 g/mL. The molality of the
solution is
1. 1.14 mol kg–1 2. 3.28 mol kg–1 3. 2.28 mol kg–1 4. 0.44 mol kg–1
19. 9.8 g of H2SO4 is present in 2 litre of a solution. The molarity of the solution is
1. 0.1 M 2. 0.05 M 3. 0.01 M 4. 0.2 M
20. How many g of KCl would have to be dissolved in 60g H2O to give 20% by weight of
solution?
1. 15 g 2. 1.5 g 3. 11.5g 4. 31.5 g
21. 100 mL of 0.3 N HCl solution were mixed with 200 mL of 0.6 N H2SO4 solution. The final
acidic normality is
1. 0.9 N 2. 0.6 N 3. 0.5 N 4. 0.4 N
22. The density of NH4OH solution is 0.6 g/mL. It contains 34% by weight of NH4OH.
Calculate the normality of the solution
1. 4.8 N 2. 10 N 3. 0.5 N 4. 5.8 N
23. 5.85 g of NaCl dissolved in H2O and solution is made upto 500 mL. The molarity is
1. 0.1 2. 0.2 3. 1.0 4. 0.117
24. The amount of oxalic acid (hydrated) required to prepare 500 mL of its 0.1 N solution is
1. 0.315 g 2. 6.3 g 3. 3.15 g 4. 63.0 g
25. Dissolving 120 g of urea (mol. wt. 60) in 1000 g of water gave a solution of density 1.15
g/mL. The molarity of the solution is
1. 1.78 M 2. 2.00 M 3. 2.05 M 4. 2.22 M
P. No. - 46
26. The volume of concentrated sulphuric acid (98% mass H2SO4, density 1.84 g cm–3)
required to prepare 5 dm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3 solution of sulphuric acid is
1. 68 cm3 2. 136 cm3 3. 204 cm3 4. 272 cm3
N
27. 5 mL of N HCl 20 mL of H2SO4 and 30 mL of N/3 HNO3 are mixed together and
2
volume made one litre. Normality of the resulting solution
1. N/5 2. N/10 3. N/20 4. N/40
9. Stoichiometric calculation
1. An organic compound contains C, H and S. The minimum molecular weight of the
compound containing 8% sulphur is : (atomic weight of S=32 amu)
1. 200 g mol−1 2. 400 g mol−1 3. 600 g mol−1 4. 300 g mol−1
2. The volume of 0.1N dibasic acid sufficient to neutralize 1 g of a base that furnishes 0.04
mole of OH− in aqueous solution is :
1. 200 mL 2. 400 mL 3. 600 mL 4. 800 mL
3. The hydrated salt Na2SO4.nH2O undergoes 55.9 % loss in mass on heating and becomes
anhydrous. The value of ‘n’ will be
1. 5 2. 3 3. 7 4. 10
4. Equal mass of Fe2O3 and FeO has mass of oxygen in the ratio
1. 1.35 2. 0.74 3. 0.37 4. 2.7
5. When 22.4 litres of H2(g) is mixed with 11.2 litres of Cl2(g) each at S.T.P, the moles of
HCl(g) formed is equal to
1. 1 mol of HCl(g) 2. 2 mol of HCl(g)
3. 0.5 mol of HCl(g) 4. 1.5 mol of HCl(g)
6. A certain compound has molecular formula X4O6. If 10.0 g of the compound contains 5.62
g of x. The atomic mass of x is
1. 62.0 amu 2. 48.0 amu 3. 32.0 amu 4. 30.8 amu
7. 3 g of activated charcoal was added to 50 mL of acetic acid solution (0.06N) in a flask.
After an hour it was filtered and the strength of the filtrate was found to be 0.042 N. The
amount of acetic acid adsorbed (per gram of charcoal) is:
1. 36 mg 2. 42 mg 3. 54 mg 4. 18 mg
8. The molecular formula of a commercial resin used for exchanging ions in water softening
is C8H7SO3Na(Mol. Wt. 206). What would be the maximum uptake of Ca2+ ions by the
resin when expressed in mole per gram resin?
1 2 1 1
1. 2. 3. 4.
206 309 412 103
P. No. - 47
9. A sample of a hydrate of barium chloride weighing 61 g was heated until all the water of
hydration is removed. The dried sample weighed 52 g. The formula of the hydrated salt is:
(atomic mass, Ba =137 amu, Cl = 35.5 amu)
1. BaCl2.H2O 2. BaCl2.2H2O 3. BaCl2.3H2O 4. BaCl2.4H2O
