5411

Course: Compulsory English-II (5411)
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Semester: Autumn, 2021 0336-4646739
ASSIGNMENT No. 1
Q.1 Read pages 1-14 carefully (the content is related to ‘academic writing’ and various types of ‘essays’)
and briefly answer the following questions (in your own words).
a. What is a ‘narrative’ essay? What are the essential characteristics of a ‘narrative essay’? Write
down a narrative essay on ‘A Visit to Zoo’.
A narrative essay tells a story. In most cases, this is a story about a personal experience you had. This type of
essay, along with the descriptive essay, allows you to get personal and creative, unlike most academic writing.
Narrative essays test your ability to express your experiences in a creative and compelling way, and to follow an
appropriate narrative structure. They are often assigned in high school or in composition classes at university.
You can also use these techniques when writing a personal statement for an application. A narrative essay is a
way of testing your ability to tell a story in a clear and interesting way. You’re expected to think about where
your story begins and ends, and how to convey it with eye-catching language and a satisfying pace.
It is not always possible for the common people to visit remote jungles or famous national parks to watch various
animals. It is very difficult to spot all of these animals in their natural habitats. Also, it is very dangerous for
people to take their children on forest safaris to watch animals, birds, reptiles, etc. So, they prefer visiting a zoo,
and it is very entertaining for them to watch various animals in the zoo, with all the protection.
There is a wide variety of animals, birds, and beasts that are kept in cages in a zoo. Zoos also keep animals of rare
species. Many animals and birds are brought from foreign lands. This gives the visitors an opportunity to watch
such animals and birds of rare species brought from the foreign lands, which they could have never seen otherwise.
An African lion, a kangaroo from Australia, the gorilla, the chimpanzee, the zebra, the white tiger, the white
peacocks, the polar bear, the different varieties of parrots and parakeets, the huge pythons, or the giant crocodiles
– all of these amazing animals from so many different terrains and climatic zones are nurtured and kept in a zoo.
Zoos are in fact helping to save such animals and birds that may become extinct in this world. The species that
are being threatened or endangered gets to be saved in the zoos. There are almost a thousand species of animals,
birds, and beasts, that are kept in the zoos.
These zoos and their maintenance actually show that mankind has an immense love for animals. Man cannot
ignore the fact that these animals, birds, reptiles, and beasts are a part of nature. People get to see the variety of
animals that exist on this earth. Visiting a zoo brings human beings closer to these living beings. It makes human
beings develop a liking for animals and birds. They get to learn so much about these animals too. Zoos have an
aspect of geographical importance as well. When we as visitors watch a species of an animal brought from a
foreign land, we get to learn about how and where these animals live, about the climate and the habitat in which
they thrive naturally.
The maintenance of a zoo is a humongous task. Animals, birds, reptiles, and fishes, from foreign lands with
different climatic conditions are to be kept in such surroundings, climate, and temperature that matches to that of
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their natural habitat. If that arrangement is not done properly these animals would not survive. The tigers or lions
need to have a waterbody to cool themselves in hot summers. A gorilla or a chimpanzee needs trees and lush
green lands to roam around. All these animals also need to be fed according to their original tastes and appetites.
A leopard, a lion, or a tiger has to be served its due quantity of raw meat for every meal. A gorilla or a monkey
should be served a vegetarian diet. There are some animals that are to be fed with fishes. The python is capable
of devouring a whole goat and so, it should be fed accordingly, without harming any other living being around it.
A zoo needs to have its own medical staff and veterinary doctors who are qualified, efficient, and competent.
Sometimes these animals undergo major surgeries and treatments for the ailments. All of it has to be taken care
of in a zoo.
We visitors, at times, cause a great deal of risk to the lives of these animals and birds. Out of excitement, to feed
the animals, we throw food in plastic bags to the animals inside their cages. The animals tend to swallow the
plastic bags along with the food. The plastic gets stuck in their intestines and causes serious problems, and can
even result in death sometimes. The visitors coming to zoos, mainly children should be properly oriented and
refrained from such activities.
b. Define ‘Cause and Effect’ essay. How it is different than other types of essays? Provide one brief
example of a ‘Cause and Effect’ essay.
The cause-and-effect essay is a form of argumentative essay that details the effect relationships between two
subjects. In standard cause-and-effect essay writing and academic papers, the author shows how one person,
thing, idea, or event directly influences another person, thing, idea, or event.
In a school environment, teachers assign cause-and-effect essays to teach critical thinking, logic, and
persuasive writing. In the world of academic writing or a professional setting, this type of essay can take the
form of a lab report abstract, a scientific case study, or a scholarly research paper. In all of these formats, an
author describes a phenomenon and tries to identify its main causes.
The cause-and-effect writing process requires critical thinking and an orderly cause-and-effect essay outline.
Follow these six steps to write a cause-and-effect paper.
1. Brainstorm Essay Topics.
Coming up with a good cause-and-effect topic involves observing the world and speculating about possible
causes for what you see. Consider natural phenomena, social and cultural movements, or the development of
ideas. Or perhaps you'll write a cause-and-effect essay about a work of literature, highlighting the
interconnectedness of characters, settings, and events.
2. Establish a Thesis.
Your thesis statement can highlight a single cause-and-effect relationship, or it can also show how one event
causes multiple effects. You can also explore how a phenomenon has multiple causes.

