Professional Documents
Culture Documents
X Social MM 2020-21
X Social MM 2020-21
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EDUCATIONAL LOANS
In our country the young population is often not able to access higher education due to lack of
funds. To alleviate this bottleneck the Educational Loan Scheme has been designed. The main
objective of the scheme is to provide financial support from the banking system to students for
pursuing higher education in India and abroad. The maximum loan limit for studies in India is 10 lakh
while for overseas studies the limit is Rs. 20 lakh.
A student to be eligible for this loan, should be an Indian national and should have secured
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admission to a higher education course in recognized institutions in India or abroad through entrance
test / merit based selection process after completion of HSC(10+2 or equivalent). In other cases,
appropriate criteria will be adopted by the banks based on reputation of the concerned institution
and employment opportunity that the intended course offers.
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The eligible loan amount is arrived at by including all education related expenses such as Tuition
fee, cost of books, boarding and lodging charges. The parents of the student should be joint borrowers
along with assessment of future income of the student.
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The student or his parents are not required to service the loan during the duration of the course
and the repayment of loan commences either six months after the student is employed or one year
after the completion of the course which ever is earlier.
There are no processing charges and to avail this scheme eligible students can approach any
commercial bank.
For details log on to RBI website: www.rbi.org.in and contact them at
www.rbi.org.in/scripts/helpdesk.aspx
An extraordinary life.
TE Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 2006
Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 2006 enables settlement of complaints, grievances of bank
customers against services rendered by the bank. This scheme was made available to bank customers
by Reserve Bank of India to speed up the grievance redressal mechanism. Under this scheme, the
complainant can make complaint to the Banking Ombudsman on a white paper or by online
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A life full of adventure, honour and glory. (www.bankingombudsman.rbi.org.) or by e-mail or by post giving the details like name, address,
telephone number, bank account number, ATM or Credit Card number, reasons that lead to
Where you are one among a million, complaint with connected supported documents for redressal. The bank customer should first
and one in a million.
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lodge his/her complaint with the bank concerned and wait for 30 days. He/She can then approach
Banking Ombudsman but within one year. All the Scheduled Commercial Banks , Regional Rural
Banks and Scheduled Primary Co-operative Banks come under the purview of the scheme. There
Be The Best is no application fee, advocate fee, stamp charges and filing charges, while lodging complaint to the
Banking Ombudsman. If the award of the B.O. is not acceptable the complainant can challenge the
award appellate authorities, i.e. to the Deputy Governor, Appellate authority, Customer Services
Department, Reserve Bank of lndia, Mumbai.
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All rights reserved.
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any means without the prior permission in writing of the
publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of
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binding or cover other than that in which it is published
and without a similar condition including this condition
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being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
The copy right holder of this book is the Director
of School Education, Hyderabad, Telangana.
We have used some photographs which are under
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Printed in India
at the Telangana Govt. Text Book Press,
Mint Compound, Hyderabad,
Telangana.
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˶mVri H$m§hr àíZ Vwåhmbm CVmè¶mVrb g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$aʶmgmR>r AgVrb ˶mgmR>r Vwåhmbm
nwñVH$mMo g‘J« dmMZ H$amdo bmJob. H$m§hr àíZ ˶m nmR>mVrb g§H$ënZoer g§~§YrV AgVrb nU ˶m
gmR>r Vwåhmbm OmñVrMr ‘m{hVr Jmoim H$amdr bmJob, H$Yr-H$Yr hr§ ‘m{hVr ‘mJrb dJm©Vrb
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nmR>çm§emer g§~§{YV Ago§b. àíZm§Mr CÎmao {bhÿZ XoZo qH$dm gm§JUo Ano{jV ZgyZ {dÚmÏWmªZr ñd¶§
Aܶ¶ZmZr Vr gmoS>dmdrV Aer Anojm Amho. MMm© H$aʶmMr ‘y^m, MM} Ûmao CÎma {‘iy eH$Vo Ago
gwMdm nU CÎmao {bhÿZ XoD$ ZH$m.
doJdoJù¶m àH$maMr àíZo ¶m nwñVH$mV AmhoV. 1) ‘wbm§Zm ˶m§Mm AZw^d {bhʶmg gm§Jm 2)
˶m§Mm AZw^dmMr VwbZm nwñVH$mV {Xboë¶m CXmhaUmer H$am. 3) doJdoJù¶m XmoZ- {VZ nwñVH$mV
{Xboë¶m n[a[ñWVrMr §VwbZm H$am. 4) ‘wbm§Zm àíZ {dMmê$Z ˶mMo ‘ZmoJV ˶m n[a[ñWVr~m~V H$go
Amho Vo ‘mhrV H$aUo qH$dm gyú‘ Aܶ¶Z H$aUo. (Ooìhm gd© ‘wbmMo ‘ZmoJV EH$ gmaIo Zgob Va
˶m§Zm _V àH$Q> H$aʶmMr g§Yr Úmdr.) 5) nmR>mV {Xboë¶m {deof n[a[ñWVr AZwgma àíZ VnmgUo.
{ejH$m§Zr dJm©V doJdoJù¶m nÕVrZoo àíZ {dMmamdoV, H$m§hr àíZ ˶m§À¶m d{h_Ü`oo {bhʶmg gm§Jmdo, H$mhr
àíZ ˶m§Mm bhmZ JQ> V¶ma H$ê$Z MMm© H$aʶmg gm§Jmdo. d VgoM H$m§hr àíZ ˶m§Zm d¡¶º$sH$ {bhʶmg
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ÚmdoV. Aem àH$maMo gd© àíZ ‘wbm§Zm, àm¡ËgmhrV H$aʶmgmaIo d ñdV: {dMma H$ê$Z {bhʶmgmaIr
n[a[ñWVr {Z_m©U H$amdr, gd© ‘wb§mMo CËVa EH$ gmaIoM `oUma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr ¿`mdr.
nwñVH$mVrb a§JrV Mm¡H$Q>r …- à˶oH$ nmR>mV H$m§hr Vºo$ (aH$mZo) XoʶmV Ambr AmhoV. g§H$ënZoZgw ma
A{V[a³V ‘mhrVrMr MMm© nmR>mV H$aʶmV Ambr Amho. ˶m àíZm§Mr dJm©V MMm© H$aUo ‘hËdmMo
Amho. d ˶mda ‘wbm _wctMr _Vo OmUwZ ¿`mdrV. H¥$Vr H$ê$Z ¿¶mì¶mV.
A{^Z¶ H$m¡eë¶mMm dmna …- A{^Z¶ Ûmao nwñVH$mVrb H$m§hr ^mJ OmñV Mm§Jë¶m arVr Zo g‘OmD$Z
gm§Jy eH$Vmo. CXm. H$m¶Xm d ݶm¶ ì¶dñWm ¶mMo Vm|S>r dU©Z H$aʶmnojm A{^Z¶m Ûmao AmnU OmñV
Mm§Jë¶m arVr Zo g‘OmD$Z KoD$ eH$Vmo. ‘wbm§Zm {ZdS>UyH$ à{H«$¶m g‘OyZ gm§JUmgmR>r ZmQ²>¶ ê$nmZo
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H¥${V Ûmam OmñV Cn¶w³V R>aVo.
nwñVH$mVrb {MÌo…- nwñVH$mV {ddY {MÌo, à{V‘m, ’$moQ>mO µo , H$mQy>Ý© g, nmoñQ>g© B˶m{X AT>iVmV ¶mV
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doJdoJir B{Vhmg {df¶H$ {MÌohr Amnë¶mbm-~Kmd¶mg {‘iVmV. nwñVH$mV Á¶m à‘mUo {ddYVm
Amho ˶mMm à˶¶ Amnë¶mbm {MÌm§À¶m dmnamVhr AmT>iVmo. ~hÿVm§e {MÌmImbr àíZ {Z‘m©U Ho$bo
AgyZ ˶mda MMm© H$amdr ˶m ‘wio {dÚmÏWmªMo bjm Vo {MÌ d ˶m KQ>Zo H$S>o Am{H$f©V hmoB©b.
ZH$mem, Q>o~b d J«m’$…- ¶m nwñVH$mVrb ZH$memìXmao AmnUmg ^m¡Jmo{bH$, Am{W©H$$, amO{H$¶
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Am{U E¡{Vhm{gH$ nmíd©^y‘rMr ‘m[hVr [‘iVo. ¶mo½¶Ë¶m {R>>H$mUr VH$Vo d AmboI ¶m§Mm dmna
Ho$ë¶m‘yXo {df¶dñVy A{YH$ Mm§Jë¶m arVrZo g‘OʶmgmR>r AVre¶ Cn¶wH²$V R>aVo.
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àH$ën (project) …- AmnU EH$ Jmoï>m AmdOy©Z bjmV R>odbr nm{hOo H$r, nmR>çnwñVH$mVrb
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gd©OJmoð>r AmnU ‘ybm§ n¶ªV nmohMdy eH$V Zmhr àH$ënH$m¶m©‘yio ‘wbm§‘ܶo AmngmV g‘mOmVr
{d{dY ì¶{³V qH$dm g§ñWm ¶m§À¶mV g§dmX {Z‘m©U hmoVmo. ‘wbo OmñVrMr ‘mhrVr Jmoim H$aVmV d Vr
{bIrV ñdê$nmV gmXa H$aVmV.
TE
‘ybmIVrMo àíZ V¡¶ma H$aZo ~¢H$ qH$dm doJdoJù¶m H$m¶m©b¶m§Zm ^oQ> XoZo ˶mgmR>r ¶moOZm AmIUo
˶mV ’$moQ>moO, AmH$S>odmar, V³Vm, AmboI, ¶m§Mm dmna H$aUo hr H$m¡eë¶o hñVJV H$aVmV. g‘yhmZo
JQ>mZo H$m‘ H$aUo {eH$VmV. {dMmam§Mr XodmU-KodmU hmoZo - àH$ën H$m¶© ˶m Ñ{ï>Zo ‘hËdm Mo
R>aVmV.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ER
`m nwñVH$mÀ`m {Z{_©Vrg§~§Yr Amåhr Imcrc cmoH$m§Mr g§ñWm§Mr H¥$VkVm ì`ŠV H$ê$ BpÀN>Vmo
Ë`mV S>m°.Ho$.EZ.AmZ§XZ {ejU VÁk Ho$ai, S>m°. nr. X{jUm_y{V© {Zd¥Îm Cng§MmcH$, VocwJy AH$mX_r,
lr E.Ama.Ho$. _y{V© {Zd¥Îm Cng§MmcH$, VocwJy AH$mX_r, Xrnm lr{ZdmgZ², Am_À`m H$m`©emioV
gh^mJr Pmcoë`m H¥${VH$m {dídZmW Á`m§Zr `m nwñVH$mMm XOm© gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r _mocmÀ`m gyMZm
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Ho$ë`m. VgoM nwñVH$mMr _m§S>Ur Am{U gOmdQ>r_Ü`o _mJ©Xe©Z Am{U gmø Ho$co. `m nwñVH$mV
dmnacoë`m H$mhr à{V_m Am{U {MÌo `m~Ôc Amåhr dñVyg§J«hmc` VWm nwamVËd {d^mJ, Am§Y«àXoe
`m§Mohr Am^ma _mZVmo. `mVrc H$mhr {MÌo VWm _m{hVr hr âcrH$a Am{U AÝ` g§Ho$VñWim§dê$Z
A§VaOmimÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Jmoim H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho, Vr Aer. gJir {MÌo 28 ’o$~«wdmar 2012 AmYr
KoVcocr Amho.
Amåhr ~hþg§»¶ {ejH$m§Ûmao {d{dY erjU Vkm Ûmao, Amåhmbm {‘imboë¶m A{^àm¶mZwgma,
Amåhr Amnë¶m àVr H¥$VkVm 춺$ H$aVmo. Á¶m ‘wio nmR>ç nwñVH$mMr gwYmarV Amd¥Îmr {Z{‘©Vrg ‘XV
Pmbr. {deofV… hm°CñQ>Z Q>o³gmg (Houston Taxas, U.S.A.) Ûmam Ho$boë¶m ^maVr¶ B{VhmgmMo
{dñV¥V emoY H$m¶©,(IHAR) ¶m‘wio Amåhbm nwñVH$mMr gwYmarV Amd¥Îmr {Z{‘©Vrg ‘XV Pmbr.
A
1) g§H$ënZm§Mr g_O: {d{dY g§H$ënZm§Mr AZwH$« _mZo _m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mV Amcr Amho. `m g§H$ënUm§Mr g_O
`oÊ`mgmR>r {dícofU, MMm©, CXmhaUo, ì`º$s¨Mm Aä`mg `m§Mr JaO AgVo. àH$ënm§À`m _mÜ`_mVwZ
AN
{Z[aúmU H$éZ Ë`m§Mr _m§S>Ur H$amdr. ‘m{hVr {‘idUo, kmZ AH$bZ ho hr {VVHo$M _hËdmMo Amho.
