WORKING WITH GROUPS TOWARDS
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Group
• Two or more people who have a
collective identity, communicate with
each regularly, and share a common
purpose or goal
• Additional characteristics associated
with groups that can function effectively
include group norms, cohesion, active
participation, shared leadership, shared
decision making, problem solving, and
conflict resolution
Types of Groups
1. Educational or Learning Groups
• Designed to provide members
with knowledge and
understanding regarding a
specific issue or area of need
2. Support Groups
• Help members cope with
situational crises, life transitions,
and a variety of chronic health
problems through the provision of
emotional support, information
and guidance
3. Self-Help Groups
• Defined by self-governance and
common concerns or problem
• Group members provide one
another with emotional support,
information, education, social
advocacy, and sometimes
material aid
4. Therapy Groups
• Provide treatment, most often
professional, for people
experiencing an emotional
disturbance
5. Task Groups
• Have a primary goal of
accomplishing specified activity
6. Focus Groups
• Provide a forum for obtaining
data through group interviews
about a variety of issues of
concern to nurses and other
health professionals
Characteristics of Effective Groups
1. Collective Identity
• The group identity may be
explicit and related to a shared
characteristic of the group
members
2. Shared Purpose
• Goals that transcend the
individual goals of group
members
• Group goals must be clearly
understood and relevant to all
members of the group
3. Communication
• Stable mechanism of open
communication in which each
member of the group gives and
receives information is a
characteristic of effective groups
• Mutual acceptance, trust, and
understanding are basic to open
communication patterns in which
group members can freely share
thoughts and feelings
4. Group Norms
• Norms are the spoken and
unspoken rules and politics that
govern group behavior
• Make implicit norms explicit by
discussing and developing
written rules for group conduct
5. Participation
• All group members listen and are
listened to, share in decision
making, and contribute to the
achievement of group tasks and
objectives.
6. Shared Leadership
• Distribute leadership among their
members
• Associated with higher levels of
group motivation, involvement,
commitment, and goal
attainment
7. Cohesion
• Ability of the group to "stick
together” that is to retain
members who can work together
over a sufficient period to
achieve group goals
• Related to the ff factors:
1. Positive interpersonal
relationship among group
members
2. The desire of members to
continue as part of the
group
3. The degree to which
members like and are
satisfied with the group's
composition: the level of
acceptance, trust, and
support among group
members
8. Shared Decision Making
• An assumption underlying shared
decision making is that each
group member has information of
value that will contribute to
informed decision making
• For shared decision making to be
effective, all group members
should understand the ff:
 1. The nature of the goal
and task being
undertaken
2. Alternative
approaches and
strategies for achieving
the goal on
accomplishing the task
3. Potential
SIRLF
consequences
(positive and negative)
of each alternative
being considered
4. The social, economic,
and environmental
costs of each
alternative to
individuals, families,
and organizations in
the community, as well
as to the community as
a whole
9. Conflict Management
• Conflict that is not managed
effectively can be harmful to
individuals and can destroy
ACCCN
group cohesion and productivity;
however, confit also has a high
potential form promoting
involvement in a group and
increasing the creativity and
quality of decision making
10. Problem Solving
• Provide opportunities for
anticipatory problem solving, and
develop mechanisms for
evaluating the effect and quality
of solutions
Group Five-Stage Development Model
1. Forming – the team meets and learns
about the opportunities and challenges
2. Storming – member starts to sort itself
and gain each other’s trust
3. Norming – all team members take the
responsibility and want to work for the
success
4. Performing – the team members are
FSNPA
now competent, making decisions on
their own
5. Adjourning – the team disbands after
finished project, team members are
moving on to new tasks
Conflict
• State of disharmony between
incompatible or antithetical persons,
ideas, or interests; a clash
• Opposition between characters or
forces in a work of drama or fiction,
especially opposition that motivates or
shapes the action of the plot
• A psychic struggle between opposing or
incompatible impulses, desires, or
tendencies
Causes of Conflict
• Security
• Inability to control self and others
• Respect between parties
• Limited resources
• Frustration
Approaches to Conflict Resolution
1. Accommodating
• The person neglects personal
concerns to satisfy the concerns
of others
2. Compromising
• The individual attempts to find
mutually acceptable solutions
that partially satisfy parties in
reflects assertiveness and
cooperation
3. Collaborating
• The individual attempts to work
with others toward solutions that
