Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 21 – 30

,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFHVLQ0DQXIDFWXULQJDQG0DWHULDOV(QJLQHHULQJ
$00(

2SWLPL]DWLRQRIHOHFWUROHVV1L௅3௅$O2 FRPSRVLWHFRDWLQJVEDVHG
RQPXOWLSOHVXUIDFHURXJKQHVVFKDUDFWHULVWLFV
3UDVDQQD*DGKDUL 3UDVDQWD6DKRR
0HFKDQLFDO(QJLQHHULQJ'HSDUWPHQW-DGDYSXU8QLYHUVLW\.RONDWD,QGLD

$EVWUDFW

(OHFWUROHVV1L௅3௅$O 2 FRPSRVLWH FRDWLQJV DUHSRSXODUGXHWRWKHLU H[FHOOHQW KDUGQHVVIULFWLRQ DQGZHDUUHVLVWDQFH7KHSUHVHQW

VWXG\ WULHV WR LQYHVWLJDWH WKH LQIOXHQFH RI FRDWLQJ SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV RQ WKH VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV RI HOHFWUROHVV 1L௅3௅$O 2
FRPSRVLWH FRDWLQJ ZLWK WKH KHOS RI 7DJXFKL DQDO\VLV 7KH GLIIHUHQW VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV SDUDPHWHUV FRQVLGHUHG DUH FHQWHU OLQH
DYHUDJHURXJKQHVV 5D URRWPHDQVTXDUHURXJKQHVV 5T VNHZQHVV 5VN NXUWRVLV 5NX DQGPHDQOLQHSHDNVSDFLQJ 5VP 7KUHH
SDUDPHWHUV QDPHO\ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI QLFNHO VXOSKDWH DV D QLFNHO VRXUFH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI VRGLXP K\SRSKRVSKLWH DV UHGXFLQJ
DJHQW DQG FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI $O2 SDUWLFOHV DV FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI VHFRQG SKDVH SDUWLFOHV DUH FRQVLGHUHG DQG ILWWHG LQWR DQ /
RUWKRJRQDO DUUD\ WR ILQG RXW WKH RSWLPL]HG FRQGLWLRQ WR PLQLPL]H WKH VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV RI WKH FRDWLQJ ,W LV REVHUYHG WKDW
FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI $O2 SDUWLFOHV KDYH WKH PRVW VLJQLILFDQW LQIOXHQFH RQ 1L±3±$O2 FRPSRVLWH FRDWLQJ DQG FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI
UHGXFLQJDJHQWKDVPRGHUDWHLQIOXHQFH 7KHFRPSRVLWLRQDOPLFURVWUXFWXUDODQGSKDVHVWUXFWXUHDQDO\VHVDUHFRQGXFWHGZLWKWKH
KHOSRIHQHUJ\GLVSHUVLYH;UD\DQDO\VLVVFDQQLQJHOHFWURQPLFURVFRSHDQG;UD\GLIIUDFWLRQDQDO\]HUUHVSHFWLYHO\
‹ 2014
© Elsevier
7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU /WG
Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI 2UJDQL]LQJ&RPPLWWHHRI$00(
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014
.H\ZRUGV 1L࣓3࣓$O 2 FRPSRVLWHFRDWLQJVXUIDFHURXJKQHVV7DJXFKL0HWKRG*UH\$QDO\VLV

 ,QWURGXFWLRQ

5HFHQWO\ HOHFWUROHVV FRDWLQJ KDV JDLQHG ZLGH SRSXODULW\ LQ DXWRPRELOH FKHPLFDO PHFKDQLFDO DQG DHURVSDFH
LQGXVWULHV GXH LWV DELOLW\ WR SURGXFH KDUG ZHDU IULFWLRQ DQG FRUURVLRQ UHVLVWDQW VXUIDFH %DODUDMX HW DO  
(OHFWUROHVVQLFNHOFRDWLQJ LVRQHVXFKFRDWLQJWHFKQLTXHWKDW KDVEHHQSRSXODUL]HGLQ ERWKVFLHQWLILFDQGLQGXVWULDO

&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO
(PDLODGGUHVVSUDVBJK#UHGLIIPDLOFRP

2211-8128 © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014
doi:10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.238
22 Prasanna Gadhari and Prasanta Sahoo / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 21 – 30

