–

 RELATIONAL – understands the relationship

ADVERBS OF AFFIRMATION & NEGATION
AFFIRMATION EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
 Agrees that smth is true  not investigating but might affect research outcomes
 yes / yeah  surely  certainly  EXPERIMENTER EFFECT - unintentional actions by researchers
 definitely  affirmatively  doubtlessly  SITUATIONAL EFFECT – study environments
 obviously  very  positively  PARTICIPANT VARIABLE – participant’s feelings
 sure / surely  really / clearly  absolutely
 exactly  truly  undoubtedly
NEGATION FORMULATING CLAIMS OF FACTS, VALUES, &
 Contradicts / denies POLICY
 Absence of smth true / positive
CLAIMS
 no  few  only
 Debatable statement backed up w/ facts & evidences
 hardly  not  rarely
 invalidly  Not any  hardly ever  Matters of opinion stated as facts
 seldom  little  scarcely CLAIMS OF FACT
 never / not ever  neither  a little  Grounded w/ factual evidence that’s reliable & appropriate
CLAIMS OF VALUE
LOGICAL FALLACIES  Focused on relative judgement
CLAIMS OF POLICY
 AD HOMINEM – invalidates opponent's position based on  Specific statements on procedures or laws
personal trait / fact
 RED HERRING – attempt to shift focus from the debate at hand
by introducing an irrelevant point BRITISH PARLIAMENTARY DEBATE
 STRAW MAN – argues against a hyperbolic, inaccurate version
of the actual argument
DEBATE
 Organized argument of ideas
 EQUIVOCATION – misleads by using multiple meanings /
 Participants discuss a topic from 2 opposing sides
interpretations of a word / unclear phrasing
 SLIPPERY SLOPE – specific series of events will follow 1 starting AIM OF DEBATE
point, w/ no evidence  To convince opposition you are right
 HASTY GENERALIZATION – considers only 1 or few examples,
rather than relying on more extensive research  Debate topic = motion
 APPEAL TO AUTHORITY – claims an authority figure’s expertise
to support a claim DEBATE ROLES
 FALSE DILEMMA – claims there are only 2 completely opposite GOVERNMENT OPPOSITION
options in a situation. Prime Minister Leader of the Opposition
 BANDWAGON FALLACY – something is right bc it is popular Deputy Prime Minister Deputy Leader of the Opposition
 APPEAL TO IGNORANCE – something is true because there is no Member of the Government Member of the Opposition
proof it is false. Government Whip Opposition Whip
 CIRCULAR ARGUMENT – uses the same statement as both the
premise & conclusion POINTS OF INFORMATION
 SUNK COST FALLACY – justifies the decision to continue an  Provide opportunities for each team to interact with members
action based on the time & money already spent on it of the opposite team
 APPEAL TO PITY – attempts to sway opinion by provoking
readers emotionally
 CAUSAL FALLACY – implies a relationship between 2 things
where 1 can't be proven
 APPEAL TO HYPOCRISY – responds to a claim w/ reactive
criticism rather than a response

RESEARCH VARIABLES
 Concept / abstract idea. Can be described in measurable terms
 May be situation specific

2 TYPES OF VARIABLES
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
can control / manipulate can measure
possible cause → affects → presumed results

RESEARCH QUESTIONS
QUALITATIVE
 Usually 1-on-1 interviews
QUANTITATIVE
 DESCRIPTIVE – objectively describes
 COMPARATIVE – compares 2 or more attributes