NOTES- MATHEMATICS – CH 16 – ROTATIONAL SYMMETRY

A figure has rotational symmetry if there is a rotation that maps the figure
onto itself.
Any line segment in the figure would have to map onto a congruent line
segment in the same figure.
Further, the segment lengths and angles between them must repeat in the same
order around the center.
The process of turning an object around a fixed point is called rotation. When
an object rotates it does not changes its shape.
The fixed point about which an object rotates is called centre of rotation.
The angle of turn during rotation is called angle of rotation, i.e. Angle of
rotation is the angle through which an object turns before it looks as it did
originally.
Angle of rotation= 3600/ no.of sides ; Order of rotation= 3600/angle of rotation.

TRAPEZOID-
The magnitude of the rotation is the number of degrees we can rotate the figure
to map it onto itself.
Because this trapezoid has sides which have unique lengths, the figure cannot
have rotational symmetry.

The isosceles trapezoid does not have rotational symmetry.

When we check the rotations of 900 and 1800 , some points on the trapezoid map
to points which are not on the figure. So the trapezoid does not have rotational
symmetry.

RECTANGLE-
A rectangle has 2 pairs of congruent line segments. Thus if it repeats at all, it
must repeat 2 times in a full 3600 rotation.
= 3600/2 = 1800

We see that a 1800 rotation would map every point of the rectangle to itself.

The rectangle has rotational symmetry about the point for a magnitude of 1800.
HEXAGON-
Let's check the rotation of 600 about the origin. There are 6 congruent sides, and
the hexagon centers at the origin.
= 3600/6= 600
The figure maps onto itself, so it is symmetric about the origin at a 600
magnitude of rotation.

Every additional rotation of 600 about the origin that sums to less than 3600
represents another valid magnitude of rotational symmetry for the figure.Every
figure maps onto itself if it turns a full circle, so we do not call this a kind of
symmetry.
The regular hexagon has rotational symmetry around the origin at magnitudes
of:
 ➔ 600
➔ 1200
➔ 1800
➔ 2400
➔ 3600
PENTAGON-
A regular pentagon has 5 congruent line segments and 5 congruent angles. Thus
if it repeats at all, it must repeat 5 times in a full 3600 rotation.
= 3600/5 = 720

We see that a 720 rotation would map every point of the pentagon to itself.Every
additional rotation of 720 that sums to less than 3600 represents another valid
magnitude of rotational symmetry for the figure. Every figure maps onto itself
if it turns a full circle, so we do not call this a kind of symmetry.
The regular pentagon has rotational symmetry around the center at magnitudes
of:
➔ 720
➔ 1440
➔ 2160
➔ 2880
KITE MAP-
The figure has 2 angles which have unique measurements, the figure cannot
have rotational symmetry.
When we check the rotations of 900 and 1800,, some points on the kite map to
points which are not on the figure. So the kite does not
have rotational symmetry.
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PARALLELOGRAM-
d
A parallelogram has 2 pairs of congruent line segments. Thus if it repeats at all,
oit must repeat 2 times in a full 3600 rotation.
n 0 0
=
t 360 /2 = 180
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The parallelogram has rotational symmetry about the point for a magnitude of
p 0.
180
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OCTAGON-
There
x are 8 congruent sides, and the octagon centers at the origin.
-
= 360 /8 = 450
0

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When we rotate the octagon 450 about the origin, the figure maps onto itself, so
it is symmetric about the origin at a 450 magnitude of rotation.

ELLIPSE-

An ellipse has 2 points which are at a greater distance from the center than all
other points on the ellipse.

Thus if it repeats at all, it must repeat 2 times in a full 3600 rotation.

= 3600/2 = 1800

The ellipse has rotational symmetry about its center for a magnitude of 1800.

TRIANGLE-
There are 3 congruent sides, and the triangle centers at the origin.
= 3600/3 = 1200
The figure maps onto itself, so it is symmetric about the origin at a 1200
magnitude of rotation.