10. The amount of arsenic pentasulphide that can be obtained when 35.5 g arsenic acid is
treated with excess H2S in the presence of conc. HCl ( assuming 100% conversion) is : (at
wt of As = 75)
1. 0.50 mol 2. 0.25 mol 3. 0.125 mol 4. 0.333 mol
11. The amount of BaSO4 formed upon mixing 100 mL of 20.8% BaCl2 solution with 50 mL
of 9.8% H2SO4 solution will be (Ba = 137, Cl = 35.5, S = 32, H = 1 and O = 16)
1. 33.2 g 2. 11.65 g 3. 30.6 g 4. 23.3 g
12. For the estimation of nitrogen, 1.4 g of organic compound was digested by Kjeldahl
method and the evolved ammonia was absorbed in 60 mL of M/10 sulphuric acid. The
unreacted acid required 20 ml of M/10 sodium hydroxide for complete neutralization. The
percentage of nitrogen in the compound is:
1. 3% 2. 5% 3. 6% 4. 10%
13. Experimentally it was found that a metal oxide has formula M0.98O. Metal M, is present as
M2+ and M3+ in its oxide. Fraction of the metal which exists as M3+ would be:
1. 4.08% 2. 6.05% 3. 5.08% 4. 7.01%
14. Iron pyrite FeS2, (moler mass of Fe = 56 g mol–1) into Ferric oxide and sulphur dioxide.
The mass of residue left behind from 1.08 g iron pyrite ignited to a constant mass in air
would be:
1. 0.72 g 2. 0.85 g 3. 0.54 g 4. 0.46 g
15. 0.5 g of sample of an alloy gave 0.30 g of Mg2P2O7 (molar mass of Mg and P are 24 and
31 g mol–1 respectively). The percentage of Mg in the alloy would be
1. 10.5% 2. 12.97% 3. 15.23% 4. 18.31%
16. A sample of NaClO3 is converted into NaCl by heat with a loss of 0.16 g of oxygen. The
residue is dissolved in water and precipiteated as AgCl. The mass of AgCl obtained will be
(Molar mass of AgCl = 143.5 mol-1)
1. 0.35 g 2. 0.41 g 3. 0.48 g 4. 0.54 g
17. A 0.50 g sample containing only anhydrous FeCl3 (Molar mass = 162.5 g mol–1) and AlCl3
(Molar mass = 133.5 g mol–1) yielded 1.435 g of AgCl (Mol. Mass = 143.5 g mol–1). The
mass of FeCl3 in the sample is
1. 0.3126 g 2. 0.4157 g 3. 0.2345 g 4. 0.1567 g
18. A solution contains 0.73 gm HCl in 2.0 litre of solution. What is molarity of the solution
(at. wt. H = 1, Cl = 35.5, density of the solution is 0.89g/mL)
1. 0.002 mole/L 2. 0.02 mole/L 3. 0.02 mole/L 4. 2.0 mole/L
P. No. - 48
19. The combustion of 4.24 mg of an organic compound produces 8.45 mg of CO2 and 3.46
mg of water. The mass percentages of C and H in the compound respectively are
1. 54.4, 9.1 2. 9.1, 54.4 3. 27.2, 18.2 4. 18.2, 27.2
20. A 2.0 g mixture of Na 2CO3 and NaHCO3 suffered a loss of 0.12 g on heating. The
percentage of Na2CO3 in the mixture is
1. 83.8 2. 16.2 3. 38.8 4. 61.2
21. The mass of Na2CO3 (91.2% purity) required for the neutralization of 45.6 mL of 0.25
MHCl solution is
1. 0.6625 g 2. 0.4265 g 3. 0.5765 g 4. 0.8473 g
22. The sulphur in 1.0 g sample of steel is burned to sulphurdioxide and absorbed in 50.0 mL
of 0.1 M, NaOH solution. The excess NaOH requires 24.0 mL of 0.15 M. HCl solution.
The percentage of sulphur in the sample
1. 1.50 % 2. 2.24% 3. 3.25% 4. 4.5%
23. What volume of H2 at 273 K and 1 atm will be consumed in obtanining 21.6 g of elemental
boron (at. mass 10.8) from the reduction of borontrichloride with H2?
1. 44.8 L 2. 22.4 L 3. 89.6 L 4. 67.2 L
24. Two elements X (atomic wt =75) and Y (atomic wt = 16) combine to give a compound
having 75.8% of X. The formula of the compound is
1. XY 2. X2Y 3. X2Y2 4. X2Y3
25. When 100 g of ethylene polymerizes to polyethylene, according to the equation

