Aeta ~echanica 76, 105--130 (1989)

ACTA bIECHANICA
| by Springer-Verlag 1989

Elastic Moduli for a Class of Porous Materials

By

Y. H. Zhao, G. P. T a n d o n a n d G. J. Weng, N e w Brunswick, N e w J e r s e y

With 5 Figures

(Received April 14, 1988)

Summary

The effective elastic moduli for a class of porous materials with various distributions of
spheroidal voids are given explicitly. The distributions considered include the unidirection-
ally aligned voids, three-dimensionally and two-dimensionally, randomly oriented voids,
and voids with two types of biased orientations. While the 3-d random orientation results
in a macroscopically isotropic solid, the porous media associated with the other arrange-
ments are transversely isotropic. The five independent elastic constants for each arrange-
ment, as well as the two for the isotropic case, are derived by means of Mori-Tanaka's
mean field theory in conjunction with Eshelby's solution. Specific results for long, cylindri-
cal pores and for thin cracks with the above orientations are also obtained, the latter being
expressed in terms of the crack-density parameter. Before we set out the analysis, it is
further proven that, in the case of long, circular inclusions, the five effective moduli of a
fiber composite derived from the ~ori-Tanaka method coincide with Hill's and Hashin's
lower bounds if the matrix is the softer phase, and coincide with their upper bounds if the
matrix is the harder.

1. Introduction

M a n y engineering a n d geological m a t e r i a l s are porous. D e p e n d i n g on t h e

s h a p e a n d t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e pores, t h e overall p r o p e r t i e s of t h e m a t e r i a l will
possess different degree of a n i s o t r o p y . I n g e n e r a l t h e shape of t h e pores m a y be
b r o a d l y r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e a s p e c t r a t i o of a spheroid, which can be needle-like,
p r o l a t e , spheric, oblate, or disc-like. W h e n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e pores, a t a
given shape, is h o m o g e n e o u s l y d i s p e r s e d a n d r a n d o m l y o r i e n t e d in t h r e e d i m e n -
sions, t h e effective m o d u l i of t h e m a t e r i a l are isotropic. U n i d i r e c t i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n
a n d t w o - d i m e n s i o n a l r a n d o m d i s t r i b u t i o n will g e n e r a l l y lead t o a g l o b a l t r a n s -
verse i s o t r o p y . A t r a n s v e r s e l y isotropie b e h a v i o r is also a n t i c i p a t e d when t h e
o r i e n t a t i o n of t h e pores e x h i b i t s a b i a s e d d i s t r i b u t i o n - - s a y following a cosine or
a sine f u n c t i o n - - in t h e i r t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l a r r a n g e m e n t .
106 Y.H. Zhao, G. P. Tandon, and G. J. Weng:

The objective of this paper is to provide a set of simple, cxphcit constitutive

equations for the effective elastic moduli of this class of porous materials. I t is
believed that the simple and explicit nature of the results will render themselves
of some value in engineering applications. When the shape of the pores can be
modeled by a spheroid, Eshelby's [1] equivalence principle and his renowned
solution of an ellipsoidal inclusion can be conveniently used to address the stated
problem. The principle is best combined with Mori and Tanaka's [2] concept of
average stress in the matrix in order to account for the pore interactions at finite
concentration. As compared with the experimental data, this approach has
proved to be reliable in the estimate of Young's modulus of glass/polyester and
tungsten-carbide/cobalt composites [3], and of the stress-strain relations of
silica/epoxy composite under plastic deformation [4].
The Mori-Tanaka method has also been applied by Chow [5], Taya and Chou
[6], Taya and Mura [7], and Tandon and Weng [8], among others, to study various
properties of composite materials, and it will be briefly recapitulated in Section 2.
To further demonstrate that this approximate method is indeed a reliable one, it
will be shown that, for the case of a unidireetionally aligned, continuous fiber-
reinforced composite, the five effective moduli so derived coincide with Hill's [9]
and gashin's [10] bounds. We shall go on in Section 3 to derive the five indepen-
dent elastic constants when the pores are ulfidirectionally aligned. The two iso-
tropic bulk and shear moduli associated with the three-dimensional random
orientations will be given in Section 4, and the five moduli associated with a two-
dimensional random orientations will be given in Section 5. When the biased
distribution is present in the three-dimensional arrangement, the resulting five
independent constants, for both the cosine and the sine distributions, will be
determined in Section 6. Finally, when the shape of the pores is in the form of a
thin crack, explicit results for the above five geometrical arrangements will be
provided in Section 7.

2. The Mori-Tanaka lVlethod and the Realization

of the Hill-Hashin Bounds in Fiber-Reinlorced Composites

To provide the basic structure for the subsequent analysis it is helpful to give a
brief account of the Mori-Tanaka method. This perhaps can be most clearly
demonstrated b y considering a composite with unidirectionally aligned spheroidal
inclusions; other geometrical arrangements can be visualized in a similar fashion.
Throughout this study the matrix will be referred to as phase 0, and the inclusion
(or voids) as phase 1, with the volume fractions Co and c~, respectively (naturally
co 4- cl = 1). Both symbolic and indicial notations will be used, with the second-
rank tensor denoted by a bold-faced, Greek letter in the former case.
The composite is now subjected to a boundary traction which would give rise
to a uniform stress ~. To facilitate the analysis we also introduce an identically
 Elastic Moduli for Porous Materials 107

shaped comparison material, with the property of the matrix, and subject it to the
same boundary condition. The strain in the comparison material is then uniform,
given b y
e 0 ---- L0-1~, (2.1)

where L0 is the elastic moduli tensor of the matrix, and L0-1 is its inverse, or elastic
compliances tensor. The average stress and strain in the matrix of the composite
system naturally differ from ~ and e ~ due to the presence of inclusions. Denoting
these deviations b y ~ and g, respectively, the average stress in the matrix is

a ~~ = ~ q- # = Lo(e~ + g). (2.2)

The average stress and strain of the inclusions further differ from those of their
surrounding matrix, say b y a perturbed value 6 pt and e vt, respectively. Then
using Eshelby's equivalence principle one can write their average stress as

(~(1) = ~ ~_ # ~_ (Ct = Ll(eo + ~ + evt) = L0(e0 + ~ + evt __ e*), (2.3.1, 2, 3)

where e* is the equivalent transformation strain, introduced into the regions

occupied b y the inclusions, so t h a t their elastic modull LI can be replaced b y L0
to provide an identical 6 (1). The balance of stress requires t h a t ~ : 6t6 (I) -~ Co0"(0),
and this leads to
8 -~- --Cl(~ pt, or ~ --~ --Cl(e pt - - e*). (2.4)

The perturbed strain is assumed to follow Eshelby's relation

e vt = S e * , (2.5)

where S is Eshelby's transformation tensor.

