DEBRE MARKOS UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTEMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER
ENGINEERING
STREAM OF COMMUNICATION
Hosting company: Amhara Mass Media Agency (AMMA), Bahir Dar

Duration of internship from October 25-January 30/2011

Mentor:Mr.G/Mariam
Name ID

Aderaw Adamu 069/07

Ayenew Yewlesw 137/07

Getu Negussie 654/07

Kefale Denekew 034/07

Maseresha Molla 849/07

Submission Date. February 20,2011E.

 Declaration
We are 5th year student of electrical and computer engineering in Debremarkos University and
we have undertaken our internship experience in Amhara Mass Media Agency (AMMA) for a
period of October, 2011 – January, 2011 under the guidance of Mr.G/maream (Academic
advisor) and Mr. Mohamed (Company advisor).

We clarify that our work is original and compiled according to the internship report writing
guideline given by the Institute.

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 Acknowledgment
First and for most, we are expressing our thank fullness and praise to Debremarekos University.
Next to we would also like to sincerely thank Amhara Mass Media Agency ssManager Mr.
Manyazewal for they are voluntary to accept our request letter from UIL and allowed to practice
in the company.

Our appreciation and gratitude are also extended to our mentor Mr.G/Mariam and our company
supervisor Mr. Mohamed for their guidance to share their knowledge, for giving continuous and
unlimited motivation during stay of our internship program.

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 Executive summary
As it is known, the main goal of internship program is to integrate the theoretical acquired
concept with a tangible practical demonstration. Regarding to this we as student of electrical and
computer engineering we are involved in the program hosted by the company Amhara Mass
media agency for about four consecutive months (October – January) in this year.

Amhara Mass Media Agency is a public services provider company which assists the capacity
building program delivering the necessary information to the people. During this period, we have
been involved in the television and radio studios.

During over all stay of the company we brought various achievements. Theoretical knowledge
and practical skill, interpersonal, leadership and team playing skill are some of these.

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 List of figure
FIGURE 1: STRUCTURE OF THE COMPANY.....................................................................................5
FIGURE 2: TELEVISION BROADCASTING PROCESS.............................................................6
FIGURE 3: RADIO BROADCASTING PROCESS........................................................................7
FIGURE 4: STUDIO......................................................................................................................11
FIGURE 5: STUDIO CAMERAS..................................................................................................12
FIGURE 6: LAVALIERE MICROPHONE MOUNTED ON A T-SHIRT....................................14
FIGURE 7: STUDIO LIGHT.........................................................................................................15
FIGURE 8:TRIAX CABLE...........................................................................................................16
FIGURE 9: REAL STUDIO.......................................................................................................... 16
FIGURE 10: OPERATIONAL CONTROL PANELS...................................................................17
FIGURE 11: VIDEO MONITOR.................................................................................................. 18
FIGURE 12: VISION MIXER.......................................................................................................18
FIGURE 13: CHARACTER GENERATOR.................................................................................19
FIGURE 14: LIGHT CONSOLE...................................................................................................19
FIGURE 15: CAMERA CONTROL UNIT...................................................................................21
FIGURE 16: VTR.......................................................................................................................... 22
FIGURE 17:PARABOLIC ANTENNA.........................................................................................22
FIGURE 18: MICROPHONE........................................................................................................23
FIGURE 19: CAR.......................................................................................................................... 24
FIGURE 20: FM RADIO...............................................................................................................26
FIGURE 21: ANTENNA...............................................................................................................27
FIGURE 22: TELOS........................................................................................................................ 29
FIGURE 23: WORK FLOW IN THE SECTION..........................................................................30
FIGURE 24: WORK FLOW OF OUR TASK...............................................................................31

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 Table of content

Table of Contents
Declaration...................................................................................................................................................i
Acknowledgment.........................................................................................................................................ii
Executive summary....................................................................................................................................iii
List of figure...............................................................................................................................................iv
Table of content...........................................................................................................................................v
List of Acronym.........................................................................................................................................vii
Chapter one.................................................................................................................................................1
1. Back ground of Media Agency Amhara Mass..........................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................1
1.1.2 Main products of the company..................................................................................................3
1.1.3 Main customers.........................................................................................................................3
1.2 Vision, Mission and Objective of the company..................................................................................4
1.2.1 Vision.........................................................................................................................................4
1.2.2 Mission.......................................................................................................................................4
1.2.3 Objectives...................................................................................................................................4
1.3 Over all Organization Structure of the Company...............................................................................5
1.4 Key stake holders of the company.....................................................................................................6
1.5. Production process of the company.................................................................................................6
1.5.1 Television production process....................................................................................................6
1.5.2 Radio production process............................................................................................................7
Chapter two.................................................................................................................................................8
2. Overall Internship Experience.................................................................................................................8
2.1 Objectives of the Internship..............................................................................................................8
2.1.2 General Objective.......................................................................................................................8
2.1.3 Specific Objectives.....................................................................................................................8
2.2 How we did get the company............................................................................................................9
2.3 The section of the company we have been working....................................................................9