2) nmR>çm§e d nmR>çmoÎma MMm© : H$Yr H$Yr {Xcoë`m nmR>mVrc g§H$ënZm§Mo {dícofU WoQ> nÜXVrZo Z Z
H$aVm nwaH$ gmYZo Ogo ZH$mem, {MÌo Am{U AmcoI `m§À`m _mÜ`_mVwZ dJm©V gH$mamË_H$ MMm©
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ìhmdr. {dÚmÏ`mªZm X¡Z{§ XZ {OdZmer {ZJS>rV eoVr, eoVH$ar, eoV_Owa, H$maImÊ`mVrV H$m_Jma
Am{U VËg_ KQ>H$, `mMr nwñVH$mVrc {MÍ`m§Mm AmYmao g§H$ënmZm§VJ©V _m{hVr ìhmdr. Ë`mgmR>r
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eŠ` {VVH$m doi {dÚmÏ`mªZm CncãY H$éZ Úmdm. Ë`mM à_mUo {dÚmÏ`mªÀ`m MM}H$S>o cúm XoVm§Zm
Vr MMm© gH$mamË_H$ ìhmdr `mH$S>o {eúmH$m§Zr cúm Úmdo.
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3) _m{hVr H$m¡eë`o: gm_m{OH$ AÜ``Z emómV _m{hVr H$m¡eë`mMr Jmoim ~oarO H$éZ, {d{eï>
g_ñ`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVm§Zm AmcoI, AmH$S>do mar `m§Mo {dícofU H$aUo _hËdmMo AgVo. àË`oH$ nmR>mÀ`m
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eodQ>r g§~Y§ rV nmR> Am{U g§H$ënZm§er {ZJS>rV Ago àH$ën H$m`© XoÊ`mV Amco Amho. hr àH$ën H$m`}
{dÚmÏ`mªZr {eúmH$m§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImcr ñdV:hm H$am`Mr Amho. Ë`mgmR>r àg§Jr g_mOmVrc {d{dY
KQ>H$ Ogo amOH$s` ZoV,o Ym{_©H$ ZoV,o àmW©Zm ñWio, gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUo Aem {d{dY ~mq~Mm
gImoc Aä`mg Am{U Aä`mgmA§Vr _m§S>Ur H$éZ àX{e©V H$aÊ`mMo H$m¡eë`o `m e¡úm{UH$ _mZH$mV
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g_m{dð> Amho. `m gmR>r àg§J {dÚmÏ`mªZm H$mhr {MÌo qH$dm H$mhr ZH$meo `m§Mo aoImQ>Z hr H$aVm
`mdo. ho AnoúmrV Amho.
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4) H$maUH$maH$ g§~Y§ : Amnë`m {OdZmVrc KQ>Zm§Mo OJmVrc BVa KQ>Zm§er VwcZm H$aÊ`mMo H$g~
{dÚmÏ`mªV d¥ÜXrJ§V ìhmdo. qH$~hþZm Ver g§Yr Ë`m§Zm CncãY ìhmdr. `m nwñVH$mV Joë`m eVH$mV
KS>cëo `m {d{dY KQ>Zm§Mm C„oI Amho. Ë`m KQ>Zm§er gÚ n[apñWVr VwcZm H$éZ Ë`mMr H$maUo Am{U
SC
viii
AZwH«$_{UH$m
A.H« $ . KQ>H$ nmZ.H« $ . _{hUo
^mJ:1 - ñÌmoV {dH$mg Am{U g_Vwë`Vm
1 ^maV-ñdm^m{dH$ {d^mJ 1-13 OwZ
2 {dH$mgmÀ`m g§H$ënZm 14-27 OwZ
3 CËnmXZ Am{U amoOJma 28-43 Owc¡
A
4 ^maVmMo hdm_mZ 44-57 Owc¡
^maVr` ZÚm Am{U nmÊ`mMo ñÌmoV AmJñQ>
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5 58-70
6 cmoH$g§»`m 71-86 AmJñQ>
7 cmoH$ Am{U ì`dñWm-ñWcm§Va 87-101 gßQ>~| a
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8 am_nwa: EH$m JmdmMr AW©ì`dñWm 102-116 gßQ>~| a
OmJ[VH$sH$aU Zm|ìh|~a
9
N 117-130
10 AÞ gwaúmm 131-144 {S>g~o§ a
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11 gwpñWa {dH$mg Am{U g_mZVm 145-161 {S>g~| a
^mJ 2: g_H$mcrZ OJ Am{U ^maV
TE
ix
Amnco amï´>r` [JV
- aqdÐZmW Q>mJmoa
OZ JU ‘Z A{YZm`H$ O` ho
^maV ^m½` {dYmVm &
n§Om~, qgYy, JwOamV, ‘amR>m
Ðm{dS> CËH$b ~§J &&
qdÜ` {h‘mMb `‘wZm, J§Jm
CÀN>b Ob{YVa§J &
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Vd ew^ Zm‘o OmJo &
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Vd ew^ Am{ef ‘mJo &
Jmho Vd O` JmWm
OZ JU ԤJbXm`H$ O` ho
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^maV ^m½` {dYmVm &
O` ho, O` ho, O` ho
N
O` O` O` O` ho &
LA
à{Vkm
- n¡[S>_au ì`§H$Q>m gwã~mamdw
TE
^maV ‘mPm Xoe Amho. gmao ^maVr` ‘mPo ~m§Yd AmhoV. ‘mÂ`m Xoemda ‘mPo ào‘ Amho.
‘mÂ`m XoemVë`m g‘¥X²Y Am{U {d{dYVoZo ZQ>boë`m na§nam§Mm ‘bm A{^‘mZ Amho. Ë`m
na§nam§Mm nmB©H$ hmoÊ`mMr nmÌVm ‘mÂ`m A§Jr `mdr, åhUyZ ‘r gX¡d à`ËZ H$arZ.‘r
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‘mÂ`m nmbH$m§Mm, JwéOZm§Mm Am{U dS>rbYmè`m ‘mUgm§Mm ‘mZ R>odrZ Am{U àË`oH$mer
ER
A
^maVmVrb H$moU˶mhr XmoZ ñWbm§Mr Zmdo gm§Jm {OWo Vwåhmbm Om¶bm AmdS>ob. Vwåhr ¶m ñWim§Zm
H$m {ZdS>bo? H$maUo gm§Jm? ‘mJrb B¶Îmm§ ‘ܶo Vob§JmZm amÁ¶mM d BVa amÁ¶mMm ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñdê$n
AN
{df¶r Vwåhr H$m¶ {eH$bm AmhmV. ZH$mem qH$dm Am°Q>bmgÀ¶m ghm¶mZo ˶mMo {díbofU H$am. nwT>rb
Aä¶mgmgmR>r gwÕm ½bmo~, ZH$meo, {MÌ à{VH¥$VrMm dmna H$am.
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N
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SC
ñWi
darb ZH$mem ~Km OJmÀ¶m ZH$mem‘ܶo ^maV XoemÀ¶m ñWmZm {df¶r nmM dm³¶
{bhm.
A
{d{dY ^m¡JmobrH$ ÑîQ>çm ^maVmV AZoH$ àH$maMo Vmn‘mZ Amho, ˶m‘wio AZoH$ nH$maMo d¥j,
AN
OrdO§VwMo {Z‘m©U hmoD$Z {d{eï> àH$maMo {nHo {nH${dʶmgmR>r AZwHy$b n[añWrVr ~Zbr Amho.
^maVmV cmJcocr cm§~ n¶ªV ngacocm g‘wÐ {H$Zmè¶m‘wio ‘mgo‘mar gmo~V ì¶mnmamgmR>r AZwH$w c y
Amho. bm§~ Agbobo {H$Zmar àXoe qhX ‘hmg‘wX« ‘mgmoir nH$S>ʶmgmR>rM ZgwZ AZoH$ ì¶mnmar
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‘mJmªZm Cn¶moJr nS>V Amho. $
IX dJm©‘ܶo Vwåhr Ajme- aoIm§em {df¶r Aä¶mg Ho$bm AgwZ à‘mU doi ¶m{df¶r
N
Vwåhmbm ‘m{hVr Amho H$m? Vw‘À¶m ZH$memÀ¶m
ZH$mem 2 ~Km.
LA
ghmæ¶mZo ^maVmMm {dñVma {H$Vr Amho, aoIm§emÀ¶m
ghmæ¶mZo g_OwZ ¿¶m. ^maV Xoembm 82°30` nwdu ^maVmMr gahX AmoiIm Am{U ˶mg a§Jdm.
aoIm§emZm ‘ܶdVu$ aoIm§e åhUwZ AmoiIbo OmVo. ho VgoM ñHo$bÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo ^maVmMr gr‘m
TE
aoIm§e Abmhm~mX déZ OmVo, ^maV Xoe à‘mU Zonmb {H$VnV Owibobr Amho, Vo ZH$memV
doi (IST) Mm AmYma KoVmV, J«rZdrMà‘mU doi {Xboë¶m ñHo$bÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo ‘moOm.
(GMT) ho 5½ K§Q>o nwT>o Amho.
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ER
A
AN
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N
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A
¢˛Á∫ ™Áze∞Á ÆÏ∫zuÃÆÁ ¢˛¬N˛Á (EÊTÁ∫Á ßÏßÁT)∆y b≤˛∫ ^Á¬y. ÆÁ V |åÁ ™Ïpz, uoƒ¿ t§ÁƒÁ™Ïpz
AN
¬ÁQÁz ƒ Á|úÁÃÏå YÁ¬o EÁ¬z¡ÆÁ ßÏ VgÁ™Ázg΃∫ üßÁƒ úg¬Á EÁum úƒ|oz uå™Á|m ^Á¬z.
EÁ\ EÁúm úÁ“o Eìz¬Á u“™Á¬Æ úƒ|o ÃÏÚÁ ÆÁ üuN¿˛ÆÁúÁÃÏå oÆÁ∫ ^Á¬Á EÁ“z.u˚N˛¡ú
úeÁ∫ ßÏu™oy¬ G∫z N˛gy¬ N˛Ázm ¢Ï˛bÏå Tz¡ÆÁ™Ïpz ™Áze™Ázez t∫z,QÁzz∫z uå™Á|m ^Á¬z.
G
N˛Á¬ÁÊo∫Áåz “z t∂ÆÁ-QÁz∂ÆÁÊåy u“™Á¬ÆÁoy¬ å˘ÁÊYz ªú áÁ∫m Nz˛¬z. tuqmzN˛ug¬
u˚úN˛¡úÁoy¬ å˘ÁÊåy ƒÁ“Ïå
EÁm¬z¡ÆÁ TÁpÁÊ™Ïpz ßÁ∫oÁXÆÁ
N
ßÁ∫o tz∆Áoy¬ G∫ ™{tÁåz uå™Á|m “ÁzlÆÁÃÁey
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G∫zà ÃÏúyN˛ ™{tÁåz, uå™Á|m N˛Á∫myßÏo Eìz¡ÆÁ u“™Á¬ÆÁoy¬ å˘ÁÊYy EÁum
u˚N˛¡ú å˘ÁÊYy åÁƒz u¬“Á.
^Á¬y. ßÁ∫oÁXÆÁ ßÁ{TÁzu¬N˛
u“™Á¬ÆÁYz .................N˛Ázb∞ÁÊ∆ ƒ Á|QÁ¬y uå™Á|m
TE
uYfi 2 úÁ“Á. oÏ™XÆÁ ∆Ápzoy¬ EÁb¬Áà (Atlas) úÁ“Á. QÁ¬y¬ uƒßÁT EÁzpQÁ:
t≤˛å úeÁ∫ ßÏu™ ußÊo NÏ˛ez EÁ“z, ™Áu“oy u™pƒlÆÁÃÁey tuqm úe„N˛∫ ßÓu™YÁ GoÁ∫
tÁQuƒlÆÁÃÁee TÁztÁƒ∫y, Nw˛…mÁ åtyXÆÁ üƒÁ“Á™ÁTz oÏ™Yz §Ázb YÁ¬ƒÁ.
A
§¿÷úÏfiÁ üƒÁ“ tÁQƒÁ “y åty N˛ÁzmN˛ÁzmnÆÁ GÊY, ÃQ¬ ütz∆ÁoÏå \Áoz oz uƒ∆t N˛∫Á?