The total strain of the composite is given b y the weighted mean of those of its
constituents; this leads to
---- e ~ + cle*. (2.6)

With the help of (2.1) to (2.5), the equivalent transformation strain can be found
from the last of (2.3); namely

[(L~ - - Lo) (c~ + CoS) ~ L0] e* = --(L~ - - L0) e ~ (2.7)

The effective moduli of the composite L then follow from ~ ----L ~, as

L = L0{~r - - c~[(L1 - - Lo) (cl + CoS) + Lo] -1 (L~ - - L 0 ) } - I , (2.8)

where I is the fourth-rank identity tensor.

When the inclusions are spherical and the matrix is isotropic, the S-tensor
can be decomposed into the hydrostatic and deviatoric components as

S = (~o, ~o),
108 Y.H. Zhao, G. P. Tandon, and G. J. Weng:

with
1 1 + Vo 2 4 -- 5%
-- , flo - - - - , (2.9)
-o 3 1--?)o 15 1 - - V o

where % is the Poisson ratio of the matrix. If the inclusion is also isotropic,
Eq. (2.8) readily provides the effective bulk and shear moduli of the composite [3]

- - = 1+ , -- = 1+ . (2.10)
~o co~o(~ - - ~o) + ~o /to Cor - - / t o ) + ~o

This pair of solutions, as pointed out by Weng [3], are exactly Hashin-Shtrik-
m a n ' s [11] lower bounds if the matrix is the softer phase, and are their upper
bounds if the matrix is the harder. The effective bulk modulus x also coincides
with Hill's [12] exact solution when both phases share the same shear rigidity.
When the inclusions are not spherical, the S-tensor is not isotropic. I t s non-
vanishing components for a general spheroid - - including both prolate and oblate
shapes -- are given in Appendix 1, assuming direction 1 to be the axis of sym-
metry. I n this case the tensors in (2.8) can be rather coupled, and it was found to
be more convenient to find the individual components of the effective moduli
separately b y applying the required boundary traction. Following such an
approach, Tandon and Weng [13] arrived at the following five independent
constants:
E,, 1
Eo 1 + c~(A, -t- 2%A2)/A (2.11)

E2~ E3a 1
(2.12)
Eo Eo 1 @ c1[--27)oA3 + (1 -- %) A 4 -~ (1 + ?)o)AsA]/2A

/t'e = 1 + Cl , (2.13)
tt0 /tO -t- 2%81212
/t, --/to

/t2__~3_-- 1 + , (2.14)
/to #o + 2Co82~2a
/tl --/to

u~3 (1 + %) (1 -- 2%)
(2.15)
~o 1 -- %(1 + 2r12) @- C1{2(v~2 - - %) Aa + [1 -- %(1 + 27)12)] A4}/A'

where E,1, E~,/t12, #2~, and ~23 are - - taking the aligned direction as direction 1 - -
longitudinal Young's modulus, transverse Young's modulus, in-plane (along the
fiber) shear modulus, out-of-plane (the transverse plane perpendicular to the
fiber) shear modulus, and plane strain bulk modulus, respectively. The coeffi-
cients At, A2 ..... A, given in Appendix 2, depend on the aspect ratio of in-
clusions, and the elastic properties of both phases. In addition, ~o is the plane
 Elastic Moduli for Porous Materials 109

strain bulk modulus of the matrix, and h2 is the major Poisson ratio of the
composite, related to the others by

2
Bll En(1 1)
+ . (2.16)
~'12 - - E2 2 4 #23 ~23

2.1 Fiber-Rein/orced Composites: Realization o/the Hill-Hashin Bounds

When the inclusions are in the form of long circular cylinders, with an aspect
ratio approaching infinity, the S-tensor depends only on vo (see (A1.5) in Ap-
pendix 1). In this case these five elastic constants can be further simplified. I t is
apparent from (2.13) and (2.14) that the process is really simple for these two
shear moduli, as from Appendix 1, one has

1 3 -- 4Vo ~o + 2/Xo
S~ = -~-, and $232a -- 8(1
V o ---
~- - - = 4(~'o + ,Uo)" (2.17)

The in-plane and out-of-plane shear moduli of the composite therefore reduce to

~12 Cl
= 1 + , (2.18)
/Zo /~o + c_~o
/~1 - - ~ 0 2

~23 Cl
----- 1 + . (2.19)
~o - -/~o+ Co(~0 + 2/~o)
/21 -- #o 2(~0 +/~o)
These are precisely Hashin's [10] lower bounds for the fiber-reinforced composite
if the matrix is the softer phase, and his upper bounds if the matrix is the harder
one.
The simplification of the other moduli are more elaborate. For E~, (2.11) can
be rewritten as
Cl(A 1 § 2voA~) Eo
Ell ~-- E 0 - - (2.20)
A + Cl(A 1 -+ 2voA2)'
where, for a continuous fiber,

2 [~o + g/~o
A1 + 2voA~ = - "!