nCH2 = CH2  –(–CH2 – CH2–)n–
the mass of polyethylene, produced will be ?
n 100
1. g 2. 100 g 3. g 4. 100 ng
2 n
26. H3PO4 is a tribasic acid and one of its salt is NaH2PO4. What volume of 1M NaOH should
be added to 12 g NaH2PO4 (mol. Mass 120) to exactly convert it into Na3PO4?
1. 100 mL 2. 300 mL 3. 200 mL 4. 80 mL
27. At 300 K and 1 atm, 15 mL of a gaseous hydrocarbon requires 375 mL air containing 20%
O2 by volume for complete combustion. After combustion the gases occupy 345 mL.
Assuming that the water formed is in liquid form and the volumes were measured at the
same temperature and pressure, the formula of the hydrocarbon is
1. C4H8 2. C4H10 3. C3H6 4. C3H8
28. A + 2B + 3C  AB2C3
Reaction of 6.0 g of A, 6.0  1023 atoms of B, and 0.036 mole of C yields 4.8g of
compound AB2C3. If the atomic mass of A and C are 60 and 80 amu, respectively, the
atomic mass of B is (Avogadro no. = 6  1023)
1. 70 amu 2. 50 amu 3. 60 amu 4. 40 amu
P. No. - 49
10. Miscellaneous
1. Iron has a density of 7.86 g cm–3 and atomic mass of 55.85 amu. The volume occupied by one mole of
Fe is
1. 0.141 cm3mol–1 2. 7.11 cm3mol–1
24 3 –1
3. 4.28  10 cm mol 4. 22.8 cm3mol–1
2. H3BO3 is
1. monobasic and weaklewis acid 2. monobasic and weak Bronsted acid
3. monobasic and stronglewis acid 4. tribasic and weak Bronsted acid
3. The atomic mass of a metal (M) is 27 and its equivalent mass is 9. The formula of its chloride will be
1. MCl 2. MCl9 3. M3Cl4 4. MCl3
4. A metal (M) forms of a compound M2HPO4. The formula of the metal sulphate is
1. M2SO4 2. MSO4 3. M(SO4)2 4. M2(SO4)3
5. A partially dried clay mineral contains 8% water. The original sample contained 12% water and 45%
silica. The % of silica in the partially dried sample is nearly.
1. 50% 2. 49% 3. 55% 4. 47%
6. The vapour density of agas ‘A’ is three times that of gas B. If the molar mass of ‘A’ is M, the molar
mass of B is
M M
1. 3M 2. 3M 3. 4.
3 3
7. The initial volume of a gas cylinder is 750.0 mL. If the pressure of gas inside the cylinder changes from
840.0 mm Hg to 360.0 mm Hg, the final volume the gas will be
1. 3.60 L 2. 4.032 L 3. 7.50 L 4. 1.750 L
8. In Carius method of estimation of halogens, 250 mg of an organic compound gave 141 mg of AgBr.
The percentage of bromine in the compound is: (at. Mass Ag = 108; Br = 80)
1. 36 2. 48 3. 60 4. 24
9. 1.4 g of an organic compound was digested according to Kjeldahl’s method and the ammonia evolved
was absorbed in 60 mL of M/10 H2SO4 solution. The excess sulphuric acid required 20 mL of M/10
NaOH solution for neutralization. The percentage of nitrogen in the compound is :
1. 3 2. 5 3. 10 4. 24
10. A 2L solution (X) contain 0.02 mole of [Co(NH 3)5SO4]Br and 0.02 mol [Co(NH3)5 Br] SO4. 1 L of this
solution is -
taken :
X + AgNO3 (excess)  Y mol AgBr (s)
X + BaCl2 (excess)  Z mol BaSO4 (s)
Values of Y and Z are -
1. 0.01, 0.02 2. 0.02, 0.02 3. 0.02, 0.01 4. 0.01, 0.01
11. An organic compound weighing 0.778 g was subjected to Kjeldahl’s Method to determine its nitrogen
content. The evolved NH3 was absorbed in 100 cm3 of 1 NHCl. The excess acid required 147.4 cm3 of
0.5 N KOH for complete neutralization. Mass % of N in the compound was
1. 23.67 2. 32.67 3. 47.33 4. 74.33
12. Reduction of the metal centre in aqueous permanganate ion involves