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 2.3.1 Overall system component and operation..........................................................................10
2.3.2 Major duties of the intern..........................................................................................................30
2.4 The work flow in the section looks like............................................................................................30
2.5 The task we have executed in the television and radio sections.....................................................30
2.6 The procedure we have been using while we were performing our task........................................31
2.7 How good we have been performing our work task?................................................................31
2.8 The challenges we have been facing while performing our work task?...........................................31
2.9 The measures we have taken in order to overcome our work task?...............................................32
Chapter Three............................................................................................................................................33
3. Benefits Gained from the Internship......................................................................................................33
3.1Theoretical Knowledge and practical skills.......................................................................................33
3.2 Interpersonal Communication Skills................................................................................................33
3.3 Team Playing Skills...........................................................................................................................34
3.4 Leadership Skills...............................................................................................................................34
3.5 Work Ethics......................................................................................................................................34
3.6 Entrepreneurship Skills....................................................................................................................35
CHAPTER FOUR.....................................................................................................................................36
Conclusions and Recommendations..........................................................................................................36
4.1 Conclusions......................................................................................................................................36
4.2 Recommendations for the company...............................................................................................36
References.................................................................................................................................................37

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 List of Acronym
AMMA Amhara Mass Media Agency
TV Television
FM Frequency Modulation
AM Amplitude Modulation
PCR Production Control Room
OCP Operation control room
VTR Video Tape Recorder
RF Radio frequency

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 Chapter one

1. Back ground of Media Agency Amhara Mass

1.1 Introduction
Our internship hosting company is a service provider in Mass media. The name of the
organization is called Amhara Mass Media Agency (AMMA).The organization was established
by the Amhara national regional state. AMMA is among the regional Stake holders to the
regional governments’ new national building Program which has been started in 1991 G.C.

The organization was established by the Amhara national regional state. The company comprises
promotion of development, sustainable peace and democratization program. Amhara Mass
Media Agency includes Amhara Radio, TV, FM Radio, Print Media and wave site
(www.amma.gov.et). The customers of the Organization are mainly the society of the Amhara
region.

1.1.1 History of the company

Amhara mass media agency (AMMA) is one of the first national media which is found in
Amhara regional state. It was founded in 1986 E.c and start its journeys by made a coordination
with Ethiopian television, radio and Ethiopian press organization employers, with in so late
media tools before 20 years. The agency made a progressive change throughout the year.to
gave a batter media service for the society of the region. Accordingly published the first
magazine which is called “yebakurlij” for the society of the region in 1987.The magazine
illustrated political, social and culture view of the society.

Then Amhara radio started its air program within one-hour air time per a day since 1989 E.c.
From 1993 Following the regional bureau reform, the media was established Information
bureau in 3-division radio, television, and press public relation and news service departments
with limited equipment and professionals.

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From 1996-2001 due to the structural reformed, of 1996 Bureau of information united with
cultural and tourism as cultural tourism and information Bureau on proclamation number 4/1996.
Then in 1997 increase its air time six times than that of the previous. After that in 2001 increase
its air to nine hours. In addition to raise its air time and technology the agency provides media
service by different language of nation, like that of Awi, Afan Oromo, Himt and Amharic. The
agency gave media service by radio program and publishing the magazine in fifty days for those
three nation (Awi, Oromo, Himt) since 2003E.c.

Amhara television program started in 1992 within 30 minutes’ air time. Amhara mass media
agency its modern radio and television building construction is completed and give a service
starting from 2005 E.c. As a result, television air time program rise to 12 hours. The agency has
also different FM radio station. FM Bihar Dar 96.9 zagearerat in 2004 E.c, FM Dessie 87.9 in
2005 E.c and FM DebreBiran 91.4 in 2007 E.c. know a day the agency has modern radio
television and management tower with in modern radio and television material to provide
effective quality media service in. The agency has around 5000 employers in their main office
and branch.

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 1.1.2 Main products of the company
The agency provides the radio and television services such as news advertisement,
entertainment, providing free discussion opportunity for peoples about their social and personal
life, enabling people to exchange ideas, job experience etc. Improve production and distribution
of bikur magazine in the region.

1.1.3 Main customers

The end users of Amhara mass media agency is that the people those are living within Amhara
region, the people of Ethiopia and residents of Ethiopian live in abroad using its website. The
customers of the organization are mainly the society of the Amhara region and the ANRS.

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1.2 Vision, Mission and Objective of the company

1.2.1 Vision
 The vision of Amhara mass media agency is to transmit information throughout the country
as well outside the country via its website.

