National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences

School of Engineering Islamabad Campus

Serial No:
EE4035 - Power System Final Exam
Protection Total Time: 03 Hour
Wednesday, December 21, 2022 Total Marks: 100
Course Instructor
________________
Dr. Muhammad Jafar Signature of Invigilator

SOLUTION
___________________________ __________ __________ _____________________
Student Name Roll No Section Signature

DO NOT OPEN THE QUESTION BOOK OR START UNTIL INSTRUCTED.

Instructions:
1. Verify at the start of the exam that you have a total of four (04) questions printed
on fifteen (15) pages including this title page.
2. Attempt all questions on the question-book and in the given order.
3. The exam is closed books, closed notes. Please see that the area in your threshold
is free of any material classified as ‘useful in the paper’ or else there may a charge
of cheating.
4. Read the questions carefully for clarity of context and understanding of meaning
and make assumptions wherever required, for neither the invigilator will address
your queries, nor the teacher/examiner will come to the examination hall for any
assistance.
5. Fit in all your answers in the provided space. You may use extra space on the last
page if required. If you do so, clearly mark question/part number on that page to
avoid confusion.
6. Use only your own stationery and calculator. If you do not have your own
calculator, use manual calculations.
7. Use only permanent ink-pens. Only the questions attempted with permanent ink-
pens will be considered. Any part of paper done in lead pencil cannot be claimed
for rechecking.

Q-1 Q-2 Q-3 Q-4 Total

Total Marks 39 15 7 39 100

Marks Obtained

Assessment of CLO CLO 1 CLO 2 CLO 3 CLO 4

Vetted By: ____________________________Vetter Signature: ____________________

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
Q1.
CLO-01: Explain the need for and the primary constituents of power system protection in addition to
the power system components that need protection.
A.
Shown below are the impedance diagram and trip configuration for an out-of-step blocking scheme.

i. State whether this scheme is used to block tripping for stable power swings or unstable power
swings.
ii. Suppose that measured impedance reaches point A on the characteristic diagram at 𝑡 = 0.
The contact of the blocking relay closes immediately, and a timer coil is activated. The
impedance measurement continues on the locus and reaches point C at 𝑡 = 5 ms. The timer
set value in the circuit diagram is 𝑇𝑒 = 10 ms. Will the distance scheme trip the circuit breaker
or not? The distance scheme contact is 𝑍1 which closes as soon as the impedance
measurement reaches point C. Explain your answer in one sentence.
[1+2]
Solution:
i.
The scheme is used to block tripping for stable power swings.

ii.
The distance scheme will trip because the impedance enters the distance relay’s operation zone
before the normally-closed contact of the timer coil opens to block it.

Final Exam Fall 2022 Page 2 of 15

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
B.
The figure below depicts an out-of-step tripping scheme.

i. State whether the scheme trips or restrains tripping during a violent power swing.
ii. Fill out the table with “Trip” or “Restrain” for each relay when the measured impedance is at a
location given by the underlined letters in the diagram.
Location of measured “Trip” or “Restrain”
impedance Mho relay Blinder B1 Blinder B2

Q
R
S
T
[1+12]
Solution:
i.
The scheme is used to trip the circuit breaker during a violent power swing.
ii.
Location of measured “Trip” or “Restrain”
impedance Mho relay Blinder B1 Blinder B2

Q Restrain Restrain Restrain

R Restrain Restrain Trip
S Trip Restrain Trip
T Restrain Trip Trip

Final Exam Fall 2022 Page 3 of 15

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
C.
Given below is the circuit diagram of a CT. Also provided is the phasor diagram of various currents
and voltages. Label the phasors with missing labels in this phasor diagram. There are a total of 9
phasors with missing labels.

[9]

Final Exam Fall 2022 Page 4 of 15

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
Solution:
The diagram is redrawn below with missing labels included.