1. 1 electrons in neutral medium 2. 5 electrons in neutral medium
3. 3 electrons in alkaline medium 4. 5 electrons in acidic medium
P. No. - 50
PARAGRAPH
Paragraph–1
You have a piece of gold jewellery weighing 9.35 g. its volume is 0.654 cm3. Assume that the metal is
an alloy (mixture) of gold silver, which have densities of 19.3 g/cm3 and 10.5 g/cm3, respectively. Also
assume that there is no change in volume when the pure metals are mixed.
13. What is the percentage of gold (by mass) in the alloy?

1. 58.24% 2. 41.76% 3. 74.08% 4. 43.12%
14. What is the percentage of gold (by volume) in the alloy?

1. 56.88% 2. 41.76% 3. 58.24% 4. 43.12%
Paragraph–2
A mixture containing KClO3, KHCO3, K2CO3 and KCl was heated, producing CO2, O2 and H2O gases
according to the following equations
2 KClO3(s)  2 KCl(s) + 3O2
2KHCO3(s)  K2O(s) + H2O(g) + 2CO2(g)
K2CO3(s)  K2O(s) + CO2(g)
The KCl does not react under the conditions of the reaction. If 100 g of the mixture produces 1.80 g of
H2O, 13.20 g of CO2 and 4.0 g of O2.
15. What is the percentage of KClO3 in the original mixture
1. 30.2 % 2. 20.2% 3. 10.2% 4. 2.2%
16. What is the percentage of KHCO3 in the original mixture

1. 30% 2. 20% 3. 10% 4. 2%
17. What is the percentage of KCl in the original mixture

1. 13 % 2. 26% 3. 40% 4. 56%
P. No. - 51
Paragraph–3
Chemical reactions involve interaction of atoms and molecules. A large number of atoms/ molecules
(approximately 6.023  10 23) are present in a few grams of any chemical compound varying with their
atomic/molecular masses. To handle such large numbers conveniently, the mole concept vas introduced. This
concept has implications in diverse areas such as analytical chemistry, biochemistry, electrochemistry and
radiochemistry. The following example illustrates a typical case, involving chemical/electrochemical reaction,
which requires a clear understanding of the mole concept.
A 4.0 molar aqueous solution of NaCl is prepared and 500 mL of this solution is electrolysed. This leads to the
evolution of chlorine gas at one of the electrodes (atomic mass: Na = 23, Hg = 200 ; 1 faraday = 96500
coulombs).
18. The total number of moles of chlorine gas evolved is

1. 0.5 2. 1.0 3. 2.0 4. 3.0
19. The total charge (coulombs) required for complete electrolysis is

1. 24125 2. 48250 3. 96500 4. 193000
20. If the cathode is a Hg electrode, the maximum weight (in g) of amalgam (Na–Hg) formed from this
solution is
1. 200 2. 225 3. 400 4. 446
11. One or more than one option(s) is are correct

1. A quantity of 0.22 g of a gas occupies a volume of 112 ml at pressure of 1 atm and
temperature of 273 K. the gas may be
1. nitrogen dioxide 2. nitrous oxide
3. carbon dioxide 4. propane
2. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct for water?

1. H and O are in 2:1 atomic ratio
2. H and O are in 2:1 mass ratio
3. H and O are in 1:8 mass ratio
4. Hydrogen an oxygen gases are combined in 2:1 volume
3. Three isotopes of an element have mass numbers M, (M + 1) and (M + 2). If the mean mass number is
(M + 0.5), then which of the following ratio(s) may be accepted for M, (M + 1) and (M + 2) in the
order
1. 1:1:1 2. 4:1:1 3. 9:6:1 4. 2:1:1
4. Which of the following(s) is/ are correct statement?