GRPDLQV LQ UHFHQW \HDUV $JDUZDOD DQG $JDUZDOD   (OHFWUROHVV SODWLQJ LV DQ DXWRFDWDO\WLF SURFHVV ,Q WKLV
SURFHVV WKH UHGXFWLRQ RI WKH PHWDOOLF LRQV DQG FRDWLQJ GHSRVLWLRQ FDQ EH FDUULHG RXW WKURXJK WKH R[LGDWLRQ RI WKH
UHGXFLQJDJHQWZKLFKVXSSOLHVDQHOHFWULFFXUUHQW7KH VXEVWUDWHGHYHORSVDSRWHQWLDOZKHQLWLVGLSSHGLQHOHFWUROHVV
VROXWLRQ FDOOHG HOHFWUROHVV EDWK ZKLFK FRQWDLQV D VRXUFH RI PHWDOOLF LRQV UHGXFLQJ DJHQW FRPSOH[LQJ DJHQW
VWDELOL]HU DGGLWLYHV DQG ZHWWLQJ DJHQWV HWF 'XH WR WKH GHYHORSHG SRWHQWLDO ERWK SRVLWLYH DQG QHJDWLYH LRQV DUH
DWWUDFWHGWRZDUGVWKHVXEVWUDWHVXUIDFHDQGUHOHDVHWKHLUHQHUJ\WKURXJKFKDUJHWUDQVIHUSURFHVV 7KHSULPHIXQFWLRQ
RIHOHFWUROHVVQLFNHOSKRVSKRUXVFRDWLQJLVWKHXQLIRUPGHSRVLWLRQRIFRDWLQJRQPHWDOOLF IHUURXVDQGQRQIHUURXV
VXEVWUDWH (OHFWUROHVV FRDWLQJV FDQ EURDGO\ EH FODVVLILHG LQWR IRXU FDWHJRULHV YL] SXUH QLFNHO DQG EODFN QLFNHO
FRDWLQJ DOOR\ DQG SRO\DOOR\ FRDWLQJV FRPSRVLWH FRDWLQJV DQG HOHFWUROHVV QDQR FRDWLQJV 6XGDJDU HW DO  
(OHFWUROHVV SODWLQJ KDV KLJKO\ FRQVLVWHQW WKLFNQHVV DFURVV DOO VXUIDFHV LQFOXGLQJ HGJHV DQG FRPSOH[ LQWHULRU
JHRPHWU\
(OHFWUROHVVQLFNHOFRPSRVLWHFRDWLQJVDUHSURGXFHGE\FRGHSRVLWLRQRIILQH LQHUWVHFRQGSKDVHSDUWLFOHVLQWRD
PHWDO PDWUL[ IURP DQ HOHFWUROHVV EDWK 7KLV FRDWLQJ LV GHYHORSHG E\ WKH LPSDFW DQG GHSRVLWLRQ RI VHFRQG SKDVH
SDUWLFOHV RQ WKH VXUIDFH RI WKH VXEVWUDWH DQG VXEVHTXHQW VXUURXQGLQJ RI WKHVH SDUWLFOHV E\ 1L௅3 PDWUL[ DV LW LV
GHSRVLWHG 7RLPSURYH KDUGQHVVZHDUUHVLVWDQFHIULFWLRQUHVLVWDQFHFRUURVLRQUHVLVWDQFHDQGOXEULFLW\ RIWKH1L±3
GHSRVLWVVHFRQGSKDVHSDUWLFOHVKDYHEHHQLQWURGXFHGLQWRWKH1L±3PDWUL[7KHFRPSRVLWHFRDWLQJVFDQEH PDLQO\
FDWHJRUL]HG LQWR WZR JURXSV   FRDWLQJV LQFRUSRUDWLQJ VRIW SDUWLFOHV OLNH 37)( 0R6 +%1 *UDSKLWH DQG 
FRDWLQJVFRQVLVWLQJRIKDUGSDUWLFOHVHJ6L&:&$O26L17L2=U2HWF 6KDUPD DQG6LQJK  7KH
H[FHOOHQW SURSHUWLHV RI HOHFWUROHVV QLFNHO FRPSRVLWH FRDWLQJV GHSHQG RQ VWDEOH GLVSHUVLRQ RI QDQR RU FRPSRVLWH
SDUWLFOHV RWKHUZLVH FRPSRVLWH FRDWLQJV ZRXOG KDYH QRQXQLIRUPO\ GLVWULEXWHG SDUWLFXODWHV DQG QXPHURXV GHIHFWV
RZLQJWRWKHVHJUHJDWLRQDQGDJJORPHUDWLRQRIWKHQDQRRUFRPSRVLWHSDUWLFOHVZLWKKLJK VXUIDFHHQHUJ\DQGDFWLYLW\
LQWKHHOHFWUROHVVSODWLQJEDWK 6DKRRDQG'DV $QDSSURSULDWHKHDWWUHDWPHQWDWƒ&IRUKRXUFDQ LQFUHDVH
KDUGQHVV DQG WULERORJLFDO SURSHUWLHV VXFK DV IULFWLRQDO DQG ZHDU UHVLVWDQFH RI FRPSRVLWH FRDWLQJV VLJQLILFDQWO\
$SDFKLWHL HWDO   9DULRXVKDUGSDUWLFOHVH[SODLQHGDERYHDUHFRPPRQO\XVHGDVUHLQIRUFHPHQWSKDVH$PRQJ
WKHVH KDUG SDUWLFOHV $O2 LV WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW LQ HQJLQHHULQJ PDWHULDOV EHFDXVH RI LWV KLJK HODVWLF PRGXOXV
VWUHQJWK UHWHQWLRQ DW KLJK WHPSHUDWXUH DQG KLJK ZHDU UHVLVWDQFH $EGHO $DO HW DO   ,Q JHQHUDO WKH
LQFRUSRUDWLRQRIVHFRQGSKDVHSDUWLFOHVLQHOHFWUROHVV1L±3FRPSRVLWHFRDWLQJVGHSHQGVRQSDUWLFOHLPSLQJHPHQWRQ
WKH FRDWLQJ VXUIDFH DQG KROGLQJ WLPH RI WKH SDUWLFOH RQ WKH FRDWLQJ VXUIDFH %DODUDMX HW DO   $OLUH]DHL HW
DO  KDYHUHSRUWHGWKDWGHSRVLWLRQUDWHFRGHSRVLWLRQSDUWLFOHSHUFHQWURXJKQHVVDQGKDUGQHVVRI1L±3±$O2
FRDWLQJV KDYH EHHQ LQIOXHQFHG E\ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI DOXPLQD LQ EDWK ZKHUHDV DYHUDJH URXJKQHVV DQG KDUGQHVV
LQFUHDVH ZLWKSDUWLFOHFRQWHQW
6XUIDFH URXJKQHVV KDV ODUJH LPSDFW RQ PHFKDQLFDO DQG WULERORJLFDO SURSHUWLHV RI WKH FRDWHG VDPSOHV 7KH
SURSHUWLHVVXFKDVZHDUIULFWLRQFRUURVLRQUHVLVWDQFHOXEULFLW\HWFDUHDIIHFWHGE\VXUIDFHURXJKQHVV,QFRPSRVLWH
FRDWLQJVVXUIDFHURXJKQHVVSOD\VYHU\LPSRUWDQWUROHDVLWDIIHFWVRQSRURVLW\RIFRDWLQJ'XHWRKLJKHUSRURVLW\WKH
FRUURVLRQUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHFRPSRVLWHFRDWLQJPD\EHUHGXFHG+HQFHLWLVHVVHQWLDOWRUHGXFHRUFRQWUROWKHVXUIDFH
URXJKQHVV RI FRDWHG VDPSOHV $V D UHVXOW WKHUH LV QHHG IRU UHVHDUFK RQ PRGHOOLQJ VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV DQG
RSWLPL]DWLRQ RI WKH FRQWUROOLQJ SDUDPHWHUV WR REWDLQ VXUIDFH ILQLVK DW GHVLUHG OHYHO )URP WKH H[WHQVLYH OLWHUDWXUH
UHYLHZLWLVIRXQGWKDWQRUHVHDUFKLV DYDLODEOHRQRSWLPLVDWLRQRIWKHSURFHVVSDUDPHWHUVRI1L3FRPSRVLWHFRDWLQJV
7KH SUHVHQW VWXG\ GHDOV ZLWK VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV RSWLPL]DWLRQ RI 1L±3±$O2 FRPSRVLWH FRDWLQJV FRQVLGHULQJ ILYH
GLIIHUHQWURXJKQHVVSDUDPHWHUVYL] FHQWUH OLQHDYHUDJHURXJKQHVV 5D URRWPHDQVTXDUHURXJKQHVV 5T VNHZQHVV
5VN  NXUWRVLV 5NX  DQG PHDQ OLQH SHDN VSDFLQJ 5VP  IRU WKH VXUIDFH RI 1L௅3௅$O 2 FRPSRVLWH FRDWLQJ 7DJXFKL
PHWKRG 7DJXFKL  5R\   DORQJ ZLWK JUH\ UHODWLRQDO DQDO\VLV LV XVHG WR GHWHUPLQH WKH VXLWDEOH SURFHVV
SDUDPHWHUVLQRUGHUWRREWDLQRSWLPXPVXUIDFHURXJKQHVVFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIFRPSRVLWHFRDWLQJ7DJXFKLPHWKRGLVD
SRZHUIXOWRROIRUGHVLJQRIKLJKTXDOLW\V\VWHPEDVHGRQRUWKRJRQDODUUD\ 2$ 7KLVPHWKRGXVHV DVLJQDOWRQRLVH
UDWLRWRGHQRWHWKHTXDOLW\FKDUDFWHULVWLFV7KUHHFDWHJRULHVRI61UDWLRVDUHXVHGORZHUWKHEHWWHU /% KLJKHUWKH
EHWWHU +% DQGQRPLQDO WKHEHVW 1% 7KLVLVWKHFDVHRIPXOWLUHVSRQVHRSWLPL]DWLRQ*UH\UHODWLRQDODQDO\VLVLV
GRQHWRKDYHDQRSWLPXPFRDWLQJSDUDPHWHUFRPELQDWLRQWKDW\LHOGVRSWLPXPURXJKQHVVFKDUDFWHULVWLFV$VWDWLVWLFDO
DQDO\VLVRIYDULDQFH $129$ LVSHUIRUPHGWRILQGZKLFKSURFHVVSDUDPHWHUVDUHVWDWLVWLFDOO\VLJQLILFDQW 0RUHRYHU
WKH FRDWLQJ LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG ZLWK WKH KHOS RI 6(0 ('; DQG ;5' LQ RUGHU WR XQGHUVWDQG WKH PLFURVWUXFWXUH
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRI 1L௅3௅$O 2 FRPSRVLWHFRDWLQJV
 Prasanna Gadhari and Prasanta Sahoo / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 21 – 30 23