9 [~1E1 + ~0E0 -- ~0(2~1 + 3 ~ )

(2.21)
- - #1(2/~o § 3~o)] § (/~, --/~o)

9 (2~,o + ~o~/~,o) + ( ~ - ~o)/,o~/~o},

2 Eo
A + c,(A1 + 2voA2) = - - (cl~l~Uo + ~'~'o + Co~'o~o). (2.22)
()~1 -- ;,o) ~ ~'o + / * o
110 Y. I-L Zh~o, G. P. T~ndon, ~nd G. J. Weng:

After some algebra, (2.20) can be written as:

4ClCO(vI -- V0)~
E l I ~- clE1 -~ c~176-~ C1/~0 "~- (~0/~1 "~- 1/#0" (2.23)

This is precisely Hill's lower bound if the m a t r i x is the softer phase, and his
u p p e r bound if it is the harder.
The m a j o r ~oisson ratio, which is implicit in (2.16) due to the coupling with
u~a, can be m a d e explicit b y substituting (2.15) into it. However, it is m u c h
simpler to calculate it directly from v~ ---- - - ~ / ~ 1 under a pure tension ff~. Then,
since e~ ---- --v~e~ and

,2"111811
* 0
= (A~ + 2voA~)/A, e~/e~
9 o = (A~ - - voA~)/A, (2.24)

(see T a n d o n and W e n g [9] for the general connection between ~* and ~0), one has

%(A1 ~- 2voA2) -k (As - - v o A , i )

vl~ = Vo - - cl A -}- c i ( A 1 -~ 2voA~) ' (2.25)

where the n u m e r a t o r was found to have a rather simple form

2
vo(A~ + 2voA2) + (A3 - - voA4) - - Eo~,(vx -- ~o). (2.26)
(& _ &)2

Then, with (2.22), one can rewrite (2.25) as

C100(:F1 - - V 0 ) ( 1 / ~ 0 -- 1/~1)
vl~ ---- ClVz + Co% ~ (2.27)
C1/~ 0 ~_ CO/~ 1 .A[- l / i f 0

This is precisely Hill's lower bound if the m a t r i x is the softer phase, and his u p p e r
bound if it is the harder.
N o w t h a t vl~ is explicitly given, the bulk modulus z~3 in (2.15) can be ex-
pressed as

--~3 (1 + ~o) (1 - 2~o) A

~o - - (1 -- vo) A - - cl[2voA~ - - (1 -- %) A4] - - 2v121%A -- c~(A3 - - %A4)]' (2.28)

which, b y substituting v12 in (2.25) and recollecting t e r m s for ~1~ again, can be
rewritten as

~23 (1 -{- %) (1 -- 2%) A

~
~'o (1 -~ %) (1 - - 2%) (A q- clA4) -Jr- 2cffl~[%(A1 q- 2voA2) q- (As -- %A4)]
(2.29)

Relation (2.26) can be used again and, recognizing Eo = 2(1 -~ ~o) (1 - - 2%) ~o,
one can recast (2.29) as

z2a A4 -- 8:V12~gI~(}0V1 - - ~)0)/(;~1 - - ;~0 )2

-- --- 1 + cl (2.30)
P~o (A -~ c,A4) ~- 8clv12~l~o(vl - - Vo)f(21 -- 20)~'
 Elastic ~oduli for Porous ~aterials 111

where
2
A4 - - {2~1~0(~1 -- n ) - - (elm + c0m)
()'1 - - )~0)2 (2.31)
9 [(2/~ 1 ~- 321) -- (2/~0 + 320)]},
and A is given by the difference of (2.22) and (2.21). I t then follows that

r
"23 ~--- ~0 -~- 1/(~ 1 - - ~'0) -~ C0/(~0 "~ /~0)" (2.32)

This of course is Hill and Hashin's common lower bound if the matrix is the softer
phase, and their upper bound if it is the harder.
Equations (2.18), (2.19), (2.23), (2.27) and (2.32) provide the five independent
elastic moduli for the transversely isotropic fiber composite. Thus as in the case of
spherical inclusions, the effective elastic modu]i of a fiber-reinforced composite as
predicted b y the Mori-Tanaka method coincide with the best possible bounds
without looking into the microgeometry.

3. Unidireetionally Aligned Spheroidal Voids

When the elastic moduh of the inclusions discussed in the preceding section
are set to zero (-1 --~ 0, /~i = 0), the five independent moduli of the void-con-
taining materials will follow from (2.11) to (2.16).
With s p h e r i c a l v o i d s , the porous material is isotropic, with the effective
moduli
. C1 # Cl
-- =1 , - - = 1 , (3.1)
Xo 1 - - CoO~o #o 1 - - Coflo
from (2.10).
For n e e d l e - s h a p e d v o i d s , the results can be readily recovered from (2.23),
(2.27), (2.18), (2.19) and (2.32), by setting -i -+ 0 and/~1 --~ 0. The five effective
properties are simply
Ell
-- = Co, (3.2)
Eo
?)12
-- ---- 1 , (3.3)
~o
/s CO
(3.4)
#o 1 -~ cl '

/~23 CO
(3.5)
#o 1 + c1(3 -- 4~o)'
"23 CO
(3.6)
~0 1 4- Cl/(1 - - 2%)
These results coincide with Hill's [9] and Hashin's [10] upper bounds.

8 Acta Mech. 76/1--2

112 Y. It. Zhao, G. P. Tandon, and G. J. Weng:

:For a m a t e r i a l c o n t a i n i n g t h e g e n e r a l spheroidal voids, t h e five effective

m o d u l i are given b y (2.11) t o (2.16), w i t h

A I = coD($22~2 + $2283 - - 1), (3.7)

A~ = c o D S l ~ , (3.8)

Aa = --coDS~11, (3.9)

A , = coD(Sm~ - - 1),
(3.1o)
A~ = [Co(S~ - s . . + 1)]-L
A = co2D[2S22~S~22 - - ( S l m - - 1) ($22~2 + $2233 - - 1)], (3.11)
where
D = (1 + v0) (1 - - 2Vo)/Vo2. (3.12)

T h e coupled r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n (2.15) a n d (2.16) can be d e c o u p l e d b y s u b s t i t u t i n g

t h e f o r m e r into t h e l a t t e r , resulting in t h e m a j o r Poisson r a t i o

voA - - c l ( A a - - v o A 4 )
vl~ = A + Cl(A 1 + 2voA2)" (3.13)

Also of some i n t e r e s t is t h e special case of p e n n y - s h a p e d pores (the a s p e c t

r a t i o a ~ 1, b u t n o t --> 0, which will be called c r a c k a n d t r e a t e d in Section 7). I n
this case E s h e l b y ' s S - t e n s o r has a simpler form (see (A2.6) of A p p e n d i x 1) a n d t h e
five i n d e p e n d e n t m o d u l i can be w r i t t e n as

Ell 1
E--~ ---- c I 4(1 - - %2)' (3.14)
2+
CO 71a

cl
% + 2c---~[(1 - ~o) (1 + 2~o)1
v12 = , (3.15)
cl 4(1 - - Vo2)
I+
CO ~a

/~12 _ 1 - - cl , (3.16)
#o 2 - - Vo
C1 + CO - - ~'~a
4(1 - - % )

#23 __ 1 - - cl , (3.17)
#0 7 - - 8%
1 -- Co 7ta
16(1 - - %)

g23
(3.23)
~o cl 4(1 - - %) 2% + (cl/co) (1 - - %) (2 + %)
1+
co (1 - - 2%) 4(cl/co) (1 - - Vo~) + u a
 Elastic Moduli for Porous Materials 113

affiX00
0,6-

0.1--

0,2.