1.2.2 Mission
Using media technology the agency gather sufficient information for the regional political,
economic and joint social movement and to dispatch and organize to teach, relax and create a
feedback collection stream.
Regarding to this the regional and national attitude shall be strengthened. The democracy policy
and the regional principle will be cemented and will be built fundamentally.

1.2.3 Objectives
 Make strong alliance or relationship between the government and the people.
 Government deserves beneficial things to the people that make understandable and
provides support for them.
 In return people that make mistake should be clear to the government for amendment and
improvement.
 The country democratic right and productivity shall play a strong role with deep
commitment and set a stage for the purpose.
 To create awareness about good governance and democracy.
 To express the foundation of the government law and proclamation, policy and its
implementation.
 Political power that maintains peace and stability in the country shall involve in legal
participations and elaborate their views.

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1.3 Over all Organization Structure of the Company

Figure 1: Structure of the company

1.4 Key stake holders of the company

The key stake holders of the company:-
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  Technician
 Camera men
 Journalists
 Government
 Community

1.5. Production process of the company

1.5.1 Television production process

Modulator
Input signal Video mixer (encoder)

Fiber optic
cable

Transmitter Demodulato
r(decoder)

Figure 2: Television broadcasting process

1.5.2 Radio production process

Audio Encoder
6 (modulator
limiter
)
 mixer
Signal
Audio

Decoder(d
transmitter Audio Fiber optic
emodulato
mixer cable
r)

FM or AM

Figure 3: Radio broadcasting process

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 Chapter two

2. Overall Internship Experience

2.1 Objectives of the Internship

The internship program is subjected to general and specific objectives. The general and specific
objective relates the theoretical concept to practical knowledge.

2.1.2 General Objective

The objective of the internship course is to understand practical experiences obtained in the
internship and achieve good academic performance. Beyond this the program is more important
because:

 Internship students will develop skills and techniques directly applicable to their careers.
 Internships will provide students the opportunity to develop attitudes conducive to
effective interpersonal relationships
 Internships will provide students with an in-depth knowledge of the formal functional
activities of a participating organization.
 Internship programs will enhance advancement possibilities of graduates.

2.1.3 Specific Objectives

 To understand technical skills, the communications techniques and the decision making
processes.
 To aware students in the future having better Information Systems career choices.
 To apply what was learned during coursework and understanding the real world
practically.
 To know about an organization or a company and to gain a better understanding of its
design and structure.

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2.2 How we did get the company
We join the mass media agency by the help of the industry linkage officer. Luckily our request
was accepted, and then we go to the office and ask them how to get in the company. The
manager accepts our request paper and told as everything how the procedure work, and then we
get Mr. Mubarek. After some stay with Mr. Mubarek he admitted to approve our acceptance and
he immediately assigned Mr. Muhamed as our supervisor. We are egger to join and undertook
activities in the company starting at the early of the internship program.

2.3 The section of the company we have been working

Amhara mass media agency has many work sections. These sections are television broadcasting
section, radio broadcasting section, power systems and ICT section. The company allowed to
practice in television and radio broadcasting sections. We have gained theoretical as well as
practical knowledge from this internship

A.Television studio

A television studio is an installation in which video productions take place, either for recording
of live television to video tape or for the acquisition of raw footage for post productions. The
design of a studio is similar to and derived from with a few amendments for the special
requirements of television production. A studio contains the following characteristics;

 Microphones most of time wireless or lavaliere

 Stage lighting rigs/ studio light and the associated controlling equipment

 Video monitors for visual feedback from the production control room (PCR)

 A small public address system or intercom for communication.

 A glass window between PCR and studio floor for direct visual contact.

 Wall box which is used as patch panel.

 Decoration and/or sets.

 Professional video cameras (three in AMMA) on pedestals.

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B.Radio studio

Radio: is the wireless transmission of signals through free space by electromagnetic radiation of
a frequency significantly below that of visible light, in the radio frequency range, from about
3 kHz to 300 MHZ.

2.3.1 Overall system component and operation

Cameras:-Camera is an optical instrument that records images that can be stored directly,
transmitted to another location or both. In case of motion pictures, cameras are series of
individuals. Pictures are captured and then presented in rapid succession to give the illusion of
having captured motions. There are two types of professional cameras: -

1. Studio camera: - is a device to capture an image on a desired medium. When we use video
cameras a multiple camera set up is controlled by a device known us camera control unit.They
are connected via a Triax or Fiber optics cable. These types of cameras have a tally light, a small
signal lamp used that indicates, for the benefit of those being filmed as well sas the camera
operator. The camera is live (i.e. its signal is being used for the main program at that movement).

2. Filed cameras: The difference is studio camera has no video tape recorder or VTR just
transmits the video signal to the camera control unit. But Field camera has video tape recorder or
VTR.The studio television camera has three fundamental parts:

 Lens.
 The camera itself.
 The view finder.