 ([SHULPHQWDOGHWDLOV

 3UHSDUDWLRQRIFRDWLQJDQGGHVLJQSDUDPHWHUV

(IIHFWLYHGHSRVLWLRQRIFRDWLQJRQVXEVWUDWHGHSHQGVRQWKHSUHSDUDWLRQRIWKHVXEVWUDWHKHQFHLWLVHVVHQWLDOWR
SUHSDUHWKHVXEVWUDWHVXUIDFHFDUHIXOO\DQGSURSHUO\,QWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\PLOGVWHHO $,6, VSHFLPHQVRIVL]H
PPî PPî PP LV XVHG DV VXEVWUDWH PDWHULDO IRU 1L௅3௅$O2 FRPSRVLWH FRDWLQJV 6KDSLQJ  SDUWLQJ  PLOOLQJ
SURFHVVHV  DUH  XVHG DFFRUGLQJO\  IRU  WKH  SUHSDUDWLRQ  RI  WKH  VDPSOH 7KH VDPSOH LV WKHQ VXEMHFWHG WR VXUIDFH
JULQGLQJSURFHVV7KHVXEVWUDWH LVPHFKDQLFDOO\FOHDQHGIURPIRUHLJQPDWWHUVDQGFRUURVLRQSURGXFWV$IWHUWKDWWKH
PLOGVWHHOVXEVWUDWHLVFOHDQHG XVLQJGLVWLOOHGZDWHU 6HTXHQWLDOO\ DSLFNOLQJWUHDWPHQWLVJLYHQWRUHPRYHDQ\VXUIDFH
OD\HUIRUPHGOLNHUXVWIROORZHGE\ULQVLQJ ZLWK GLVWLOOHGZDWHUDQGPHWKDQROFOHDQLQJ 7KHVXEVWUDWH LV DFWLYDWHGE\
GLSSLQJ LQWR D ZDUP SDOODGLXP FKORULGH VROXWLRQ ƒ&  7KH DFWLYDWHG VXEVWUDWH LV WKHQ LPPHUVHG LQWR WKH
HOHFWUROHVV EDWKPDLQWDLQHGDWƒ&DQGWKH FRDWLQJLVFDUULHGRXWIRU DSHULRGRI WKUHH KRXUV ,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRQRWH
WKDWWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\GRHVQRWFRQVLGHUVXEVWUDWHURXJKQHVVDVWKHLQSXWYDULDEOH7KXVLWLVHVVHQWLDOWKDWDOOVDPSOHV
KDYHXQLIRUPURXJKQHVV)RUWKDWSXUSRVHRQO\WKRVHVDPSOHVZKLFKVKRZVLQVLJQLILFDQWYDULDWLRQ OHVVWKDQ
LQURXJKQHVVDUHXVHGIRUFRDWLQJGHSRVLWLRQ
7KHEDWKFRPSRVLWLRQDQGRSHUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQVIRUHOHFWUROHVV 1L±3±$O2 FRPSRVLWHFRDWLQJVDUHVHOHFWHGDIWHU
VHYHUDOH[SHULPHQWVDQGSURSHUUDQJHVRIWKHSDUDPHWHUVDUHFKRVHQDFFRUGLQJO\7KHHOHFWUROHVVEDWKFRPSRVLWLRQ
DQGRSHUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQVXVHGIRUWKHGHSRVLWLRQ RI HOHFWUROHVV1L±3±$O2 FRPSRVLWHFRDWLQJV LVVKRZQ LQ7DEOH
7RKDYHEHWWHUGLVSHUVLRQRIVHFRQGSKDVHDOXPLQDSDUWLFOHV DQGWRDYRLGDJJORPHUDWLRQRISDUWLFOHV VPDOO DPRXQW
RIVXUIDFWDQW 6'6 6RGLXP 'RGHF\O 6XOSKDWH  LVDGGHGWRWKHHOHFWUROHVVQLFNHOSRO\DOOR\EDWK$ERXWPORI
HOHFWUROHVV QLFNHO VROXWLRQ FRQWDLQLQJ UHTXLUHG DPRXQW RI DOXPLQD SRZGHU LV WKRURXJKO\ PL[HG XVLQJ PRUWDU DQG
SHVWOH0DJQHWLFVWLUUHU 5HPLPDNH 0/+ LVXVHGWRJHWXQLIRUPVXVSHQVLRQRISDUWLFOHVLQWKHVROXWLRQ$WILUVWD
1L±3 OD\HU LV GHSRVLWHG IRU  KRXU WR SUHYHQW WKH SRURVLW\ RI WKH FRDWLQJ DQG WKHQ WKH VROXWLRQ FRQWDLQLQJ $O2
SDUWLFOHV LV LQWURGXFHG LQWR WKH VDPH EDWK IRU WKH VXEVHTXHQW WZR KRXUV LQ RUGHU WR DFKLHYH 1L±3±$O2 FR
GHSRVLWLRQ

7DEOH(OHFWUROHVVEDWKFRPSRVLWLRQDQGRSHUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQV
%DWK &RPSRVLWLRQ 2SHUDWLQJ&RQGLWLRQV
1LFNHO6XOSKDWH J/ S+ 
6RGLXP+\SRSKRVSKLWH J/ 7HPSHUDWXUH “ƒ&
$O2 3RZGHU J/ %DWK9ROXPH PO
7UL6RGLXP&LWUDWH J/ 6WLUUHU6SHHG USP
6RGLXP$FHWDWH J/ 'HSRVLWLRQ7LPH +RXUV
6RGLXP'RGHF\O6XOSKDWH  J/
/HDG$FHWDWH PJ/