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3. Arrange Your Main Points Into Body Paragraphs.
Each of your body paragraphs should provide a specific illustration of why your thesis is true. Outline your
entire essay to ensure that every paragraph explores a different facet of the relati onship between your subject
and its causes.
4. Write a First Draft.
Using your thesis statement and your body paragraph ideas, craft the first draft of your essay. You should be
making a specific argument about how one person, thing, idea, or event affects another one. Use clear topic
sentences and transition words to keep each body paragraph anchored to your thesis.
5. Review Your Work for Clarity and Logic.
Ask yourself the following questions: Do I present a clear point of view? Do my examples show how one
event caused another? Are my transitions and topic sentences clear and informative? Have I convincingly
argued my point?
6. Write a Final Draft.
After giving your work an honest self-assessment, re-draft your essay with an eye toward a final product. If
you haven't already written a conclusion, now is the time to do so. Remember that a cause-and-effect essay
depends on your critical thinking and your ability to express your logic in writing. If you've done those things
well, you probably have a very convincing essay on your hands.
Q.2 Read pages 31-34 carefully (the content is about formal and informal styles of writing) and decide
what type of writing style (formal/informal) is used in the following sentences and how?
i. Hurray! We are going to Murree next week.
Informal Style
ii. Ain’t you be happy on it? Aye?
Informal Style
iii. They may able to work together for the cause.
Formal Style
iv. I was poking around for my old college pics.
Informal Style
v. Quick, run – there is cop coming.
Informal Style
vi. The two statesmen have a very cordial relationship.
Formal Style
vii. The kids may be visiting zoo next.
Formal Style
viii. I don’t understand. Say it again.

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Informal Style
ix. I don’t understand. You will have to elucidate.
Informal Style
x. Her sad face emanated the sorrow.
Formal Style
Q.3 Carefully read the text titled as ‘Chronology of the Mughal Kings’ on pages 51-52 carefully.
Rank Mughal Ruler Period of Rule
1 Babur 1526 – 1530
2 Humayun 1530 – 1540 1555 – 1556
3 Akbar 1556 – 1605
4 Jahangir 1605 – 1627
5 Shahryar (de facto) 1627 – 1628
6 Shah Jahan 1628 – 1658
7 Aurangzeb 1658 – 1707
8 Muhammad Azam Shah (titular) 1,707
9 Bahadur Shah I 1707 – 1712
10 Jahandar Shah 1712 – 1713
11 Farrukhsiyar 1713 – 1719
12 Rafi ud-Darajat 1,719
13 Shah Jahan II 1,719
14 Muhammad Shah 1719 – 1748
15 Ahmad Shah Bahadur 1748 – 1754
16 Alamgir II 1754 – 1759
17 Shah Jahan III (titular) 1759 – 1760
18 Shah Alam II 1760 – 1806
19 Jahan Shah IV (titular) 1,788
20 Akbar II 1806 – 1837
21 Bahadur Shah II 1837 – 1857
Now WRITE down a narrative essay about the Mughal Kings ‘Shah Jahan and his son Alamgir’ by using
appropriate SEQUENCE MARKERS. You are required to use at least FIFTEEN sequence markers in
your answer.
Date of Birth: January 5, 1592