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 Mice PC CD cam 1 cam 2 cam 3

Audio mixer Vision mixer DSNG

Control
receiver Down link
room

Live

Figure 4: Studio

Lens:-The lens selects part of the visible environment and produces a small optical image of it.
It is projected onto the imaging device, which converts the light from the optical image into an
electrical signal and continuously changes from a long shot to a close-up view without moving
either the camera or the object you are photographing.

The camera itself: - the camera is principally designed to convert the optical image as projected
by the lens into an electrical signal the video signal.

Other optical and electronic components enable the camera to reproduce the colors and the light-
and-dark variations of the actual scene as accurately as possible, as well as to amplify the
relatively weak video signal so that it can be sent to the camera control unit without getting lost
along the way. For both analog and digital cameras, the basic imaging devices are the same.

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The Viewfinder: - is a small television set mounted on the camera that shows what the camera is
seeing. Most view finder of professional cameras is monochrome, which means that the display
is in black-and white. Black-and-white viewfinders show more pictures detail than color displays
do, which makes it easier to achieve sharp focus.

Operation principles of camera: - Digital cameras capture their image on a silicon

semiconductor referred to as digital sensors. These sensors are composed of an array of photo
sensitive diodes called photo sites. The captured photos (sub atomic light particles) and converts
them to electrons, much like solar panels converted to energy. This is buildup of electrons in
each photo site is converted to a voltage which in turn is converted to a digital data as picture
elements (pixels). This pixel is them relayed in consecutive order and stored as an image on the
camera’s memory as a file. This file can then be viewed on the camera in the LCD screen, or
uploaded to a computer where they can also be viewed or manipulated, with imaging software.

Figure 5: Studio cameras

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Wireless microphone

A wireless microphone is a micro phone without a physical cable connecting it directly to the
sound recording or amplifying equipment with which it is associated. This transmits the audio
signal from the microphone by radio wave to a nearby receiver unit. The other audio equipment
is connected to the receiver unit by cable. Wireless microphones are widely used in the
entertainment industry television broad casting, and public speaking.

Advantages and disadvantages of wireless microphone

The advantages are:

 Greater freedom of movement for the artist or speaker.

 Avoidance of cabling problems common with wired microphones.
 Reduction of cable "trip hazards" in the performance space.

The disadvantages are:

 Sometimes limited range.

 Some wireless systems have a shorter range, while more expensive models can exceed
that distance.
 Possible interference with other radio microphones, though models with many frequency-
synthesized switch-selectable channels are now plentiful and cost effective.
 Operation time is limited relative to battery life.

In television studio the audio and video signals are processed independently, hence audio
signal is traveled by wireless microphones use receivers that capture a high-frequency signal
sent from the microphone. These microphones can be handheld or lavalieres.

Otherwise the audio signal is not going to be streamed through the speakers. A wireless
receiver obtains the signals which transmit from wireless microphone and then send the
information. The wireless receiver is part of wireless reds tone and is meant to be used with
the wireless transmitter or wireless remote. It will receive any signal input of the same
frequency. The receiver will pick up signals from any emitter as long as it is in the same
chunk.

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Lavaliere Microphone

A lavaliere microphone is a small electric or dynamic remote used for television, theatre, and
public speaking applications, in order to allow hands-free operation. Are microphones on a wire,
usually small and round with a pop filter that attach to a shirt lapel. The transmitter is a small box
that fits on the belt.

To connect your wireless microphone to your sound system, you will need the right cables and a
sound board into which to plug the receiver, the wireless receiver obtains the signals given off by
a wireless microphone and then send the information into a mixing board.

They are most commonly provided with small clips for attaching to collars, ties, or other
clothing. The cord may be hidden by clothes and either run to a radio frequency transmitter kept
in a pocket or clipped to a belt, or routed directly to the mixer or a recording device.

Figure 6: Lavaliere microphone mounted on a T-shirt.

Studio Monitors
Studio monitors are high-quality television sets that display the video feed from the program
switcher. Studio monitors are an important production aid for both crew and talent. The
production crew can see the shots the director has selected and thus anticipate their future tasks.
The studio monitor is essential for the newscaster to see whether the various tape or live inserts
are actually appearing as per the script.

Clocks and Stopwatches

Time is an essential organizing element in television production. Programs are rearranged

according to a second-by-second schedule called the log. The two timing tools for the director
are the clock and the stopwatch.

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Studio Light

Lighting is a method that allows the camera to take the picture clearly and to make the video
looks good.

There are four types of lights in the studio:

 Key light.
 Fill light.
 Back light.
 Background light.

There are various different lamps in studio in the form of wattages. These are: flour cent and
incident lamps such as one kilowatt, two kilowatt, three kilowatt.

Figure 7: Studio light

Triax cable

This cable is the type of electrical cable similar with coaxial cable but with addition of an extra
layer of insulation and a second conducting sheath .It provides greater band width and rejection
of interference than coaxial but is more expensive.