0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

0.4- 0 4

0.2- 0.2" ~ ~

i A i
1- 1.2
1' 0=10,100, v12/uo
0.8-
).S- q"
0.6- ~ ~
1.6-

0.4-
0 . 0 1 ~ ).4-

0.2- 1.2. ~ _ ~

0 , 0,--
o o'.z 0'., 0:6 o:8 o:a o'.4 o1, o:8
cl cl
:Fig. 1. The f i v e i n d e p e n d e n t m o d u l i of a p o r o u s m a t e r i a l w i t h u n i d i r e e g i o n a l l y a l i g n e d
v o i d s (axis 1 is s y m m e t r i c a n d p l a n e 2 - - 3 i s o t r o p i c , % = :l/3)

The variations of the five independent moduli as a function of cl for five

selected aspect ratios, ranging from the extreme prolate to the oblate, are dis-
played in Fig. 1 for the typical value of v0 ~ 1/3.

4. 3 - D R a n d o m l y Oriented Voids

When the inclusions, or for the present m a t t e r the voids, ~re randomly oriented
in the three-dimensional space, the Mori-Tanaka method described in Section 2
can still be used, but with some modifications. While (2.1) and (2.2) remain valid,

8*
i14 Y.H. Zhao, G. P. Tandon, and G. J. Weng:

(2.3) will be orientation-dependent. Moreover, (2.4) have to be written for the

orientational average, as

= -c~(o">, or ~ = -~(~ - ~*>. (4.1.1, 2)

The connection between e p~ and e* t h r o u g h Eshelby's S-tensor, given in (2.5),

should now be evaluated in the local coordinates aligned with the major axes of the
inclusion under consideration. The evaluation of ~ and g t h e n generally involves
the stress and strain transformation from the external material axes to the local
inclusion axes, and then back to the material axes again.
Following such a procedure, T a n d o n and W e n g [14] were able t o find the
isotropie, effective moduli of the two-phase solid as

-:%- = ~1 ,-}-1 cxp -

#
-

~o
= - 1- ,-}-1 clq (4.2)
where,

and when phase 1 is the void, one arrives at

~1 ~ CO~

1 (S~222 -b S~2~ -- 1) + 2($1ill -- Sm~ - - S~11 -- 1)

(4.4)
3 2Sl122S2211 -- (Sin1 -- 1) ($2222 ~- S~a3 -- 1)

2 1 1
qa -- 5(2S1212-- 1) 3(2S232a-- 1) ~- 15(S~233 -- S~22~ -+- 1)
(4.5)
1 2($2222 @ $2323 -- 1 ~ - Sl122S2211) -@ (~1111 - - 1)
2Sl122S2211- - ($1111 - - 1) ($2222 ~ - $2283 - - 1)

~.so.%
s t~/tt0

0.4 ~ \
OA o=1

0
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 o:2 0:4 o:s 0:a
CI cl
Fig. 2. The two isotropic moduli of ~ porous material with three-dimensional, randomly
oriented voids (v0 = 1/3)
 Elastic Moduli for Porous Materials 115

For needle-shaped voids, we find

1 5 - - 4Vo 8
P~ = 3 1 --2% q~ - ~ (5 3%), (4.6)

and with penny-shaped voids (a ~ 1), one has

4 ( 1 - - V o ~) 1 8(1--%)(5--%) 1
-- , q= = ~. (4.7)
P2 3(1 -- 2%) g a 15(2 -- Vo) aa

I n the extreme case when a -~ 0, the nonvanishing components of the S-tensor is

given b y (A 1.7). Then the corresponding u and # in (4.2) can be readily shown to
coincide with Hashin and Strikman's [11] upper bounds if the matrix is the softer
phase; if the matrix is the harder one (as in the case of voids), these moduli
coincide with their lower bounds (see also Norris [15]).
The effective bulk and shear moduli with various void shapes are displayed in
Fig. 2 under v0 = 1/3.

5. 2-D R a n d o m l y Oriented Voids

When the spheroidal Voids are randomly oriented in the 1--2 plane, the
porous material also possesses a transverse isotropy. The averaging process
described in Section 4, including (4.1), is now to be carried out in the 1--2 plane
only. Following this process Tandon and Weng [14] also derived the five inde-
pendent constants for the two-phase system. The isotropic in-plane Young's
modulus is
Ell E2= 1
E--~ -- E--~ -- 1 q-clPn' (5.1)

where, when the inclusions are voids,

1 2(3 -- %) (*-9"2222q- *'9"22aa-- 1) -- 2(1 -- 7%) *'9"11==- -

Pll ~ - -
C0

-- 2(1 -- 3%) *'S2~n q- (3 -- 5%) (Snn -- 1)

(5.2)
-- (*'9"1111 - - 1) (,.9'2222q- $2=a3 -- 1)J

_ _
Co 16(,,s~ - ,,9,~ + 1) 4(2,&~ - 1 "

The isotropic in-plane shear modulus is given b y

/t12 1
(5.3)
/~o 1 -~ elPl2'
116 Y.H. Zhao, G. P. Tandon, and G. J. Weng:

where

P12 : ~ -( 412Sl122S2211 - - (Sl111 - - 1) (S2222 ~- S2233 - - 1)]

(5.4)
+ 4(s~0~ - s ~ , ~ + l i 9.s~ _ "

The out-of-plane Y o u n g ' s modulus can be expressed as

Ea3 !
-- , (5.5)
Eo 1 @ CLP33
where
1 [ 2~oS2211_2(__1 7 ?~o)(S1111 -- 1)
1 ~-% 1
Pa3 = ~0 |L2Sl122S2211 - - ($1111 - - 1) ($2222 "@ $228a - - 1) @ $2283 -- $2222 ~- 1 "
(5.6)
The out-of-plane shear modulus is

~u,3 __ t~2__+__ 1 (5.7)