Final Exam Fall 2022 Page 5 of 15

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
D.
A signal is described by its Fourier series as under:
1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑓(𝑡) = sin 𝜔𝑡 + sin 3𝜔𝑡 + sin 5𝜔𝑡 + sin 7𝜔𝑡 + sin 9𝜔𝑡 + sin 11𝜔𝑡 + sin 13𝜔𝑡 + ⋯
3 5 7 9 11 13
Assume that frequencies in the signal with amplitudes less than 10% of the fundamental are useless
and are filtered out. We know that the minimum sampling frequency should be at least more than
twice the highest frequency component in the filtered signal for accurate sampling. Calculate the
lower bound of the sampling frequency in Hertz for this case if 𝜔 = 100𝜋 rad/s.
[5]
Solution:
All harmonics beyond the 9th harmonic have amplitudes less than 10% of the fundamental.
Therefore, these will all be filtered out. The minimum frequency in the signal is that with frequency
9𝜔.
The minimum sampling frequency should thus be:
rad
𝜔𝑠 > 2 ∗ 9𝜔 > 18 ∗ 100𝜋 > 1800𝜋
s
1800𝜋
⇒ 𝑓𝑠 > Hertz > 900 Hertz
2𝜋

Final Exam Fall 2022 Page 6 of 15

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
E.
Duality between amplitude and cosine-type phase comparator states that, for the operating and
restraining inputs to an amplitude comparator given by 𝐒𝐨 and 𝐒𝐫 respectively, inputs 𝐒𝐦 = 𝐒𝐨 + 𝐒𝐫
and 𝐒𝐩 = 𝐒𝐨 − 𝐒𝐫 to a cosine-type phase comparator will also generate a trip output if the amplitude
comparator generates a trip output and vice versa. Consider 𝐒𝐨 = 1∠0° and 𝐒𝐫 = 0.5∠120°.

i. What will be the output of the amplitude comparator?

ii. Calculate the inputs to a cosine-type phase comparator and verify the result obtained in part i.
above using these inputs and the cosine-type phase comparator algorithm.
[2+7]
Solution

i.
Since |𝐒𝐨 | > |𝐒𝐫 |, the amplitude comparator will generate a trip output.

ii.
The inputs to the cosine-type phase comparator will be as under:
𝐒𝐦 = 𝐒𝐨 + 𝐒𝐫 = 1∠0° + 0.5∠120° = 1 + 0.5(−0.5 + 𝑗0.866) = 0.75 + 𝑗0.433 = 0.866∠30°
𝐒𝐩 = 𝐒𝐨 − 𝐒𝐫 = 1∠0° − 0.5∠120° = 1 − 0.5(−0.5 + 𝑗0.866) = 1.25 − 𝑗0.433 = 1.322∠ − 19.11°
𝐒𝐦
Arg ( ) = 30° − (−19.11°) = 49.11° < 90° & > −90°
𝐒𝐩
Therefore, the cosine-type phase comparator will also generate a trip output.

Final Exam Fall 2022 Page 7 of 15

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
Q2.
CLO-02: Compare over-current, differential and distance protection employed to various
components of power systems.
A.
The coincidence period between current measured at the two ends of a transmission line was
2.5 ms. What is the phase-angle difference in degrees between the two currents. The system
frequency is 50 Hz.
Hints:
Consider the positive-going zero crossing of the first measurement to occur at 0 ms.
Estimate where the positive-going zero crossing of the second measurement should be.
The time difference between the two zero-crossings can now be calculated.
This time difference can be converted to angle measurement using equation 𝜃 = 𝜔𝑡.
[6]
Solution:
The time difference between the two waveforms crossing zero while going positive is 𝑡 = 7.5 ms.
Angle difference is:
𝜃 = 𝜔𝑡 = 2𝜋𝑓𝑡 = 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 50 ∗ 7.5m = 2.356 radian = 2.356 ∗ 180°/𝜋 = 135°

Final Exam Fall 2022 Page 8 of 15

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
B.
Draw the impedance-plane representations of the following distance relays clearly indicating their
trip and restrain zones. Also mark the setting of each relay on the diagram as an arrow pointing
outwards from the origin of the impedance plane.
i. Simple impedance relay.
ii. Reactance relay
iii. Mho relay.
[3+3+3]
Solution:
The impedance plane representations are given below.
i.

ii.

iii.

Final Exam Fall 2022 Page 9 of 15

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
Q3.
CLO-03: Explain types of faults in a transformer and associated protection methods.
For the over-current protection scheme of a transformer shown in the figure below, assume the 𝑌-
side line voltage as 132 kV and the three-phase apparent power as 50 MVA. Assume an allowance
of 10% overload and determine the plug setting of the phase-fault relays after selecting the
appropriate CT ratio. The CT primary current rating should be chosen to be the nearest hundred and
the CT secondary-side rating should be chosen to be 1 A.