Application of triax cable: - This cable is used to connect between a camera and its camera
control unit (CCU) outer sheath used as a protective earth conductor. The core provides both
power and signal connections. Through the frequency division multiplexing, the camera can send
audio and video signals along the triax while the camera control unit can send camera control
information, such as exposure setting, intercom, return audio and video usually that of the
programs, and tally (a signal altering the operators that their camera is on air and power for

15
camera.

Figure 8:Triax cable

Studio Room

News room is the place where the live transmission begins the video and audio signals are sent
separately to the production control room through wall box. There are two types of news room:
Studio A (real studio):-A real studio is a large-scale visual display consisting of multiple
monitors, projectors, or other display technologies that are tiled or overlapped to form a single,
expansive display surface.

Figure 9: Real studio

Studio B (virtual studio):- virtual studio is producers remove one background and replace it
with another by using 3D virtual studio to create internet video and events. Chroma keying is the
process by which a specific color element (Chroma) is removed from a video scene and replaced

16
(keyed) with a different element.

Chroma keying the distinction between what we want to keep and what we want to remove and
replace (the green or blue background) has to be made.

Production control room

The studio control room (SCR) is the place in a television studio in which the composition of the
outgoing program takes place. The production control room is occasionally also called a studio
control room (SCR).

Operation Control Panel (OCP)

These are used to control camera functions in television Production. It allows for maximum
control and quality. Only framing and focusing are performed by a camera man while most of
functions such as white balance, shutter speed, brightness, Chroma and others are controlled by
the technical director remotely. This allows the camera man to concentrate on framing and
composition without being destructed by technical issues. Here, we observed that the technical
director and camera man communicates through talkback matrix.

Figure 10: Operational control panels

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Video monitor or Multi vie

The video monitor used to monitor the program and preview from the camera, video tape
recorder (VTR), graphics and other video sources.

Figure 11: Video monitor

Vision Mixers
This device is the largest control panel inside the room. Used to select from different
cameras to be seen on air or recoded.
Select between several different video sources and in some cases compositing (mix)
video sources together to create special effect. Inputs of vision mixer are VCR, DVD,
MIC, telephone hybrid, tape, audio mixer and external.

Figure 12: Vision mixer

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Operation: The main concept of a professional vision mixer is the bus, basically a row of
buttons with each button representing a video source. Pressing such a button will select the video
out of that bus.

Character Generator (CG)

Equipment used to write text news, different graphics, Writings for program. They also generate
logos, and some other text announcements.

Figure 13: Character generator

Lighting Control Console.

A lighting control console (also called a light board, lighting board, or lighting desk) used in
theatrical lighting design to control multiple lights. Generally lighting console has 4 layer & each
layer has 24 output in general light mixer has 96 output.

Figure 14: Light console

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Central apparatus room

In broadcast facilities, a central apparatus room or rack room is where shared equipment
common to all technical areas is located . Some broadcast facilities have several of these rooms.
Facilities in the central apparatus room Includes: -

Encoder: - An encoder is a device used to convert audio and video signals into a single optical
data to send it through optical fiber cable to parabolic dish.

Decoder: - A decoder is a device which does the reverse operation of an encoder, undoing the
encoding so that the original information can be retrieved. It is a device used to convert optical
data to audio and video signals.

Audio router: - Used for transporting audio signals from inputs to outputs.

Video router: - A Video router or Matrix is used for transporting video signals from sources or
inputs to output destinations.

Patch panel

A patch panel is a number of circuits used for interconnecting, and testing circuits in a
convenient, flexible manner.

Distribution frame: - In broadcast engineering, a distribution frame is a location within an

apparatus room through which all signals (audio, video, or data) pass, with the ability to
arbitrarily route and connect sources and destinations between studios and other internal and
external points.

Frame synchronizer: - A frame synchronizer is a device used in live television production to

match the timing of an incoming video source to the timing of an existing video system. The
frame synchronizer essentially takes a picture of each frame of incoming video and then
immediately outputs it with the correct synchronization signals to match an existing video
system.

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Master control room

Master control is the final point before a signal is transmitted over-the-air. The Master control
room is the place where the on-air signal is controlled. It may include controls to play out
television programs and television switch local or television networks feeds. Record satellite
feeds and monitors the transmitter(s) or these items may be in an adjacent equipment rack room .

Camera Control Unit

It helps to control all the camera shades, brightness and focus. Helps the cameraman only to
focus on the shot he is taking.

Figure 15: Camera control unit

Video tape recorder

A video tape recorder (VTR) is designed to record video material, usually on magnetic tape. We
can record the program we want or play a recording.