AN
u“™Á¬Æ
u“™Á¬Æ úƒ|oz LN˛Á ƒ¬Æ qzfiy ÃÁ∫Qz úu≥Á™z N˛gÏå úσy|N˛gz 2400 uN˛.™y ¬Áʧ uƒÀo∫yo
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EÁ“zo. úu≥Á™ üÁÊoÁ™ÜÆz “z 500 uN˛.™y ªÊt EÃÏå ™ÜÆ,úσy| üÁÊoÁo 200 uN˛.™y ªÊt
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EÁ“zo.©“m\z úu≥Á™ üÁÊoÁ™áy¬ ªÊty \ÁÀo EÁ“z, uƒußëÁ üÁÊoÁ™ÜÆz úƒ|oÁÊYy GÊYy™ÜÆz
uƒuƒáoÁ EÁ“z. QÁz¬ t∫z-QÁz∫z, uƒ∆Á¬ úeÁ∫ ßÏ™y ÆÁ™Ïpz “y úƒ|o »zmy E¬T Nz˛¬y EÁ“z.
LA
ÃÁ˙™ÜÆz G∫zN˛gz Eìz¬y úƒ|o »zmÎåÁ GÄÁ u“™Á¬Æ uNÊ˛ƒÁ >u“™Áu¸> EÃz ©“moÁo.
“y »zmy ìTí EÃÏå úƒ|oÁÊYy Ã∫ÁÃ∫y GÊYy Ùϸ ÃúÁbyúÁÃÏå 6100 u™. EÁ“z.
u“™Áu¸ »zmy §¢˛Á|åy EÁXZÁt¬z¬y EÃoz. FN˛gz oÏ©“Á¬Á u“™Áåy å˘Á úÁ“ÁƒÆÁÃ
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u™poÁo. Ãoo §¢|˛ úgo EáÆÁ™Ïpz §¢|˛ uƒTpÏå å˘Á Ãoo ƒÁ“o EÃoÁo.
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uNˇ.™y. EÃÓå, úƒ|oÁÊYy GÊYy Ùϸ ÃúÁby úÁÃÏå 3,500 oz 4,500 u™ ™ÜÆz EÃoz EåzNˇ
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u∆Q∫ÁÊYy GÊYy Ùϸ ÃúÁbyúÁÃÏå 5,050 u™. úzqÁ \Ào EÁ“z EÁum ƒ |ß∫ §¢ˇÁ|åy
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tÁQƒÁ »zlÆÁ.
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u“™Á¬ÆÁYz tw≈Æ ÆÁYy oϬåÁ N˛∫Á.
1. “z uYfi
u“™Á¬ÆÁoy¬
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uƒßÁTmy Nz˛¬y Tz¬y
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1. 3 EÁ“zo.
1.4
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vegetation
Level 3
conifers
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Level 4
broadleaf
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Trees
Level 5 Terai
t∫zQÁz∫z
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“y∫ƒpyYz uYfiz N˛ÁjÁ.
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6 gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z ßÁ∫otz∆: ß{ÁTÁz¬yN˛ Àƒªú
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EH§$XarV, ‘ܶ {h‘mb¶mVrb loʶm, ‘mZdr g§~Y§ mg Iwn AZwH$y b Amho. ~hþVm§e {h‘mb¶mVrb
[agm°Q>© Oeo {e‘bm, ‘wgm¡ar, amUmIoV, Z¡ZrVmb, Amb‘moam Am{U XmO©qbJ B˶mXr BWo pñWV
Amho.
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Q>oH$S>çm amîQ²>/ amÁ`
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{h‘mb¶mVrb gdm©V ~mhoaÀ¶m loUtMm ¶mV g‘mdoe Amho Am{U ¶mbm ~m§ø {h‘mb¶ Agohr
åhUVmV. CÎmaoH$S>rb Imob CVma‘wi,o hr loUr OmñV ^mJ KoV.o nmoQ>dma nR>mamnmgwZ Vo ~«÷nwÌm
Xar n¶©V, hr loUr {ZåZ {h‘mb¶mÀ¶m g‘m§Va A§Vamda gw‘mao 2400 {H$.‘r. ngabobr Amho.
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{edmbrH$ Mr é§Xr {h‘mMb àXoe ‘ܶo 50 {H$.‘r. Vo AéUmMb àXoe ‘ܶo 15 {H$.‘r. nojm
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nmohMʶmnmgyZ AS>Wim {Z‘m©U Ho$ë¶m‘wio, XarV ‘moR>o Vbmd {Z‘m©U Pmbo øm VbmdmZ ZXr
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‘Yrb XohamSw>Z ho Agm ‘¡XmZm§Mo gdm}Îm‘ CXmhaU Amho Oo 75 {H$.‘r. bm§d Am{U 15-20
{H$.‘r. é§X Amho.
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Q>oH$S>çm ZmJm {hëg, ‘{Unwar {hëg,H$mgr {hëg Am{U {‘Pmo {hëg.
{h‘mb¶mMm ^maVr¶ Vmn‘mZmda ’$ma ‘moR>m à^md AmT>iVmo. hm {h‘mb¶ ‘ܶ Am{emVwZ
¶oUmè¶m W§S> hdog {h‘mb¶ nd©V AmS>dVmo d ^maVmMo H$S>m³¶mÀ¶m W§S>rnmgwZ g§ajU H$aVmo.
{h‘mb¶m‘wio ^maVmV CÝhmù¶mV nmD$g nS>Vmo d ‘mÝgwZ hdm‘mZ AmT>iVo. {h‘mb¶ nd©V
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 7
{MÌ 1.7 : _Ü` nR>mar` ^w^mJ, J§Jm _¡XmZ, {h_mb`mMm ~mY
{h_mb`mMm ~m§Y
_Ü` nR> m ar` ^mJ
J§ J m _¡ X mZ
Fig : 1.7 Cross Section of Northern Platau, the Gangetic plain, and the Himalaya’s
Zgbm AgVm Va CÎma ^maV ~’$m©ÀN>mXrV dmid§Q> ~Zbm AgVm. {h‘mb¶mVrb ZÚm§‘wio gwnrH$ ‘¡XmZo
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Va CËVa ^maV H$moaS>m amhrbm AgVm.{h_ ZÚm§_wio g§nwU© CÎma ^maVmVrb ZX²`m ~ma_mhr dmhVmV.
S>m|Ja X‹è¶mVwZ dmhV Agë`m_wio _moR>çm n«>_mUmV gwnrH$ _mVr _¡XmZr ^mJmV `oVo. `m_wio `m ZÚm§Mo Imoao
gwnrH$ ~Zbo Amho.
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J§Jm-{g§Yw ZXrMo _¡XmZo
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Pmbr. gmYmaUV… 20 H$moQ>r dfm©nwdu `m ^mJmV \$ma _moR>r Xar Agmdr H$moQ>çmdYr dfmªÀ`m AI§S>
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n«>dmhm_wio `m ^mJmVrb Xar ^éZ _¡XmZ V`ma Pmbo.
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1. npíM_ ^mJ 2. _Ü` ^mJ 3. nwd© ^mJ
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1) npíM_r ^mJmVwZ dmhUmar qgYw ZXr,[VMr CnZXr, {Pb_,{MZm~, amdr, {~`mg, gVbP ZÚm
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n§Om~, h[a`mUm _¡XmZmV Amho. `m àm§§VmV H$mù`m H$gXma ^w_rMo nÅ>o AmhoV. XmoZ ZXrÀ`m _Yë`m
^mJmg {Ì^wO (doab) àXoe Ago åhUVmV.
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2) J§Jm ZXrMo _¡XmZ - ho _¡XmZ KmJa ZXr nmgwZ {Vï>m ZXrn`ªV ngabr Amho. hm ^mJ àW_V…
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CÎma‹àXoe,{~hma amîQ²>mVrb WmoS>m h[a`mZm, PmaI§S>, npíM_ ~§Jmb amîQ´>§m_Ü`o Amho. BH$S>o J§Jm `_wZm
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Pmbm.
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Q>oH$S>çm, hr nR>ma^w_rÀ`m X{jUrH$S>o H$Ý`mHw$_mar Amho.
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(_mbdm nR>ma^w_r) Am{U X{jU nR>ma ^w_r. ^maV XoemÀ`m ^m¡{VH$ ZH$memV J§Jm ZXrÀ`m
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bm§~ AgVmo. BH$S>rb ZÚm gVV dmhV
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Vio, {dhrar, `mda AmYmarV amhmdo bmJVo,
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gm§Jm.
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A
{N>Þ-{^Þ S>moÊ`m AgwZ _Ü`§Var H$mhr
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KmQ>mdéZ dmhV ¶oUmè¶m JmoXmdar, {H«$îUm ¶m ZÚm dmhV ^maV XoemVrb C§M Am{U gH$b
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_¡XmZo aZ Am°\$ H$ÀN> nmgwZ gwé hmoD$Z H$Ý`mHw$_mar n`ªV ngabobr AmhoV. nwd} H$S>rb {H$Zmar
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1) H$mo> §H$U {H$UmanÅ>r - hr CÎma ^mJmV, _hmamï´> , Jmodm_Ü`o ì`mnbobr Amho.
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^maV XoemV XmoZ {Ûn g_wh AmhoV. ~§JmbÀ`m CngmJamVrb A§X_mZ, {ZH$mo~ma {Ûn
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Bird Agbobo {eIa nm§V åhUOo A§X_mZ-{ZH$mo~ma {Ûn hmoV. ho {Ûn ZmaH$moS>m_,
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~maoZ {Ûn `m Am¾r nd©Vm_wio {Z_m©U Pmbo Amho. ^maVmÀ`m X{jUoH$S>o
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{ZH$mo~ma {Ûn_Ü`o B§{Xam nm°BªQ> Odi Amho 2004 _Ü`o g§^dboë`m gwZm_r_Ü`o
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^maVr` {Zdmgr ^w^mJmV ^m¡JmobrH$ ñdénmV {H$Vr Var {d{dYVm AmT>iVmV. H$mhr àm§Vo {h_mb`mVwZ
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12 gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z ßÁ∫otz∆: ß{ÁTÁz¬yN˛ Àƒªú
Vw ‘ À¶m Aä`mgm§ M r nw Z amd¥ Î mr H$am
1. npíM_obm Agboë`m JwOamV_Ü`o AéUmMb àXoenojm gw`m}X` XmoZ K§Q>o AJmoXa CJdVmo, na§Vw
KS>çmù`m§Mr doi gdmªZm gmaIr XmIdVo. H$maUo gm§Jm?
2. {h‘mc¶ àñVwV ñWmZr Zgco AgVo Va Vo Hw$R>o ñWrV Pmco AgVo? ^maV CnI§S>mMo hdm_mZ H$go
am{hbo AgVo.
3. {h‘mb¶ nd©VmMo {d{dY loUt‘Yrb {d^mOZ gm§JwZ {h‘mb¶Mm X{jUoH$S>rb nR>mamda, VoWrb
hdm‘mZma H$m¶ n[aUm‘ hmoVo Vo gm§Jm?
4. {h‘mb¶mMm H¥$fr joÌmda hmoUmam n[aUm‘ gm§Jm?
A
5. J§Jm-qgYw àm§VmV bmoH$g§»¶m OmñV AgVo. H$maUo gm§Jm?
AN
6. ^maV XoemÀ¶m ZH$memV Imbrb ñWmZo Xe©dm:
(i) Q>oH$S>çm, nd©Vo - H$maH$mo_, OñH$a, nmQ>H$m`, O¡qV`m, qdÚmnd©V, Aamdbr, H$mS>©H$m_
Q>Ho $S>çm. (ii) {eIao – K2, H$m§MZJ§Jm, Z§Jmnd©«V, AmZ¡_wS>r
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(iii) nR>ma ^w^mJ - N>moQ>m ZmJnwa, _mbdm ( iv) ^maV dmid§Q> - npíM_ Q>oH$S>çm, bj{Ûn
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(i) Am¾r nd©VmMm ñ\$moQ> hmoD$Z {Z_m©U Pmbobo {Ûn
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(ii) ^maV CnI§S>mÀ`m {Xem
(iii) H$H©$d¥Îm> aoIm OmUmao amÁ`
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(ix) ^maVmVrb H|$X emgrV amÁ` (x) {h_mc` nd©V {dñVmarV ^mJ
8. nwd}H$S>rb _¡XmZ àm§Vo Am{U n{íM_oH$S>rb _¡XmZo `m_Yrb g_mZVm d {d^rÞVm ñnï> H$am?
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9. nR>ma ^y‘r H¥$fr joÌmg ‘¡XmZr àXoemnojm H$‘r Cn¶wº$ R>aVo H$maUo gm§Jm?
10. {h‘mb¶ nd©V {Ûn g‘wh , {H$Zmar àXoe ¶m~Ôb ‘m{hVr dmMm d EH$ Vº$m V¶ma H$am.
11. ^maVXoemÀ`m {dH$mgmV {h_mc` nd©V à_wI ^w{_H$m nma nmS>V Amho. dU©Z H$am?