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Place of Birth: Lahore, Pakistan
Birth Name: Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram
Date of Death: January 22, 1666
Place of Death: Agra, India
Reign: January 19, 1628 to July 31, 1658
Spouses: Kandahari Mahal, Akbarabadi Mahal, Mumtaz Mahal, Fatehpuri Mahal, Muti Begum
Children: Aurangzeb, Dara Shukoh, Jahanara Begum, Shah Shuja, Murad Bakhsh, Roshanara Begum, Gauhara
Begum, Parhez Banu Begum, Husnara Begum, Sultan Luftallah, Sultan Daulat Afza, Huralnissa Begum,
Shahzadi Surayya Banu Begum, Sultan Ummid Baksh
Father:Jahangir
Mother: Jagat Gosaini
Shah Jahan (Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram) was one of the most successful emperors of the Mughal
Empire. He was the fifth Mughal ruler after Babur, Humayun, Akbar and Jahangir. After winning the war of
succession post the demise of his father Jahangir, Shah Jahan successfully ruled the empire for 30 years. During
his reign, the Mughal Empire thrived, making his reign the golden era of the empire. Though Shah Jahan was
an able administrator and commander, he is best known for the construction of the Taj Mahal, which he built in
the memory of his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Architecture in general saw the best of Mughal construction
during his time. He is credited with constructing many beautiful monuments throughout the landscape of North
India. Shah Jahan is also the founder of Shahjahanabad in Delhi. The exquisite ‘Peacock Throne’, which he got
built for himself, is believed to be worth millions of dollars by modern estimates. During his final days, he was
held captive by his son Aurangzeb, who went on to succeed him to the throne.
Aurangzeb was born on 3 November 1618, in Dahod, Gujarat. He was the third son and sixth child of Shah
Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal. In June 1626, after an unsuccessful rebellion by his father, eight-year-old Aurangzeb
and his brother Dara Shukoh were sent to the Mughal court in Lahore as hostages of
grandparents Jahangir and Nur Jahan, as part of their father's pardon deal. After Jahangir died in 1627, Shah
Jahan emerged victorious in the ensuing war of succession to the Mughal throne. Aurangzeb and his brother
were consequently reunited with Shah Jahan in Agra.
Aurangzeb received a Mughal princely education covering subjects like combat, military strategy, and
administration. His curriculum also included scholarly areas like Islamic studies and Turkic and Persian
literature. Aurangzeb grew up fluent in the Hindi of his time.
On 28 May 1633, Aurangzeb escaped death when a powerful war elephant stampeded through the Mughal
imperial encampment. He rode against the elephant and struck its trunk with a lance, and successfully defended
himself from being crushed. Aurangzeb's valour was appreciated by his father who conferred him the title

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of Bahadur (Brave) and had him weighed in gold and presented gifts worth Rs. 200,000. This event was
celebrated in Persian and Urdu verses, and Aurangzeb said:
If the (elephant) fight had ended fatally for me, it would not have been a matter of shame. Death drops the
curtain even on Emperors; it is no dishonor. The shame lay in what my brothers did!
Q.4 Read the text titled as ‘A Day in the Life of a Nurse’ on pages 56-57 carefully. Also read Exercise-9
given on page 58.
Now write down a PARAGRAPH of about 150 words on ‘A Day in the Life of a Bus Driver’. Follow
the use of SEQUENCE MARKERS in your answer.
In my case as the driver of a regular service bus (Route Bus) my day can start as early as 5am. I have my shift
(journal) already, and after arriving at the depot I proceed to the sign-on computers. I log in through the computer
system and see my allocated buses for the day, of which I will note on the journal. This will help me later in the
day. Next I go into where the shifts/journals are kept, along with the roster. In my case the roster exceeds 70 lines
(weeks) of work, including two weeks many months apart, of paid leave, accrued through automatic salary
sacrifice. This is called RDO time (Rostered Day Off time) as we are, by law, on a 38 hour working week, but
the job gives us an average of 42 hours a week. When our wages are calculated every week, 2 hours pay is set
aside for later. While here I see where my allocated bus is parked within the depot.
Next I collect my cash tin, and proceed to find my bus. As this is a big operation, the buses have been pre-checked
by the shed staff, so I can get in, turn the power on, start my bus, and set myself up for the next few hours. After
doing all this I carefully proceed out of the depot and into the street, heading for my first pickup point. Things are
quiet in this regional town at this hour, and most of the year it’s quite dark until at least 6am, so I have to be extra
vigilant for passengers. Some have the sense to have wave a light as I approach, but not all. I proceed along the
run at low speed (40 km/h maximum usually) until I reach a designated timing point. If I am a bit early I will stop
and wait for time. Usually this is no more than a few minutes. I try and greet my passengers in a friendly manner
as they board, and will often pass the time of day with regulars.
Later in the morning I will come up for my first mealbreak, usually within 5 hours. As I approach that time I will
be checking my journal for the other drivers’ name and shift number. Mostly they will call me and arrange where
to meet.
After a break of around 40 minutes in the depot (minimum) I will take a staff car or another bus and go back out
for the next part of my shift. By now things are a little busier around town, and our regular Senior Citizens have
come out to do their shopping and attend medical appointments etc. On the other hand we have the Unemployed
people of this town, many of whom are on drugs. These people seem to see fit to hang around our main bus stop
most of the day. Many of the people here are teenagers riding flimsy aluminium scooters and playing chicken
with the incoming buses. Some will try to get on, making excuses for not having money for a fare, some will get
abusive, but most stay here until dark, making the waiting area a pigsty in the process.