~0 /'~0 1 -~- CLP13'

1 [ 1 1 ] (5.8)
P13= 2% 2S,313-- 1 - k 2S23~3-- 1 "

The out-of-plane Poisson ratio under the influence of ~a3 can be written as

~)31 V32 1 -~ CLP31

-- - - (5.9)
% 'o 1 @ clP33'
where Ps~ is given b y (5.6), and

1 [2%(S2222 ~- $2233 -- 1 -- $22~1) + (1 -- %) [2~q1122- - (~1111 -- 1)]

1 + % ] (5.10)

-t- $2233 -- $22~2 ,-? 1~"

For needle-shaped voids (aspect ratio a --~ c~), these results can be simplified f~o
1
p~ = ~ (% - 3%~ + 8),

1
pl~ = ~ (4 - %),

1
P~3 = - - (3 -- 2vo2), (5.11)
co
1
P,3 = - - (3 - - 2~o),
CO
1 (1--%)(1 ~-2%)
P31 = - -
Co 2%
 Elastic Moduli for Porous Materials 117

With penny-shaped voids (a ~ 1, but not --> 0), these constants become

1 (1--%~')(8--3%) 1
~[)11-- --
2Co (2 -- ~o)
1 (1--~o)(4~3Vo) 1
% (2 - Vo) ~a'
1
(512)
~0
1 ,

0.8-

0.6'
D 1o ,00 DVE0

0.4 0.1 1

0.2

0
0.2 0,4 0-~ 0.8
9 1

0.8,

0.6"
.=,

0.4, 0.' '~

0,2

~i
1 1.2 a=0.01
,,
0.8- E33/EO

0.6- ' val/~O

0.4-
:Z8 ~
0.2-

0
0 o'~ 0'., o'.~ 0:8 o o:2 0:, 0:6 o:a -
cl cl

Fig. 3. The five independent moduli of a porous material with two-dimensional, randomly
oriented voids (plane 1--2 is isotropie and axis 3 symmetric, % = 1/3)
118 Y.H. Zhao, G. P. Tandon, and G. J. Weng:

1 2(1 -- %) 1
~013 - -
Co ( 2 - % ) =a'
1 +%
4CoVo

The five independent constants at various void shapes are shown in :Fig. 3
under v0 = 1/3.

6. Voids with Cosine and Sine Biased Orientations

We now consider a porous medium which contains three-dimensionMly ori-

ented voids, but with a biased distribution function. The distribution function @is
assumed to be axisymmetric with respect to the major axis of the specimen, say
xl-axis, so t h a t the material as a whole will possess a transverse isotropy in the
2 - - 3 plane. When such a distribution function is a delta function, a unidirec-
tionally aligned voids - - as discussed in Section 3 - - is obtained, and with a
constant distribution function, a three-dimensionaL randomly oriented medium --
as considered in Section 4 - - is resulted. Here, we shah limit our consideration to
the two specific types of distribution:

@=cos0 and @=sinO, (6.1)

where 0 is the angle between xl and the symmetric axis of the spheroidal void. The
effective longitudinal Young's modulus of a misoriented short fiber composite
with the first kind of distribution was also obtained b y Takao, Chou and T a y a
[16] ; the remaining four moduli, however, were not considered.
Now the averaging process given in (4.1) will have to be calculated in weighted
average. For instance,
2~ ~ / 2

f f sin 0 d0
(ei~*} = 0 0 (6.2)
2z: r~/2

f f o(O) sin o do de
0 0

where qb is the angle measuring the orientation of the spheroidal void in the
x2--x3 plane (see Tandon and Weng [14, :Fig. 1]). The range of integration is
0 --< 0 _< z/2 and 0 --< ~ ~ 2~.
The solution to Eshelby's equivalence inclusion problem ((2.3.3) for each
orientation) and the averaging process (6.2) lead to

(~i}) = E ~klt'e ~kl + ~kZ), (6.3)

where E~je~ has an identical structure to the S-tensor for a spheroidal inclusion;
its nonvanishing components are listed in Appendix 3.
 Elastic Moduli for Porous ~aterials 119

Furthermore, since the stress in each void vanishes, the relation opt
= - - ( ~ q- 5) can be substituted into (4.1.1), and this provides

a = (c~/Co) ~, or ~ = (c~/Co) *~ (6.~)

The average (si~) is t h e n given in terms of ekz~ The effective moduli tensor of the
composite L follows from ~ = L~ = L(e ~ -~ c~(e*)), with t ~ ~ L0-1~.
The five independent moduli can be derived conveniently b y imposhag t h e
required loading conditions. The results, for both the cosine and the sine distri-

0.8, =, EII/EO

0,6.

0.4.

0.2' o---0,1p=eosO

t-
0.2 o1, 1 o:. o'..

O,B- o.8-~ /~3/~.0

G.5- oS8

0.4- slnB o,

0.2.
0 ! J ==0.1p=llng
O

0,8, ~=~ E2).flEO 0.8- ~ " ~

0.6"
sln8
0,6-

0,4- =e

0.2-
a=O.l ~ s l n ~

0
0.2 0,4 0.6 0.8 o.21 o:z o:4 o:6 o:8
cl cl
Fig. 4. The five independent moduli of a porous material conSairdng three-dimensionatIy
oriented voids with the biased distributions: O = cos 0 and 9 = sin/9 (v0 ~ 1/3)
120 Y.H. Zhao, G. P. Tandon, ~nd G. J. Weng:

butions, c~n be generally w r i t t e n as

En 1
E 0 -- 1 "3i- (C1/C0) (Ellll -- 2roEl122)' (6.5}
E2~ Ess 1
Eo - - /~o - - 1 + (Ca/Co) [E2.922 - - vo(E22 m + E2~aa)]' (6.6)

/~12 - - /~13 -- 1 (6.7)

#o #o 1 + (el/co) El~12'

/~2__~ = 1 (6.8)
#0 1 -~- (Ca/C0) E 2 3 2 3 '