Hints:
Calculate the rated line current on the 𝑌-side using the equation:
𝑆
𝐼𝑌𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 =
√3𝑉
Calculate the maximum current on the 𝑌-side using the allowable overload percentage.
Select the CT ratio based on the maximum allowable current value calculated.
Calculate the plug setting of the relay using the equation:
𝐼𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑃𝑆 =
𝐶𝑇𝑅
[7]
Solution:
The line current on the 𝑌-side is:
50 ∗ 1000000
𝐼𝑌𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = = 218.7 A
√3 ∗ 132 ∗ 1000

Adding an allowance of 10% overload the maximum current will be:

𝐼𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 218.7 ∗ 1.1 = 240.6 A

The CT ratio is:

𝐶𝑇𝑅 = 300/1

Plug setting of the relay is:

𝐼𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 240.6
𝑃𝑆 = = = 0.802 A
𝐶𝑇𝑅 300

Final Exam Fall 2022 Page 10 of 15

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
Q4.
CLO-04: Outline various generator and induction motor faults and associated protection methods.
A.
A three-phase, 500-kVA, 3.3-kV, 0.8-pf, 𝑌-connected induction motor has a starting current whose
magnitude is 6 times the magnitude of current when delivering rated power at rated conditions and
when being supplied from an ideal source.
i. With the base impedance calculated from the ratings of the motor, calculate the per-unit and
actual value of the reactance of the motor.
ii. If the motor is fed from a 1000-kVA, 11-kV/3.3-kV, 𝑌-𝑌 transformer with a leakage reactance
of 0.08 per-unit on the transformer base. Calculate the starting line current on the motor side
in per-unit on the transformer as well as the motor base.
Hints:
Use per-phase analysis. 𝑉𝑝𝑢 = 1 everywhere.
i.
The motor behaves as a reactance while starting up and the reactance can be calculated using:
𝑉𝑝𝑢
𝐼𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑝𝑢 =
𝑋𝑀𝑝𝑢
Calculate the actual value of reactance from per-unit reactance and base impedance using:
𝑋𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝑋𝑀𝑝𝑢 ∗ 𝑍𝐵𝑀
Base impedance is calculated from line-to-line voltage base and three-phase apparent power base
using:
𝑉𝐵2
𝑍𝐵 =
𝑆𝐵
ii.
Convert the motor reactance to per-unit on the transformer base using:
𝑋𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑋𝑀𝑇𝑝𝑢 =
𝑍𝐵𝑇𝑋
Calculate the base impedance for the transformer secondary using the equation already given.
Calculate the per-unit current on the transformer base with the transformer included using:
𝑉𝑝𝑢
𝐼𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑇𝑋𝑝𝑢 =
𝑋𝑇𝑝𝑢 + 𝑋𝑀𝑇𝑝𝑢
Calculate the actual value of the current from the per-unit value and base value using:
𝐼𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑇𝑋 = 𝐼𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑇𝑋𝑝𝑢 ∗ 𝐼𝐵𝑇𝑋
Base current can be calculated from line-to-line voltage base and three-phase apparent power base
using:
𝑆𝐵𝑇𝑋
𝐼𝐵𝑇𝑋 =
√3 ∗ 𝑉𝐵𝑇𝑋
Calculate the per-unit current on motor base using:
𝐼𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑇𝑋
𝐼𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑀𝑝𝑢 =
𝐼𝐵𝑀
[8+14]
Solution:
i.
Since the given value of the starting current is 6 times the rated current, in per-unit terms:
𝐼𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑝𝑢 = 6 pu
From the single-phase equivalent circuit:
𝑉𝑝𝑢 𝑉𝑝𝑢 1
𝐼𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑝𝑢 = ⇒ 𝑋𝑀𝑝𝑢 = = = 0.1667 pu
𝑋𝑀𝑝𝑢 𝐼𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑝𝑢 6
The base impedance from motor specifications is:
2
𝑉𝐵𝑀 33002
𝑍𝐵𝑀 = = = 21.78 Ω
𝑆𝐵𝑀 500000
The actual motor reactance is:
𝑋𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝑋𝑀𝑝𝑢 ∗ 𝑍𝐵𝑀 = 0.1667 ∗ 21.78 = 3.631 Ω