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After loading any passengers wanting my particular service, I cautiously try to re-enter the traffic, most of which
will refuse to obey the law and let the bus out of its stop. Eventually I re-enter the traffic, watching for on-coming
cars and people crossing the road where it’s not safe. I proceed out of this street and up town to where ever my
route goes, trying to accelerate and brake smoothly, which is not easy on some buses, despite being automatic.
Eventually I either get a second mealbreak or I finish my shift. Sometimes I will take the bus back to to the depot
to be parked by the shed staff, sometimes I will give it to another driver to continue on with, and pass a few
minutes with them about how the day is going. Back at the depot I account for what money I’ve taken, pay that
in, check the roster for my next shift, sign-off, and go home.
As a charter driver I was used to having a regular bus allocated to me, and my work pre-allocated. My start
times were often varied, but usually around 7–7.30am, depending on where my first pick up was. A quick check
of the bus for tyre and body damage, and for oil and water, fan belt wear, and working lights. Once I had sufficient
air pressure I would be on my way, having pre-planned what roads to take, depending on traffic conditions. The
idea was always to arrive at your pick-up point (mostly schools) 5–10 minutes early, just to be sure, and to try to
give a good impression.
Somewhere around the appointed time a teacher or group leader would appear. Depending on the weather and the
group, I might stay in my seat or I might stand outside and watch as the group boarded. Note that this is local bus
work. Coach work is a different story again. Once everyone was aboard I would have (in the case of a non-air-
conditioned bus, a teacher or group leader give out a safety speech about arms staying inside the bus, and kids
staying in their seats. I have no desire to see anyone get hurt, but when arms go out windows when I’m in traffic
and close to trucks, I get worried. Mostly, things run smoothly, and we get to our destination on time and in one
piece. I note that I’ve never had accident of any consequence, and a passenger has never been hurt on my bus.
At the destination, the group leaves, usually through both sets of doors (where the bus has such), and I either
await the next group, go off to park somewhere, or go to my next destination for my next group.
As a Coach Driver things are a little different. aside from the pre departure check, and knowing where you’re
going with a coach that may be 14.5 metres long, you may have to check the coach has enough fuel, that you have
your logbook filled out correctly (for trips over 100 kms from your base), spare wheel, spare oil and coolant, road
maps, even a working radio!, and that all interior lights are working, and seatbelts are safe for use.
Q.5 Read the text titled as ‘The Evolution of Computers’ given on Pages 64-65 carefully. Now write down
a paragraph (of about 200 words) on ‘the History of Cricket in Sharjah (UAE)’ in your OWN words
and using appropriate SEQUENCE MARKERS.
The Sharjah cricket ground, in the Sharjah region of the United Arab Emirates, was built in the early 1980s and
soon became a regular home for tournaments as the one-day cricket boom erupted following the 1983 India Cup
victory. Between 1984 and 2003 the stadium hosted 198 ODIs and four trials (in 2002 while Parisian was playing
games there due to political instability at home), attracting good crowds, especially from many Asian immigrants.

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It also hosts Masters (veteran) events and other competitions for the second series. All played under The
Cricketers Benefit Fund Series (CBFS) “founded in 1981 by Abdul Rahman Bukhatir, and his main goal was to
honor past and present cricket players from India and Pakistan, with benefit bags in recognition of their work in
cricket. Limited and low-cost resources but by 2002 it had 27,000 power and floodlights.
But when the scandal of match-buying scandals began in the late 1990s, the Sharjah star began to decline, and
although there was no proof, the parties began to move away, and in 2001 the Indian government banned the
national side from playing there. Between April 2003 and
February 2010, the venue did not host international players, but that changed as Associates began playing games
there and Pakistan needed a place outside the bank due to security concerns in their country. It is now Dubai and
Abu Dhabi, which is one of the UAE’s international destinations and has resumed exploration activities.
Q.6 Read the text given on pages 73-88 carefully and answer the following questions briefly:
a. Define ‘classification’ as a writing technique? How is it different than other types of writings?
In rhetoric and composition, classification is a method of paragraph or essay development in which a writer
arranges people, objects, or ideas with shared characteristics into classes or groups. A classification essay often
includes examples and other supporting details that are organized according to types, kinds, segments, categories,
or parts of a whole.
The purpose of classification is to break down broad subjects into smaller, more manageable, more specific parts.
We classify things in our daily lives all the time, often without even thinking about it. Cell phones, for example,
have now become part of a broad category. They can be classified as feature phones, media phones, and
smartphones. The classification essay opens with an introductory paragraph that introduces the broader topic. The
thesis should then explain how that topic is divided into subgroups and why. Take the following introductory
paragraph, for example:
When people think of New York, they often think of only New York City. But New York is actually a diverse
state with a full range of activities to do, sights to see, and cultures to explore. In order to better understand the
diversity of New York state, it is helpful to break it into these five separate regions: Long Island, New York City,
Western New York, Central New York, and Northern New York.
The underlined thesis explains not only the category and subcategory but also the rationale for breaking it into
those categories. Through this classification essay, the writer hopes to show his or her readers a different way of
considering the state.
Each body paragraph of a classification essay is dedicated to fully illustrating each of the subcategories. In the
previous example, then, each region of New York would have its own paragraph.
The conclusion should bring all the categories and subcategories back together again to show the reader the big
picture. In the previous example, the conclusion might explain how the various sights and activities of each region
of New York add to its diversity and complexity.

