UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY & writing.

FRIEDRICH ENGELS
POLITICS (SSC 102)
- Postulated that the accumulation of private property paved way for
LESSON 5– LOOKING BACK AT HUMAN BIOCULTURAL AND the collapse of primitive communities.
SOCIAL EVOLUTION
FRIEDRICH ENGELS AND KARL MAX
BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION - Came up with the perspective that social institutions evolve primarily
- Refers to the process whereby organisms undergo various genetic and due to the struggle between the social classes.
physical changes that pave the way for biological diversity.
- is a process of descent with modification. Lineages of organisms HERBERT SPENCER
change through generations; diversity arises because the lineages that
- Individual members within societies engage in a competition for
descend from common ancestors diverge through time” –Francisco
survival whereby the superior ones dominate those who are inferior
Jose Ayala
type.

TECHONOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
BAND-LEVEL SOCIETIES
-People learned how to create tools and equipment's for daily tasks
- Earliest societies 
and live together as a society.
- Small and nomadic family groups and plainly organized 
- Leadership was based on qualities such as strength, intelligence and
BIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION
trustworthiness
- The mutual interactive evolution of human biology and culture. 
TRIBE- Formal and social organization made up of several bands and
- "biology makes culture possible and that the developing culture groups that were connected through a clan or kinship.
further influences the direction of biological evolution.
HEADMAN- Leader
CHIEFDOM- Consisted of tribes united under one leader or chief.
THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL INSTITUTION
Lewis Henry Morgan Three Stage of Development
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
- This event introduced significant social, cultural and political changes
SAVAGE STAGE- Lowest stage of development which exemplified by in the lives of people.
the nomadic and huntergatherer lifestyle.
BARBARIC STAGE- Middle stage of development where people began
learning agricultural techniques and the domestication of animals.
CIVILIZED STAGE- Highest stage of development where people learned
EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION MODERNIZATION THEORIES
1. Increased migration HISTORICAL-MATERIALIST PERSPECTIVE
2. Growth of urban populations - Max Weber 
3. Changes in lifestyle - More specialized functions have to be performed by social institutions
4. Increased production as societies expand economically. 
5. Technological advancement - State of bureaucracy became larger in size and its agencies became
specialized requiring qualified personnel. 
6. Rise of the middle class.
- “Bureau” French word for office “kratos” Greek word for hierarchy