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 Figure 16: VTR

Parabolic Antenna

Parabolic antenna is an antenna that uses a parabolic reflector, a curved surface with the cross
sectional shape of a parabola, to direct the radio waves. The functions of parabolic antenna are to
direct the radio waves in a narrow beam, or receive radio waves from one particular direction
only. Parabolic antennas have some of the highest gains, that is, they can produce the
narrowest beam widths, of any antenna type. Parabolic antennas are used in the high frequency
part of the radio spectrum, at UHF and microwave (SHF) frequencies, at which the wavelengths
are small enough that conveniently-sized reflectors can be used.

Figure 17:Parabolic antenna

B.Radio studio

The studio wall is constructs from acoustic materials. Acoustic materials are things that have
ability to absorb redundant noise and enhance transmission of sound. Acoustic materials are used
to eliminating noise and improve sound quality. It is used to minimize distortion. The radio

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studio contains:

 Studio microphones.
 Talk back.
 Head phone.
 Microphone amplifier.

Microphone

Microphones are types of transducers. It is a device which converts energy from one form to
another. Microphones convert acoustical energy (sound waves) into electrical energy.

Operation of microphone

Diaphragm

Sound waves Audio signal

Figure 18: Microphone

Diaphragm: - This is a thin piece of material (such as paper, plastic or aluminum) which
vibrates when it is struck by sound waves. In a typical hand-held microphone like the one below,
the diaphragm is located in the head of the microphone.

When the diaphragm vibrates, it causes other components in the microphone to vibrate. These
vibrations are converted into an electrical current which becomes the audio signal. At the other
end of the audio chain, the loudspeaker is also a transducer - it converts the electrical energy
back into acoustical energy.

Computer monitor: - The audio signal is fed to a power amplifier a specialized amplifier which
boosts the signal enough to be fed to the loud speakers. The XLR cable to the microphone
contains not only the out puts lines from the microphone units but also the required power supply
lines.

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 Central Apparatus Room for Radio studio

In broadcast facilities, a central apparatus room (CAR) central machine room, or central
equipment room (CER), or central technical area (CTA), or rack room is where shared
equipment common to all technical areas is located. Some broadcast facilities have several of
these rooms. It should be air-conditioned; however low-noise specifications such as acoustical
treatments are optional. In this room we got a lot of devices which are used to frequency
modulation (FM) & amplitude modulation (AM) broadcasting, the only difference between FM
& AM devices is transmitter.

Figure 19: CAR

Analog to Digital (A/D) Converter

In order to manipulate the data using a microprocessor, we need to convert the analog signals to
the digital signals, so that the microprocessor will be able to read, understand and manipulate the
data.

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Broadcast Signals or Radio Frequency [RF]

RF is a frequency or rate of oscillation within the range of 3 to 300GHz. Which or respond to

frequency of Ac electrical signal used to produce and detect radio waves.]. They can ionize air to
create a conductive path through air.

Radio communication is typically in the form of AM radio or FM radio transmissions. The

broadcast of a single signal, such as a monophonic audio signal, can be done by straightforward
amplitude modulation or frequency modulation.

More complex transmissions utilize sidebands arising from the sum and difference frequencies
which are produced by superposition of some signal upon the carrier wave.. In television
transmission, three signals must be sent on the carrier: the audio, picture intensity, and picture
chrominance. This process makes use of two subcarriers. Other transmissions such as satellite
TV and long distance telephone transmission make use of multiple subcarriers for the broadcast
of multiple signals simultaneously.

FM Radio

When information is broadcast from an AM radio station, the electrical image of the sound
(taken from a microphone or other program source) is used to modulate the amplitude of the
carrier wave transmitted from the broadcast antenna of the radio station.

A radio receiver can be tuned to receive any one of a number of radio carrier frequencies in the
area of the receiver. Using a process called heterodyning. In a heterodyne receiver, most of the
electronics is kept tuned to the intermediate frequency so that only a small portion of the receiver
circuit must be returned when changing stations.

FM radio uses the electrical image of a sound source to modulate the frequency of a carrier
wave. At the receiver end in the detection process, that image is stripped back off the carrier and
turned back into sound by a loud speaker.

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 FM
modulated
Carrier wave Frequency carrier wave;
generated at the FM radio
Modulator signal is
transmitter
transmitted

Sound
formed by
microphone

Signal to
microphone

Figure 20: FM Radio

Transmitter and modulation

The transmitter contains a system to modulate (change) some property of the energy produced to
impress a signal on it. This modulation might be as simple as turning the energy on and off, or
altering more subtle properties such as amplitude, frequency, phase, or combinations of these
properties.

Antenna

An antenna (or aerial) is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves,
and vice versa. The antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic wave (radio
waves). In reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic wave in
order to produce a tiny voltage at its terminal. That is applied to a receiver to be amplified.

Antennas are essential components of all equipment that uses radio. They are used in systems

26
such as radio broadcasting, broadcast television, two way radio, communication receiver, radar
cell phone, and satellite communication, as well as other devices such as garage door openers,
Bluetooth enabled device and wireless microphones.