'XULQJFKHPLFDOUHDFWLRQQLFNHO VXOSKDWH VXSSOLHVWKHQLFNHOLRQVLQWKH VROXWLRQ ZKLOHVRGLXP K\SRSKRVSKLWH

UHGXFHV WKHQLFNHOLRQVIURPWKHLUSRVLWLYHYDOHQFHVWDWH WR ]HURYDOHQFHVWDWH&RPSOH[LQJDJHQWV WULVRGLXPFLWUDWH
DQGVRGLXPDFHWDWH DUH UHTXLUHGWRVORZ GRZQWKHUHDFWLRQLQWRD IHDVLEOH IRUP &RPSOH[LQJDJHQWVIRUP PHWDVWDEOH
FRPSOH[HV ZLWK QLFNHO LRQV DQG UHOHDVH WKHP VORZO\ IRU WKH UHDFWLRQ %XW HYHQ DIWHU WKH DGGLWLRQ RI FRPSOH[LQJ
DJHQWV WKHUH UHPDLQV D SRVVLELOLW\ RI VROXWLRQ EUHDNGRZQ +HQFH D VWDELOL]HU /HDG DFHWDWH LV QHHGHG VR WKDW WKH
VROXWLRQ UHPDLQV VWDEOH IRU WKH GXUDWLRQ RI WKH FRDWLQJ 7R LQFUHDVH WKH ZHWWDELOLW\ DQG VXUIDFH FKDUJH RI $O 2
SDUWLFOHVVXUIDFWDQW 6'6 LV XVHG $EGHO*DZDG HWDO  KDYHUHSRUWHGWKDWWKHVXUIDFWDQWORZHUVWKHVXUIDFH
WHQVLRQRIOLTXLGKHQFHHDVLHUVSUHDGLQJRIWKHSDUWLFOHVDQGUHGXFHVWKHLQWHUIDFLDOWHQVLRQEHWZHHQWKHVROLGDQG
OLTXLGVXUIDFHV=KRX HWDO  KDYHREVHUYHGWKDWWKHVXUIDFWDQWUHGXFHVWKHDJJORPHUDWLRQRIWKHSDUWLFOHVDQG
HOHFWURVWDWLFDGVRUSWLRQRIVXVSHQGHGSDUWLFOHVRQWKHVXEVWUDWH,QWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\WKHFRDWLQJ WKLFNQHVVLVIRXQGWR
OLHLQWKHUDQJHRI± PLFURQV $IWHUFRDWLQJLVRYHUWKHVDPSOHVDUHFOHDQHGZLWKGLVWLOOHG ZDWHU
,Q FRPSRVLWH FRDWLQJ WKHUH DUH VHYHUDO IDFWRUV WKDW LQIOXHQFH WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI FRDWLQJ HJ QLFNHO VRXUFH
FRQFHQWUDWLRQ UHGXFLQJ DJHQW FRQFHQWUDWLRQ S+ RI WKH VROXWLRQ EDWK WHPSHUDWXUH VWDELOL]HU DQG ZHWWLQJ DJHQW
24 Prasanna Gadhari and Prasanta Sahoo / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 21 – 30

FRQFHQWUDWLRQFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIVHFRQGSKDVHSDUWLFOHVVXEVWUDWHHWF+RZHYHUIURPOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZLWLVIRXQGWKDW
WKH WKUHH IDFWRUV YL] FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI QLFNHO VRXUFH QLFNHO VXOSKDWH VROXWLRQ  FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI UHGXFLQJ DJHQW
VRGLXP K\SRSKRVSKLWH VROXWLRQ  DQG FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI VHFRQG SKDVH SDUWLFOHV $O2 SRZGHU  DUH WKH PRVW
FRPPRQO\XVHGE\WKHUHVHDUFKHUVWRFRQWUROWKHSURSHUWLHVRIFRPSRVLWHFRDWLQJV 6DKRR/LXHWDO'DV
DQG6DKRR  7KHFRQVLGHUHGGHVLJQSDUDPHWHUV WRJHWKHU ZLWKWKHLUOHYHOV DUHVKRZQLQ 7DEOH

7DEOH  'HVLJQSDUDPHWHUVDQGWKHLUOHYHOV
/HYHOV
'HVLJQ)DFWRUV 'HVLJQDWLRQ 8QLW
  
D
&RQFHQWUDWLRQRIVRXUFHRIQLFNHO $ J/   
1LFNHOVXOSKDWHVROXWLRQ
&RQFHQWUDWLRQRIVRXUFHRIUHGXFLQJDJHQW % J/  D 
6RGLXPK\SRSKRVSKLWHVROXWLRQ
&RQFHQWUDWLRQRIVRXUFHRI$O2 & J/  D 
D LQLWLDOFRQGLWLRQ

 5HVSRQVHYDULDEOHV

5HVSRQVH YDULDEOH LV WKH RXWSXW RI DQ H[SHULPHQWDO PRGHO ,Q WKH SUHVHQW VWXG\ PLQLPL]DWLRQ RI VXUIDFH
URXJKQHVV FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI 1L௅3௅$O 2 FRPSRVLWH FRDWLQJ LV WKH PDLQ REMHFWLYH 6LQJOH SDUDPHWHU FDQQRW WRWDOO\
GHVFULEHWKHTXDOLW\RIWKHILYHURXJKQHVVSDUDPHWHUVFRQVLGHUHG,WLVD PXOWLUHVSRQVHSUREOHPIRUILYHURXJKQHVV
SDUDPHWHUV 5D5T5VN5NX DQG 5VP 

 'HVLJQRIH[SHULPHQWV

'HVLJQ RI H[SHULPHQWV '2(  PHWKRG LV XVHG WR UHGXFH WKH H[SHULPHQWDO WLPH DQG RWKHU UHVRXUFHV ZLWK
PD[LPXPDPRXQWRIFRQFOXVLYHLQIRUPDWLRQ:LWKWKHKHOSRIWKLVPHWKRGLWLVSRVVLEOHWRUHGXFHWKHUHTXLUHGWLPH
DQGQXPEHURIH[SHULPHQWVVLJQLILFDQWO\ IRUWKHLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIH[SHULPHQWV,Q'2(WKHFKDQJHVDUH PDGH ZLWK
SODQQLQJ WR FRQWURO WKH YDULDEOHV LQ RUGHU WR REVHUYH WKH HIIHFW RI FRUUHVSRQGLQJ UHVSRQVH YDULDEOH ,Q WKH SUHVHQW
VWXG\7DJXFKLPHWKRGLVXVHGZKHUH2$LVXVHGWRUHGXFHWKHQXPEHURI H[SHULPHQWVIRUGHWHUPLQLQJWKHRSWLPDO
SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV $Q 2$ UHTXLUHV WKH PLQLPXP QXPEHU RI H[SHULPHQWDO WUDLOV WR GHWHUPLQH WKH PDLQ HIIHFW DV
ZHOODVLQWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVRISDUDPHWHUVVLPXOWDQHRXVO\,QWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\ / 2$LVFKRVHQRQWKHEDVLVRIWKH
QXPEHURIIDFWRUVFRQVLGHUHGWKHLUOHYHOVDQGWKHGHVLUHGLQWHUDFWLRQVRIWKHIDFWRUV 7KHWRWDOGHJUHHRIIUHHGRP
'2) IRUWKUHHIDFWRUVZLWKWKUHHOHYHOVDQG FRQVLGHULQJWKHLQGLYLGXDOIDFWRUVDQGWKHLULQWHUDFWLRQLV  +HQFH /
2$ LV FKRVHQ DV LW VDWLVILHV DOO WKH '2) FRQGLWLRQV 7KH VHOHFWHG DUUD\ UHTXLUHV WKH H[HFXWLRQ RI WZHQW\ VHYHQ
H[SHULPHQWV7KHIDFWRUV $% DQG & DQGWKHLULQWHUDFWLRQV $î%$î&DQG%î& DUHDVVLJQHGWRWKHLUUHVSHFWLYH
SRVLWLRQV LQ WKH 2$ 7KH FHOO YDOXHV LQ LQWHUDFWLRQ FROXPQV DQG HUURU FROXPQV DUH XVHG LQ DQDO\VLV RI YDULDQFH
$129$ IRUGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHLU SHUFHQWDJHFRQWULEXWLRQWRWKHWRWDOHIIHFW

