Subject: ME 317 (Fluid Mechanics)

Time: 9:00 AM – 12:00 PM

Days: Saturday

Textbooks:
 Fluid Mechanics by M. Potter and D. Wiggert
 Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Application by J. Franzini
 Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications by J.
Cimbala
DEFINITION:
Fluid Mechanics – is that branch of engineering science which
deals with the behavior and properties of fluids at rest and in
motion.

FLUIDS AND ITS PROPERTIES

Fluids are substances that can flow and conform to the shape of
the containing vessels. They possess particles which easily move
and change their relative position without separation of the mass,
and they offer practically no resistance to change in form.
Classification of Fluids:
 Gases – are fluids which have little resistance to change in form or
volume and occupy all in space in which it is contained.
 Liquids – are fluids which offer great resistance to change in form or
volume and occupy a definite portion in which it is contained.

Major difference between liquids and gases:

 Liquids are practically incompressible whereas
gases are compressible and usually must be so
treated.
 Liquids occupy definite volumes and have free
surfaces whereas a given mass of gas expands until
it occupies all portions of any containing vessel.
Types of Fluids:
1. Ideal or Perfect Fluids
a) No viscosity or no resistance to shear or no friction between moving
layers
b) With uniform velocity distribution when flowing
c) Incompressible
d) No eddy (swirling of a fluid) currents or turbulence
Note: Ideal fluid does not exist in reality
2. Real Fluids
a) With finite viscosity
b) Experience friction and turbulence flow
c) Non-uniform velocity distribution
d) Compressible
Classification of Real Fluids:
a) Newtonian Fluids - are fluids that exhibit uniform viscosities; ex. water, air,
gases, steam and other simple fluids like gasoline, alcohol, acid solution, etc.
b) Non-Newtonian Fluids – are fluids that viscosities vary with velocity; ex.
pseudo plastic fluids, dilatant fluids and Bingham fluids.
Non-Newtonian Fluids:
a) Dilatants (also called shear-thickening fluid) - increasing in viscosity and setting
to a solid as a result of deformation by expansion, pressure or agitation (ex.
starch in water and quicksand)
b) Bingham Fluid – a viscous fluid that possesses a yield strength which must be
exceeded before fluid flow (ex. toothpaste and mayonnaise)
c) Pseudoplastic Fluid (also called shear-thinning fluid) - a fluid whose apparent
viscosity or consistency decreases instantaneously with an increase in shear rate
(ex. paint and ketchup)
Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids:
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS USED IN HYDRAULICS AND
FLUID MECHANICS:
Common Properties:
1) Density or Mass Density, 𝝆– it is the ratio of the mass of a substance to its
volume.
𝑚 𝑘𝑔 𝑙𝑏𝑚 where: m = mass, kg or lbm
𝜌= 𝑜𝑟 3 V = volume, m3 or ft3
𝑉 𝑚3 𝑓𝑡

2) Specific Weight or Weight Density, 𝜸 – is the ratio of the weight of a

substance to its volume.
𝑊 𝑘𝑁 𝑙𝑏𝑓 where: W = weight, kN or lbf
𝛾= 𝑚3
𝑜𝑟
𝑓𝑡 3 W=mxg
𝑉 g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2 or 32.2 ft/s2 (at
standard condition)
V = volume, m3 or ft3
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS USED IN HYDRAULICS AND
FLUID MECHANICS:
Common Properties:
3) Specific Volume, 𝝂 – it is the ratio of the volume of a substance to its mass.
It is the reciprocal of the mass density.
𝑉 1 𝑚3 𝑓𝑡 3 where: V = volume, m3 or ft3
𝜈= = 𝑜𝑟
𝑚 𝜌 𝑘𝑔 𝑙𝑏𝑚 m = mass, kg or lbm