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Vw_À`m ZH$mem g§À`mV ^m¡{VH$, ^m¡JmobrH$ KQ>H$, C§MrMo BVa {MÌm§Zm Cn`moJ H$éZ
O{_Zrda _mVrZo ^maVmMm Z_wZm V`ma H$am, {d{dY ^m¡JmobrH$ KQ>H$ XmI{dÊ`mgmR>r
doJdoJir _mVr qH$dm aoVrMm Cn`moJ H$am. {eIam§À`m C§MrVrb \$aH$ XmIdm. ZÚm§Zm
AmoiIm. ZmH$mem g§À`mVrb EH$m ZH$memV O§JbmMm ^mJ, nd©V Am{U nmUrÀ`m ghmæ`mZo
gwemo^rV H$am. H$mbm§VamZo Ë`mV BVa Jmoï>r OmoS>m.
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Amnë¶m nwîH$i ‘hËdH$m§jm AgVmV. ˶mMà‘mUo
Amnbm Xoe H$gm Agbm nmhrOo, ¶m{df¶r
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Amnë¶mH$S>o Cnm¶ AmhoV. H$moU˶m ‘hËdmÀ¶m
Jmoï>r AmhoV, Á¶mMr AmnUmg JaO Amho? Amnë¶m
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gdm©gmR>r {OdZ Mm§Jbo Agw eH$Vo H$m? Amnë¶m‘ܶo
g‘mZVm Agw eH$Vo H$m? darb níZmda Ho$bm
OmUmam {dMma ¶m§Mm g‘mdoe {dH$mg ¶m KQ>H$mda
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Adb§~wZ AgVmo. Am{U {dH$mgmMo ܶo¶ nmá
H$aʶmH$[aVm AmnU n¶ËZ H$é eH$Vmo. ho H${R>U N
H$m¶© Amho. ¶m nmR>m‘ܶo AmnU {dH$mg åhUOo
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H$m¶ Amho? ho g‘OʶmMm n«¶ËZ H$é ¶m.
do J do J ù¶m bmo H $m§ M r {dH$mgmg§ ~ § Y r
AgUmar Ano j m d ˶m§ M o ܶo ¶ .
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‘hËdH$m§jm H$m¶ AmhoV? bjmV ¶oB©b H$mhr {MÌ 2.1 : ¶m ì¶dñWoV ‘r {dH$mg H$é eH$V Zmhr.
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aH$mZo ³d{MVnUo ^abobo AmhoV. Vm{bH$m nwU© ‘m¶m{edm¶ Vo {dH$mg H$é eH$V ZmhrV,
H$aʶmMm n«¶ËZ H$am. 춳VrÀ¶m BVa JQ>m§Mm g‘mdoe Vm{bHo$‘ܶo Vwåhr H$é eH$Vm H$m?
Vº$m 1 : AZoH JQ>mVrb 춺$s¨Mo {dH$mgmg§~§YrMo ܶo¶
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ImZr‘ܶo H$m‘ H$aUmam Am{Xdmgr
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VQ>r¶ {d^mJmVrb ‘Ëñ¶ ‘mar
g‘OmVbm 춺$s
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VmbrH$m (gmaUr) 1. nwU© Ho$ë¶mZ§Va Vo AmVm AmnU nS>VmiwZ nmhw ¶m. ¶m gd© bmoH$m§Mm {dH$mgm
~ÔbMm {dMma gmaImM Amho H$m? Vgo H$Xmnr Zmhr, Ë`m§À¶mn¡H$s à˶oH$m§Mo {dMma d JaOm doJdoJù¶m
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AmhoV ˶m§Zm ˶m§À¶m Ñï>rZo ‘hËdmÀ¶m Agcoë¶m Jmoï>rM hì¶m AmhoV. Á¶m ¶moJo Vo Amnë¶m Anoúmm nwU©
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H$é eH$Vrc qH$~hþZm EH$mM doir XmoZ 춺$s qH$dm XmoZ g‘whmÀ¶m JaOm doJù¶m nañna {damoYr Agw
eH$VmV. ‘wcrcm {VÀ¶m ^mdmcm OodT>o ñdmV§Í¶ d g§Yr {‘iVo VodT>rM Vrcmhr {‘imdr Ago dmQ>Vo.
VgoM ˶m§Zo {hÀ¶m à‘mUo KaH$m‘mVrc O~m~Xmar CMcmdr Ago dmQ>Vo. Oo {VÀ¶m ^mdmcm AmdS>ocM
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{MÌ 2.2 : Oa AmnU ‘mZd B{VhmgmMm {dMma H$aVmo V|ìhm {dH$mg ¶m KQ>H$mg AmnU H$go g‘OUma,
H$moUmMm {dH$mg Pmbobm Amho? Ogo {eH$ma H$aUmè¶m§Mr g§»¶m 2,00,000 dfm© g§~§Yr Ooìhm nmgwZ eoVr
H$aʶm gwédmV Ho$br ˶mMo df© (12000 dfm©JmoXa) AmYw{ZH$ CÚmoJY§Xo (400 dfm©JmoXa) Pmbobr Amho.
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{dH$mg H$mo U mMm?
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H$moU˶m nÜXVrZo am~{dcm OmVmo ¶mda
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ho Adc§~wZ Amho.Vo Mmbw Agboë¶m
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Am§XmobZmMo VmOo CXm. Amho. ^maV {MÌ.3 : Hw$S>ZHwy$b‘ AUw {dÚwV {Z{‘©Vr H|$X
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CnOrdrHo$À¶m H$maUmdéZ ¶m nH$ënmMm {damoY H$[aV AmhoV. {XK©H$mi ¶m {daomYmV bT>m XoʶmV Ambm
Amho, emók, n[aga Vk, d g‘mVgwYmaH$ ¶m gdmªZr ¶m àH$ënmÀ¶m {damoYmV {Q>H$m Ho$bobr Amho. ¶m
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nH$ënmÀ¶m {damoYmV Vo gd©OZ bmoH$m§À¶m ~mOwZ C^o am[hbo AmhoV. gaH$maÀ¶m YmoaUm§Mm {damoY H$aUmao
nÌ Ë¶mMm ‘OHw$a Agm Amho, Oo Amåhr ¶m Aemg{H$¶ AUw {dÚwV {Z‘uVrÀ¶m àH$ënmMm {damoY H$arV
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AmhmoV. AmnU ¶m {damoYm‘wio ZmamO ìhmb, na§Vw Amåhmbm VQ>dVu àXoemVrb KmVH$ d {dfmar
Ðì¶mnmgwZ gwajm OmñV ‘hËdmMr dmQ>Vo. Amåhmbm Am‘Mm Xoe d VQ>dVu àXoemMo ao{S>¶mo A°³Q>rd
bhatnmgwZ g§ajU hdo ˶mgmR>r àH$ën Wm§~dm. n¶m©¶ åhUwZ nwZ©{Z‘uVr D$Om© àH$ënmMm n¶m©¶ emoYm.
gaH$maMo åhUZo Ago Amho Hr, bmoH$m§À¶m gwa{jVoMr nwU© H$miOr hm àH$ënm gwé H$aVm§Zm KoVbobr Amho.
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bmoH$m§Mm {damoY Mmbw AgVm§Zmhr àH$ën Mmbw H$aʶmMm gaH$maMm {ZYm©a R>m‘ Amho. darb MMod© éZ XmoZ
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Jmoï>r ñnï> hmoVmV. AmU{dH$ D$Om© hr ñdÀN>/ewÕ D$O©oMo ómoV Ago g‘Obo OmZo Am{U ‘m§Jʶm nyU©
H$aʶmgmR>r n¶m©¶r D$Om© ómoV nwaogo Zmhr.
(1) {^Þ-^rÞ ì¶º$s¨Mo {dH$mgm g~§YrMo ܶo¶ {^Þ Agw eH$VmV.
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(2) EImÚm gmR>r Or Jmoï> {dH$mg dmQ>Vo VrM BVam§gmR>r {dH$mg dmQ>V Zmhr H$Xm{MV Vr Jmoï> BVam§gmR>r
{dZmH$maUmMm Agw eH$Vo.
• Vw‘À¶m JmdmgmR>r, ehamgmR>r d Vw‘À¶m H$m°bZrgmR>r H$mhr {dH$mgmMo ܶo¶ H$m¶ Agw eH$Vo?
• AUw {dÚwV {Z{‘©Vr nH$ënmÀ¶m nm§VmV AgUmè¶m bmoH$m§V Am{U gaH$ma‘ܶo H$moU˶m {df¶mda g§Kf©
Mmbw hmoVm?
• Vw‘À¶m AmOw-~mOybm Agboë¶m Aí¶m {ddmXmñnX nH$ënm ~Ôb Vwåhmbm ‘mhrV Amho H$m? ˶mÀ¶m
XmoÝhr ~mOyZo Pmboë¶m dmX-{ddmXm~Ôb ‘m{hVr {‘idm. ¶mbm ݶm{¶H$ Cnm¶ H$gm {‘bob.
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Imbr {Xboë¶m àíZm§Mr CËVao Úm
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¶m àH$ënm‘wio H$moU-H$moU˶m bmoH$m§Zm ’$m¶Xm/ZwH$gmZ Pmbo
¶m XoemgmR>r {dH$mgmMo ܶo¶ H$m¶ Agbo nmhrOo?
CËnÞ Am{U BVa ܶo ¶
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Oa Vw å hr gmaUr 1. nw Ý hm EH$XmnmhbmV Va Vw å hmbm EH$ gmYmaU Jmo ï > bjmV ¶o B © b ,
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bmo H $m§ M r B© À N> m ‘w i mV H$m¶ Amho - Va {Z¶{‘V H$m‘, Mm§ J bm amo O Jma d ˶m§ Z r Ko V bo ë ¶m
{nH$m§ Z m Mm§ J br qH§ $ ‘V {‘imdr. ¶mMm AW© ˶m gdmª Z m OmñV CËnÞ hdo Amho .
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A{YH$ CËnÞm ~amo~a bmoH$m§Zm BVam§H$Sw>Z g‘mZ dmJUwH$, ñdmV§Í¶, g§ajU d ‘mZ-
gå‘mZ {‘imdm Ago dmQ>V.o gm‘m{OH$ ‘V^oXmMm Vo {ZfoY H$aVmV, ho gd© ‘hËdmMo ܶo¶ CÔe
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AgVmV. Oa ho ñnï> Zgob Va WmoS>m {dMma H$am Vw‘À¶m {‘Ìm§Mm. Vw‘À¶m {OdZmVbo ‘hËd
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˶mÀ¶m ‘¡Ìr Vwåhmbm hdr dmQ>Vo. ˶mMà‘mUo Aímm H$mhr ~è¶mM Jmoï>r AmhoV, Á¶mMr
AmnUmg ghOnUo Zm|X H$aVm ¶oV
n[admamÀ¶m Zmhr. nU ˶m Jmoï>rMo ’$ma ‘hËd
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˶m‘wio bmoH$m§Mo {dH$mgmË‘H$ ܶo¶ ‘hËdH$m§jm ho Ho$di Mm§Jbo CËnÞ EodT>oM Zmhr AmhoV Va,
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OrdZmV BVa ‘hËdmÀ¶m JmoîQ>r AmhoV. {dH$mgm ~Ôb {d{dY bmoH$m§À¶m {d{dY H$ënZm AgVmV.
Imbrb {Xboë¶m n¡H$s H$moUVo ñnîQ>rH$aU ‘hËdmMo Amho Am{U H$m?
A. H$maU bmoH$ {^Þ-{^Þ AmhoV.
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Am. H$maU à˶oH$ 춺$sÀ¶m {OdZmMr n[añWrVr doJir Amho.
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A. bmoH$m§À¶m {dH$mgm{df¶rÀ¶m ‘hËdH$m§jm doJdoJù¶m AmhoV.
Am. bmoH$m§À¶m {dH$mgm{df¶rÀ¶m ‘hËdH$m§jo‘ܶo g§Kf© Amho.
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Amnë¶m OrdZm‘ܶo CËnÝZm {edm¶ BVa KQ>H$ ‘hËdmMo AmhoV.¶mMo H$mhr CXm.Úm?
darb Hmhr JQ>mVrb bmoH$m§À¶m ‘hËdmÀ¶m Cnm¶m ~Ôb Vw‘À¶m eãXmV g§X^m©ghrV
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ñnï>rH$aU Úm.
{^Þ-doJdoJù¶m XoemMr d àm§VmMr VwbZm H$er H$am¶Mr
O|ìhm AmnU doJdoJù¶m Jmoï>tMr VwbZm H$aVmo, V|ìhm ˶m‘ܶo g‘mZVm ˶mM ~amo~a {df‘Vmhr Agw eH$Vo.
