Professional Documents
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فورما
فورما
College
Dentistry Department
ﺻوره
اﻟطﺎﻟب
اﻟﺷﺧﺻﯾﮫ
MICROBIOLOGY
PROBIOTIC
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Introduction
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HISTORY
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Types of probiotics
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2- Bifidobacteria: There are approximately 30 species of bifidobacteria.
They make up most of the healthy bacteria in the colon. They appear in the
intestinal tract within days of birth, especially in breastfed infants and are
thought to be the best marker of intestinal health. Some of the
bifidobacteria used as probiotics are Bifidobacterium bifidum,
Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium breve,
Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium thermophilum, and
Bifidobacterium pseudolongum. Studies have shown that bifidobacteria
can help with improving blood lipids and glucose tolerance. Bifidobacteria
have been shown to effectively alleviate IBS and significantly improve
IBS symptoms like pain/discomfort, distension/bloating, urgency, and
digestive disorders.
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Health benefits of probiotics
When the digestive tract is healthy, it filters out and eliminates things that
can damage it, such as harmful bacteria, toxins, chemicals, and other waste
products. The healthy balance of bacteria assists with the regulation of
gastrointestinal motility and maintenance of gut barrier function. Research
has shown some benefits for the use of probiotics for infectious diarrhea,
antibiotic-associated diarrhea, gut transit, IBS, abdominal pain and bloating,
ulcerative colitis, Helicobacter pylori infection, nonalcoholic fatty liver
disease (NAFLD), and necrotizing enterocolitis. The other way that
probiotics help is the impact that they have on our immune system. Some
believe that this role is the most important. Our immune system is our
protection against germs. When it doesn't function properly, we can suffer
from allergic reactions, autoimmune disorders (for example, ulcerative
colitis, Crohn's disease, and rheumatoid arthritis), and infections (for
example, infectious diarrhea, H. pylori, skin infections, and vaginal
infections). By maintaining the correct balance from birth, the hope would
be to prevent these ailments. Our immune system can benefit anytime that
balanced is restored, so it's never too late. Research into the benefits of
probiotics has been branching out, and new areas are emerging. Preliminary
research has linked them to supporting the health of the reproductive tract,
oral cavity, lungs, skin and gut-brain axis, and the prevention and treatment
of obesity and type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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The side effects and risks of probiotics
Supplements play an important role when the diet is not adequate to supply
our needs. In the case of probiotics, one's diet is the ideal source for
probiotics. These are live bacteria and need to be carefully monitored, stored,
and combined for the health benefits that one would be taking them for. At
this time, probiotic supplements are not monitored in the U.S. the way that
food or medication is. They fall under the Dietary Supplement Health and
Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA). This requires that the dietary supplement
or dietary ingredient manufacturer be responsible for ensuring that a dietary
supplement or ingredient is safe before it is marketed. The only time that the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) may get involved is if action is
needed to be taken against a manufacturer after the supplement is marketed
and then found to be unsafe. This means that as much as we may know about
probiotics, we can't be certain of the safety or content of the supplements
available to us. They can trigger an allergic reaction. They might cause mild
stomach problems, especially the first few days you start taking them. You
might have stomach upset, gas, diarrhea, or bloating. Those symptoms
usually go away after your body gets used to them. If you have an immune
system problem or another serious health condition, you may have a greater
chance of issues. Some reports have linked probiotics to serious infections
and other side effects. The people most likely to have trouble are those with
immune system problems, people who've had surgery, and others who are
critically ill. Don't take probiotics if you have any of those issues.
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The mechanisms of action
the mechanisms of action of probiotics, which are diverse, heterogeneous,
and strain specific, have received little attention. Thus, the aim of the present
work was to review the main mechanisms of action of probiotics, including
colonization and normalization of perturbed intestinal microbial
communities in children and adults; competitive exclusion of pathogens and
bacteriocin production; modulation of fecal enzymatic activities associated
with the metabolization of biliary salts and inactivation of carcinogens and
other xenobiotics; production of short-chain and branched-chain fatty acids,
which, in turn, have wide effects not only in the intestine but also in
peripheral tissues via interactions with short-chain fatty acid receptors,
modulating mainly tissue insulin sensitivity; cell adhesion and mucin
production; modulation of the immune system, which results mainly in the
differentiation of T-regulatory cells and upregulation of anti-inflammatory
cytokines and growth factors, i.e., interleukin-10 and transforming growth
factor; and interaction with the brain-gut axis by regulation of endocrine and
neurologic functions. Further research to elucidate the precise molecular
mechanisms of action of probiotics is warranted.
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Food and probiotics
While there are several different classes and types of probiotics, some of the
most common include:Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus,Saccharomyces
boulardii, which is a type of yeast Food manufacturers may also call
probiotics “live culture” or “active cultures.” Many fermented products
contain probiotics, which means the bacteria in them are still living. Often,
the food production process destroys living bacteria. If a product is available
on a shelf and is not refrigerated, it may not contain live and active probiotics.
Examples of dairy products that contain probiotics include:
• aged cheeses, such as cheddar, gouda, or mozzarella
• kefir, a probiotic milk drink
• traditional buttermilk (must not be cultured)
• yogurt
Not all foods must be dairy to contain probiotics. Examples of other probiotic
foods include:
• non-dairy yogurts
• fresh, sour dill pickles
• kimchi
• kombucha, a fermented tea
• miso
• natto, a food made from fermented soybeans
• sauerkraut
• tempeh, a popular meat substitute
• water or brine-cured olives
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What Are Probiotics and Prebiotics
Both prebiotics and probiotics are important for human health. However,
they play different roles:
• Probiotics: These are live bacteria found in certain foods or supplements.
They can provide numerous health benefits.
• Prebiotics: These substances come from types of carbs (mostly fiber) that
humans can't digest. The beneficial bacteria in your gut eat this fiber.
The gut bacteria, collectively referred to as the gut flora or gut microbiota,
perform many important functions in the body.
Eating balanced amounts of both pro- and prebiotics can help ensure that you
have the right balance of these bacteria, which should improve your health.
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References
1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-
dentistry/probiotic-agent
2. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff
3. https://www.medicinenet.com/lactobacillus_acidophilus-oral/article.htm
4. https://www.medicinenet.com/bifidobacterium_bifidum-oral/article.htm
5. https://www.medicinenet.com/travel_health/article.htm
6. https://www.medicinenet.com/digestive_health_pictures_slideshow_pro
biotics/article.htm
7. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/6363529/figure/fig3/
8. https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-
2672.2006.02963.x
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