 5RXJKQHVVPHDVXUHPHQW

6XUIDFH URXJKQHVV PHDVXUHPHQW LV GRQH XVLQJ D SRUWDEOH VW\OXV DQG VNLG W\SH SURILORPHWHU 7DO\VXUI 7D\ORU
+REVRQ6XUWURQLF 7KHSURILORPHWHULVVHWWRDFXWRIIOHQJWKRIPP*DXVVLDQILOWHUDQGWUDYHUVHVSHHG
PPV ZLWK PP HYDOXDWLRQ OHQJWK 5RXJKQHVV PHDVXUHPHQW RQ WKH HOHFWUROHVV FRDWLQJV LV UHSHDWHG IRXU WLPHV DW
GLIIHUHQW ORFDWLRQV DQG WKH DYHUDJH RI IRXU PHDVXUHPHQWV LV UHFRUGHG 7KH PHDVXUHG SURILOH LV GLJLWL]HG DQG
SURFHVVHG WKURXJK WKH GHGLFDWHG DGYDQFHG VXUIDFH ILQLVK DQDO\VLV VRIWZDUH 7DO\SURILOH IRU HYDOXDWLRQ RI WKH
URXJKQHVVSDUDPHWHUV
 Prasanna Gadhari and Prasanta Sahoo / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 21 – 30 25

 &RDWLQJFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ

)RUVWXG\LQJWKHVXUIDFHVDQGFURVVVHFWLRQVRIGHSRVLWVVFDQQLQJ HOHFWURQPLFURVFRS\ 6(0  -(2/-60

2[IRUG ,QVWUXPHQWV -DSDQ  HTXLSSHG ZLWK ('; DQDO\VLV KDV EHHQ XVHG WR GHWHUPLQHG WKH ZW  RI WKH DOXPLQD
SKRVSKRUXV R[\JHQ DQG QLFNHO FRQWHQW LQ WKH FRPSRVLWH FRDWLQJ 7KH WKLFNQHVV RI GHSRVLWV LV DOVR PHDVXUHG LQ
FURVVVHFWLRQE\6(0 7KHSKDVHVWUXFWXUHLVVWXGLHGZLWKWKHKHOSRI; UD\GLIIUDFWLRQ ;5' DQDO\VLV 5LJDNX
P$N98OWLPD,,, VRWKDWWKHGLIIHUHQWSUHFLSLWDWHGSKDVHV RIDVGHSRVLWHGFRPSRVLWHFRDWLQJDUHLGHQWLILHG

 5HVXOWVDQGGLVFXVVLRQ

 *UH\UHODWLRQDODQDO\VLVIRUURXJKQHVVFKDUDFWHULVWLFV

7KH SUHVHQW VWXG\ GHDOV ZLWK WKH PLQLPL]DWLRQ RI WKH ILYH URXJKQHVV SDUDPHWHUV 5D 5T 5VN 5NXDQG 5VP
VLPXOWDQHRXVO\E\RSWLPL]LQJWKHFRDWLQJSURFHVVSDUDPHWHUV7KXVLWLVDFDVHRIPXOWLUHVSRQVHRSWLPL]DWLRQZKLFK
FDQQRWEHVROYHGE\7DJXFKL PHWKRGDORQH+HQFHWKH JUH\UHODWLRQDODQDO\VLV 'HQJ LVXVHGWRJHWKHU ZLWK
7DJXFKL PHWKRGWRVROYH WKH SUREOHP,QWKLV PHWKRGWKH ILUVWVWHSLVWRSHUIRUP WKH JUH\UHODWLRQDOJHQHUDWLRQLQ
ZKLFKWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHH[SHULPHQWVDUHQRUPDOL]HGLQWKHUDQJHEHWZHHQ]HURDQGRQH$IWHUWKDWWKHVHFRQGVWHSLV
WRFDOFXODWHWKHJUH\UHODWLRQDOFRHIILFLHQWIURPWKHQRUPDOL]HGGDWDWRUHSUHVHQWWKHFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHDFWXDO
H[SHULPHQWDO GDWD DQG GHVLUHG GDWD 7KH RYHUDOO JUH\ UHODWLRQDO JUDGH LV WKHQ FRPSXWHG E\ DYHUDJLQJ WKH JUH\
UHODWLRQDOFRHIILFLHQWFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRHDFKSHUIRUPDQFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFV7KHRSWLPDOOHYHORIWKHSURFHVVSDUDPHWHUV
LVWKHOHYHOZLWKWKHPD[LPXPJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGH0RUHRYHUDVWDWLVWLFDO$129$LVSHUIRUPHGWRILQGVWDWLFDOO\
VLJQLILFDQWSDUDPHWHUV7KHJUH\UHODWLRQDODQDO\VLVDQGVWDWLVWLFDO$129$FDQSUHGLFWWKHRSWLPDOFRPELQDWLRQRI
SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV )LQDOO\ D FRQILUPDWLRQ H[SHULPHQW LV FRQGXFWHG WR YHULI\ WKH RSWLPDO SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV
REWDLQHGIURPWKHDQDO\VLV)RU EUHYLW\WKHGHWDLOVRIWKHJUH\DQDO\VLVDQGLQWHUPHGLDWHFDOFXODWLRQVDUHH[FOXGHG
KHUH2QO\WKHILQDOYDOXHVIRUWKHJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGHDQGWKHLURUGHUDUHOLVWHGLQ7DEOH

7DEOH*UH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGHDQGLWVRUGHU
([SW 1R *UH\UHODWLRQDO 2UGHU ([SW1R *UH\UHODWLRQDO 2UGHU ([SW1R *UH\UHODWLRQDO 2UGHU
JUDGH JUDGH JUDGH
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        

 $QDO\VLVRIVLJQDOWRQRLVHUDWLR

)RUFDOFXODWLQJWKHGHVLUDEOHIDFWRUOHYHOVWKHWUDGLWLRQDOPHWKRGWKHVLPSOHDYHUDJHPHWKRGZDVXVHG%XWWKLV
PHWKRGFDQQRWFDSWXUHWKH YDULDELOLW\ZLWKLQWKHWULDOFRQGLWLRQ+HQFHLQWKHSUHVHQWZRUN61UDWLRDQDO\VLVLVGRQH
ZLWK JUH\ UHODWLRQDO JUDGH DV WKH SHUIRUPDQFH LQGH[ 7KH 61 UDWLR IRU JUH\ UHODWLRQDO JUDGH LV FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ
+LJKHUWKH%HWWHU +% FULWHULRQDQGLVJLYHQE\

6 § Q  ·
ORJ ¨ ¦  ¸ 
1 ©Q L  \ ¹
26 Prasanna Gadhari and Prasanta Sahoo / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 21 – 30

ZKHUH\LVWKHREVHUYHGGDWDDQGQLVWKHQXPEHURIREVHUYDWLRQV7KHUHVSRQVHWDEOHIRUPHDQJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGH
IRUWKUHHIDFWRUV$%DQG&DORQJZLWKWKUHHOHYHOVLVVKRZQLQ7DEOH$OOWKHVWDWLVWLFDODQDO\VHVDUHSHUIRUPHG
XVLQJ0LQLWDEVRIWZDUH 0LQLWDEPDQXDO 7KHPHDQUHVSRQVHWDEOHLQFOXGHVUDQNVEDVHGRQ'HOWDVWDWLVWLFV
ZKLFKFRPSDUHWKHUHODWLYHPDJQLWXGHRIWKHHIIHFWV7KHGHOWDVWDWLVWLFLVWKHGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQKLJKHVWPHDQJUH\
UHODWLRQDOJUDGHIRUHDFKIDFWRUWRWKHORZHVWPHDQJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGHIRUWKHVDPH7KHUDQNLVDVVLJQHGRQWKH
EDVLVRIKLJKHVWGHOWDYDOXHLHUDQNRQHLVDVVLJQHGWRKLJKHVWGHOWDYDOXH

)LJ0DLQHIIHFWVSORWIRUPHDQJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGH

,QWKHPDLQHIIHFWVSORWLIWKHOLQHIRUSDUWLFXODUSDUDPHWHULVQHDUPHDQOLQHRUKRUL]RQWDOOLQHWKHQWKHSDUDPHWHU
KDVQRVLJQLILFDQWHIIHFW)URP)LJLWLVIRXQGWKDWWKHOLQHIRUSDUDPHWHU% FRQFHQWUDWLRQRIUHGXFLQJDJHQW LV
QHDUWRKRUL]RQWDO KHQFH LWKDVQRWVLJQLILFDQWHIIHFW7KHSDUDPHWHU IRU ZKLFKWKHOLQH KDV PD[LPXPLQFOLQDWLRQ
ZLOO KDYH WKH PRVW VLJQLILFDQW HIIHFW )URP PDLQ HIIHFWV SORW LW LV REVHUYHG WKDW SDUDPHWHU & LH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI
DOXPLQD SDUWLFOHV LV PRVW VLJQLILFDQW SDUDPHWHU DQG SDUDPHWHU $ LH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI QLFNHO VRXUFH KDV YHU\
VLJQLILFDQW HIIHFW 7KH LQWHUDFWLRQ SORWV EHWZHHQ $î% $î& DQG %î& DUH VKRZQ LQ )LJ  ,Q FDVH RI LQWHUDFWLRQ
SORWV LI OLQHV DUH SDUDOOHO LW LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKHUH LV QR LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH SDUDPHWHUV DQG LI WKH OLQHV DUH QRQ
SDUDOOHO LW LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH SUHVHQFH RI LQWHUDFWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH SDUDPHWHUV ,I WKH OLQHV DUH LQWHUVHFWLQJ WR HDFK
RWKHULWPHDQVWKDWVWURQJLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHSDUDPHWHUV)URPLQWHUDFWLRQSORWVLWFDQEHREVHUYHGWKDWWKHUHLV
VWURQJLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQSDUDPHWHUV%DQG&DQGPRGHUDWHLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQ$DQG&7KXVIURPSUHVHQWVWXG\
LW LV FOHDU WKDW WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI $O2 SDUWLFOHV LV WKH PRVW LQIOXHQFLQJ SDUDPHWHU IRU VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV
SDUDPHWHUVRI1L±3±$O2 FRPSRVLWHFRDWLQJVZKHUHDVFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIQLFNHOVRXUFHKDVPRGHUDWHLQIOXHQFH7KH
RSWLPDOSURFHVVSDUDPHWHUIRUPLQLPXPURXJKQHVVLVIRXQGWREH$%&

)LJ,QWHUDFWLRQHIIHFWVSORWVIRUPHDQJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGH D $9V% E $9V& F %9V&

 Prasanna Gadhari and Prasanta Sahoo / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 21 – 30 27

7DEOH7DEOHIRUPHDQ61UDWLR
/HYHO $ % &
   
   
   
'HOWD   
5DQN   
7RWDOPHDQJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGH 

 $QDO\VLVRIYDULDQFH $129$

7DEOHVKRZV$129$UHVXOWVIRUJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGH$129$DVWDWLVWLFDOWHFKQLTXHLVXVHGWRLQYHVWLJDWH
WKH VLJQLILFDQFH RI WKH SURFHVV SDUDPHWHUV DQG WKHLU LQWHUDFWLRQ ,Q SUHVHQW VWXG\ $129$ LV SHUIRUPHG XVLQJ
0LQLWDE $129$ FDOFXODWLRQV DUH EDVHG RQ WKH )UDWLR ZKLFK WKH UDWLR EHWZHHQ WKH UHJUHVVLRQ PHDQ VTXDUH DQG
PHDQVTXDUHHUURUWHUP7KLVUDWLRLVXVHGWRPHDVXUHWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRISDUDPHWHUVXQGHULQYHVWLJDWLRQZLWKUHVSHFW
WRWKHYDULDQFHRIDOOWHUPVLQFOXGHGLQWKHHUURUWHUPDW WKHGHVLUHGVLJQLILFDQFHOHYHO,IFDOFXODWHGYDOXHRI)±UDWLR
LVKLJKHUWKDQWDEXODWHGYDOXHLWPHDQVWKDWWKHIDFWRULVVLJQLILFDQWDWGHVLUHGOHYHO

7DEOH5HVXOWVIRU$129$IRUKDUGQHVV
6RXUFH '2) 66 06 ) FRQWULEXWLRQ
$     
%     
&     
$[%     
$[&     
%[&     
(UURU    
7RWDO   
6LJQLILFDQWSDUDPHWHUV ) ) ) 

$129$WDEOHVKRZV WKHSHUFHQWDJHFRQWULEXWLRQRIHDFKSDUDPHWHUV,WLVVHHQIURPWKHWDEOHWKDWSDUDPHWHU&
FRQFHQWUDWLRQRI$O2 SDUWLFOHV KDVJRWWKHPRVWVLJQLILFDQWLQIOXHQFHRQVXUIDFHURXJKQHVVDWWKHFRQILGHQFHOHYHO
RIZLWKLQWKHVSHFLILFWHVWUDQJH&RQFHQWUDWLRQRIQLFNHOVRXUFH SDUDPHWHU$ LVVLJQLILFDQWDWFRQILGHQFHOHYHO
RI7KHLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQSDUDPHWHU % FRQFHQWUDWLRQRIUHGXFLQJDJHQW DQGFRQFHQWUDWLRQRI$O2 SDUWLFOHV
%î&  KDV VLJQLILFDQW HIIHFW RQ WKH URXJKQHVV FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI 1L±3±$O2 FRPSRVLWH FRDWLQJ 7KH LQWHUDFWLRQ
EHWZHHQ FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI QLFNHO VRXUFH DQG FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI DOXPLQD SDUWLFOHV $î&  KDV JRW VRPH LQWHUDFWLRQ WR
FRQWUROWKHURXJKQHVVFKDUDFWHULVWLFV

 9DOLGDWLRQWHVW

9DOLGDWLRQRIWKHUHVXOWVRIRSWLPXPSDUDPHWHUVFDOFXODWHGE\7DJXFKLPHWKRGLVWKHILQDOVWHS7KHFRQILUPDWLRQ
H[SHULPHQW LV SHUIRUPHG E\ FRQGXFWLQJ WKH H[SHULPHQW ZLWK RSWLPDO VHWWLQJ RI WKH IDFWRUV DQG OHYHOV SUHYLRXVO\

FDOFXODWHG7KHSUHGLFWHGYDOXHRIJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGHDWWKHRSWLPXPOHYHO K LVFDOFXODWHGDVJLYHQE\

R

K K P  ¦ KL  K P 
L 
28 Prasanna Gadhari and Prasanta Sahoo / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 21 – 30

ZKHUH K P LVWKHWRWDOPHDQJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGH KL LVWKHPHDQJUH\UHODWLRQDOJUDGHDWRSWLPDOOHYHODQGRLVWKH

QXPEHU RI PDLQ GHVLJQ SDUDPHWHUV WKDW VLJQLILFDQWO\ DIIHFW WKH VXUIDFH URXJKQHVV FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI 1L௅3௅$O2
FRPSRVLWHFRDWLQJ7KHUHVXOWVRIWKHYDOLGDWLRQWHVWLQWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\DUHVKRZQLQ7DEOH7KHLPSURYHPHQWRI
JUH\ UHODWLRQDO JUDGH IURP LQLWLDO RSWLPDO FRQGLWLRQ LV  ZKLFK LV DERXW  RI WKH PHDQ JUH\ UHODWLRQDO
JUDGH