LAISSEZ-FAIRE
- Prices of goods and services are not dependent on government
policies and are set freely based on interaction between supply and
demand.
THEORIES ON SOCIETY AND STATE
SOCIETY AS A NATURAL INSTITUTION
ARISTOTLE- believed that human beings are by nature social and
political animals and those human interactions fulfill certain basic
needs.
SOCIETY AS A SOCIAL CONTRACT
SOCIAL CONTRACT- an agreement by the members of society that
defines and influences their interaction, particularly with those in
authority.
THOMAS HOBBES- The agreement was necessitated by the need to
guarantee the security of people. 
- The main role of the political ruler was to maintain order and security
within society.
JOHN LOCKE- Social contract was needed in order to guarantee the fair
and partial enforcement of the law. 
- The primary function of the state is to guarantee that individuals
exercise their rights to life, liberty and property.
MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY
- Traditional societies 
- Sense of bonding within the community based on similar beliefs,
values and activities as well as kinship ties between its members.
ORGANIC SOLIDARITY
- Division of labor is more specialized
LESSON 6 – SOCIAL INSTITUTION
SOCIAL INSTITUTION
-Refers to organized sets of elements such as beliefs, rules, practices,
and relationship that exists to attain social order.
-It also refers to well established and structured relationships between
groups of people that are considered fundamental components of a
society’s culture.
ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL INSTITUTION
INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH
-Tells us that social institutions are ordered sets of rules, norms, beliefs
or values that organize human behavior.
RELATIONAL APROACH
-Focuses on social relation rather than rules, norms, beliefs or values.
THE FAMILY, MARRIAGE, AND KINSHIP
FAMILY
-Consider a vital institution for the continued survival humanity
because its nurtures offspring from childhood into adulthood.
-Family is a group who are related by birth, marriage and a shared
residence.
NUCLEAR FAMILY - Are family that are composed of parents and
children. EXTENDED FAMILY - Are those that are composed of the
nuclear family and other relative such as grandparents, aunts, uncle
and cousins. RECONSTITUTED FAMILY - Are composed of the spouses
and their children from a previous marriage.
KINSHIP
-Is a social structure defined by relations among individuals linked by
blood or marriage ties.
MATRILINEAL KINSHIP - Means that one’s descent is based on the
female line.
PATRILINEAL - Means the one’s descent is based on the male line.
BILINEAL - Refers to a descent system based on both male and female
line.
MARRIAGES - Is culture specific.
MONOGAMOUS - Which means that a spouse cannot have more than
one spouse.
POLYGAMOUS - Which mean that a person has more than one spouse.
POLYGYNY - That is a husband could take many wives
POLYANDRY - Where wife can have many husbands.
ECONOMY
-Is an institution that addresses questions regarding limited resources
of society.
MARKET FAILURES
- Refers to cases when the market becomes inefficient due to imperfect
competition, imperfect information, imperfect mobility, and the like.
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
- Ensure that individuals are functionally literate. ◦Also transmit culture.
HEALTH INSTITUTION
-Ensures individual have access to health services to promote universal
public health.
BINAT - Refers to the recurrence of the symptoms of a disease due to
the incomplete healing of patient.
PASMA - Refers to trembling hands or finger.
RELIGION
-Is an institution that involves a set of beliefs and practices of a
particular social group.
-May be organized into a group that has universal membership called
church.
MONOTHEISTIC - Refers to the religion that believe in only one god.
POLYTHEISTIC - Religion believe in more than one god.
ANIMISM - Is not consider a religion but rather a belief system that
holds that both animate and inanimate things have a spiritual essence.
SECULARIZATION THEORY - Predicts the decrease in the influence of
religion and organized churches in social affairs.
THEOCRACIES - State with the governments that are under the power
of religious leaders.
LIBERATION THEOLOGY - Is an interpretation of Christian theology
which emphasizes a concern for the liberation of the oppressed.
LESSON 7 – POLITICAL INSTITUTION CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY
-Based on the presumes special and extraordinary characteristic or
qualities possessed by a certain individual.
POLITICS
-People with charisma are often very popular, highly persuasive, and
-Refers to activities through which make, Preserve and amend the inspire loyalty and obedience from other people.
general rules under which they live.
-They are also often seen as “Born Leaders” and “Heroes”.

POWER
-Refers to the ability to do something in order to achieve a desired
outcome.
-The person with powers has the capability to control people or make
them to do something that they would not do otherwise.
LEGAL RATIONAL AUTHORITY
-Is the most typical type of authority in modern societies.
-Power and authority in a legal rational context are legitimized by a
clearly defined set written rules and laws.

AUTHORITY TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATION AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURE.

-Is legitimate power. POLITICAL DYNASTIES
-Means that a person who has authority has the right to exercise -Are believed to have always existed even in advanced democratic
power. states.
-Dynasty refers to a succession from rules from the same line of
descent.
LEGITIMACY
-Originated from the latin word “Legitimare” meaning “To Declare
Lawful” and is broadly defined as “Rightfullness”. POLITICAL CLIENTELISM
-Confers on an order or command an authoritative or binding -(Clientelism Politics) Is define by Susan Strokes as giving materials
character, thus transforming power into authority. goods in return for electoral support.

THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY NATION

TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY
-Is based on the system that is believed to have “Always Existed”
-They inherited it or they occupy a position that has been passed on to
them.
-Consist of a distinct population of people bound together by a
common culture, history and tradition who are typically concentrated
within a specific geographic region.
STATE
-On the other hand is a political unit of SOVEREIGNTY- The legitimate
and ultimate authority of the state- over an area of territory and the
people within it.

POLITICAL LIBERALIZATION
-Refers to the emergence of liberal democratic regimes that are
characterized by a representative form of democracy where political
office is gained through formal, competitive elections in many western
societies.

POLITICAL CULTURE
-Refers to the pattern of orientation to political objects such as parties,
government and constitution, expressed in beliefs symbols and values.