4) Specific Gravity, 𝑺. 𝑮. – is the ratio of the density of a fluid to the density of

a standard substance (usually water at standard temperature of 60oF).
𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝛾𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑆. 𝐺. = = 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 Note: The substance will float in water if S.G. < 1.0 and
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 sink in water if S.G. > 1.0
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS USED IN HYDRAULICS AND
FLUID MECHANICS:
Other Properties of Liquid:
1) Viscosity – is defined as the
property of a liquid which
offers resistance to the
movement of one layer of Analysis:
𝑨𝑼
liquid over another adjacent Based on experiment for a large class of fluid, 𝑭 ~ .
𝒀
𝑼 𝒅𝒖
layer of liquid or resistance to From similar triangle, 𝒀 = .
𝒅𝒚
𝑭
shear forces between layers of Where the shearing stress is 𝝉 = 𝑨
Therefore, by introducing a constant of proportionality 𝜇,
liquid. A perfect fluid has no 𝐹 𝑈
𝜏 = 𝐴 = 𝜇 𝑌 = 𝜇 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢

viscosity and incompressible. Such that

𝜏
𝜇= 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS USED IN HYDRAULICS AND
FLUID MECHANICS:
Types of Viscosity:
a) Absolute or Dynamic Viscosity, 𝝁: where: 𝜏 = fluid shearing stress
𝑑𝑢
𝜏 dyne-sec/cm2 or poise 𝑑𝑦
= 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝜇= 𝑌 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑑𝑢/𝑑𝑦 lb-sec/in2 or reyn

 Helmholtz equation for absolute viscosity of water:

0.01779 where: 𝜇 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝜇= poise 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 ℃
1 + 0.03368𝑡 + 0.000221𝑡 2

 Grindley and Gibson’s equation for absolute viscosity of air:

where: 𝜇 = 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝜇 = 0.0001702 1 + 0.00329𝑡 + 0.000007𝑡 2 poise
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 ℃
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS USED IN HYDRAULICS AND
FLUID MECHANICS:
Types of Viscosity:
b) Kinematic Viscosity, 𝝀 – is defined as the ratio of the absolute or dynamic viscosity
to the density of liquid.
𝜇
𝜆= m2/s or ft2/s
𝜌
𝜇𝑔
𝜆= m2/s or ft2/s
𝛾

where: 1 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠 = 1 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒

1 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒 = 100 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS USED IN HYDRAULICS AND
FLUID MECHANICS:
Types of Viscosity:
b) Kinematic Viscosity, 𝝀 – is defined as the ratio of the absolute or dynamic viscosity
to the density of liquid.
1.8 cm2/s or stokes
𝜆= 0.0022𝑡 ′ −
𝑡′
194
𝜆 = 0.236𝑡 − ′ 10−5
′ ft2/s
𝑡

where: 𝑡 ′ = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑆𝑎𝑦𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎

60 𝑚𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒
Note: 𝑡 ′ = 𝑡 𝑥 10, 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑡 = 𝑆𝑎𝑦𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝐹𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 . Saybolt-Furol
viscosimeter is used for heavy oils where the tube used in testing is
larger in opening than Saybolt Universal viscosimeter.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS USED IN HYDRAULICS AND
FLUID MECHANICS:
Other Properties of Liquid:
2) Surface Tension, σ – is the property which
exists due to the cohesion between the
molecules at the surface of a liquid. It is also
the work that must be done to bring enough
molecules from inside the liquid to the surface
to form one-unit area of that surface.
𝐹 𝑊
𝜎= = N/m, lb/ft, J/m2, ft-lbf/ft2
𝐿 𝐴

where: F = elastic force transverse to any length element in the surface

L = any length element in the surface
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS USED IN HYDRAULICS AND
FLUID MECHANICS:
Analysis (Surface Tension):
𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑑𝑉 → 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = Δ𝑃 → 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

Δ𝑃 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑊 → 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑊
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜎 =
𝐴
Δ𝑃 𝑑𝑉
𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝜎 =
𝑑𝐴
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2

ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑑𝐴 = 4π 2𝑟𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝐴 = 8𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS USED IN HYDRAULICS AND
FLUID MECHANICS:
Analysis (Surface Tension):
4 3
𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟
3
4
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑑𝑉 = 𝜋(3𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟)
3
𝑑𝑉 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟
tℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒,
𝛥𝑃 𝑑𝑉
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝜎=
𝑑𝐴

𝜎 8𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟 = 𝛥𝑃 (4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟)

∆𝑃 𝑟
𝜎=
2
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS USED IN HYDRAULICS AND
FLUID MECHANICS:
Other Properties of Liquid:
a) Surface tension for liquid drop, σ :
∆𝑃 𝑟
𝜎=
2

b) Surface tension for soap bubble, σ :

∆𝑃 𝑟
𝜎=
4

where: ∆𝑃 = 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 − 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒

𝑟 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑎𝑝 𝑏𝑢𝑏𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝

Note: For water at 0 oC, σ = 0.076 N/m; at 100 oC, σ = 0.059 N/m
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS USED IN HYDRAULICS AND
FLUID MECHANICS:
Other Properties of Liquid:
3) Capillarity – is the name given to
the behavior of liquid in thin-bore
tube. It is the rise and fall of liquid in
a capillary tube. Capillarity is caused
by surface tension between the
liquid and the vertical solid.
Capillarity rise in tube, h:
2 𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 where: 𝜎 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
ℎ= 𝛳 = 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝛾𝑟 𝛾 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑟 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS USED IN HYDRAULICS AND
FLUID MECHANICS:
Analysis (Capillarity):
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑃= 𝛾ℎ
𝑃
ℎ=
𝛾
2𝜎
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑃=
𝑟
𝑟𝑜
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑟
2𝜎/𝑟 2𝜎/ 𝑟𝑜 /𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 ℎ= =
𝛾 𝛾

2𝜎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 ℎ =
𝛾𝑟𝑜
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS USED IN HYDRAULICS AND
FLUID MECHANICS:
Important terms in understanding capillarity:
 Cohesion – is the attractive force between molecules of the same substances.
 Adhesion – is the attractive force between molecules of different substances.
 Meniscus – is the curve surface of liquid in a capillary tube.
Note: In water, adhesive force between the liquid molecules and the surface is
greater than the cohesive forces between molecules themselves. That is the
reason why water will be attracted itself to climb a solid vertical surface.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS USED IN HYDRAULICS AND
FLUID MECHANICS:
Other Properties of Liquid:
4) Bulk Modulus of Elasticity, E – a measure of the change in volume of the fluid when
it is subjected to outside forces. It is the ratio of change in pressure to the
corresponding change in unit volume per initial volume. It is also defined as the ratio
of compressive stress to volumetric strain of liquids.
∆𝑃 where: ∆𝑃 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐸=− ∆𝑉 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑉1 − 𝑉2
∆𝑉/𝑉1 𝑉1 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑉2 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Note:
 Because of pressure increase, it results in a decrease in fractional volume. The minus sign is
inserted to render E positive.
 The modulus of elasticity or compressibility is temperature dependent.
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS USED IN HYDRAULICS AND
FLUID MECHANICS:
Other Properties of Liquid:
5) Compressibility – is that property of a liquid by virtue of which liquids undergo a
change in volume with the change in pressure.
1 where: ∆𝑃 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝛽= ∆𝑉 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑉1 − 𝑉2
𝐸
𝑉1 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
∆𝑉/𝑉1 𝑉2 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝛽=−
∆𝑃
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS USED IN HYDRAULICS AND
FLUID MECHANICS:
Examples:
1) The weight of the fluid at 9.75 m/s2 is 0.69 kN. Determine the density of the fluid
inside the cubical tank where the diagonal side is 2.2 m.

2) The specific weight of glycerin is 78.7 pcf (lb per ft3). Compute its density in kg/m3
and find its specific gravity.

3) If a certain gasoline weighs 45 lb/ft3, what are the values of its density, specific
volume, and specific gravity relative to water at 60oF?
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS USED IN HYDRAULICS AND
FLUID MECHANICS:
Examples:
4) A liquid which is compressed in a cylinder having a volume of 1 liter at 1 MN/m2 and
a volume of 995 cm3 at 2 MN/m2. Find the bulk modulus of elasticity.

5) Distilled water stands in a glass tube of 9 mm diameter at a height of 24 mm, what is

the true static height if the surface tension is 0.0742 N/m?

6) Compute the unit weight and kinematic viscosity in foot-pound-second units of dry
air at 15oC and an absolute pressure of 14.7 psi. Assume: absolute viscosity, 𝜇𝑎𝑖𝑟 =
−7 𝑙𝑏𝑓 −𝑠
3.8 𝑥 10 𝑓𝑡2
PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS USED IN HYDRAULICS AND
FLUID MECHANICS:
Examples:
7) No.6 fuel oil has a viscosity of 300 Saybolt-Furol seconds and specific gravity of
approximately 1. Determine the kinematic and absolute viscosity of the oil in English
units.

8) One hundred grams of water is mixed to 150 grams of alcohol (ρ = 790 kg/m3).
Calculate the specific volume of the solution, assuming that it is mixed completely.
(Ans. 0.862)

9) What is the absolute viscosity of a 60.8oF water? (Ans. 1.6195 x 10-7 Reyn)