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c. Create a tree diagram illustrating various types of SCHOOLS. Explain what types of features
have you used to classify these schools?
Types of
Schools
Public schools Charter Virtual

schools schools
Q.7 Read EXERCISE 9 given on page 96 (which is about the classification of teachers into five types).
Now WRITE a descriptive paragraph about your ‘favourite teacher’ classifying him into various
types of teachers.
Ms. Rabbia is my favorite teacher in the school. I study in class 4th standard and she teaches me EVS
(Environmental Studies). She is a good teacher. She cares us a lot and teaches using easy ways. She never takes
study very serious and teaches us with entertaining activities. She always comes at right time in the class and
never misses her class. We enjoy her class very much as she makes us happy too. She loves me very much as I
am her very disciplined and ideal student. I follow her all the orders and do my class work and home work in neat
and clean manner daily. I never become late or absent in her class. She motivates us to always follow right path
in the life even we have to face much difficult situations. She tells us that we never become hopeless in difficult
situations and search some easy ways to get out of them. She also tells us that never think negative and always
think positive as it always happens what we think and do. She describes very well about all the topics of EVS.
She wants us to talk in English in her class. She goes to her home with us in the school bus where we enjoy a lot
by singing songs and reciting poems in the bus.
Q.8 Read about ‘Cause and Effect’ (as given on pages 107-111) carefully and WRITE down a cause and
effect essay of approximately 300 words on the topic of your choice and by using the following words:
1. Similarly 7. Because
2. At the same time 8. Resultantly
3. Finally 9. Later
4. Then 10. Afterward

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5. Subsequently 11. Moreover
6. Consequently
At the same time Social networking is another form of electronic communication. The habit of communication is
growing rapidly. It has become a daily routine for many people. Social media affects the world in many different
ways. It was originally designed as a direct means of communication, but over the years it has had many negative
effects. One of the most well-known effects is cyberbullying. Cyber bullying deliberately uses digital media to
convey false, embarrassing, or hateful information about another person.
Although many adults experience this issue it is more common in young people. “For many young people, he
explains, social media is not just a part of their lives, it is their social world.” Studies show that 95 percent of
people between the ages of 12 and 17 have access to social media and that 15 percent have been cyberbullied.
These practices have caused much distress to many youths. “In fact, many studies have found a link between
stress and communication abuse.” Some youths are afraid of independence. The use of social media has caused
an increase in fear.
Additionally, youths may be afraid to go to school after being bullied online. As stated in the article, “For example,
victims may know that they only see their bullies at school, so they feel safe at home”. The student may not talk
to an adult for fear that the harassment will increase. Also, young person may carry heavy loads.
His face of this century is wrapped up in social media. Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook are the three most used
websites on social media. Especially sharing personal information or maybe watching what one person does by
simply uploading a video. Finally, there have been many cases and debates over whether the social media is
affecting our daily lives in a negative or constructive way. Although three of these apps are very popular, Twitter
has been leading its users by sharing more than 500 million tweets a day. Similarly those statistics may sound
cool, Twitter is also known to be a major cause of cyber bullying, relationship problems, and teen depression. Is
it really that bad? Cyber bullying is one of the most common problems in social media. It includes harassing,
threatening or humiliating someone to get their point.
ASSIGNMENT No. 2
Q.1 Read about ‘Comparison and Contrast’ (as given on pages 147-149) carefully. Now decide among the
following statements that which one is a CAUSE and which one is an EFFECT:
a. The passengers got late. f. There was an earthquake.
b. The boat driver swam to the g. she has won the scholarship.
shore. h. the bus broke down.
c. Seema is really happy. i. The boat sank.
d. He stood first in his class. j. His happiness knows no limits.
e. The roads were damaged.

