Thyroid

Disclaimers:- This presentation is only for educational and awareness purpose.

The speaker do not claim treatment of any diseases. If any one get relief from
their physical challenges it’s their personal result. Individual results may vary.

Dr. Mahendra Ram

Wellness/personal growth Coach,
Neuro-linguistic Programmer
Assistant Professor, IIT Patna
The thyroid is a
small, butterfly-
shaped gland
located at the base
of the neck, just
below the Adam's
apple.
 Work of Thyroid gland
• The thyroid gland makes two main hormones: thyroxine (T-
4) and triiodothyronine (T-3).
• These hormones affect every cell in the body. They support
the rate at which the body uses fats and carbohydrates.
• It plays a major role in the metabolism, growth and
development of the human body.
• It helps to regulate many body functions by constantly
releasing a steady amount of thyroid hormones into the
bloodstream.
• If the body needs more energy in certain situations – for
instance, if it is growing or cold, or during pregnancy – the
thyroid gland produces more hormones.
• Thyroid hormones affect nearly every organ in your body,
including your heart. They help control your weight, body
temperature, muscle strength, and even your mood.
• If you don't have enough thyroid hormones in your blood,
many of your body functions slow down. If you have too
much, many body functions speed up.
• T3 and T4 increase the basal metabolic rate. They make all
of cells in the body work harder, so the cells need more
energy too. This has the following effects, for example:
– Body temperature rises
– Faster pulse and stronger heartbeat
– Food is used up more quickly because energy stored in the liver
and muscles is broken down
– The brain matures (in children)
– Growth is promoted (in children).
– Activation of the nervous system leads to improved
concentration and faster reflexes

• The third hormone produced by the thyroid gland is called

calcitonin. Calcitonin is made by C-cells. It is involved in
calcium and bone metabolism.
Verma and Raghuvanshi (2001) stated that there is loss of up to 70% of iodine through
cooking.
 • Iodine is one of the main
building blocks of both
hormones.
• Our bodies can’t produce
this trace element, so we
need to get enough of it in
our diet.
• Iodine is absorbed into our
bloodstream from food in
our bowel. It is then carried
to the thyroid gland, where
it is eventually used to
make thyroid hormones.

• Sometimes our bodies need more thyroid hormones, and sometimes they
need less.
• To make the exact right amount of hormones, the thyroid gland needs the
help of another gland: the pituitary gland.
• The pituitary gland “tells” the thyroid gland whether to release more or less
hormones into the bloodstream. Also, a certain amount of thyroid
hormones are attached to transport proteins in the blood. If the body needs
more hormones, T3 and T4 can be released from the proteins in the blood
and do their job.
 If your thyroid hormone levels are
too high, the pituitary gland makes
little or no TSH. By measuring TSH
levels in your blood, you can find out
if your thyroid is making the right
level of hormones.

A TSH test is used to find out

how well your thyroid is
working. It can tell if you have
hyperthyroidism (too much
thyroid hormone) or
hypothyroidism (too little
thyroid hormone) in your blood.
But a TSH test can't show what
is causing a thyroid problem.