1. The empirical formula of all alkanes is same.
2. The empirical formula of all alkenes is same.
3. The empirical formula of all the members of any homologous series is same.
4. Two different compounds can have the same molecular formula.
5. Which of the following will have the composition (by mass) as similar as that of acetic acid?
1. Methyl formate, HCOOCH3 2. Glucose, C6H12O6
3. Formaldehyde, HCHO 4. Formic acid, HCOOH
6. Which of the following is the incorrect conclusion regarding the reaction:

2H2(g) + O2(g)  2 H2O(l)
1. 2 mole of H2(g) will produce 2 mole of H2O(l)
2. 16 g of O2(g) will produce 18 g of H2O(l)
3. 2 litre of O2(g) at 25 0C and 1 atm will produce 4 litre of H2O(l) at 250C and 1 atm
4. 2 molecules of H2O(l) is obtained from every 3 molecules of gaseous mixture of H2 and O2.
P. No. - 52
7. A quantity of 6 g NaOH and 4.4 g CO2 is allowed to react to form Na2CO3 or NaHCO3 or both. Which
of the following is correct statement regarding the reactions?
1. NaOH is the limiting reagent if there is no any formation of NaHCO3.
2. NaOH is the limiting reagent if there is no any formation of Na 2CO3.
3. Equal masses of Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 are formed if none of the reactant is left.
4. The total mass of reaction mixture will be 10.4 g after the end of reaction, in any possible case.
8. A quantity of 12 g magnesium is burnt completely in air (O2 = 20% and N2 = 80%, by volume). Which
of the following is/ are correct statement(s) regarding the combustion?
1. A minimum of 36 g air is needed if all Mg is converted into MgO only.
2. A minimum of 40 g air is needed if all Mg is converted into MgO only.
3. A minimum of 6 g air is needed if all Mg is converted into Mg3N2 only.
4. A minimum of 4.67 g air is needed if all Mg is converted into Mg3N2 only.
9. A volume of 10 ml of a mixture of H2 and O2 is exploded. If the final volume becomes 1 ml, the
composition of original mixture may be (assume initial and final volumes are taken at 1atm pressure and
4ºC temperature)
1. 7 ml H2 , 3 ml O2 2. 6 ml H2, 4 ml O2
3. 5 ml H2, 5 ml O2 4. 3 ml H2, 7 ml O2
10. To what extent must a given solution of concentration of 40 mg silver nitrate per ml be diluted to yield a
solution of concentration of 16 mg silver nitrate per ml?
1. each ml should be diluted to 2.5 ml
2. to each ml of solution, 1.5 ml of water should be added
3. to 2.5 ml of solution, 2 ml of water should be added
4. to 1.5 ml of solution, 1.5 ml of water should be added
11. A quantity of 720 g water is added in 230 g ethanol at a certain temperature to get 1L of solution. Which
of the following is/are correct regarding the solution formed?
1. The density of solution is 950 kg/m3. 2. The mole fraction of ethanol is 0.11.
3. The molarity of solution is 5 M. 4. The molality of solution is 6.94 M.
(Previous Years Questions)

1. 50 mL of 0.5 M oxalic acid is needed to neutralize 25 mL of sodium hydroxide solution.
The amount of NaOH in 50 mL of the given sodium hydroxide solution is :
1. 40 g 2. 20 g 3. 80 g 4. 4g
2. A 10 mg effervescent tablet containing sodium bicarbonate and oxalic acid releases 0.25
ml of CO2 at T = 298.15 K and P = 1 bar. If molar volume of CO2 is 25.0 L under such
condition, what is the percentage of sodium bicarbonate in each tablet ? [Molar mass of
NaHCO3 = 84 g mol–1]
1. 16.8 2. 8.4 3. 0.84 4. 33.6
3. 25 ml of the given HCl solution requires 30 mL of 0.1 M sodium carbonate solution. What is
the volume of this HCl solution required to titrate 30 mL of 0.2 M aqueous NaOH solution?
1. 25 mL 2. 50 mL 3. 12.5 mL 4. 75 mL
4. The amount of sugar (C 12H22O11) required to prepare 2 L of its 0.1 M aqueous solution
is :
1. 68.4 g 2. 17.1 g 3. 34.2 g 4. 136.8 g
P. No. - 53
5. A solution of sodium sulfate contains 92 g of Na+ ions per kilogram of water. The molality
of Na+ ions in that solution in mol kg–1 is:
1. 16 2. 8 3. 4 4. 12
6. 8g of NaOH is dissolved in 18g of H2O. Mole fraction of NaOH in solution and molality
(in mol kg–1) of the solutions respectively are :
1. 0.167, 11.11 2. 0.2, 22.20
3. 0.2, 11.11 4. 0.167,22.20
7. At 300 K and 1 atmospheric pressure, 10 mL of a hydrocarbon required 55 mL of O2 for