satisfy the work of both parties it is
both assertive and cooperative
4. Competing
• The person pursues personal
concerns at other’s expense
• It is a power-oriented mode that
is assertive but uncooperative
5. Negotiation
• Strategic process used to move
conflicting parties toward an
outcome
Process/Phases of Negotiation
1. Phase 1 – establishing the issue and
agenda
2. Phase 2 – advancing demands and
uncovering interests
3. Phase 3 – bargaining and discovering
new options – inflict resolution to both
parties; options to resolve
4. Phase 4 – working out an agreement
5. Phase 5 – aftermath: period following an
agreement where parties are
expanding the consequences of their
decisions
Strategies of Conflict Resolution
1. Win – Lose
• Position power
• Mental/Physical power
• Failure to respond
• Majority rule
• Railroading
2. Lose – Lose
• Compromise
• Bribes
• Arbitration
• General rules
 3. Win – Lose
• Consensus
• Problem – solving
Collaboration
• Shared purposes or goals and achieving
outcomes that would not be possible of
acting alone
Partnership
• joint working agreement where partners
cooperate to achieve a common goal
but who otherwise independent bodies,
giving an impression of partnerships
being more formal than collaboration
Decision-Making
• The One Person Decision - only a one
person’s decision in the group and is
always final without reference to the
others
• The Handclasp - in a group meeting,
one member may raise a suggestion in
which everybody would approve
without further questions of the said
matter
• The Flop - in a group meeting, one
member may raise a suggestion of a
certain matter but unfortunately not
given the time to be heard by
everybody in the group
• The Clique - small exclusive circle or
people who always go against the
decision approved by the group they
belong; they make foolishness out of the
idea raised by a person so that there
would be no decision achieved
• Minority - a small group of members in a
certain organization that are very united
and who will decide of a certain matter
Positive Qualities and Values of CHN
beyond the knowledge of the other
members of the organization not
belonging to their group
• Majority - during meetings it often
happens that there are two possible
decisions that could be made thus to
AAHIS
eliminate the other, the leader may
Millenium Developmental Goals
decide to have a voting and the
highest will be carried by the body
Difficulties in Decision Making
1. Fear of Consequences
• this happens when a person is
puzzled and is made to choose
one thing from the other but
deliberately sacrifices the other
due to the thought that it may
affect the person or the other
2. Conflicting Loyalties
• when a person is involved in two
different groups that could no
longer do the role because of
conflict of time to be prioritized
3. Interpersonal Conflict
• it is a conflict between persons
that would hinder prosperity
because of the person involved
would not agree to support each
other to attain a project due to
pride or other reasons
4. Hidden Agenda
• a person may open a plan to a
group but without the knowledge
of the members
5. Clash of Interest
• no decision is made since the
interest of every member is not
met; everybody raises ideas but
no agreement is made
HEALTH INFORFMATION SYSTEM
1. Electronic Field Health Service
Information System
• Intended to address the short-
term needs of DOH and LGU staff
with managerial or supervisory
functions in facilities and program
areas
2. Online Health Electronic Injury
Surveillance System
• Collect data on consumer
product-related injuries occurring
in the US
3. Philippine Health Atlas
4. Unified Health Management Information
System
• Aims to integrate data collection,
processing, reporting and use of
the information which is
necessary for improving health
service efficiency and
effectiveness
• Altruism
• Autonomy
• Human Dignity
• Integrity
• Social Justice
1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
• To achieve full and productive
employment and decent work
for all, including women and
young people
2. Achieve universal primary education
• Ensures that all boys and girls
complete a full course of primary
schooling
3. Promote gender equality and empower
women
• Eliminate gender disparity in
primary and secondary
education preferably by 2005,
and at all levels by 2015
 4. Reduce child mortality
• Reduce by two-thirds, between
1990 and 2015
5. Improve maternal health
• Reduce by three quarters the
maternal mortality ratio
6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other
diseases
• Achieve by 2010, universal
access to treatment for all those
who need it
7. Ensure environmental sustainability
8. Develop a global partnership for
development
• Address the special needs of
landlocked developing countries
and small island developing
states

RHU

• Primary level health facility in the

municipality and one of its focuses is
preventive and promotive health
services

Local Health Boards

• Creates committees that shall advise

local health agencies on various matters
related to health service operations

Health Referral System

• Ensure the continuity and

complementation of health and
medical services

Inter-Local Health Zone

• Ensure the continuity and

complementation of health and
medical services