Antennas are required by any radio receiver or transmitter to couple its electrical connection to
the electromagnetic field. Radio waves are electromagnetic which carry signals through the air
(or through space) at the speed of light with almost no transmission loss. Radio transmitters and
receivers are used to convey signals (information) in systems including broadcast (audio)
radio, television mobile telephones, In Amhara mass media agency there are two antenna, one is
for AM and the other is for FM.

Figure 21: Antenna

Reception of Radio Waves

A radio wave acts as a carrier of information-bearing signals; the information may be encoded
directly on the wave by periodically interrupting its transmission or impressed on it by a process
called modulation. The two most common types of modulation used in radio are amplitude
modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM). Frequency modulation minimizes noise and
provides greater fidelity than amplitude modulation, which is the older method of broadcasting.
Both AM and FM are analog transmission systems, that is, they process sounds into continuously
varying patterns of electrical signals which resemble sound waves. Digital radio uses a
transmission system in which the signals propagate as discrete voltage pulses, that is, as patterns

27
of numbers; before transmission, an analog audio signal is converted into a digital signal, which
may be transmitted in the AM or FM frequency range. A digital radio broadcast offers compact-
disc-quality reception and reproduction on the FM band and FM-quality reception and
reproduction on the AM band.

Receiving antennas change it back to the form of electrical signals, and feed it to a receiver. The
most efficient and most common circuit for radio-frequency selection and amplification used in
radio receivers is the super heterodyne. There are certain differences between AM and FM
receivers.

 In an AM transmission the carrier wave is constant in frequency and varies in amplitude

(strength) according to the sounds present at the microphone;

 In FM the band is 88---108mhzthe system of frequency modulation reduces static and

interference

 In an FM receiver, the limiter and discriminator stages are circuits that respond solely to
changes in frequency.

 The other stages of the FM receiver are similar to those of the AM receiver but require more
care in design and assembly to make full use of FM's advantages. FM is also used in
television sound systems. In both radio and television receivers, once the basic signals have
been separated from the carrier wave they are fed to a loudspeaker or a display device
(usually a cathode-ray tube), where they are converted into sound and visual images,
respectively.

Telos

It is a telephone hybrid. It can receive 12 incoming calls at the same time. They used it to receive
message, comment or suggestion from the audience or customer and to discuss on special issue
with different customers at the same time.

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 Figure 22: Telos

GPIO (general purpose input output)

It receives multiple inputs and produce single output.

Operation of GPIO:-A GPIO pin on an IC is typically connected to some other chip, and performs
some function by reading or changing its state. GPIO pins can act as: Input: to read digital signals from a
circuit; that is, when configured for input mode, they read the current state as either "high" or "low".
Output: to control or signal other devices attached to the IC and, as such, the pins are configured to be
“high” or “low” when in output mode. Usually each GPIO pin is individually configurable as either an
input or output.

Each pin can be setup flexibly to accept or source different logic voltages, with configurable drive
strengths and pull up/downs. In others cases, GPIOs are arranged into very simple groups, typically of 8
pins known as a GPIO port - that can be switched as a group to either input or output.

Axia Analog Line Node

The Analog line node has eight balanced stereo inputs and eight balanced stereo outputs, presented on
easy-to-install RJ-45connectors.its function is connection purpose.

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2.3.2 Major duties of the intern
During our stay in the university we have been learning different theory courses ,so the major
duties of the intern is connecting the theoretical concept to practical skill and we meet the real
world after intern ship for job carrier.

2.4 The work flow in the section looks like

Camera wall box control room AMP patch pannel switcher

KAYAK patch pannel AMP patch pannel apantack

Audio monitor production preview on-air

Wall divided monitor wall

Figure 23: Work flow in the section

The work flow of the section we have been working. The work flow both for TV and radio
studio section is the same except that television studio contains sound and image supported
video, while radio possesses audio only.

2.5 The task we have executed in the television and radio sections
In television and radio studio section our task is observing the operations of each component and
what are the problems during its production process. After we have seen each sections we raise
questions as a team work, but some questions did have a feedback.

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2.6 The procedure we have been using while we were performing our task

Mice

transmitter Audio mixer speaker

Video Video
encoder
monitoring switcher

Figure 24: Work flow of our task

While we were performing our task we draft the weekly schedule and in each day we were
taking notes on our notebook about new things we have seen. At the end of the week we collect
the notes and revise it to common understanding. The company were constructed and organized
by new technology so each and every device in different sections of television and radio are new
for us and even not well understood by the department workers, due to this we were searching on
Google and YouTube. By preparing a questioner to the some workers of the company we got
little information about the new technology of Radio and Television broadcasting stations.

2.7How good we have been performing our work task?

Theoretical training makes our internship tasks very easy in the company. When the theoretical
ssseen what communication systems, telecommunications, antenna, optics and wireless courses
coming together for a common purpose of transmissions. Finally we install video and audio
transmissions practically in the company.