Every additional rotation of 1200 about the origin that sums to less than 3600
represents another valid magnitude of rotational symmetry for the figure. Every
figure maps onto itself if it turns a full circle, so we do not call this a kind of
symmetry.
The equilateral triangle has rotational symmetry around the origin at
magnitudes of:
 ➔ 1200
➔ 2400
The triangle does not have rotational symmetry at a magnitude of 1800.

CHAPTER 14 – MENSURATION

Square = perimeter = 4 x S
area = S X S

Rectangle = perimeter =2(L+B)

area = L X B

Triangle = perimeter = S+S+S

area =1/2 x B X H

Paralleloigram = perimeter = S+S+S+S

area = B X H

Rhombus = perimeter = 4(S)

area = 1/2 X d1 X d2 and,
BXH

Circle = circumference = 2 X pi X r
 area = pi(r2)

Trapezium = area = 1/2(a+b)h

General Quadilateral = area = 1/2 d(h1+h2)

Polygon = area = (B1 X H1)+(B1 X H2)+ (B2+H3)

Octagon = area = 1/2(a+b)h+(l X b)+1/2(a+b)h

top and bottom faces = 2 bh

Cuboid = T.S.A = 2(lb+bh+lh) side faces= 2lh
L.S.A = 2(l+b)h
Volume = l X b X h
A. Front and back faces= 2lb

Cube = T.S.A = 6 l2
L.S.A.= 4 l2
Volume = (S)3
 Cylinder = T.S.A. =2 X pi X r(r+h)
C.S.A./L.S.A = 2X pi X r x h
Volume = pi x r2h

Metallic Tube = Volume = pi(R2-r2)h

Weight of tube = Volume of tube X Density of tube

Polyhedrons = 2 types: prisms and pyramids

Prisms are the polyhedrons whose base and top are congruent polygons
and whose other faces are parallelograms.

Pyramids are the polyhedrons whose base is a polygon and whose lateral
faces are triangles with a common vertex.

EULER'S FORMULA-

F+V = E+2 Or,

F+V-E = 2

1 cm3 =1 ml
1 l = 1000 cm3
1 m3= 1000000 cm3= 1000 l

CHAPTER 7= ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES

Standard identities :
1. (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
2. (a - b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab
3. a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)
Special identities:
1. (a + b + c)2= a2 + b2+ c2+ 2ab +2bc +2ca
2. (x + a)(x + b)= x2 + (a + b)x + ab

The process of writing a given algebraic expression as the product of two

or more factors is called factorisation.

CHAPTER 6 = COMPOUND INTEREST

The period after which interest is added to the principal is called conversion
period and the interest so obtained after a number of conversion periods is
called compound interset.

Amount = P(1+R/100)N or P + C.I.

Compound Interest = A – P and,

P[(1+R/100)N]

When interest is compounded Half- yearly = A = P(1+R/200)2N

When the interest is compounded quaterly= A= P(1+R/400)4N

Increase in certain quantities over a period of time is called growth.

Decrease in the value of some asset over a period of time is called

depreciation.

CHAPTER 5 = PROFIT, LOSS AND DISCOUNT

➔ Profit = S.P.- C.P. Or profit%/100 X C.P.

➔ Profit% = Profit / C.P. X 100

➔ Loss = C.P.- S.P. Or Loss%/100 X C.P.

➔ Loss% = Loss/C.P. X 100

➔ S.P. = C.P. X (100 + Profit%)/100 or C.P. X (100- Loss%)/100

➔ C.P. = S.P. X 100/ 100+ profit% or S.P. X 100/ 100- Loss%

➔ S.P. = M.P. - Discount

➔ Discount = M.P. - S.P. Or M.P. X Discount %/100

➔ Discount % = discount / M.P. X 100

➔ S.P. = M.P. X (100 – Discount%)/100

➔ M.P. = S.P. X 100 / 100 – Discount%

➔ C.P. = M.P. X (100 – Discount%)/100

➔ M.P. = C.P. X (100 + Profit%)/(100 – Discount%)

➔ Amount of GST = GST%/100 X C.P.