Final Exam Fall 2022 Page 11 of 15

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
ii.
When the transformer is included in the system, the net reactance in the path of the current is the
sum of the two reactances in per unit on the same base.
The base impedance on the transformer low-voltage side is:
2
𝑉𝐵𝑇𝑋 3300 ∗ 3300
𝑍𝐵𝑇𝑋 = = = 10.89 Ω
𝑆𝐵𝑇 1000000
The motor reactance in per-unit on this new base is:
𝑋𝑀𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 3.631
𝑋𝑀𝑇𝑝𝑢 = = = 0.3334 pu
𝑍𝐵𝑇𝑋 10.89

The starting current with the transformer included in per-unit is:

𝑉𝑇𝑝𝑢 1
𝐼𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑇𝑋𝑝𝑢 = = = 2.419 pu
𝑋𝑇𝑝𝑢 + 𝑋𝑀𝑇𝑝𝑢 0.08 + 0.3334

The starting current in Amperes will need the calculation of the base current on the low-voltage side
which is calculated as under:
𝑆𝐵𝑇 1000000
𝐼𝐵𝑇𝑋 = = = 175 A
√3 ∗ 𝑉𝐵𝑇𝑋 √3 ∗ 3300
The starting current on the low-voltage side is thus:
𝐼𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑇𝑋 = 𝐼𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑇𝑝𝑢 ∗ 𝐼𝐵𝑇𝑋 = 2.419 ∗ 175 = 423.3 A

Base current for the motor specifications is:

𝑆𝐵𝑀 500000
𝐼𝐵𝑀 = = = 87.48 A
√3 ∗ 𝑉𝐵𝑀 √3 ∗ 3300

The starting current in per-unit on the motor base is:

𝐼𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑇𝑋 423.3
𝐼𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑀𝑝𝑢 = = = 4.839 pu
𝐼𝐵𝑀 87.48

Final Exam Fall 2022 Page 12 of 15

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
B.
The figure below shows a generator with transverse differential protection only for phase-𝑐 for
simplification. The overcurrent relay labelled ‘R’ has a plug setting of 1 A. The winding of each phase
is split into two identical halves capable of delivering half the current.
i. What is the nominal current carrying capacity of each half of the coil?
ii. What is the appropriate CT ratio for the CTs shown. Assume CTs with 5-A secondary current
and no increase in CT primary current carrying capacity due to overloading. CTs with primary
capacities increasing in steps of 500 A should be considered.
iii. Suppose there is an inter-turn fault in the top half of the phase-𝑐 winding with the bottom half
being completely healthy. The overcurrent relay activates because the relay current reaches
the threshold of 1 A. Label all the arrows with appropriate current values in the primary and
secondary circuit after properly calculating these currents.

[1+2+10]
Solution:
i.
Since all phases of a generator should be able to handle the same current magnitude, the current
rating of the third phase is also 7000 A.

This current flows through the two equal halves, therefore, the rating of each half of the winding is
7000/2 = 3500 A.

ii.
The required CT ratio is 3500/5 A.

iii.
We need to work our way backwards from the current in the overcurrent relay which is 1 A.
Similarly, the healthy half of the winding carries its rated current equal to 3500 A.
Hence the CT secondary at the bottom will carry 5 A.
For KCL to be satisfied in the secondary circuit, the CT secondary for the faulty half should carry 4 A.
This implies that the primary of this CT should carry 4 ∗ 3500/5 = 2800 A.
The diagram is redrawn with proper values indicated at all arrows of phase-𝑐.

Final Exam Fall 2022 Page 13 of 15

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus

Final Exam Fall 2022 Page 14 of 15

 National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences
School of Engineering Islamabad Campus
C.
A synchronous generator usually supplies active power 𝑃 and reactive power 𝑄 to the grid to which
it is connected under normal circumstances. In the case of loss of excitation, the generator can
continue to work as an induction generator but absorbs reactive power. The 𝑃𝑄 diagram shows the
status of a generator with active power represented by an arrow in the x-direction and the reactive
power represented by an arrow in the y-direction. Draw the 𝑃𝑄 diagram for normal operation and
for the case where excitation has been lost.
[4]
Solution:
The two diagrams are drawn below.
For normal operation:

For loss of excitation:

Final Exam Fall 2022 Page 15 of 15