RESEARCH–BASED STATISTICS with COMPUTER PONDERING ON STATISTICS

APPLICATION (Math 2114)

Why Statistics?
Course Outline (Math 2114)

Chapter 1 – Introduction to Statistics

Chapter 2 – Data Collection and Sampling

Chapter 3 – Data Presentation

Chapter 4 – Hypothesis Testing

Chapter 5 – T-test

Chapter 6 – ANOVA
Where can we find information?
Chapter 7 – Correlation
❑ published data
Chapter 8 – Chi-Square Test

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

Learning Objectives:

1. define Statistics;

2. articulate the importance of Statistics;

3. discuss the aims, areas, and applications of statistics; ❑ survey result

4. define concepts in statistics.

STATISTICS- refers to the collection of methods for

planning experiments, obtaining data, and then
analyzing, interpreting and drawing conclusions based
on the data.

plural sense: numerical facts, e.g. NBA-points per game,

peso-dollar exchange rate

singular sense: scientific discipline consisting of theory ❑ research output

and methods for processing numerical information that
one can use when making decisions in the face of
uncertainty.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:

• The term statistics came from the Latin phrase “ratio

status” which means study of practical politics or the
statesman’s art.
SOME APPLICATIONS OF STATISTICS
• In the middle of 18th century, the term statistik (a
❑Everyday we use news and information sources to
term due to Achenwall) was used, a German term
gather facts that we need in making decisions.
defined as “the political science of several countries”.

• From statistik it became statistics defined as a ❑Likewise, everyday business managers have to make
statement in figures and facts of the present condition of decisions. Some of them resort to “gut instincts” but
a state. more typically make decisions are directly influenced by
hard facts.

❑One can not go about without statistics.

Agriculture - comparing the effects of five kinds of
fertilizers on the yield of a particular variety of corn.

Economics - determining the income distribution of

Filipino families.

Health - comparing the effectiveness of two diet

programs.

Physical Science - prediction of daily temperatures

Education - evaluation of student performance.

AIMS OF STATISTICS

Statistics aims to uncover structure in data to explain

variation…

❑ descriptively

❑ inferentially

AREAS OF STATISTICS
KEY DEFINITIONS

A universe is the collection of things or observational

units under consideration.

A population is the set of all possible values of the

variable.

A parameter is a descriptive measure of the

population.

A sample is a subset of the population.

A statistic is a descriptive measure of the sample.

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS- -methods concerned with

collecting, describing, and analyzing a set of data
without drawing conclusions about a large group

Universe: collection of observational units under

consideration

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS- methods concerned with the

analysis of a subset of data leading to predictions or
inferences(conclusions) about the entire set of data
Variable: characteristic observed or measured on every
unit of the universe

Population: set of all possible values of the variable

EXERCISE: Tell whether the following is a qualitative or
quantitative variable.

1. Sex

2. Age

3. Height

4. Types of Location (urban, rural)

5. Academic Grade
Sample: a subset of the population
6. Level of Pain (low, moderate, high)

LEVEL OF MEASUREMENTS

VARIABLES VS. DATA

A variable is something whose value can vary. It is a

characteristic that is being measured. Some example are
age, sex, blood type, etc.
Nominal Scale – Consists of a finite set of possible
A data value is the “realization” ( a number or a values or categories which have no particular order.
response) that you obtain upon measurement. Some
Examples:
examples of data values are 54 years, female, A, etc.
Cause of Death – Cancer, Heart Attack, Accident, etc.

Sex – Male, Female

Ethnicity – Black, White, Latino, Etc.

Ordinal Scale – Consists of a finite set of possible

values or categories which DO have an order.

Examples:

Size of a Container – Small, Medium, Large

Pain Level – None, Mild, Moderate, Severe

Interval Scale: No true zero. Objective: To determine the effect of bio-fertilizer “x” on
plant growth.
Example: Temperature

Ratio Scale: Meaningful true zero.

Example: Number of Children in the Family.

Research Variables- factors, parameters, attributes or

qualities of the cases that are being measure or
recorded. Some examples are sex, age, height, weight, Objective: To determine if there is a relationship
colour, number, etc. Variables can be independent and between student’s characteristics and the time they
dependent. spend online.

Independent Variable- the variable the experimenter

changes or controls and is assumed to have a direct
effect on the dependent variable

Dependent Variable- the variable being tested and

measured in an experiment and is 'dependent' on the
independent variable.

OTHER NAMES FOR INDEPENDENT AND

DEPENDENT VARIABLES