PERSPECTIVE DRAWINGS

“Perspective” properly refers to any of various

graphic techniques for depicting volumes and
spatial relationships on flat surface, such as size
perspective and atmospheric perspective.
Linear perspective is a technique for describing
three- dimensional surface by means of lines
that converge as they recede into the depth of a
drawing.
Linear perspective offers scenes of an optical
reality. It depicts how a construction or
environment might appear to the eye of an
observer looking in a specific direction from a
particular vantage point in space.
 Perspective projection
Perspective projection represents a three-dimensional object by projecting all its
points to a picture plane by straight lines converging at a fixed point in space
representing a single eye of the observer. This convergence of sight lines
differentiates perspective projection from the other two major projection systems –
orthographic projection and oblique projection – in which the projectors remain
parallel to each other.
Picture Plane (PP) – is an imaginary transparent plane on which the image of a three-
dimensional object is projected. It is always perpendicular to the central axis of vision (CAV).
Central Axis of Vision (CAV) – is the sight line determining the direction in which the observer is
assumed to be looking.
Station Point (SP) – is a fixed point in space representing a single eye of the observer.
 Perspective elements
Horizon Line (HL) – is a horizontal line representing the intersection of the picture
plane (PP) and a horizontal plane passing through the station point (SP).
Center of Vision (C) – is the point on the horizon line at which the central axis of
vision (CAV) intersects the picture plane.
Ground Plane (GP) – is a horizontal plane of reference from which heights can be
measured in linear perspective.
Ground Line (GL) – is a horizontal line representing the intersection of GP and the
picture plane (PP).
 Pictorial effects of perspective
The converging nature of sight lines in linear perspective produces certain pictorial effects.
Being familiar with these pictorial effects helps us understand how lines, planes and
volumes should appear in linear perspective and how to place objects correctly in the space
of a perspective drawing.
Convergence in linear perspective refers to the apparent movement of parallel lines toward
a common vanishing point as they recede.
The first rule of convergence is that each set of parallel lines has its own vanishing point.
If we look at a cube, for example, we can see that its edges comprise three principal sets of
parallel lines.
 The vanishing point (VP) for any set of parallel lines is the point where a
line drawn from the station point (SP) parallel to the set intersects PP.

 As two parallel lines recede into the distance, the space between them will
appear to diminish. If the lines are extended to infinity, they will appear to
meet at a point on the picture plane (PP). This point is the vanishing point
(VP) for that particular pair of lines and all other lines parallel to them.
 Perspective variables
The observer’s point of view determines the pictorial effect of a perspective drawing.
As this viewpoint changes – as the observer moves up or down, to the left or right,
forward or back – the extent and emphasis of what the observer sees also change. In
order to achieve the desired view in perspective, we should understand how to adjust
the following variables.
 HEIGHT OF THE STATION POINT
 DISTANCE FROM THE STATION POINT TO THE OBJECT
 ANGLE OF VIEW
 LOCATION OF THE PICTURE PLANE
 Types of LINEAR perspective
 One – Point Perspective
 Two – Point Perspective
 Three – Point Perspective
 References:
 https://www.sketchlikeanarchitect.com/books
 https://archive.org/details/FrancisD.K.ChingArchitecturalGraphics6th
Ed2015/page/n135/mode/1up?view=theater
Seatwork 1 – Graphics 2
 Note: include your Initials,
example V and H along the
horizon line. (1/3 of its
height, above and below the
horizon line )
 Create a 3d form of the
initials/letters
To draw/ create a 3d forms of the objects
 You must know the following:
 Horizon line
 Vanishing Point
 Diagonal Lines from the vanishing points