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Causes Effects
The passengers got late the bus broke down
The boat driver swam to the shore The boat sank
Seema is really happy she has won the scholarship
He stood first in his class His happiness knows no limits
The roads were damaged There was an earthquake
Q.2 Read about the text titled as ‘What’s Good for You’ (as given on pages 161-162) carefully and
complete Exercise 11 [on Chocolates and Chips] (given on page 166).
I think this is a good contrast essay because it’s describing difference between chocolate and chips.
Completely different products. Chocolate melts relatively easy and can then be transformed and reshaped. Chips,
instead, are a chocolate flavored product made to withstand oven temperatures in final baking applications.
Chocolate chips are formulated to hold their shape in high heat. Notice when you bake them in cookies at 350
degrees, they come out looking the same. Although, these can be used for melting, they are not ideal. Be careful
because they will melt quickly around 80 degrees, but will still hold their shape. If you were to touch them with
a spoon, then their shape will break. They don’t melt smoothly, and often set with streaks and lumps. Save them
for your cookies!
Ribbon coating is not a couverture chocolate. It’s a compound coating that is used to cover popcorn. It does not
need to be tempered.
Ribbon Coating: Do not need to be tempered
Brands: Each brand of chocolate carries it’s own distinct flavor. It’s up to you to decide which brand of chocolate
you prefer. Here are the brands we carry:
• Peter’s Chocolate
• Guittard
• Merckens
• Ghirardelli
• Hershey’s
Q.3 Read about ‘Comparison and Contrast’ (as given on pages 147-149) carefully and do complete
Exercise 2 (given on Pages 151-152).
Aero planes and helicopters are both important forms of air travel, but there are great differences between them.
Aero planes and helicopters have very different shapes but they both carry passengers. They also do not travel at
the same speeds. Aero planes have long, slender bodies with wings. They travel extremely fast, reaching speed
of over 1,875 miles (3,000 kilometers) per hour. Aero planes take off horizontally and can move in a forward
direction only. They need a lot of space for takeoff and landing. Aero planes regularly carry several hundred
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passengers. Helicopters, on the other hand, have round bodies and propellers rather than wings. They move at
much slower speed than aero planes. They take off vertically and can move in any direction. Helicopters require
a very small takeoff or landing space. Most helicopters carry only 2-5 passengers.
A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by horizontally spinning rotors. This
allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forward, backward and laterally. These
attributes allow helicopters to be used in congested or isolated areas where fixed-wing aircraft and many forms
of STOL (Short TakeOff and Landing) or STOVL (Short TakeOff and Vertical Landing) aircraft cannot perform
without runway.
Although most earlier designs used more than one main rotor, the configuration of a single main
rotor accompanied by a vertical anti-torque tail rotor (i.e. unicopter, not to be confused with the single-
blade monocopter) has become the most common helicopter configuration. However, twin-main rotor helicopters
(bicopters), in either tandem or transverse rotors configurations, are sometimes in use due to their greater payload
capacity than the monorotor design, and coaxial-rotor, tiltrotor and compound helicopters are also all flying
today.
Q.4 Read about ‘Academic Reading’ on Pages 183-185. Now briefly EXPLAIN the following ways of
guessing meaning of unfamiliar words (in your own words) with appropriate examples:
a. Formal vs informal definitions
A formal definition is based upon a concise, logical pattern that includes as much information as it can within a
minimum amount of space. The primary reason to include definitions in your writing is to avoid misunderstanding
with your audience. A formal definition consists of three parts. •The term (word or phrase) to be defined •The
class of object or concept to which the term belongs. •The differentiating characteristics that distinguish it from
all others of its class. For example: •Comic books (term) are sequential and narrative publications (class)
consisting of illustrations, captions, dialogue balloons, and often focus on super-powered heroes (differentiating
characteristics). Informal Definition is the writer uses known words or examples to explain an unknown term.
These definitions may be synonyms or antonyms introduced by or, in other words, or like. It could also be
stipulation, analogy, or illustration. Informal definition example: • Freedom, also referred to as liberty or
independence, is a state people reach when they are free to think and do whatever they please.
b. Restatement and repeating
In the past, you may have been told that your conclusion should summarize what you have already said by
restating your thesis and main points. It is often helpful to restate your argument in the conclusion, particularly in
a longer paper, but most professors and instructors want students to go beyond simply repeating what they have
already said. Restating your thesis is just a short first part of your conclusion. Make sure that you are not simply
repeating yourself; your restated thesis should use new and interesting language.
c. Exemplification