7DEOH5HVXOWVRIWKHYDOLGDWLRQWHVW
/HYHO ,QLWLDOSDUDPHWHU 2SWLPDOSDUDPHWHUFRPELQDWLRQ
3UHGLFWLRQ ([SHULPHQW
$%& $%&
5D  
5T  
5VN  
5NX  
5VP  
*UDGH   

 6XUIDFHPRUSKRORJ\DQGSKDVHFRQWHQW

7R NQRZ WKH SUHVHQFH DQG ZHLJKW SHUFHQWDJH RI QLFNHO SKRVSKRUXV DQG DOXPLQLXP R[LGH LQ WKH FRPSRVLWH
FRDWLQJVHQHUJ\GLVSHUVLYH[UD\ DQDO\]HU ('; LVXVHG7KH(';DQDO\VLVRIWKH1L௅3௅$O 2 FRPSRVLWHFRDWHG
VDPSOHZLWKGLIIHUHQWFRQFHQWUDWLRQRI$O2 SDUWLFOHVLVVKRZQLQ)LJ 7KHZHLJKWSHUFHQWDJHRIQLFNHOLVIRXQG
WREHDQGWKDWIRUSKRVSKRUXVLV6LPLODUO\ZHLJKWSHUFHQWDJHRIDOXPLQLXPLVDQGWKDWIRUR[\JHQLV
7DEOHJLYHVWKHFRPSDUDWLYHDQDO\VLVRIFRDWLQJFRPSRVLWLRQLQWHUPVRIZHLJKWSHUFHQWDJHIRUJ/$O 2
FRQFHQWUDWLRQDQGJ/$O2 FRQFHQWUDWLRQLQSODWLQJEDWK7KHFRPSRVLWLRQDODQDO\VLVFRQILUPVWKDWSUHVHQFHRI
DOXPLQDSDUWLFOHVLQWKHFRDWLQJLQFUHDVHVZLWKLQFUHDVHLQFRQFHQWUDWLRQRI$O 2 SDUWLFOHVLQHOHFWUROHVVEDWKZKLFK
DIIHFWVRQVXUIDFHURXJKQHVVFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHFRPSRVLWHFRDWLQJ

7DEOH(';UHVXOWVRI1L௅3௅$O2 FRPSRVLWHFRDWLQJV
)LJXUH1R &RQFHQWUDWLRQRI RI1L RI3 RI2 RI$O 7RWDO
$O2 SDUWLFOHV
)LJXUH D J/     
)LJXUH E J/     

7KH 6(0 LPDJHV RI FRDWLQJ VXUIDFHV LQ DVGHSRVLWHG FRQGLWLRQ ZLWK  J/ RI $O2 DQG  J/ RI $O2 DUH
VKRZQLQ)LJ 7KHVHFRQGSKDVHSDUWLFOHVDUHXQLIRUPO\GLVWULEXWHGLQ1L௅3PDWUL[7KLVXQLIRUPGLVWULEXWLRQRI
SDUWLFOHVLVGXHWRDGGLWLRQRIVXUIDFWDQWLQHOHFWUROHVVEDWK)RUEHWWHUVXVSHQVLRQRISDUWLFOHVEDWKLVVWLUUHGDW 
USPZLWKVXLWDEOHVL]HRIPDJQHWLFVWLUUHU6LPLODUREVHUYDWLRQVDUHREVHUYHGE\RWKHUUHVHDUFKHUVIRULQFRUSRUDWLRQ
RI GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI VHFRQG SKDVH SDUWLFOHV LQ 1L௅3 PDWUL[ %DODUDMX HW DO  0RQLU 9DJKHIL HW DO 
$OLUH]DHL HWDO  )URPILJXUHLWLVREVHUYHGWKDWWKHSUHVHQFHRIDOXPLQDSDUWLFOHVDUHLQFUHDVHGLQWKHFRDWLQJ
ZLWKJ/$O2 SDUWLFOHVDVFRPSDUHWRFRDWLQJZLWKJ/RI$O2 SDUWLFOHV
7KHSKDVHVWUXFWXUHRI1L௅3௅$O 2 FRPSRVLWHLVVKRZQLQ)LJ,WLVREVHUYHGIRUP ;5' DQDO\VLVWKDWWKHDV
GHSRVLWHGFRPSRVLWHFRDWLQJLVDOPRVWDPRUSKRXVLQQDWXUH ZLWK VLQJOHEURDGSHDNDWGLIIUDFWLRQDQJOHRI
7KHEURDGSHDNLVFRPPRQO\UHJDUGHGDVFRUUHVSRQGLQJWRDQRQRFU\VWDOOLQHSKDVHFRPSRVHGRIH[WUHPHO\ ILQHG
QDQRPHWHU VFDOH FU\VWDOOLQH UHJLRQV VXUURXQGHG E\ DPRUSKRXV JUDLQ ERXQGDULHV 'LIIUDFWLRQ FRUUHVSRQGV WR $O 2
SDUWLFOHV FDQQRW EH WUDFHG LQ FRPSRVLWH FRDWLQJ HYHQ WKRXJK SUHVHQFH RI DOXPLQD SDUWLFOHV HYLGHQW IURP WKH 6(0
LPDJHV
 Prasanna Gadhari and Prasanta Sahoo / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 21 – 30 29

)LJ  (';RI1L±3±$O2 FRPSRVLWHFRDWLQJ D ZLWKJ/RI$O2DQG E ZLWKJ/RI$O2

)LJ6(0LPDJHVRI1L±3±$O2 FRPSRVLWHFRDWLQJ D ZLWKJ/RI$O2 E ZLWKJ/RI$O2

)LJ;UD\GLIIUDFWLRQSDWWHUQRIHOHFWUROHVV1L±3±$O2 FRPSRVLWHFRDWLQJ
30 Prasanna Gadhari and Prasanta Sahoo / Procedia Materials Science 5 (2014) 21 – 30

 &RQFOXVLRQ

,Q SUHVHQW VWXG\ 7DJXFKL / 2$ LQ FRQMXQFWLRQ ZLWK JUH\ UHODWLRQDO JUDGH KDV EHHQ VXFFHVVIXOO\ HPSOR\HG WR
VWXG\ WKH HIIHFW RI FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI QLFNHO VRXUFH $  FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI UHGXFLQJ DJHQW %  DQG FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI
$O2 SDUWLFOHV & RQ WKHILYHURXJKQHVVSDUDPHWHUV 5D5T5VN5NX DQG 5VP RI1L±3±$O2 FRPSRVLWHFRDWLQJV
,WLVIRXQGWKDWWKH PHWKRGRSWLPL]HVWKHFRDWLQJSDUDPHWHUVWRDFKLHYHWKHGHVLUHGURXJKQHVVFKDUDFWHULVWLFV7KH
RSWLPDOFRPELQDWLRQRIFRDWLQJSDUDPHWHUVLV $%& $129$UHVXOWLQGLFDWHVWKDW WKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIVHFRQG
SKDVH SDUWLFOHV $O2 SDUWLFOHV  LV WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW SDUDPHWHU WKDW VLJQLILFDQWO\ DIIHFWV WKH URXJKQHVV
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDWFRQILGHQFHOHYHORI&RQFHQWUDWLRQRIQLFNHOVRXUFHLVTXLWH VLJQLILFDQWDWFRQILGHQFHOHYHORI
 7KH LPSURYHPHQW RI WKH JUH\ UHODWLRQDO JUDGH IURP LQLWLDO FRQGLWLRQ WR RSWLPDO FRQGLWLRQ LV IRXQG DERXW
)URPWKH6(0UHVXOWLWLVIRXQGWKDWWKHFRPSRVLWHFRDWLQJKDVVPRRWKVXUIDFHZLWKXQLIRUPGLVWULEXWLRQRI
DOXPLQD SDUWLFOHV 7KH ('; DQDO\VLV UHYHDOV WKDW WKH FRDWLQJ LV D 1L±3 FRPSRVLWH FRDWLQJ ZLWK DOXPLQD SDUWLFOHV
7KH$O2 SDUWLFOHVDUHLQWKHUDQJHRIZWWRZWDQGSKRVSKRUXVLQWKHUDQJHRIZWWR
ZW 7KH ;5' SORW UHYHDOV WKDW WKH 1L±3±$O2 FRPSRVLWH FRDWLQJ LV PL[WXUH RI DPRUSKRXV DQG FU\VWDOOLQH
VWUXFWXUH