complete combustion and 40 mL of CO2 is formed. The formula of the hydrocarbon is :
1. C4H8 2. C4H7Cl 3. C4H10 4. C4H6
8. For a reaction,
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g) ; identify dihydrogen (H2) as a limiting reagent in the
following reaction mixtures.
1. 14g of N2 + 4g of H2 2. 28g of N2 + 6g of H2
3. 56g of N2 + 10g of H2 4. 35g of N2 + 8g of H2
9. What would be the molality of 20% (mass/mass) aqueous solution of KI?
(molar mass of KI = 166 g mol –1)
1. 1.08 2. 1.35 3. 1.51 4. 1.48
10. 25 g of an unknown hydrocarbon upon burning produces 88 g of CO2 and 9 g of H2O. This
unknown hydrocarbon contains.
1. 20g of carbon and 5 g of hydrogen 2. 24g of carbon and 1 g of hydrogen
3. 18g of carbon and 7 g of hydrogen 4. 22g of carbon and 3 g of hydrogen
11. 5 moles of AB2 weigh 125 × 10–3 kg and 10 moles of A2B2 weigh 300 × 10–3 kg. The
molar mass of A(M A) and molar mass of B(MB) in kg mol–1 are :
1. MA = 50 × 10–3 and MB = 25 × 10–3 2. MA = 25 × 10–3 and MB = 50 × 10–3
–3 –3
3. MA = 5 × 10 and MB = 10 × 10 4. MA = 10 × 10–3 and MB = 5 × 10 –3
12. The mole fraction of a solvent in aqueous solution of a solute is 0.8. The molality (in mol
kg–1) of the aqueous solution is
1. 13.88 × 10–1 2. 13.88 × 10–2 3. 13.88 4. 13.88 × 10–3
13. The mass of ammonia in grams produced when 2.8 kg of dinitrogen quantitatively reacts
with 1 kg of dihydrogen is …………….
1. 3000g 2. 3400g 3. 4000g 4. 4400g
14. A 100 mL solution was made by adding 1.43 g of Na 2CO3xH2O. The normality of the
solution is 0.1 N. The value of x is ……………..
1. 8 2. 9 3. 10 4. 12
15. The mole fraction of glucose (C6H12O6) in an aqueous binary solution is 0.1. The mass
percentage of water in it, to the nearest integer, is ………..
1. 47.37% 2. 37.37% 3. 37.37% 4. 60%
P. No. - 54
16. 6.023  1022 molecules are present in 10g of a substance 'x'. The molarity of a solution
containing 5 g of substance 'x' in 2 L solution is
1. 0.025M 2. 0.25M 3. 2.5M 4. 0.05M
17. The volume (in mL) of 0.1 N NaOH required to neutralise 10 mL of 0.I N phosphinic acid
is
1. 8 2. 9 3. 10 4. 12
18. 10.30 mg of O2 is dissolved into a liter of sea water of density 1.03 g/mL. The
concentration of O2 in ppm is ……………
1. 8 2. 9 3. 10 4. 12
19. Ferrous sulphate heptahydrate is used to fortify foods with iron. The amount (in grams) of
the salt required to achieve 10 ppm of iron in 100 kg of water is ………. Atomic weight:
Fe=55.85; S = 32.00; O = 16.00
1. 4.96g 2. 5.96g 3. 6.96g 4. 7.96g
20. NaClO3 is used, even in spacecrafts, to produce O2. The daily consumption of pure O2 by a
person is 492 L at 1 atm, 300 K. How much amount of NaClO3, in grams, is required to
produce O2 for the daily consumption of a person at l atm, 300 K? …………..
NaClO3(s) + Fe(s)  O 2(g) + NaCl(s) + FeO(s) R = 0.082 L atm mol–2K–1
1. 1430g 2. 1630g 3. 1830g 4. 2130g
21. The ammonia (NH3) released on quantitative reaction of 0.6 g urea (NH2CONH2) with
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) can be neutralized by:
1. 200 mL of 0.4 N HCl 2. 200 mL of 0.2 N HCl
3. 100 mL of 0.2 N HCl 4. 100 mL of 0.1 N HCl
22. The minimum number of moles of O2 required for complete combustion of 1 mole of
propane and 2 moles of butane is …………
1. 18 mole 2. 15 mole 3. 13 mole 4. 9 mole
23. The volume, in mL, of 0.02 M K2Cr2O7 solution required to react with 0.288 g of ferrous
oxalate in acidic medium is (Molar mass of Fe = 56 g mol-l)
1. 50mL 2. 80mL 3. 100mL 4. 120mL
24. A 20.0 mL solution containing 0.2 g impure H2O2 reacts completely with 0.316g of
KMnO4 in acid solution. The purity of H2O2 (in %) is ………… (mol. wt. of H2O2 = 34;
mol wt. of KMnO4= 158)
1. 65% 2. 75% 3. 85% 4. 95%