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Exemplification writing uses specific, vivid examples for the purpose of adding more information to explain,
persuade, define, or illustrate a general idea. Likewise, exemplification provides solid support and strong evidence
to prove the writer's main statement.
d. Compare and contrast
Compare and contrast are words that are often used to talk about the similarities and differences between two
things or objects. These two words are very commonly used.
Compare means to see the similarity and contrast means to see the difference. According to various dictionaries,
compare means ‘to represent things or objects in respect of similarity’ and contrast means ‘to represent things in
respect of differences.’
Apart from these meanings, one struggles to find any differences between the two. If a person is looking at the
similarities between two objects or things, then he may be comparing the two. On the other hand, if a person is
looking at the dissimilarity between two things or objects, then he may be contrasting the two.
The word compare has been derived from the Latin word ‘comparare’, which means ‘to liken or to compare.’ The
word contrast has been derived from the Latin words ‘contra’ and ‘stare’, which means ‘against’ and ‘to stand.’
In Middle English, contrast was used for meaning ‘fight against’ or ‘to withstand’ in a battle. Contrast lost its
sheen during the end of 17th century but was later adopted in art forms.
e. Synonyms and antonyms
Synonyms are words that have the same, or almost the same, meaning as another word. You can say an “easy
task” or a “simple task” because easy and simple are synonyms. You can say Hong Kong is a “large city” or a
“metropolis” because city and metropolis are synonyms.
However, it is important to remember that not all pairs of words in the English language are so easily
interchangeable. The slight but important differences in meaning between synonyms can make a big difference
in your writing. For example, the words boring and insipid may have similar meanings, but the subtle differences
between the two will affect the message your writing conveys. The word insipid evokes a scholarly and perhaps
more pretentious message than boring.
Antonyms are words that have the opposite meaning of a given word. The study of antonyms will not only help
you choose the most appropriate word as you write; it will also sharpen your overall sense of language.
Q.5 In Unit 7 you have read about ‘Implied Meaning and Making Inferences’. Now read about the essay
titled as ‘Life in the Indus Valley’ given on Pages 238-243 carefully. When you are done, complete the
following exercise:
Based on your reading about the features of the Indus Valley civilization and on the basis of your
inference of the information given in the story, complete the following table by putting the relevant
terms (words) below each category of information. You should add at least TEN words for each
category:

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Category of
Customs Agriculture Transportation Ornamentation Animals
Information
Words • Seals • Wheat • Bullock Gold Cattle
• Poetry • Barely Cart Silver Dog
• Jewelry • Peas • Boats Copper Cat
• Terracotta • Lentils • Ships Ivory Domestic
• Metal • Linseed • Bactrian Precious Stone Animal
• Stone • Mustard Camel Semi-precious Fowl
• Donkey Stones Pig

• Vedic Seeds
Bones Camel
• Material • Millet Carrier
• Wheeled Shells Buffalo
• Funerary • Sesame
• Sculpture • Rice Vehicles Bangles Uncrown
Rings Cow
• Car
• Bus
• Cycle
• Horse
Ride
Q.6 Read about ‘Denotation and Connotation’ given on pages 249-260. Now carefully define the following
terms with appropriate examples (so that we can distinguish between the two terms in each pair):
a. Denotation vs connotation
Denotation is the dictionary meaning of a word.
Connotation refers to the emotional suggestions or associations that are connected to a word.
A word has both denotation or literal meaning and connotation suggestive or emotional meaning. Meanings of
words go beyond the dictionary meaning and readers have to infer or guess the implied meaning of a word using
the emotional and imaginative association surrounding it.
b. Negative vs positive connotation
Connotation is an idea or feeling that a word evokes. If something has a positive connotation, it will evoke warm
feelings. Meanwhile, something with a negative connotation will make someone feel less than pleasant. To call
someone “verbose” when you want to say they’re a “great conversationalist” may not convey that. Your tone
could imply they talk too much or that they’re lovely to be around. In the positive and negative connotation
example sentences below, you’ll be able to take a look at both sides of the coin.
c. Inferring vs predicting meaning
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‘Inference’ is a noun and its meaning is the act or process of reaching a conclusion about something from
known facts or evidence. An ‘inference’ can be a verbal statement, but more commonly it refers to a thought
process. For example: It seems like a reasonable inference that it is cold outside, because everyone I see is wearing
a coat. An inference is usually made about something with a degree of certainty, based on facts like statistics,
calculations, observations or generalizations. ‘Infer’ is the verb form of ‘inference’, having the same meaning, to
form an opinion or reach a conclusion based on known facts. For example: We can infer that it is cold outside
based on what we see people wearing. Synonyms include words like ‘surmise’, ‘deduce’, ‘reason’ and ‘conclude’.
Prediction’ is also a noun. It means a statement about what will or might happen in the future. A ‘prediction’
generally is a verbal statement, but it can mean just a mental thought. For example: I made a prediction that it
will snow tomorrow. There is also a commonly used verb form of ‘prediction’, ‘predict’. ‘To predict’ means to
say that something might or definitely will happen in the future. For example: I predict it will snow tomorrow.
While ‘prediction’ and ‘predict’ are usually based on some sort of fact, observation, experience or scientific
reason, these meaning behind these words does not have definite certainty of occurring. Something that someone
predicts may or may not actually happen. A good example of an everyday prediction is the weather forecast. What
is forecasted, or predicted, is based on scientific evidence, but it is not a known certainty, just a probability.
d. Skimming vs scanning
Skimming and scanning are reading techniques that use rapid eye movement and keywords to move quickly
through text for slightly different purposes. Skimming is reading rapidly in order to get a general overview of the
material. Scanning is reading rapidly in order to find specific facts. While skimming tells you what general
information is within a section, scanning helps you locate a particular fact. Skimming is like snorkeling, and
scanning is more like pearl diving. Use skimming in previewing (reading before you read), reviewing (reading
after you read), determining the main idea from a long selection you don't wish to read, or when trying to find
source material for a research paper. Use scanning in research to find particular facts, to study fact-heavy topics,
and to answer questions requiring factual support.
e. Dictionary vs associative meaning
"A word can sweep by your ear and by its very sound suggest hidden meanings, preconscious association. Listen
to these words: blood, tranquil, democracy. You know what they mean literally but you have associations with
those words that are cultural, as well as your own personal associations." "A good example of a common
noun with an almost universal associative meaning is 'nurse.' Most people automatically associate 'nurse' with
'woman.' This unconscious association is so widespread that the term 'male nurse' has had to be coined to
counteract its effect." "We can ... make a broad distinction between conceptual meaning and associative meaning.
Conceptual meaning covers those basic, essential components of meaning that are conveyed by the literal use of
a word. It is the type of meaning that dictionaries are designed to describe. Some of the basic components of a