Co% - - c l [ E ~ l ~ - - ~o(E~2g~ § E ~ 3 ) ]
v~ ~ (6,9)
Co + c~(Enn -- 2 % E 1 ~ )
More specific results are available for needle-shaped voids. I n this case when
~o = cos 0, one has
1 - - 1 2 ~ 25~0 - - 8~o~ 1 3 - - 16~o ~- 8~o2
El111 = -- El122 = --
6 2% - - 1 12 2% - - 1
1 3--19ro+8% 2 1 --5-{-11~ o-5% ~
E221z : -- E2222 = --
12 2vo- 1 2 2vo- 1
(6.1o)
1 3 - - 16Uo -]- 11Vo2 1
E2233 ---- -~ 2% - - 1 ' E~2~2 = -6- (15 - - 8%),

1
E2~3 : ~- (18 - - 13%).

W h e n @: sin O, one has

1 - - 5 ~ 1 1 % - - 5%~ 1 3-- 17%+10% 2
Ellll = -- EI~ = ~ 2% -- 1 '
2 2~o -- 1
1 3--16%+I0% 2 1 - - 7 2 ~ 155% - - 62% ~
E2222 = --
E~l : T 2% -- 1 ' 32 2% - - 1
(6.11)
1 8--47%~22vo ~ 1
E1~12 = ~- (11 - - 7%),
E223a = ~ 2~o- 1 '
1
E~.~ = ~- (40 - 21~o).

T h e variations of the five i n d e p e n d e n t c o n s t a n t s for b o t h the cosine a n d the sine

d i s t r i b u t i o n s are depicted i n Fig. 4 for three t y p i c a l shapes of voids u n d e r Vo = 1/3.

7. E f f e c t i v e M o d u l i of Cracked Bodies ( a -* 0)

Of great i n t e r e s t are t h e results for cracked bodies. As t h e aspect ratio of the

crack is taken to approach zero, the volume fraction ci is no longer an adequate
parameter. A more measurable one is perhaps the crack-density parameter in-
 Elastic Moduli for Porous Materials 121

troduced b y Budiansky and O'Connell [17]; it is defined as

V = Ndn/V, (7.1)
where N is the total number of cracks in a volume V, and zd is the crack diameter
(~ corresponds to their e, which is reserved for strain here). Denoting zt as the
thickness of the crack, one has the aspect ratio a = t/d, and the volume fraction
4 4
ci = --g ~ d ~ t N / V = -g ~a~. (7.2)

The effective moduli of the cracked bodies with the above five types of geo-
metrical orientations can then be deduced from those of the penny-shaped voids,
assuming t h a t the crack surfaces do not contact each other under an external
loading. Most of these results can be cast in the form of cl/=a, and for those which
appear in cl or co only, we note that, for a finite value of ~ (for instance, Budiansky
and O'Connell [17] only considered the range 0 < ~ / < 0.6 in ~heir s t u d y of d r y
circular cracks), cl -+ 0 and Co = 1 - - cl --> 1.

7.1 Effective Moduli with Unidireclionally Aligned Circular Cracks

As in Section 3, the normal to the crack surface is taken as axis 1, and there-
fore the 2 - - 3 planeis the isotropicplane. T h e f i v e independent m o d u l i a r e readily
recovered from(3.14) to (3.18) as
En 1
-- , (7.3)
E~ 1 q- 1--6-6(1 -- %2)
3
9'12 1
-- = , (7.4)
Vo 1 + ~
16 (1--Vo 2) v

-- = , (7.5)
#o 1 -k 16 (1--~o______))
3 (2 -- v0)
ttg23 4
= 1 - - ~ - ~ a v ~ 1, for finite V (7.6)
/to
~23
, (7.7)
~0 32 (1 - - % ) Vo~
1+
16 . ]
(1 - 2 ~ o ) 1 + - ~ (1 - ~J)
and, if E~2 ( = Ea3) is preferred,
E2~ 1
1, for finite ~. (7.8)
E0 4
1 + -~ ~a~
122 Y.H. Zhao, G. P. Tandon, and G. J. Weng:

7.2 Effective Moduli with 3-D Randomly Oriented Circular Cracks

The isotropie, effective bulk and shear moduli of the cracked body can be
derived from (4.2) to (4.5), and (4.7). The results are

1 # I
_ , -- = (7.9)
Xo 16 1--Vo ~ #o 32 ( 1 - - 7 2 o ) ( 5 - - % )
- - -- r]
1 + 9 I--2% ~ 1 + 45 2--Vo

This pair of moduli appears to be first obtained by Benveniste [18]. One significant
feature of this result, as compared to that of Budiansky and O'Connell [17], is that
the effective moduli do not reduce to zero at a very small value of ~ (~1 < 0.6 in
their case), which is a consequence of the self-consistent fornmlation (see also
Hill [19] and Budiansky [20] for a discussion of the limitations associated with the
rigid inclusions and voids in the self-consistent scheme). Without percolation, the
effective moduli of the cracked body will reduce to zero at infinite V.

7.3 E//ective Moduli with 2-D Randomly Oriented Circular Cracks

The five independen t moduli can be found from those in Section 5, with the
pii-value given in (5.12) for penny-shaped voids further simplified for cracks. The
geometry in this case is just like spinning a coin (void) with its edge on top of a
table, which is the isotropic 1--2 plane. The results are

En E22 1
Eo Eo 2 (1 -- vo~) (8 -- 3?20) (7.10)
1+-- ~7
3 (2 -- %) .

#12
(7.11)
/~o 4 (1 - %)(4 - a,o)
3 (2 -- ?20)

Eaa 1
1, for finite ,j (7.12)
Eo 4
1 + ~ ~rav

#ia_ #~a _ 1 , (7.13)

~o ~o 1 + 8 (1 - - %_.____.~r])
3 (2 - - ?2o)

1 l+vo
1+ - - za~]
7231 ~)a2 "3 ?20
-- -- ~ 1, for finite ~7- (7.14)
?20 % 4 ~a~
1 + -~
 Elastic Moduli for Porous Materials 123

7.4 Effective Moduli with Misoriented Cracks

This will be given for b o t h t h e cosine a n d t h e sine d i s t r i b u t i o n s of biased

o r i e n t a t i o n s w i t h r e s p e c t to t h e s y m m e t r i c axis 1, as discussed in Section 6,
resulting in a t r a n s v e r s e i s o t r o p y .