5HIHUHQFHV

$EGHO$DO $=DNL = ,+DPLG =$ $ 1RYHO &RPSRVLWH &RDWLQJVFRQWDLQLQJ 7L&±$O2 3RZGHU 0DWHULDOV6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJ
$  ±
$EGHO *DZDG 6 $ %DUDND $ 00RUVL0 6 $OL(OWRXP 0 6  'HYHORSPHQWRI (OHFWUROHVV1L±3±$O2 DQG1L±3±7L2 &RPSRVLWH
&RDWLQJVIURP $ONDOLQH +\SRSKRVSKLWH *OXFRQDWH %DWKVDQGWKHLU 3URSHUWLHV ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDORI (OHFWURFKHPLFDO 6FLHQFH  ±

$JDUZDOD5&$JDUZDOD9(OHFWROHVV $OOR\&RPSRVLWH &RDWLQJV$UHYLHZ6DGKDQD DQG 
$OLUH]DHL 6 0RQLU9DJKHIL 60 8UJHQ 0 6DDWFKL $ .D]PDQOL . (YDOXDWLRQRI 6WUXFWXUHDQG 0HFKDQLFDO 3URSHUWLHVRI 1L±3±$O2
1DQRFRPSRVLWH&RDWLQJV -RXUQDORI&RPSRVLWH0DWHULDOV'2,±
$OLUH]DHL 6K 0RQLUYDJKHIL 60 6DOHKL 06DDWFKL $  (IIHFWRI $OXPLQD &RQWHQWRQ 6XUIDFH 0RUSKRORJ\DQG +DUGQHVVRI1L±3±$O2
Į (OHFWUROHVV &RPSRVLWH &RDWLQJV 6XUIDFHDQG&RDWLQJV7HFKQRORJ\  ±
$SDFKLWHL , 7LFKHODDU ) ' 'XV]F]\N - .DWJHUPDQ /  6ROLG௅VWDWH 5HDFWLRQV LQ /RZ 3KRVSKRUXV $XWRFDWDO\WLF 1L±3±6L& &RDWLQJV
6XUIDFH &RDWLQJV7HFKQRORJ\  ±
%DODUDMX -1.DODYDWL 5DMDP .6 (OHFWUROHVV 7HUQDU\1L±:±3 $OOR\V &RQWDLQLQJ 0LFURQ 6L]H$O2 3DUWLFOHV 6XUIDFH &RDWLQJV
7HFKQRORJ\  ±
%DODUDMX -16DQNDUD1DUD\DQDQ 761 6KHVKDGUL 6.  6WUXFWXUHDQG 3KDVH 7UDQVIRUPDWLRQ %HKDYLRXURI (OHFWUROHVV1L௅3 &RPSRVLWH
&RDWLQJV 0DWHULDOV5HVHDUFK%XOOHWLQ  ±
%DODUDMX -16DQNDUD1DUD\DQDQ 761 6HVKDGUL 6.  (OHFWUROHVV1L±3 &RPSRVLWH &RDWLQJV -RXUQDORI$SSOLHG(OHFWURFKHPLVWU\ 
±
'DV 6 . 6DKRR 3  ,QIOXHQFH RI 3URFHVV 3DUDPHWHUV RQ 0LFURKDUGQHVV RI (OHFWUROHVV 1L±% &RDWLQJV $GYDQFHV LQ 0HFKDQLFDO
(QJLQHHULQJ 9ROXPH$UWLFOH,'±
'HQJ-,QWURGXFWLRQWR *UH\ 6\VWHP-RXUQDORIJUH\V\VWHP
/LX ' <DQ < /HH . <X -  (IIHFW RI 6XUIDFWDQW RQ WKH $OXPLQD 'LVSHUVLRQ DQG &RUURVLRQ %HKDYLRU RI (OHFWUROHVV 1L±3±$O2
&RPSRVLWH &RDWLQJV 0DWHULDOVDQG&RUURVLRQ  1R ±
0LQLWDEXVHUPDQQXDO UHOHDVH 0DNLQJGDWD DQDO\VLVHDVLHU0,1,7$% ,QFRUSRUDWLRQ 6WDWH &ROOHJH3$86$
0RQLU9DJKHIL 606DDWFKL $ +RVHLQDEDGL 0(  'HSRVLWLRQDQGSURSHUWLHVRIHOHFWUROHVV1L±3±%&FRPSRVLWHFRDWLQJV 6XUIDFHDQG
&RDWLQJV7HFKQRORJ\  ±
5R\5.$3ULPHURQWKH7DJXFKL0HWKRG 'HDUERUQ6RFLHW\RI0DQXIDFWXULQJ(QJLQHHUV $QQ$UERU0LFK86$
6DKRR 3 'DV 6.  7ULERORJ\RI (OHFWUROHVV 1LFNHO &RDWLQJ ± $ 5HYLHZ 0DWHULDOVDQG'HVLJQ ±
6DKRR3)ULFWLRQ 3HUIRUPDQFH 2SWLPL]DWLRQRI (OHFWUROHVV1L௅3 &RDWLQJVXVLQJ7DJXFKL 0HWKRG -RXUQDORI3K\VLFV'$SSOLHG3K\VLFV
YRO±
6KDUPD $ 6LQJK $ .  (OHFWUROHVV1L±3DQG1L±3±$O2 1DQRFRPSRVLWH &RDWLQJVDQGWKHLU &RUURVLRQ DQG :HDU 5HVLVWDQFH -RXUQDORI
0DWHULDOV(QJLQHHULQJDQG3HUIRUPDQFH '2,V±
6XGDJDU - /LDQ - 6KD :  (OHFWUROHVV 1LFNHO $OOR\ &RPSRVLWH DQG 1DQR &RDWLQJV ௅ $ &ULWLFDO 5HYLHZ -RXUQDO RI $OOR\V DQG
&RPSRXQGV 
7DJXFKL*,QWURGXFWLRQWR 4XDOLW\ (QJLQHHULQJ$VLDQ3URGXFWLYLW\2UDJDQL]DWLRQ
=KRX * 'LQJ + =KRX ) =KDQJ <  6WUXFWXUH DQG 0HFKDQLFDO 3URSHUWLHV RI 1L±3±1DQR $O2 &RPSRVLWH &RDWLQJV 6\QWKHVL]HG E\
(OHFWUROHVV 3ODWLQJ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI,URQDQG6WHHO5HVHDUFK   ±