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word like "needle" in English might include 'thin, sharp, steel instrument.' These components would be part of
the conceptual meaning of "needle." However, different people might have different associations or connotations
attached to a word like "needle." They might associate it with 'pain,' or 'illness,' or 'blood,' or 'drugs,' or 'thread,'
or 'knitting,' or 'hard to find' (especially in a haystack), and these associations may differ from one person to the
next. These types of associations are not treated as part of the word's conceptual meaning.
Q.7 Keeping in mind the definitions of ‘Denotation’ and ‘Connotation’ given on pages 249-260. Now write an
academic essay on ‘Flowers and their Connotations’ in your own words. You can also take help from
information given on pages 277-78.
Flowers have meaning. While popular blooms such as roses are known to be linked to romance and passion
although there are different meanings for different colored roses there are others with meanings you might not be
aware of. While it's always thoughtful to gift a loved one their favorite flowers for Valentine's Day, choosing a
bouquet that symbolizes your thoughts on them can make the day all the more special. From the significance of
loyalty and devotion with violets to the celebration of new beginnings with daffodils, the right bouquet can turn
into a powerful message for the recipient.
general Fascination; distinction; love
red Deep romantic love, passion
green Secret symbol of the followers of Oscar Wilde, love between two men
white Sweet and lovely, innocence, pure love, faithfulness
pink A woman's love, a mother's love, I'll never forget you
yellow Rejection, disdain, disappointment
purple Capriciousness, whimsical, changeable, unreliability
mauve Dreams of fantasy
striped Refusal
solid color Yes, affirmative
Q.8 Select the last Sunday Edition of your favourite English newspaper and carefully read it. Collect the
information related to ‘Sports’ given in them and comment on any FIVE games of your choice.
While commenting you can add the following points:
Sport pertains to any form of competitive physical activity or game that aims to use, maintain or improve
physical ability and skills while providing enjoyment to participants and, in some cases, entertainment to
spectators. Sports can, through casual or organized participation, improve one's physical health. Hundreds of
sports exist, from those between single contestants, through to those with hundreds of simultaneous participants,
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either in teams or competing as individuals. In certain sports such as racing, many contestants may compete,
simultaneously or consecutively, with one winner; in others, the contest (a match) is between two sides, each
attempting to exceed the other. Some sports allow a "tie" or "draw", in which there is no single winner; others
provide tie-breaking methods to ensure one winner and one loser. A number of contests may be arranged in
a tournament producing a champion. Many sports leagues make an annual champion by arranging games in a
regular sports season, followed in some cases by playoffs.
a) Do you like that particular games? Why or why not?
Yes, I like particular games because games keep us healthy and fresh.
b) Would you play those games? Why or why not?
Yes, I play these games because it keep mentally fresh.

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• Terracotta • Lentils • Ships Ivory Domestic

• Metal • Linseed • Bactrian Precious Stone Animal

• Stone • Mustard Camel Semi-precious Fowl

• Donkey Stones Pig

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red Deep romantic love, passion

white Sweet and lovely, innocence, pure love, faithfulness

pink A woman's love, a mother's love, I'll never forget you

yellow Rejection, disdain, disappointment

purple Capriciousness, whimsical, changeable, unreliability

mauve Dreams of fantasy

solid color Yes, affirmative

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