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Chapter 1 2024
Chapter 1 2024
Chapter 1 2024
Transmission lines and transformers have smaller reactance at 50 Hz while the sizes of
generators, motors and transformers are smaller for 60 Hz.
In 1957, nuclear units with 90 MW steam turbine capacity were installed in the US.
Prior to the 1973-74 oil embargo, the electricity consumption grew at a high rate
(approx. 7% p.a. for the US). Since then the growth rate has significantly declined (3.4%
p.a. from 1972-1980, 2.1% p.a. from1980-2008). The growth rate has been affected
world economy crises from time to time.
The Caprivi HVDC link was commissioned in 2010 and operates at 350 kV and
spans 950 km.
Insulation,
In the early days, and until recently, all electricity utilities were regulated
monopolies responsible for vertically integrated generation, transmission and
distribution of electricity.
At present, increasing number of power utilities have been or are being forced
to split up into competing generating companies or retailing companies.
IPPs:
The first step toward restructuring the electricity utility is the introduction of
independent power producers (IPP).
IPPs are privately owned electricity generation plants that sell their bulk
electricity outputs.
agent.
The electric power system has evolved from an isolated power system (micro-
grids) to a large network of power systems that are connected together by high-
voltage transmission lines (up to 400kV in Namibia) to form highly
interconnected and complex systems that span wide areas.
Benefits of interconnection:
Cooperative assistance between power utilities i.e. sharing technical expertise
Increase in reliability
On the other hand, the country’s electricity generation capacity has increased
very little and has not been able to meet the demand.
Most of the locally-generated electricity has been supplied from the Ruacana
hydropower station.
The development of the Kudu gas-fired combined-cycle power station has been
seen as a significant step toward secure and self-sufficient electricity supply for
Namibia.
Possible future projects for power generation in Namibia are shown on the next
slides.
The Namibia’s
transmission network
has evolved along with
the development of its
generating system and
the need to import the
shortfall from the
Southern African Power
Pool. Transmission
expansion has been
planned to
accommodate future
power plants and
increase in the
demand.
At present, Namibia has adopted the monopoly single buyer model. In this
model the Ministry of Mines and Energy is responsible for energy-policy
formulation and direction.
Namibia Power Corporation (NamPower), apart from owning and operating the
existing generating stations and transmission networks, is the sole wholesale
buyer to purchase power from IPP and SAPP and the sole wholesale supplier to
sell the bulk electricity to municipalities, regional electricity distributors (RED),
and mining and industrial sectors.
• The power distribution network starts with transformer T3, which steps down the voltage from 66 kV to 11
kV. The distribution system contains loads that are either commercial type (like office buildings, huge
apartment complexes, hotels etc) or residential (domestic) type. Usually the commercial customers are
supplied power at a voltage level of 11 kV whereas the domestic consumers get power supply at 400-440
V. Note that the above figures are given for line-to-line voltages. Since domestic customers get single-
phase supplies, they usually receive 230-250 V at their inlet points. While a domestic customer with a low
power consumption gets a single-phase supply, both industrial and commercial consumers get three-
phase supplies not only because their consumption is high but also because many of them use three-
phase motors. For example, the use of induction motor is very common amongst industrial customers
who run pumps, compressors, rolling mills etc.
Growth rate
Power system planners also need to know how much power will be demanded
We can approximate this curve with the curve whose equation is;
1. POWER GENERATION
Take place in power plants which may be
geographically dispersed.
A power plant may house more than one generating
units
Types of Generating Units:
Water
Nuclear
Solar
Chemical
Wind
Tidal
Fundamentals of Power Systems TECE3731 By: M.Kanime 56
Power Transmission
TRANSMISSION NETWORKS:
HVDC Transmission
In a large city where it is divided into several areas each of which is served by a
load center (distribution substation), several load centers of the city may be
interconnected by a high-voltage transmission network to form a sub
transmission system. (See diagram next page)
3. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
There are three main characteristics of electricity supply that, however obvious, have a
profound effect on how the system is engineered. They are as follows:
• Electricity, unlike gas and water, cannot be stored and the system operator traditionally
has had limited control over the load.
• The electricity sector creates major environmental impacts that increasingly determine
how plant is installed and operated.
• The generating stations are often located away from the load resulting in transmission
over considerable distances.
Table 1.3 Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from electricity generation in Great Britain
From the previous slide, we see that; Late in the night we have very low loads. And
then, as the morning goes up this our working starts, then the loads goes up. And
we will see that during the evening time we have a very large load. This generally
happens mostly with the residential loading. this is what you are seeing as
residential load.
This loading becomes much larger, during the evening when people have switched
on their TV’s. They are doing, they are cooking and all that. So, all light are on and
so on,
whereas if you see industrial load, it will be very high during the day time. So,
industrial loads are high during the day time. Commercial loads again are high
starting around 10 o clock, this will go up and late in the night they go down.
However The optimum mix gives the most economic operation, but
this is highly dependent on fuel prices which can fluctuate with time
and from region to region.
Table 1.5 shows typical plant and generating costs for the UK. It is
clear some technologies have a high capital cost (for example, nuclear
and wind) but low fuel costs.
1. Thermal Generation
CHEMICAL
ENERGY Boiler HEAT ENERGY Turbine MECHANICAL
ENERGY Generator ELECTRICAL
ENERGY
(Coal)
Anthrosite - Costlly
1) Bituminious – (20-30%)
2) Lignite - (30-50%)
3) Peat - (50-70%)
In coal-fired stations, coal is conveyed to a mill and crushed into fine powder, that
is pulverized. The pulverized fuel is blown into the boiler where it mixes with a
supply of air for combustion. The exhaust steam from the low pressure (L.P.) turbine
is cooled to form condensate by the passage through the condenser of large
quantities of sea- or river-water. Cooling towers are used where the station is
located inland or if there is concern over the environmental effects of raising the
temperature of the sea- or river-water.
1. Blades
2. Rotor
3. Pitch
4. Brake
5. Low-Speed Shaft
6. Gear Box
7. Generator
8. Controller
9. Anemometer
10.Wind vane
11.Nacelle
12.High-speed shaft
13.Yaw drive
14.Yaw motor
15.Tower
Fundamentals of Power Systems TECE3731 By: M.Kanime 95
Generation
The operation of a wind turbine depends upon the wind speed and is shown in Figure 1.10.
below
In a hydroelectric station the energy is obtained free of cost. How ever this state of art structure have got a very high capital cost, especially
for civil engineering work.
Furthermore, the geographical conditions necessary for hydro-generation are not commonly found, more especially in developed country,
although we have few available sites in Developing country, e.g Byness (Epupa). But large hydro schemes, particularly those with large
reservoirs, have a significant impact on the environment and the local population.
The difference in height between the upper reservoir and the level of the turbines or outflow is known as the head. The water falling
through this head gains energy which it then imparts to the
Fundamentals of Power Systems TECE3731 By: M.Kanime 99
Generation
During peak load period, water will flow from upstream tank to
the turbine for producing electrical power and this water is
stored in the downstream tank.
During off-peak load period, water is resending from the down
stream tank to the upstream tank. This water is reutilized for the
next peak load demand.
Same turbine and generator unit are used as pump and motor for
sending theFundamentals
water from downstream to upstream.
of Power Systems TECE3731 By: M.Kanime 105
Generation