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˶mMr VwbZm H$aVm§Zm H$moU˶m Ñï>rH$moUmMm AmnU Cn¶moJ H$aVmo. Mbm dJm©Vrb ‘wbm§Mo CXm. KoD$ ¶m.
doJdoJù¶m ‘wbm§Mr ‘mnZ VwbZm H$er H$aVmo, Vo ˶m§À¶m C§Mr‘ܶo, Amamo½¶, ~wÕr‘Îmm Am{U AmdS>-{ZdS>
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B˶mXr‘ܶo Vo doJdoJio Agw eH$VmV. gdm©V« {ZamoJr AgUmam ‘wbJm gdm©V OmñV Aä¶mgw Agw eH$V Zmhr, gdm©V
OmñV ~wÕr‘mZ AgUmam ‘wbJm ào‘i Á¶m {‘Ìmà‘mUo àr¶ Agw eH$V Zmhr. åhUwZ AmnU ‘wbm§Mr VwbZm H$er
H$aVmo. ‘mnX§S>mMm AmnU Cn¶moJ H$é eH$Vmo. Vo ˶m VwbZm H$aUmè¶m CÔoemda Adb§~wZ AgVo. IoimMr
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{Q>‘,dmX-{ddmX H$aUmar {Q>‘, EH$m g§JrVmMr {Q>‘ d amhUrMo ì¶dñWmnZ H$aUmar {Q>‘ B˶mXrMr {ZdS> H$aVm§Zm
AmnU doJdoJù¶m ‘mnX§S>mMm Cn¶moJ H$aVmo Varhr Oa H$mhr CÔoemgmR>r dJm©Vrb ‘wbm§À¶m gdm©JrZ {dHmgmgmR>r
AmnUmbm EH$m ‘mnX§S>mMr {ZdS> H$amdr bmJV.o Vo AmnU H$go H$aVmo.
Zoh‘r AmnU 춺$sÀ¶m EH$m qH$dm AZoH$ ‘hËdmÀ¶m JwU d¡{eîQ²>¶mMm dMma H$aVmo. d ˶m
d¡{eîQ>çmda AmYmarV VwbZm H$aVmo. XoemMr VwbZm H$aʶmH$arVm ˶m XoemMo CËnÞ bjmV KoU hm
˶mn¡H$s EH$ ‘hËdmMm JwUY‘© KQ>H$ Amho. Á¶m XoemMo CËnÞ OmñV Amho ˶m Xoem§Mm {dH$mg H$‘r
CËnÝZ Agboë¶m Xoemnojm OmñV AgVmo. OmñV CËnÞ åhUOo VoWrb bmoH$m§H$S>o AgUmè¶m OmñV gw{dYm
.¶mdéZ Ago R>adbo OmVo. Oo H$mhr bmoH$m§Zm AmdS>V d Vo ˶mÀ¶mH$S>o Agbo nmhrOo. A{YH$ CËnÞ
Agë¶m‘wio Vo gd© {‘i{dVmV. ¶mMmM AW© OmñVrMo CËnÞ hr Jmoï> EH$ ‘hËdmMo ܶo¶ åhUwZ KoVbo
OmVo.
18 gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z {dH$mgmMo Cnm¶
AmVm AmnU nmhþ amï´>mMo CËnÝZ åhUOo H$m¶? gmYmaUnUo XoemMo CËnÞ åhUOo VoWrb
gd© bmoH§$mMo CËnÞ ¶mdéZ Amnë¶mbm XoemÀ¶m g§nwU© CËnÞm{dî¶r ‘mhrVr {‘iVo.
Vgo AgwZhr XoemÀ¶m g§nwU© CËnÞmMr VwbZm H$aVmZm ho EH$ Cn¶moJr ‘mnX§S> Zmhr.
à˶oH$ XoemMr bmoH$g§»¶m doJir Agë¶mZo ˶m XoemÀ¶m CËnÞmMr VwbZm H$éZ gmYmaU ‘Zwî¶
{H$Vr H$‘mdVmo Agm {ZîH$f© bmdVm ¶oV Zmhr. EH$m XoemVbo bmoH$ BVa XoemVrb bmoH$m§nojm
{dH$grV AgVmV. H$m? ˶m‘wio gmYmaU CËnÞmMr VwbZm H$aVmo. EHw$U CËnÞmbm, bmoH$g§»¶oZr
^mJbo AgVm EHy$U amï´>r¶ CËnÞ {‘iVo. VoM ˶m amï´>mMo EHw$U CËnÝZ hmo¶.
amï´>m§Mo dJuH$aU H$aʶmH$[aVm OmJ{VH$ ~±Ho$Zo àñVwV Ho$boë¶m OmJ{VH$ {dH$mg ‘mhrVr
n{ÌHo$‘ܶo ømM ‘mnX§S>mMm Cn¶moJ H$aVmV, Á¶m Xoem§Mo EHw$U dm{f©H$ XaS>moB© CËnÞ (per
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capita income) US $12,055 BVHo$ Amho ˶m Xoem§Zm 2017 ‘ܶo OmñV CËnÞ d 2017 ‘ܶo
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CËnÞ Ë¶m Xoemg H$‘r CËnÞ Agbobo Xoe Ago åhUVmV. EH$ XeH$mÀ¶m AJmoXa ^maV XoemMr
Zm|X H$‘r CËnÞ Agboë¶m Xoem‘ܶo Pmbobr Amho. AmVm ^maV XoemMr Zm|X ‘ܶ‘ CËnÞ
Agboë¶m Xoem‘ܶo Pmbobr Amho. Ogo BVa Xoemnojm ^maVmMo EHw$U CËnÝZ PnmQ>çmZo dmT>bobo
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Amho. Vgo Amnë¶m XoemMr pñWVr hr gwYmabobr Amho, Xþgè¶m nmR>m‘ܶo ^maVmVrb bmoH$m§Mo
dmT>Vo CËnÞ ¶m{df¶r Aä¶mg H$é ¶m. N
lt§‘§V amï´>mV Am{e¶mVrb npíM‘r amï´> d {ZpíVMV BVa bhmZ amï´> dJiVm BVa amï´>§Zm
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{dH${gV amï´> åhUVmV.
gamgar VwbZm H$aʶmg Cn¶moJr nS>Vo nUVo ~aoM ’$aH$ bn{dVmV.
CXm. A Am{U B. Aí¶m XmoZ XoemMm {dMma H$é ¶m. g‘OݶmH$[aVm Ago J¥hrV Yé ¶m ¶m
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à˶oH$ amï´>mH$S>o 5 ZmJ[aH$ AmhoV, gmaUr 2 ‘ܶo {Xboë¶m ‘mhrVrÀ¶m AmYmao XmoÝhr amï´>m§Mo
gamgar (XaS>moB©) CËnÞmMr ‘moO‘mn H$é ¶m.
gmaUr 2 XmoZ XoemMr VwbZmm
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I II III IV V gamgar
Xoe A 9500 10500 9800 10000 10200
Xoe B 500 500 500 500 48000
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¶m XmoÝhr XoemV Vwåhr gmaIo AmZ§Xr amhþ eH$mb H$m? XmoÝhr Xoe gmaIoo {dH$grV AmhoV
H$m? H$XmMrV Amnë¶mn¡H$s H$mhrOUm§g B XoemV amhZo AmdSw> eH$Vo. Ooìhm AmnUmg 5ì¶m
H«$‘§H$mMm ZmJ[aH$ hmoʶmMo AmídmgZ {Xbo OmVo. nU bm°Q>arÛmao Amnbo ZmJarH$Ëd {gÕ hmoV
Agbo Va H$XmMrV Amnë¶mn¡H$s OmñV OUm§g A. XoemV amhʶmgmR>r àmYmݶ XoVrb. Oar
XmoÝhr XoemMo CËnÞ ‘ܶ‘ Agbo Var A Xoembm àmW{‘H$Vm {Xbr OmVo. H$maU VoWrb
ZmJ[aH$m§Mo CËnÞ g‘mZ Amho, ¶m XoemVrb bmoH$ ’$ma lr‘§V d ’$ma Jar~ ZmhrV. ˶mMdoir
B XoemVrb OmñV bmoH$ Jar~ AmhoV. d EH$ 춺$s ’$maM lr‘§V Amho. ˶m‘wio Oar gmYmaU
CËnÞ VwbZm H$aʶmH$[aVm Cn¶moJr Amho. Var ˶m‘wio bmoH$m§‘ܶo CËnÞmMo dmQ>n H$go hmoVo.
ho H$iV Zmhr.
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{VZ CXm.Úm {OWo-BWo {Xboë¶mnojm gmYmaU,‘ܶ‘ CËnÞ Agboë¶m n{apñWVrMr VwbZm Ho$br
OmVo.
{dH$mgmgmR>r XaS>moB© CËnÞ hm EH$ CÎm‘ KQ>H$ Amho, Ago XoVweåhmbm H$mVdmQ>
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J«hrV Yam [aH$m°S>© XmI{dVmo H$s, XoemVbo gmYmaU CËnÞ {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>V Mmbbo Amho,
¶mdéZ Vwåhr g‘mOmVrb gd©M JQ>mVrb Am{W©H$ pñWVr Mm§Jbr Pmbobr Amho. Agm {ZîH$f©
AN
bmdw eH$Vm H$m? CXm.XodyZ ñnï> H$am?
2012.À¶m OmJ{VH$ {dH$mñmmÀ¶m ‘m{hVrà‘mUo (Oo nmR>m‘ܶo Ambobo Amho) gm‘mݶ CËnÞ
AgUmè¶m XoemMr ‘m{hVr {‘idm?
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^maV Xoe hm {dH${gV amï´> hmoʶmH$[aVm H$m¶ Ho$bo nmhrOo ¶mda Vwåhr CVmam {bhm?
CËnÞ d BVa ‘mnX§S> N Vº$m : 3 {ZdS>boë¶m àm§VmMo
Ooì§ hm AmnU 춺$sJV Anojm, AmH$m§jm nmhrbo V|ìhm Amnë¶m
dm{f©H$ EHw$U CËnÞ
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bjmV Ambo H$s, bmoH$m§Zm Mm§Jbo CËnÞM Zìh| Va, g§ajU,
BVam§H$S>yZ {‘iUmam AmXa, gååmmZ, dmJUwH$ ñdmV§Í¶ B˶mXr amÁ¶ NSDP at
Curreat prices
Jmoï>r Amdí¶H$ dmQ>VmV. ˶mMà‘mUo O|ìhm AmnU XoemÀ¶m d
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(GSDP
àm§VmMm {dMma H$aVmo, V|ìhm AmnU gmYmaUV… CËnÞ ~amo~aM 2011-12 Series)
BVa ‘hËdmÀ¶m JwUY‘m©Mm {dMma H$aVmo. har¶mUm 180174
ho JwUY‘© H$m¶ Agw eH$VmV. Mbm CXm.Ûmao g‘OwZ {h‘mMb 149028
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CËnÞ OmñV Amho, d {~hmaMo H$‘r. ¶mMm AW© gmYmaUnUo har¶mUm ‘Yrc 춺$s dfm©bm 0.66 cmI
H$‘mdVmo. ˶mMdoir {~hma‘ܶo AgUmam 춺$s gmYmaUnUo dfm©bm 2.15 cmI H$‘mdVmo. V|ìhm
{dH$mgmMm ‘mnX§S> Oa ˶m àm§VmMo EHwU CËnÞ R>adbo Va har¶mUm {VZ à§mVmn¡H$s A{YH$ {dH${gV à§mV
SC
d {~hmabm H$‘r {dH$grV àm§V ‘mZbo OmVo. Vmo ’$º$ gamgar én¶o 0.66 cmI én¶o H$‘mdVmo. AmVm
AmnU gmaUr 4 ‘ܶo darb àm§Vmer g§~§YrV BVa ‘mhrVr nmhy ¶m.
gmaUr: 4 {ZdS>boë¶m àm§VmMr H$mhr VwbZmË‘H$ ‘m{hVr
àm§V ~m.‘¥.Xa à˶oH$ 1000 gmjaVm Xa (%) hOoar CnñWrVrMo à‘mU
(2016) (2011) (2013-14)
har¶mUm 33 77 61
{h‘mMmb àXoe 25 84 67
{~hma 38 64 43
A
har¶mUm ‘Ümë¶m gmYmaU ‘mUgmMo CËnÞ, {h‘mMb‘Yë¶m gmYmaU ‘mUgmnojm
AN
OmñV Amho, na§Vw ¶m ‘hËdmÀ¶m joÌmV ‘mJo nS>VmV. ho H$go? ¶mMo H$maU OJʶmH$a{Vm Vw‘À¶m
nmHo$Q>‘ܶo Agboë¶m n¡í¶m‘ܶo Vwåhmbm bmJV Agboë¶m dñVw d godm IaoXr H$é eH$V Zmhr.