7.4.1 With the Cosine DistmSution: ~ = cos 0

The five i n d e p e n d e n t m o d u l i can b e d e d u c e d f r o m (6.5) t o (6.9), w i t h t h e

E ~ i u - e o m p o n e n t s g i v e n in A p p e n d i x 3 simplified for a cracked b o d y . This l e a d s t o

EI~ 1
Eo 16 (1 - - Vo2) (3 - - %) (7.15)
9 2 - - Vo
Em E3~ 1
Eo Eo 2 (i - - %2) (4 - - Vo) (7.16)
1+--
3 2 - - vo
#13 1
/t o 4 (1 - - %) (9 - - 2Vo) (7.17)
1+ 9 2--%

/t2a 1
/to 4 (1--Vo)(6--%) ' (7.18)
1 + ~y
9 2 - - Vo
4
?J12 (2 - - 7)0) -]- - ~ (1 - - pO2) ~]
- - ---- (7.19)
16
Vo (2 - - %) -f- ~ ( 1 - - Vo~) ( 3 - - %)

7.4.2 With the Sine DistmSution: ~ ~- sin 0

I n this case one f i n d s

.E~11 1
= , (7.20)
Eo 1+ 2 ( 1 - - %2) (4 - - %) ~7
3 2 - - Vo
Em Ea8 1
Eo - - Eo 1 (1 - - Vo2) (16 - - 5%) (7.21)
1-}---
4 2--%
/t12 1
---- , (7.22)
/to l-f---2 (1--%)(5--%)
3 2--v o
124 Y . H . Zhao, G. P. Tandon, and G. J. Weng:

(7.23)
/~o 1 + 1 ,(1 - - %) (24 - - 5vo) ~7'
6 2 -- %

~12 3(2 - - %) -/- (1 - - ~o") ~;

(7.24)
Vo 3(2 - - Vo) + 2(1 - - Vo2) (4 - - Vo) ;7

I72'

~.?,~ 0

0.8.

0.4.

o:, o:8 ~:~ ~.6

Co)
1.2 1,2 .

~,~ v~l/vO [33/s

0.8-

O~ , L , O! ,

(0 (c)

!!
0.5

0.2 ,
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6
(d) C~)
Fig. 5. The effective moduli of a cracked body with (a) unidirectional orientation, (b) 3-d
random orientaLions, (c) 2-d random orientations, (d) p = cos 0 biased orientations, and
(e) ~ = sin 0 biased orientations (vo ~ 1]3~
 Elastic Moduli for Porous Materials 125

The variations of the effective moduli for these five types of orientations are
shown in Fig. 5 as a function of '1 under v0 ----- 1/3.
In closing it is to be noted t h a t an extensive body of literature concerning the
treatment of porous and cracked materials does exist. While the unified method
presented here seems to stand on its own, interested readers should also refer to
those articles.

Appendix 1: Components of Eshelby's S,a,z Tensor

For a spheroidal inclusion with the symmetric axis identified as x,, the com-
ponents of Eshelby's tensor 8~iia are:

a n n -- 2(l __ ~
v0-- 1--2%+ ~a2 1--2v0+ a~_ lJ '

3 aS 1 [ 9]
S~=2~ = Saaaa = 8(1 -- %) a 2 ~ + 4(1 -- %) 1 -- 2% 4(a 2 -- 1) g'

1 { a2 [ 3 ] }
S~2aa = Sa~22 -- 4(1__ %) 2(a ~--1) 1--2vo+4(a2_l) g '

1 a2 1 { 3a~ (1 -- 2v0)}g,
S=n = Saan -- 2(1 -- %) a2-----~ + 4(1 -- Vo--~) a ~ -- 1
(AI.1)
~'~1122 = Sl13a = 2(1 -- %) 1 -- 2Vo q-

+ 2(1--%) 1--2v0 + 2 ( a 2 _ 1) g'

&323 -- 4(1 - %) 2(a i - 1) + 1 -- 2v3 4(a ~ -- 1) '

1 { a~+l 1 3(a2_+ 1)]

S,21==S,31a 4(1--%) 1--2% a2- 1 ~ [1--2Vo a2--1 jg},

where % is 1)oisson's ratio of the matrix, a is the aspect ratio of the inclusion
and g is given by

a
g = (a 2 _ 1)a/2 {a(a 2 - - 1)t1= -- cosh -1 a}, prolate shape (A1.2)

a
(1 -- a2) at~ {COS--1 a -- a(1 -- a2)1I~}, oblate shape. (A 1.3)
126 Y . H . Zhao, G. P. Tandon, aild G. J. Weng:

For a sphericalinclusion, they simplifyto

7 -- 5~ O
$11ii ~---~'~2222= $3333 =
15(1 - - Vo)'
5% -- 1
31122 : 82233 7-----$3311 = (AI.4)
15(1 - - Vo)'
4 - - 5%
~1212 ~ '~2323 : $3131 --
15(1 -- %)
For a circular cylinder, one has

S m l = 0,
5 -- 4%
$2222 = S~833 = - -

S(1 - % ) '
4% - - 1
~*~2233 : ~3322 -- - -
8(1 - - % ) '
(AI.5)
K~2211 : $3311 ~ ~0
2(1 - - %)'

Sn2~ : S.33 = 0,

3 -- 4%
k~2323 =
8(1 - - % ) '
1
8~ : 8~1~ : --.
4

F o r a p e n n y - s h a p e d disc w i t h a n a s p e c t r a t i o a ( ~ 1), t h e y are

1 - - 2vo
4(1 -- vo)
13 - - 8%
S~ = ~ =
32(1 - - %)
8Vo -- 1
$2233 = $832~ = " 7~a,
32(1 - - vo)

2%- 1
$2211 = ~a311 ~ ~a, (A1.6)
8(1 - - %)

Vo 1 1 + 4%ha],
1 - - YO 8vo

7 -- 8~ 0
~2323 - - :7l:Cb
32(1 - - %)

1[ 4(1 - - %) ~ a j 9
 Elastic Moduli for Porous Materials 127

F o r a crack (or thin disc) with a -+ O, the only nonvanishing components are

k~llll = 1,

~1122 : - L~1133 - - ~0
1 -- % ' (A1.7)

1
S1212 = S1313 = - - .
2

A p p e n d i x 2: C o m p o n e n t s of A~, A2, ..., A for t h e

U n i d i r e e t i o n a l l y A l i g n e d Condition

These components were derived b y T a n d o n and W e n g [13], as

A1 = DI(B~ -]- Bs) - - 2B2,

As = (1 -}- D~) B2 - - (B, + Bs),

A3 = B1 - - D1B3, (A2.1)
A~ = (1 + D d B1 - - 2B3,

As = (1 - - D1)/(B , - - Bs) ,

and

A = 2B2B3 - - B~(B~ + Bs),

where, in terms of the L a m 6 constants/~r and 2~ of the r-th phase,

D1 = 1 + 2(m - - ~o)/(~1 - - ;~o),

D~ = (~o + 2m)/(~1 - - ;~o), (A2.2)

i)~ = ;.o/(~ - - ~o),

and

B1 = clD1 -~- D2 4:- co(D1Slm -f- 2S2m),

B~ - - Cl + D3 + co(D1Su22 + $2222 @ $2233),

Ba = cl + D3 -[- Co[Sm~ + (1 -b D~) S 2 m ] , (A2.3)

B5 = c~ + D3 + co(S~2 -}- S ~ 3 + D~S~3~).