The pituitary gland makes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

TSH tells your thyroid how much thyroid hormone it needs to make. If the thyroid hormone
levels in your blood are too low, your pituitary gland makes larger amounts of TSH to tell your
thyroid to work harder.
 Irregular/Imbalance thyroid
hyperthyroidism (too much hypothyroidism (too little
thyroid hormone) thyroid hormone)
 Irregular/Imbalance thyroid
hyperthyroidism (too much hypothyroidism (too little
thyroid hormone) thyroid hormone)
• Graves disease (most common cause • Tiredness.
of hyperthyroidism) • More sensitivity to cold.
• Inflammation (thyroiditis) of the • Constipation.
thyroid due to viral infections, some • Dry skin.
medicines, or after pregnancy
(common) • Weight gain.
• Taking too much thyroid hormone • Puffy face.
(common) • Hoarse voice.
• Noncancerous growths of the thyroid • Coarse hair and skin.
gland or pituitary gland (rare) • Muscle weakness.
• Some tumours of the testes or ovaries • Muscle aches, tenderness and stiffness.
(rare) • Menstrual cycles that are heavier than
• Getting medical imaging tests with usual or irregular.
contrast dye that has iodine (rare, and • Thinning hair.
only if there is a problem with the
thyroid) • Slowed heart rate, also called
• Eating too much of foods that contain bradycardia.
iodine (very rare, and only if there is a • Depression.
problem with the thyroid) • Memory problems.
 Other symptoms that can occur with
this irregular/imbalance thyroid:
• Breast development in men
• Clammy skin
• Diarrhea
• Feeling faint when you raise your hands
• High Blood pressure
• Low Blood pressure
• Itchy or irritated eyes
• Itchy skin
• Nausea and vomiting
• Protruding eyes (exophthalmos)
• Skin blushing or flushing
• Skin rash on the shins
• Weakness of the hips and shoulders
Where the hormone is Hormone(s) Hormone function
produced secreted
Adrenal glands Aldosterone Regulates salt, water balance,
and blood pressure
Adrenal glands Corticosteroid Controls key functions in the
body; acts as an anti-
inflammatory; maintains
blood sugar levels, blood
pressure, and muscle
strength; regulates salt and
water balance
Pituitary gland Antidiuretic hormone
(vasopressin)
Pituitary gland Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH)
Pituitary gland Growth hormone (GH)
Pituitary gland Luteinizing hormone (LH) and
follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH)
Pituitary gland Oxytocin
Pituitary gland Prolactin
Pituitary gland Thyroid-stimulating hormone
(TSH)
Affects water retention in kidneys;
controls blood pressure
Controls production of sex hormones
(estrogen in women and testosterone in
men) and the production of eggs in
women and sperm in men.
Affects growth and development;
stimulates protein production; affects fat
distribution
Controls production of sex hormones
(estrogen in women and testosterone in
men) and the production of eggs in
women and sperm in men
Stimulates contraction of uterus and milk
ducts in the breast
Initiates and maintains milk production
in breasts; impacts sex hormone levels
Stimulates the production and secretion
of thyroid hormones
Kidneys Renin and angiotensin Controls blood pressure,
both directly and also by
regulating aldosterone
production from the
adrenal glands
Kidneys Erythropoietin Affects red blood cell
(RBC) production
Pancreas Glucagon Raises blood sugar
levels
Pancreas Insulin Lowers blood sugar
levels; stimulates
metabolism of glucose,
protein, and fat
 Ovaries Estrogen Affects development of female sexual
characteristics and reproductive
development, important for functioning
of uterus and breasts; also protects bone
health
Ovaries Progesterone Stimulates the lining of the uterus for
fertilization; prepares the breasts for milk
production
Parathyroid Parathyroid Most important regulator of blood
glands hormone (PTH) calcium levels
Thyroid Thyroid Controls metabolism; also affects growth,
gland hormone maturation, nervous system activity, and
metabolism
Adrenal glands Epinephrine Increases heart
rate, oxygen
intake, and blood
flow
Adrenal glands Norepinephrine Maintains blood
pressure
Testes (testicles) Testosterone Develop and
maintain male
sexual
characteristics
and maturation
Pineal gland Melatonin Releases
melatonin during
night hours to
help with sleep
Hypothalamus Growth hormone Regulates growth
releasing hormone release in the
hormone (GHRH) pituitary gland
Hypothalamus Thyrotropin Regulates thyroid
releasing stimulating hormone
hormone (TRH) release in the pituitary
gland
Hypothalamus Gonadotropin Regulates LH/FSH
releasing production in the
hormone (GnRH) pituitary gland
Hypothalamus Corticotropin Regulates
releasing adrenocorticotropin
hormone (CRH) release in the pituitary
gland
Thymus Humoral factors Helps develop the
lymphoid system