åhUwZ Ho$di CËnÞ ho bmJUmè¶m ^m¡{VH$ dñVw d godm àmá H$aʶm H$[aVm nwaogo Zmhr.
G
CXm.gmYmaUnUo Vw‘Mo n¡go Vwåhmbm àXþfU‘wº$ n[aga XoD$ eH$V Zmhr. VgoM Vwåhmbm
^ogi‘wº$ Am¡fYr ^oQ>Vrb ¶mMr ImÌr Zmhr. OJʶm H$arVm n¡em§Mr Amdí¶H$Vm AgVo nU
N
n¡em§Zr gd© Jmoï>r dñVw {H§$dm godm IaoXr H$é eH$V Zmhr, V|ìhm ‘mUwg dmnaV Agboë¶m dñVw,
godm, gw{dYm ¶mgmR>r CËnÞ hoM Ho$di ‘mnX§S> hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. CXm. n¡emZo Vwåhmbm àXþf©U
LA
a{hV dmVmdaU {dH$V KoVm ¶oUma Zmhr qH$dm ~ogi¶wº$ Am¡fY. g‘mOmV ¶m Jmoï>r AmhoVM.
g‘mOmbm ¶mVwZ ~mhoa H$mT>ʶmgmR>r ¶mo½¶ Vr j‘Vm Agbr nm{hOo. n¡emZo g§gJ©Oݶ AmOmamnmgwZ
TE
g§ajU {‘iV Zmhr. Omo n¶ªV gd© g‘mO {‘iwZ ¶m Jmoï>tnmgwZ ~Mmd H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ H$aUma
Zmhr Vmon¶ªV Vo Ho$di Ae³¶ Amho.
IaoVa OrdZmVë¶m AZoH$ ‘hËdmÀ¶m JmoîQ>rn¡H$s gd© CÎm‘ ‘mJ© VgoM gdm©V gmonm ‘mJ© åhUOo
T
gm‘wXm{¶H$nUo n¡í¶mZo Z {‘iUmè¶m Jmoï>r nwadUo. g‘mOmZo gm‘wXm{¶H$ [a˶m EH$Ì ¶oD$Z ¶m gw{dYm
nwa{dë¶m nm{hOo. {dMma H$am, à˶oH$ KamgmR>r JmS>© R>odʶmnojm g§nwU© H$m°bZrgmR>r JmS>© R>odUo gmo¶rMo
ER
Zmhr H$m? Vw‘À¶m JmdmV Vw‘À¶m {edm¶ BVa H$moUrhr {ejU KoD$ BpÀN>V Zmhr, Aem doir Vwåhr
Vw‘Mo {ejU H$go nwU© H$amb? Oa Vw‘À¶m nmbH$m§Mr ’$sg ^aʶmMr j‘Vm Agob, qH$dm ˶m§Zm
Vwåhmbm {eH$dʶmMr BÀN>m Agob VaM Vwåhr {eHy$ eH$mb. nU BVa AZoH$ ‘wbo Aer AgVrb Á¶m§Zm
SC
emioV {eH$mdmgo dmQ>Vo ˶m§Zr H$m¶ H$am¶M. ˶m§Zm Ago dmQ>V Agob H$s, gaH$maZo emim H$mT>mì¶m.
˶mV gd© gw{dYm CnbãY H$éZ Úmdm, AmOhr {H$˶oH$ JmdmV ‘wbtZm 10 dr n¶ªVMo {ejU gwÕm KoVm
¶oV Zmhr.
H$mhr amÁ¶mV ~mb ‘¥Ë¶w Xa ’$ma H$‘r Amho, H$maU ˶m§À¶mH$S>o Amamo½¶ d {ejUm{df¶r ‘wb^wV
gw{dYm AmhoV. ˶mà‘mUo H$mhr àm§Vm‘ܶo Amdí¶H$ gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU àUmbr (PDS) N>mZ H$m‘ H$aVo,
Oa H$mhr {R>H$mUr ñdñV YmݶmMr XþH$mZm‘m’$©V nÕVeranUo {dVaU H$aV Zgob Va ˶mgmR>r ˶m
{R>H$mUMo bmoH ˶m‘ܶo gwYmaUm AmUw eH$VmV.
Amamo½¶ Am{U nmofH$ Amhma{df¶H$ bmoH$m§Mr pñWVr H$mhr àm§Vm‘ܶo {ZíMrVnUo N>mZ Amho.$
A
H$aVmV, npíM‘ ~§Jmb d Amgm‘‘ܶo ameZ em°nÀ¶m ‘m’©$V Ho$di 11 Vo 6 Q>¸o$ Vm§XimMr
IaoXr hmoVo. Hw$R>o bmoH$m§Zm g‘mYmZH$maH$ godm ^oQ>Vo Am{U H$m?
AN
‘mZdmÀ¶m {dH$mgmMm Ahdmb
O|ìhm Amnë¶mbm H$iwZ MwH$Vo H$s, CËnÞ hm ‘mZd {dH$mgmMm Xa ‘moOʶmMm Anwam ‘mZX§S> Amho.
G
˶mdoir AmnU BVa Jmoï>tMm {dMma H$am¶bm bmJVmo. hr ¶mXr ~arM ‘moR>r Agw eH$Vo. Amnë¶mbm
{dH$mgmMm ñVa OmUwZ ¿¶m¶Mm Agob Va Amamo½¶ d {ejU ho XmoZ KQ>H$ ¶mV g‘m{dï> Ho$bo nm{hOo.
N
CXm. Ho$ai Am{U har¶mUmMr VwbZm Ho$br AgVm, ‘mJrb H$m§hr XeH$mVrb CËnÞm ~amo~a Amamo½¶
LA
Am{U {ejU {dH$mgmMo gwMH$ åhUwZ ¶mV g‘m{dï> H$aʶmV Amë¶m. g§¶wº$ amï´> {dH$mg n[afX
(U.N.D.P) Zo àH$merV Ho$boë¶m AhdmbmZwgma ‘mZd {dH$mgmÀ¶m XamMr VwbZm H$aVm§Zm XmoZ
TE
Xoem§‘Yrb Amamo½¶ d {eúmUmMm ñVa ¶m XmoZ Jmoï>r ¶mV g‘m{dï> H$aʶmV Amë¶m.
lrb§H$m Amnbo eoOmao amï´> à˶oH$ joÌmV ^maV XoemhÿZ AJ«ga Amho. ^maVmgma»¶m {demb
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XoemMm {dH$mgmMm Xa ‘moOVm§Zm Amnbm ‘mZd {dH$mg gwMH$m§H$ (HDI) lrb§Ho$nojm hr H$‘r Amho. ho
AmíM¶©H$maH$ Zmhr H$m? gmaUr H«$. 5 Zwgma ZonmiMo EHw$U CËnÞ ^maVmÀ¶m 50 Q>¸o$nojmhr H$‘r Amho.
ER
na§Vw e¡j{UH$ ÑîQ>çm Vmo ^maVmnojm ’$ma ‘mJo Zmhr. qH$~hÿZm Amamo½¶ qH$dm ‘¥Ë¶y Xa ¶mMm {dMma Ho$bm
Va Vmo ^maVmnojm nwT>o Amho.
SC
‘mZd {dH$mgmMm Xa ‘moOVm§Zm AZoH$ gwYmaUm ~Xb gwMdbo AgwZ AZoH$ KQ>H$ ¶mV OmoS>bo Jobo
Amho. ‘mZd {dH$mg (Human to Development) HDI À¶m ‘mZd {dH$mg AhdmbmV XoemVrb ‘mUwg
hm ‘hËdmMm KQ>H$ AgwZ ˶mMo Amamo½¶, {ejU, ˶mMr àJVr XoemÀ¶m {dH$mgmgmR>r ‘hËdnwU© Amho.
H$mimZwgma {dH$mgmMo àJVrV énm§Va
‘mZd {dH$mg gwMH$m§H$mZwgma H$m§hr Xoe Amnë¶m nwTo AmhoV. Amnë¶m XoemVrb {d{dY amÁ¶m§‘ܶo
{dH$mgmÀ¶m XamV ’$aH$ AmT>iVmo. EodT>oM Zìho Va {Oëhm ñVamda gwÕm EImXm {Oëhm Xþgè¶m {Oëømnojm
AJ«ga AgVmo. qH$dm EH$mM amÁ¶mVrb H$m§hr {Oëho BVa {Oëøm§À¶m VwbZoZo nwT>o AgVmV. hr VwbZm H$m
H$am¶Mr? ¶mMm Amåhmbm H$m¶ ’$m¶Xm hmoVmo? ho gwMH$m§H$ Amåhmbm {dH$mgmMm Xa gwM{dVmV. VgoM
H$m§hr àm§V {dH$mgmV H$m ‘mJo AmhoV ho gm§JVmV. {dH$mg XamMm gwMH$m§H$ BVam§nojm H$‘r XmIdV Agob
22 gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z {dH$mgmMo Cnm¶
2017 À¶m ‘mZd {dH$mgmÀ¶m Ahdmbmà‘mUo ^maV Xoe ˶m§Mm eoOmar amï´> ¶m{df¶rMr
Zo‘H$s g§~§YrV ‘m{hVr nhmZo AmíM¶©H$maH$ Agob.
gmaUr 5 ^maV Xoe ˶m§Mm eoOmar amï´> 2017
XaS>moB© CËnÞ OÝ‘ ‘¥Ë¶y Xa ‘mZd {dH$mg gwMH$m§H$ gmúmaVm Xa
Xoe $ (S>m° ba)‘ܶo OÝ‘boë¶m {Xdg
A
nm{H$ñVmZ 5,311 66.6 149 5
AN
å¶mZ§‘ma 5,567 66.7 147 5
~m§½bmXoe 3,677 72.8 138 6
Zonmb 2,471 70.6 148 5
G
gmaUr 5 Mo ZmoQ>
N
‘m.{d.H$ (HDI)- ‘mZd {dH$mgmMm H«$‘ daÀ¶m gmaUr‘ܶo 189 Xoem§n¡H$s {Xbobo ñWmZ (rank) Amho.
LA
OÝ‘mÀ¶m doir Ano{jV OrdZ‘mZ-OÝ‘ë¶m Z§Va EHw$U OrdZ OJʶmMm H$mi OJʶmMm Ano{jV H$mi
emioMo gmYmaU d¶: 25 d ˶mnojm OmñV d¶ AgUmè¶m bmoH$m§H$Sw>Z KoVbo OmUmao H$mhr df© {ejU.
EHw$U CËnÞ A‘o[aH$mÀ¶m S>m°ba ‘ܶo gd© Xoem§H$a{Vm JUZm Ho$br OmVo.Á¶m‘wio H$moUr EH$ VwbZm H$é eH$Vo.
TE
Vo Ago Amho H$s S>m°baZo gma»¶mM à‘mUmV dñVw d godm H$moU˶mhr Xoem‘ܶo KoVm ¶oVo.
T
ER
SC
’$ma OmñV
OmñV H${‘
‘ܶ‘ ‘mhmVr Zmhr
ZH$mem 1 : OJmMm ZH$mem ‘m.{d.H«$ (HD) XmI{dVmo. doJdoJù¶m I§S>m‘Yrb {d{dY àH$ma AmoiIm.
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 23
Va ¶m bmoH$m§À¶m OrdZ‘mZmMm ñVa dmT>{dʶmH$S>o {deof bj {Xbo nm{hOo. {dH$mg à{H«$¶oV
H$m§hr OU Amnë¶m nwT>o AmhoV Ago H$m? CXm. BVa amÁ¶m§nojm {h‘mMb àXoemVrb ‘wbo {ejU
KoVmV. gmaUr H«$. 4 ¶m àíZmMo CÎma emoYVm§Zm EH$ JmoîQ> bjmV ¶oVo H$s, {h‘mMb àXoemV
EH$ e¡j{UH$ H«$m§Vr Pmbr. hr H«$m§Vr KS>dZw AmUʶmgmR>r g‘mOmVrb AZoH$ KQ>H$ EH$Ì Ambo. ˶m§Zm
EH$Ì ¶mdo bmJbo. {dH$mg hr EH$ Jw§VmJw§VrMr à{H«$¶m Amho.