2.8 The challenges we have been facing while performing our work task?
The challenges we have been facing during our internship period mainly connected to the

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company security following the current situations:-

 We are allowed to stay at most an hour and half.

 Mostly the workers are on air.
 We didn’t give priority to see all the sections properly.
 We are not permitted wondering here and there. Due to these reason we
faced a problem.

2.9 The measures we have taken in order to overcome our work task?
To overcome our work problem we sent request to our supervisor by selecting the major problem
of the work task. After discussion with other department workers they come to common
agreement in order to prepare installation program outside the sections we have been working to
aware us how TV and radio productions process work together in transmissions.

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 Chapter Three

3. Benefits Gained from the Internship

This internship experience has made us respect the company advisor stream more and more
throughout these four months. We are very glad to get opportunity to be a part of this internship
program. Having a dedicated advisor and mentors made the outcome of this experience very
fruitful. We had the opportunity to ask question. In short this internship was more interesting
rather than being tedious and routines. In overall within these four months we had the
opportunity to improve our theoretical knowledge, our interpersonal communication skills, team
playing skills, leadership skills and etc. In the next pages will try to describe what we have learnt
in the different aspects that we have mentioned before.

3.1Theoretical Knowledge and practical skills

We know that Theoretical knowledge is the base of doing anything practically. We have been
able to gain a great deal of knowledge in this internship.-

 We receive little awareness about new studio of TV and Radio sections.

 We acquire best manuals descriptions of electronics devices in the sections.

 Learning different kinds of electronics devise and their use in real life. Example mixer,
microphone, antenna, video camera, monitor, studio equipment’s, parabolic dish and so on.
Generally we understood how to radio and television broad cast work.

3.2 Interpersonal Communication Skills

The ability to communicate effectively is often related to one’s ability to relate well to others or
people and skills. Depending on the company we were interacting with workers and managers.
We improving interpersonal communication skills since the role of interpersonal skills are
needed to communicating interact and gate along with other people. During this four month we
had been able to upgrade our communication skills properly. During internship we able to
improve our communication skill through:-

 To translate ideas and convey information.

 discussions with coworkers and supervisor
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  Build and maintain relationships.
 Be the kind of person team members within the office them every day.

3.3 Team Playing Skills

Regardless of our role, we need to be able to work well with others and also convey that fact to
hiring managers, recruiters, and prospective employers as well you want to be a reliable team
member so that your coworkers can trust you and make sure you stick to deadlines and complete
any tasks you are assigned.

After that we understood how to work with group in a company to solve big problems and
challenges. During the internship period we recognized that team work is necessary for a given
task to be accomplished early and qualitatively.

3.4 Leadership Skills

Leaders do not buckle under the weight they overcome conventional thinking and come up with
solutions. A leadership skill helps us:

 Learning to open to new experiences and open to asking questions.

 Helps to stand professionally in front of groups.
 To build relationships across teams.
 Abilities to take risks and tackle challenges.
 Create clear communications.
 Problem solving skills.
 Willingness to ask for help.

3.5 Work Ethics

Work ethics is important in working area and it used as guide lines for the workers. What
expected from workers in the company:-

 Take responsibility.
 Punctuality.
 Loyal.
 Transparency.
 Respect the rules and regulations.
 Handling public service properly.

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  Accountable for the task you do.

3.6 Entrepreneurship Skills

An entrepreneurial have to be highly profitable in every kinds of communication with all stake
holders. Entrepreneurial skills we gain from the Agency:-

 To be flexible to make decisions.

 Can handle failure.
 Recognizing ability.
 Analyze problems.
 Plan creative solutions and Problem solving ability.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

Conclusions and Recommendations

4.1 Conclusions
We can say that this internship was successful by acquiring little knowledge and practical skills.
We understand how the service is delivered to the resident of the region and peoples of Ethiopia
and what procedures they use to deliver information. Also we understand what are the objective,
mission and vision of the company.

It helps us to develop team playing skills, interpersonal and leadership skills. Generally, we get
satisfactory knowledge and more benefited at internship period. This internship program is
indeed relevant and important for electrical and computer engineering students .

4.2 Recommendations for the company

The company is well established and it has latest instruments that used to broad cast television
and radio program, so we would like to recommend for the company:-

 Most of the workers in the agency are not enough matured and didn’t know the
devices, there for the company should have better technician.
 They should be prepared project to intern students for the purpose of motivations.
 The company should have practice room.
 Except finger counted technician the agency is not well organized by engineers, so it
should increase the contributions of engineering students.
 Some electronics devices didn’t give service to the company, so the company should
have skilled man.

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References
[1].http://www.Axia.com

[2]. R Scholtz. "Frame synchronization techniques" IEEE Transactions on

Communications, 1980.
[3]. J. L. Massey. "Optimum frame synchronization" IEEE trans. comm., com-
20(2):115-119, April 1972.

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