25. The average molar mass of chlorine is 35.5 g mol–1. The ratio of 35Cl to 37Cl in naturally
occrring chlorine is close to :
1. 4:1 2. 3:1 3. 2:1 4. 1:1
P. No. - 55
26. The ratio of the mass percentages of ‘C & H' and 'C & O' of a saturated acyclic organic
compound 'X' are 4: 1 and 3:4 respectively. Then, the moles of oxygen gas required for
complete combustion of two moles of organic compound 'X' is …………..
1. 5 mole 2. 9 mole 3. 10 mole 4. 13 mole
27. A solution of two components containing n1 moles of the 1 st component and n 2 moles of
the 2 nd component is prepared. M1 and M2 are the molecular weights of component 1 and 2
respectively. If d is the density of the solution in g mL–1, C2 is the molarity and x2 is the
mole fraction of the 2 nd component, then C2 can be expressed as:
1000 x 2 d x2
1. C2 = 2. C2 =
M1  x 2 ( M 2  M1 ) M 2  x 2 ( M 2  M1 )
1000 d x 2 d x1
3. C2 = 4. C2 =
M1  x 2 ( M 2  M1 ) M 2  x 2 (M 2  M1 )
28. The molarity of HNO3 in a sample which has density 1.4 g/mL and mass percentage of
63% is ……………… (Molecular Weight of HNO3 =63)
1. 10M 2. 12M 3. 14M 4. 16M
One Integer Value Correct Type
1. 29.2% (w/w) HCl stock solution has a density of 1.25 g mL-1. The molecular weight of HCl is 36.5
g mol-1. The volume (mL) of stock solution required to prepare a 200 mL solution of 0.4 M HCl is
Ans. 8
2. The volume (in mL) of 0.1 M AgNO3 required for complete precipitation of chloride ions present
in 30 mL of 0.01 M solution of [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2, as silver chloride is close to
Ans. 6
3. Reaction of Br2 with Na2CO3 in aqueous solution gives sodium bromide and sodium bromate with
evolution of CO2 gas. The number of sodium bromide molecules involved in the balanced chemical
equation is Ans. 5
4. Silver (atomic weight = 108 g mol-1) has a density of 10.5 g cm-3. The number of silver atoms on a
surface of area 10-12 m2 can be expressed in scientific notation as y  10x. The value of x is
Ans. 7
5. The mole fraction of urea in an aqueous urea solution containing 900 g of water is 0.05. If the
density of the solution is 1.2 g cm-3, the molarity (nearest integer value) of urea solution is……..
(Given data: Molar masses of urea and water are 60g mol-1 and 18g mol-1, respectively)
Ans. 3
P. No. - 56
Answers –(Objective questions)
Q. No. 1 2 3 4
Answer 3 2 1 4
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5
Answer 2 4 3 2 2
3. Average molecular weight
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Answer 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 4
4. Mole concept
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Answer 4 4 3 2 1 1 4 4 1 2
Q. No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Answer 2 3 1 4 4 3 3
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Answer 2 2 2 1 2 3 3
Q. No. 1 2
Answer 3 2
7. Volumetric
Q. No. 1 2 3 4
Answer 3 1 3 1
8. Concentration
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Answer 4 4 1 2 4 2 1 4 2 3
Q. No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Answer 4 4 2 4 1 4 3 3 2 1
Q. No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Answer 3 4 2 3 3 2 4
P. No. - 57
9. Stoichiometric calculation
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Answer 2 2 4 1 1 4 4 3 2 3
Q. No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Answer 4 4 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 1
Q. No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Answer 1 2 4 4 2 3 4 2
10. Miscellaneous
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Answer 2 1 4 1 4 3 4 4 3 4
Q. No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Answer 3 4 1 4 3 2 4 2 4 4
11. One or more than one option(s) is are correct