^maV Xoembm ñdmV§Í¶ {‘imbo V|ìhm BVa ৲mVmà‘mUo {h‘mMb àXoe {ejUm‘ܶo ’$ma ‘mJo
hmoVm. Q>oH$S>rda dgbobm àXoe H$‘r bmoH$g§»¶m Agbobm {h‘mMb àXoe V|ìhm JmdmJmdmV
emim H$mT>Uo ho ‘moR>o AmìhmZ hmoVo. Vgo
AgVm§Zmhr {h.à. gaH$ma d VoWrb bmoH$ XmoKho r
A
{ejU
{ejUm{df¶r OmJéH$ hmoVo. gd© ‘wbm§gmR>r åhUOo
Amˑmbm
AN
hr AmH$m§jm dmñV{dHo$V H$go ~Xbm¶Mo. {ejU AmoiIUo
åhUOo hmo¶
gaH$maZo emim gwé Ho$ë¶m Am{U ñnï> hmolr‘§ V
Uo hmo¶ ‘m¶m
gmR>r
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ImÌr Ho$bo H$s, {ejU gdmªgmR>r ‘mo’$V hmoV
{ejUmMm
d nmbH$m§Zm ’$ma H$‘r n¡go bmJmdoV, Agm AW©
à¶ËZ Ho$bm nwT>o gaH$maZo ¶m à˶oH$ emioV
N H$m¶?
H$‘rV-H$‘r {ejH$,dJ©,Q>m°¶boQ>, {nʶmÀ¶m
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nmUr B˶mXr gw{dYm Agë¶mMr ImÌr H$éZ
KoVbr. doioZwgma ¶m gw{dYm§‘ܶo gwYmaUm d {dñVma hmoV Jobm. AZoH$ emim CKSʶmV Amë¶m
TE
{ejH$mMr ^Vu Ho$br ˶m‘wio OmñV ‘wbo ghOnUo {ejU KoD$ eH$bo. emim CKS>ʶmgmR>r d
˶m Mm§Jë¶m Mmb{dʶmgmR>r gaH$mabm Z¸$sM n¡go Iwn IM© H$amdo bmJboV. à˶oH$ ‘wbmbm
{ejUm H$arVm ^maV XoemVrb AZoH$ àm§Vm‘ܶo {h‘mMb àXoeMo doJio ñWmZ Amho. H$maU
T
{h.à.‘ܶo à˶oH$ ‘wbmbm {ejUmH$arVm gaH$maÀ¶m I{OݶmVwZ gdm©V OmñV n¡go IM© Ho$bo
ER
OmVmV. 2005 ‘ܶo n«Ë¶oH$ ‘wbmÀ¶m {ejUmH$[aVm ^maVmVrb àm§Vr¶ gaH$maH$Sw>Z gmYmaUnUo
1049 én¶o IM© H$aʶmV Ambo Va ˶mMdoir {h‘mMb à˶oH$ ‘wbm§gmR>r 2005 é. IM© H$arV
hmoVm.OmñV n«mYmݶ {ejUmbm XoʶmV Ambo.
SC
1996 ‘ܶo Am{U 2006 ‘ܶo A{YH$ bj KmbwZ emioda AmYmarV n¶©dojU (g{dñVa
‘mhrVr Jmoim H$aUo) Ho$bo n¶©dojH$m§Zr {bhbo :
{h‘mMb àXoemVrb {dÚmWu emiobm CËgmhmZo ¶oVmV. ‘wbmMm A{YH$m{YH$ ‘wbm§Zr
emioÀ¶m AZw^dmMm AmZ§X KoVbm. N>må~m JmdmV 4 ϶m dJm©V {eH$Umar Zohm åhUmbr {ejH$
Am‘À¶mda ào‘ H$aVmV, Am{U Amåhmbm N>mZ {eH${dVmV. ‘wbm§Mo ñdßZ OmñV {ejU KoʶmMr
hmoVr. ˶m§À¶m AmH$m§jm nmobrg, emñÌk Am{U {ejH$ ~ZʶmÀ¶m hmo˶m. àmW{‘H$ dJm©‘ܶo
hOo[aMo à‘mU ’$ma OmñV hmoVo. VoM d¶mZo ‘moR>o ‘wbo hmooVo. ˶m§À¶mVhr hOo[aMo VoM à‘mU
nmhʶmV Ambo.
A
CËVa ^maVr¶ àXoe.
AN
H$mhr OUmg AmíM¶© dmQw> eH$Vo H$s, {b§J-^oX H$m H$‘r Amho, {ejUm ~amo~aM BVa
joÌmVhr ho nmhVm ¶oVo. dmb ‘¥Ë¶w Xa (5 dfm©AmV ‘aUmar ‘wbo) ‘wbrÀ¶m ~m~VrV BVa
àm§Vmnojm H$‘r Amho. EH$ {deof ~m~ åhUOo, {h.à.‘ܶë¶m ór¶m Zm¡H$è¶mgmR>r Kam~mhoa
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AmhoV. Á¶m ór¶m Kam~mhoa H$m‘ H$aVmV, ˶m Am{W©H$ ÑîQ>çm ñdmV§Í¶ AgVmV. d ˶m§Mm
ñdV…da {dídmg AgVmo. ‘wbm§Mo {ejU, Amamo½¶, OÝ‘, ñdÀN>Vm B˶mXr‘ܶo KamVrb
N
H$m¶m©‘ܶo ˶m§Mr ^w{‘H$m ‘hËdmMr AgVo. ñdV… Zm¡H$arda g§nÞ AgwZ {h‘mb¶r ‘{hbm
LA
˶mÀ¶m ‘wbrZo b¾mZ§Vahr H$m‘mgmR>r ~mhoa nS>mdo Aer Anojm H$aVmV. ˶m‘wio emim {eH$Uo
ho ghO AgwZ Vr EH$ gm‘m{OH$ àWm ~Zbr ho nmhʶmg Ambobo Amho. {h‘mb¶r ñÌr
VwbZmË‘H$ ÑîQ>çm gm‘m{OH$, OrdZmV d JmdÀ¶m amOH$maUmV ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV ^mJ KoVo .
TE
ór¶m 67 76 54 65
nwéf 85 89 75 82
XmoZ doJdoJù¶m dfm©Vrb VwbZm {dH$mgmMo gwMH$ Amho, Oo KSw>Z Ambobo Amho. ñnï>nUo
bjmV ¶oVo H$s, {h‘mMb àXoe‘ܶo g§nwU© ^maVmnojm {ejUmV Am{U {ejUmMm àgma
H$aʶmV ’$ma ‘moR>m {dH$mg Pmbobm Amho. Oar VoWo AOyZhr ‘wbm-‘wbt‘ܶo {ejUmÀ¶m
~m~VrV gmYmaU ‘V^oX Agbm Var, VoWo AmO g‘mZVoÀ¶m ~m~VrV H$mhr àJVr Pmbobr
Amho.
A
Amho. gaH$mar ¶moOZoA§VJ©V gdmªgmR>r {ejU, Amamo½¶ ¶m godm CnbãY H$éZ XoUo hm EH$‘od
‘mJ© Amho. {ejUmMm XOm© gwYmaUo g‘mOmV qbJ^oX ZgUo, g‘mZVm AgUo øm Jmoï>t‘wio
AN
{dH$mgmMr JVr dmT>Vo. gmd©O{ZH$ gw{dYm§Mm ¶mo½¶ dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.
‘hËdmMo eãX
G
EHw$U CËnÞmM, ‘mZd {dH$mg, bmoH$ ì¶dñWm, {ejU Am{U Amamo½¶ gwMH$ bmoH$m§À¶m gw{dYm
Vw‘À¶m Aä¶mgmMo nwZamdbmoH$U
N
LA
1. doJdoJù¶m Xoem§Mo dJuH$aU H$aʶmH$[aVm OmJ{VH$ ~±H$ H$moU˶m _w»` ‘mnX§S>mMm
Cn¶moJ H$aVmo? darc _mnX§S>mZmda H$mhr ~§YZo Amho H$m`? Vo gm§Jm?
TE
2. Zoh‘r à˶oH$ gm‘m{OH$ {dbjU ~Xbm§‘mJo AZoH ¶moJXmZ XoUmao KQ>H$ AgVmV.
EH$hr KQ>H$ ZgVmo, Vw‘À¶m_Vo H$moUVo KQ>H$ AmhoV? Á¶mÛmao {h‘mMb àXoem‘Yrb
{ejUm˦m {dH$mgmg H$maUr^yV R>aUmao KQ>H$ H$moUVo?
T
5. AmnU ‘mܶ‘ nÕVrMm Cn¶moJ H$aVmo.˶mÀ¶m Cn¶moJmda H$mhr ‘¶m©Xm AmhoV H$m?
{dH$mgmbm g§~§YrV Ago ñdV…Mo CXm. XoD$Z ñnï> H$am?
6. CËnÞmÀ¶m ‘hËdm{df¶r H$moUVm nmR> Vwåhr Kody eH$Vm, Ogo {h‘mMb àXoeMo EHw$U
CËnÞ n§Om~nojm H$‘r Agbo Var ‘mZd {dH$mgmÀ¶m H«$‘m§‘ܶo {h.à nwT>o Amho.
7. gmaUr-6 ‘ܶo {Xboë¶m g§»¶oÀ¶m AmYmao Imbrb [aH$må¶m OmJm nwU© H$am.
1993 dfm©V {h‘mMb àXoemV 6 dfm©À¶m da Agboë¶m à˶oH$ 100 ‘wbtn¡H$s,
___________‘wbr àmW{‘H$ H$joV {eH$boë¶m hmo˶m. 2006 dfm©V g§nwU© ^maV
A
11. {ejUmMm A{YH$ma, H$b‘ 2009 (RTE) KmofZm H$aVo H$s, 6 Vo 14 dfm©À¶m ‘wbm§H$S>o
AN
‘wâV {ejU KoʶmMm A{YH$ma Amho. gaH$mabm ImÌr H$amdr bmJVo, emiogmR>r
Amdí¶H$ B‘maVr, Cƒ {ejU Agboë¶m {ejH$m§Mr ^Vu Am{U BVa Amdí¶H$ gmo¶r
H$amì¶m bmJVmV. ¶mnmR>mV Vwåhr Oo H$mhr dmMVmV Am{U Oo H$mhr Vwåhmbm ‘mhrV
G
Amho, ˶mAmYmao ¶m ‘hËdmÀ¶m H$b‘m~Ôb MMm© H$am. g§dmX H$am. A). ‘wbm ~Ôb
Am). ‘mZd {dH$mgm ~Ôb. N
LA
àH$ën
1. Cn{O{dHo$ g§~§Yr {d{dY gmYZo `m {MÌmV XmI{dco Amho.
{dH$mgmgmR>r Ë`m§Zm ñWmZ, J¥h,g§~§Yr {MÌ XmIdwZ Ë`m§Mr
TE
H$am?
ER
_V,A{^àm` A{^àm`
India GDP growth slows to five year low at 5.8%, falls behind China.
^maVmÀ¶m (GDP) Mr dmT> H$‘r CËnmXZ Pmë¶m‘wi,o OmZodmar- S>Qo >m gm§JVmo........ 2014-15 nmgyZ
nmM dfm©nojm ‘§X Pmbr-5.8%, ‘mM© 2018-19 ‘ܶo, ^maVmÀ¶m EHy$U amï´>r¶ CËnÞmMr dmT> ‘§X
MrZÀ¶m ‘mJo nS>bm. Am{W©H$ dmT>rMm Xa 5.8% ‘§X Pmbm. Pmbr. ‘mJrb H$‘r 6.4% 2013-
‘o 31 bm Om{ha Ho$boë¶m A{YH¥$V 14 ‘ܶo Pmbr (X {hÝXÿ)
A
eoVr Am{U CËnmXZ loÌmV
Aem nH$maÀ¶m ~mVå¶m AmnU dV©‘mZ nÌmV dmMZ AgVmo. ho H$em {df¶r
AN
~mobVmV? H$emgmR>r EdT>r {Zamem {XgwZ ¶oVo? Vw‘À¶m {ejH$mÀ¶m ‘XVrZo Aem
nH$maMo dV©‘mZ nÌ O‘m HéZ ˶mVrb KQ>H$mda MMm© H$am.
Am{W©H$ joÌmVrb KQ>H$
G
bmoH$ Amnë¶m Cn{OdrHo$gmR>r doJdoJù¶m àH$maMr H$m‘o H$aVmV. ho AmnU AmR>ì¶md
N
Zdì¶m dJm©Vrb H$mhr nmR>m‘ܶo ¶mMr MMm© Ho$br Amho, hr H$m‘o ‘w»¶V… VrZ {d^mJmV
{d^mJUr Ho$br OmVo. 1. H¥$fr joÌ d ˶m joÌmer g§~§YrV CÚmoJ. CXm. ‘mgo‘mar, Xþ½Y
LA
ì¶dgm¶, Hw$Hy$Q>nmbZ, ‘|T>nmi B. 2. I{ZO nXmWmªer g§~{§ YV CËnmXZ CXm. bhmZ-‘moR>o
H$maImZo, ¶§Ìo, AdOmao 3. godm joÌ - à˶j CËnmXZ à{H«$¶oer ¶mMm g§~§Y ZgVmo. godm
d gmo¶r CnbãY H$éZ XoUmao ho joÌ hmo¶. CXm. ~±H$m, {~‘m, aoëdo, {ejH$, S>m°³Q>a B.