9 A c t a M e c h . 76/1--2
128 Y. It. Zhao, G. P. Tandon, and G. J. Weng:

Appendix 3: Components of E ~ t for Misoriented Conditions

a) F o r d i s t m S u t i o n ~ : cos 0

El111 = "6- [_ 2L.~1122S2211 - - (Sl111 - - 1) ($2222 + S22aa - - 1)

1 2 I

1 V 1 2(Su2u~ + S~23a - - 1 - - S m a - - ~3311) ~f- 5($1111 - - 1)

E2222 : E3333 - - 8 [ 2 2S1122S2211 - - ( S l l l l - - 1) ($2222 @ $2233 - - 1)

3 1 2 1 ]
~- 2-- ~q2233 - - $2222 -1- 1 2S12~2 - - 1 2S~ - - 1] '

111 2($2222 @ $2233 - - 1 - - 5Sl122 - - 5S2211 ) -~ 13(Sl111 - - 1)

2Sl122~..~2211 - - ($1111 - - 1) ($2222 Jr $2233 - - 1)
5 1 2 3 ]
2 $223a - - S~22 q- 1 q- 2~q1212 - - 1 q- 2S2323 - - 1] '

(S~222 -~- $223a - - l) - - 2S1123 - - 5S~211 @ 2 ( S l l n - - 1)

E 2 m = Ea~11 6
2Sl122S2211 - - ( S l l l l - - 1) ($2222 @ $2233 - - 1)
1 1 1 ]
2 $2233 - - $2~22 -~- 1 + 2S1212 - - 1] '

El12~ : En33 = 111 $22~.2 + Se2a3 - - 1 - - 5S1,22 + 2(Sl111 - - $3811 - - 1)

1 1 1 ]
4-
]
1 [2 2(~2222 -~-$2283-- 1 -~-Sl133 +$8311) -~- (~1111-- 1)
82323 : "~ 2Sl122~.~2211- - ($1111 - - 1) (N2222 .71- N2233 __ 1)

7 1 4 3 ]
+ "ff S~2a3 - - $2222 -4- 1 - - "2S1212 - - 1 2S2323 - - l'J '

1 [@2(82222-~-S~233-- 1 @Sn22@$2211)-~-($1111-- 1)
EI~I: = ~ . 1 3 = -~ ~ITS~-=, - (~= - 1) (S~=2 + S~2~ - - ~)

1 1 5 1 3 1
-k ~ - S~aa - - $22~ + 1 2 2Sle12 - - 1 2 2S23~3 - - I
 Elastic Moduli for Porous Materials 129

b) F o r distm~ution q : sin 0

5 1 2 ]
+ -2 S ~ s -- S ~ 2 + 1 2Sm~ -- 1] '

1 [ 1 30(822~2 ~- S m s a - 1 ) - 18(S,,22 + S~21,) -b 3 1 ( 8 m l - 1)

23 1 18 4 1
+ -2- S~s~ -- S ~ + 1 2S~2 -- 1 2S~a~a-- l'J '

1 [ 1 lO(S~2m + $223a- 1 ) - 38(8H22 -~ Stun) q- ~1(~1111- 1)

E2233
= E.~ = ~ [-~ 2s112~8~,, - (&.~ - 1) (&~2~ + s ~ - 1)
3 1 10 4 ]
2 $2233 -- $2222 -~- 1 + 2SI212 - - ] ~ - 2S2a23 ~ 1] '

1 rl 20.~2222 -~- t.~223a- ~ ) - ~(5~1122 + 3k-~2211) -~ 7((~1111- 1)

2 Sma3 -- $2m9. Jr,- 1 + 2S1212 --

j,
1

1 r l 2(k~2222 -2F ~.~2233- 1 ) - 2(5S2211 ~-i 3~1122 ) + 7(~-~1111- 1)

E , tu, : E,,,, ---- 1-6 [2- 2;.~1122~2211-- (~1111 -- 1) (S1222 -~- S2233 -- 1)
5 1 2 ]
2 $2233 -- $2222 Jr- I ~ 2S1212 -- l J '

1 [___522(S~22~-~-S~a33--1-~-S1122-~-S2211)-~-(S11n-- 1)

13 1 14 4 ]
-2- $22a3 - - $2222 ~- 1 2S1212 - - 1 2S2323-- 1] '

1 I 2 2(~2222 ~ ~2233 -- ] -~ ~1122 ~- ~2211) -~- (~1111 -- 1)

1 1 3 3
-~ 2 $2233 -- $2222 "~- i 2S1212-- 1 2S2323 - - 1'] "
9*
130 Y . H . Zh~o, G, P. Tandon, and G. J. Weng:

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation, Solid- and Gee-
Mechanics Program, under Grant MSM-8614151.

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 E l a s t i c M o d u l i for P o r o u s M a t e r i a l s 131

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Pro]. Y. H. Zhao*, Dr. G. P. Tandon**, and Pro]. Dr. G. J. Weng

Department o/Mechanics and Materials Science
Rutgers University
iYew Brunswick, N J 08903
U.S.A.

* Visiting Scholar, from ** N o w w i t h A d t e c h S y s t e m

D e p a r t m e n t of Ci vil E n g i n e e r i n g Research, Inc.
S h e n y a n g I n s t i t u t e of A r c h i t e c t u r a l E n g i n e e r i n g Dayton, OH 45432
Shenyang, Liaoning U.S.A.
P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c of C h i n a

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