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Answer 2, 3, 4 1, 3, 4 2, 3 2, 4 1, 2, 3 3, 4 1, 4 1, 3 1, 2 1, 2
Q. No. 11
Answer 1,2,3,4
Previous Years Questions)
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Answer 4 2 1 1 3 1 4 3 3 2
Q. No. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Answer 3 3 2 3 1 1 3 3 1 4
Q. No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Answer 3 1 1 3 2 1 3 3

JRS Tutorials: Chemistry IIT

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JRS TUTORIALS

Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry

JRS Bhawan, Durgakund,

O 2 Superoxide IO3 Iodate

HO 2 Biperoxide (hydroperoxide) IO4 Periodate or meta per iodate

O  Oxide Br Bromide

C 34 Propynide BO2 Metaborate

N3 Nitride BF4 Fluoro borate

N3 Azide B 4 O 27  Tetraborate

CNS Thio cyanate SiF62 Fluoro Silicate (Silico fluoride)

CN Cyanide SnO3  Meta stanate

NC Isocyanide H2AsO4 Dihydrogen Arsenate

NH 2 Amide CrO4  Chromate

S  Sulphide MnO42  Manganate

HSO3 Bisulphite (Hydrogen sulphite) MnO4 Permanganate

SO3  Sulphite MoO 24  Molybdate

SO4  Sulphate CrO 2 Chromite

HSO4 Bisulphate (Hydrogen sulphate) Cr2 O 72 Dichromate

S2O3  Thiosulphate Fe(CN) 64  Ferocyanide

S4O 62  Tetrathionate Fe(CN)63 Ferricyanide

S2O82 Per disulphate (Marshall salt AsO43 Arsenate or arsorate

HPO4  Hydrogen phosphate OX Hypohalite ion

H2PO4 Di hydrogen phosphate XO 2 Halite ion

H2 PO2 Hydrogen phosphite XO 3 Halate ion

P2O 74 Pyrophosphate HCOO Formate

Cl Chloride CH3COO Acetate

ClO Hypochlorite C2O4  Oxalate

ClO2 Chlorite HC2O 4 Hydrogen oxalate

Rb+ Rubidium Ba2+ Barium Fe2+ Iron (Ferrous)

Writing formula of ionic compounds

Case I: When cation and anion have equal charges

Case II: When cation and anion have unequal charges

An+ & Bm- AmBn

Ex1: Na+ & O2- Na2O

Ex5: Ca2+ & PO43- Ca3(PO4)2

Ex6: Al3+ & Cl- AlCl3

Ex7: NH4+ & CO32- (NH4)2CO3

Q. Write formula for following salts of sodium, calcium and aluminum

Ans 1. NaCl, CaCl2, AlCl3 2. NaBr, CaBr2, AlBr3

Formula of some important compounds

Name of the compound Cation Anion Formula of the compounds

Common Name, Chemical Name and Chemical Formula :

Marsh gas (Damp fire) Methane CH4

Solution Number of electron in one molecule of water

2. Find out number of molecules and atoms in following

Unit of the atomic mass

Ex2 : Find out number of atoms of magnesium in 1800 amu magnesium.

Ex 2: Molecular mass of glucose (C6H12O6)

Ex 5: Find out mass of 120 molecules of water in amu

Ex 6: What should be mass of one molecule of water in gram

Ex 7: Find out number of electrons in 90 amu of water

Inter conversion of mass and mole

Relation between number of moles and molar mass

Ex 1: Find out number of moles in 0.0036 gram of water?

Ex 2: Find out number of moles in 0.072 gram of glucose?

Ex 3: Find out number of mass in 0.14 mole of glucose?

Inter conversion of volume and mole

Relation between number of moles and molar volume

Example 1: Find out number of moles of CH4 in 5.6 L of CH4 at STP.

Example 3: Find out volume of 10 moles methane at STP.

Effect of change of temperature and pressure on molar volume

Example 1: What should be molar volume of CO2 at 273 K and 4 atm?