TE
’w$bo bmdUmam
XþY {dH$Umam
‘mí¶m YaUmam
nwOmar-Y‘© CnXoe H$aUmam
nÌ dmQ>n H$aUmam
AmJ S>ã~r H$maImʶmV H$m‘ H$aUmam
ì¶mOmZo n¡go XoUmam - gmdH$ma
A
1972-73 74% 11% 15%
AN
2017-18 44% 25% 31%
(i) darb V³Ë¶mVwZ Vwåhmbm H$moUVm ‘hËdmMm ~Xb {XgwZ ¶oVmo?
G
(ii) ˶m AJmoXa Vwåhr Ho$boë¶m Aä¶mgmdéZ Agm ~Xb KSw>Z ¶oʶmg H$moUVr H$maUo
AmhoV, MMm© H$am? N
Imbrb {MÌo nhm d Vr H$moUH$moU˶m {d^mJm g§~§Yr AmhoV Vo gm§Jm?
LA
3 4
1
TE
2
T
amhʶmMo Ka, ˶mÀ¶mH$S>o AgUmè¶m dñVw, d¡Ú {MH$sËgmgmR>r Vo H$em àH$maÀ¶m XdmImʶmV
OmVmV, ¶mdéZ AmnU lr‘§V Am{U Jar~ ¶mMm A§XmOm bmdw eH$Vmo.Va ‘J ¶m Hw$Qw>§~mMo
CËnÞ hoM gdm©V ‘hËdmMo R>aVo. XoemV CËnmÞmMm {hgm~ R>odʶmgmR>r dfm©À¶m Xaå¶mZ XoemV
CËnmXrV Pmboë¶m A§{V‘ dñVw, godm ¶m§Mr EHw$U qH$‘V Ago KoD$ ¶m. ¶m qH$‘Vrg Cn¶moJmV
¶oUmam Vm§{ÌH$ eãX åhUOoM EHw$U amï>r¶ CËnÞ (GDP) Ago åhUVmV.
Imbrb V³Ë¶mV XmoZ doJdJoù¶m dfm©V: 1973-74 Am{U 2013-2014. ¶m dfm©V ^maV
XoemMr EHw$U CËnÞ qH$‘V Xe©drVo. 37 dfm©À¶m H$mimV EHw$U CËnmXZ H$er dmT>V Jobr Vo
AmnU nmhþ ¶m.
A
2,59,509 10,73,561
1,05,575 {JH$må¶m OmJm ^am:
AN
2,45,479 1973-74 Am{U 2013-14 ¶m H$mimV
8,00,548 ^maV XoemV EHw$U dñVw, godmMr CËnÎmr
gw‘mao________ EdT>r Pmbr.
G
N
(The data for 2013-14 has been adjusted for prices, which means that both for 1973-74 and 2013-14 the GDP
values can be compared. Both have been expressed in terms of prices existing in the same reference/ base year).
LA
EH$wU amï´>r¶ CËnÞ(GDP)Mm A§XmO H$em àH$mao bmdVm ¶oVmo ?
{VÝhr joÌmV Am{W©H$ H$m¶© H$aUmao bmoH$ Iwn ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV dñVw d godm H$m‘m§Mr CËnÎmr
TE
H$aVmV. à˶oH$ {d^mJmV {H$Vr bmoH$m§Zm H$m‘ {‘iV Amho, EHw$U dñVw {H$Vr, godm H$m‘mMo
CËnmXZ hmoV Amho Ago AmnU g‘OwZ ¿¶m¶bm nmhrOo.
H$m§hr hOmamo dñVw, godm H$m‘ ¶mMm A§oXmO bmdUo Amdí¶H$ Amho, Ago Vwåhmbm dmQw eH$Vo.
T
ho H$m‘ VodT>o H${T>U Zmhr Va, H$ma, H°$ånwQw >a, ‘mo~mB©b ’$moZ, godm, Q>mno br {dZH$m‘, ^m§S>o ~ZdUo
¶m gdm©Mm H$gm {hgmo~ R>odVm ¶oVmo, ¶m ~Ôb Vwåhmg AmíM¶© dmQ>ob, ho gd© AW© Zgë¶m gmaIo
ER
AgVo.
¶m àíZmMo CÎma XoʶmgmR>r AW©Vk Ago gm§JVmV H$s, à˶jmV dñVw Z ‘moOVm A§{V‘
dñVw§Mo godmMo ‘wë¶ (qH$‘V) ‘moOm. CXm.10,000 {H$bmo Vm§Xim§Mo Ymݶ 25 én¶o {H$bmo {dH$bo
SC
Va ˶m YmݶmMr EHw$U qH$‘V 2,50,000. én¶o. 5000 Zmaio 10 én¶mg EH$ n‘mUo
{dH$ë¶mg 50,000. én¶o ˶m Zmaim§Mr qH$‘V hmoB©b. CËnÎmr Pmbobr, {dH$ë¶m Jobobr à˶oH$
dñVw d godogr {heom~ bmdʶmMr AmdíH$Vm Amho H$m? dñVw§Mm d godm EHw$U qH$‘VrMm H$gm
A§XmO bmdVm ¶oVmo?
CXm.EH$ eoVH$ar EH$m amB©g {‘bbm n{V {H$bmo 25 én¶o ¶m n‘mUo Vm§Xim§Mo Ymݶ {dH$V
Ago g‘Ow ¶m. ˶mZo EHw$U 100 {H$bmo Ymݶ {dH$bo. ˶mZo H$moUVohr ~r-{~¶mUo {dH$V KoVbo
ZmhrV, Ago g‘Ow ¶m. ˶mZo CËnÞ Ho$boë¶m EH$wU Vm§XimMr qH$‘V 2500 amB©g {‘b (i)
hmoQ>obbm 40 én¶o {H$bmo à‘mUo 80 {H$bmo Vm§Xþi (ii) à{V {H$bmo 20é. à‘mUo ^wgm 20{H$bmo
{dH$Vmo.amB©g {‘bZo CËnÞ Ho$boë¶m EHw$U dñVw§Mr qH$‘V: (80 x 40) + (20 x 20) = Rs.
30 gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z CËnÞ Am{U H$m‘
3600. hr {H$‘§V hmoQ>ob ‘mbH$ amB©g {‘babm XoV AmgVmo, d hm°Q>ob ‘mbH$ ^wí¶mMm dmna
MwbrgmR>r ñd¶§nmH$ H$aʶmgmR>r H$aVmo. Vm§XimnmgwZ BS>br, Xmogm ~ZdVmo, nwU© BS>br, Xmogm
{dH$ë¶mZ§Va hmoQ>ob ‘mbH$mg 5000 é. {‘iVmV.
àËo¶H$ Q>߶mZwgma nwU© dñVw§Mr qH$‘V:
àW‘ Q>ßnm (amB©g {‘babm eoVH$ar gmi Ymݶ {dH$Uo) Rs. 2500
Xþgam Q>ßnm (hmoQ>ob ‘mbH$mg ^wñgm d Vm§Xþi {dH$Uo) Rs. 3600
{Vgam Q>ßnm (BS>br, Xmogm {dH$Uo ) Rs. 5000
MMm© H$am… CËnÎmr Ho$boë¶m nwU© dñVw§Mr qH$‘V ‘mhrV H$éZ KoʶmgmR>r ¶m gdmªMm g§~§Y
EH$‘oH$mer AgVmo H$m?
A
AN
¶m CXmXaUmV gmi Ymݶ, ^wgm d Vm§Xi þ ¶m ‘w»¶ dñVw ¶mg eodQMm Cn^moº$m ¶mMm dmna
H$aV Zmhr nU, ˶mnmgwZ BS>br,Xmogm V¶ma H$aʶmgmR>r ¶mMm dmna H$aVmo. hm°Q>ob ‘mbH$
Vm§XimnmgwZ BS>br, Xmogm V¶ma H$éZ {dH$Vmo, ^yñ¶mMm dmna OiU åhUyZ H$aVmo, hm°Q>ob
G
‘mbH$mbm ¶mVwZ 5000 é. {‘imbo. ¶mV AmnU emararH$ l‘mMr qH$‘V bmdbr Va dñVwMo
A§{V‘ ‘wë¶ AmUIr dmT>ob qH$dm Vo XþßnQ> hmoB©b. CËnmXrV dñVwÀ¶m qH$‘VrV ¶m à{H«$¶oVrb
N
gd© ~m~tMr qH$‘V {‘gidwZ A§{V‘ ‘wë¶ R>aVo. à˶oH$ Q>ßn¶mda CËnmXZ H$Vm© ˶m dñVw {dH$V
LA
KoVm§Zm ˶mV ˶mMr {H§‘V XoD$Z H$aVmo. åhUwZ hm°Q>ob CËnmXH$mZo {‘idbobo 5000 ho CËnÞ
(A§{V‘ dñVw) ¶mV Vm§Xiw, qH$dr ^ygm ¶m§Mr [H§$‘V XoIrb g‘m{dîQ> AgVo. hm°Q>ob ‘mbH$mZr
Vm§Xÿi, ^ygm CËnmXrV Ho$bm ZgwZ, gmi {dH$V KoVm§Zm 2500 é, amBg{‘bÀ¶m ‘mbH$mZo
TE
eoVH$è¶mH$Sw>Z Vo {dH$V KoVbo. ˶mg hm°Q>ob ‘mbH$mZo é. 3600 {dH$V KoVbo Á¶mV ˶mÀ¶m
emararH$ l‘mMr qH$‘V {‘gibobr Amho. eoVH$ar gmirMo åhUOoM dñVwMo CËnmXZ H$aVmo.
Vm§Xwi, gmi ¶m§Mr qH$‘V doJir H$aUo åhUOo EH$mM Jmoï>rMr AZoH$ doim ‘moO‘mn H$aUo hmo¶.
gmir/Vm§Xi þ /^ygm/BS>br/Xmogm
T
CËnmXrV A§{V‘ dñVw åhUOo Or nwÝhm CËnmXZ à{H«$¶ogmR>r {dH$br OmUma Zmhr. darb
ER
CXmhaUmV Vm§Xþi hr CËnmXrV dñVw Amho. BS>br-Xmogm ˶m§Zr ˶m§À¶m Hw$Qw>§~mgmR>r Ho$bo AgyZ
Vo {dH$bo OmV Zmhr.
darb CXm.gmi Ymݶ Xþgè¶m Q>߶mV Am{U
.... ‘r CËnÎmr
SC
A
S>m³° Q>a, {ejH$, dH$sb, ~°H$, Am¶.Q>r.joÌ B˶mXr godm àXmZ H$aVmV, na§Vw ˶m§À¶m H$Sy>Z
AN
H$moU˶mhr {ZpíMV Aem dñVw§Mo CËnmXZ hmoV Zmhr, Va ˶m§À¶m godmZm (GDP) ‘ܶo H$go
g‘m{dï> H$aUma ? åhUyZ, godm g§~§Yr, godm joÌmVrb KQ>H$m§Mr {‘iH$Vm CËnÞ (GDP) ‘ܶo
{‘i{dbr OmVo.
à˶oH$ Q>߶mV OmoS>ë¶m Jobobr A{V[aº$ qH$‘V ’$º$ KoUo Aer EH$ nÕV ¶mg dñVw§Mr {dH$s
G
qH$‘VrV ˶m AJmoXa Xþgam 춺$s CËnÎmr Ho$ë¶m Jobobr ^m¡{VH$ CËnmXH$ qH$‘Vrg dOm H$amdo
bmJVo. d[ab CXm.Ûmao CËnÎmr XmamZo OmoS>bobr A{V[aº$ qH$‘V {H$Vr Vo ‘m{hV H$é ¶m.
N
à˶oH$ Q>߶mV Ambobr qH$‘V = 2500+1100+1400 = 5000
LA
¶mdéZ Ago bjmV ¶oVo H$s, à˶oH$ Q>ß߶mda dñVwMr qH$‘V dmT>V OmD$Z A§{V‘ Q>ß߶mdarb
qH$‘V {ZYm©arV hmoVo, {d{eï> dfm©V CËnmXrV dñVwMr A§{V‘ qH$‘V d EHw$U CËnmXrV dñVw
¶m§Mr EHw$U ~o[aO ¶mdéZ (GDP) EHw$U amï´>r¶ CËnÞ R>aVo. AemàH$mao EH$m dfm©V EHw$U
TE
CËnmXrV dñVw d godm ¶m§À¶m qH$‘VrMr ~o[aO Ho$br AgVm (GDP) åhUOoM EHw$U amï´>r¶
CËnÞ {‘iVo.
2013-14 ¶m dfm©Vrb (GDP) ~{KVbo AgVm, Vw‘À¶m bjmV Ambo Agob H$s, hr
AmH$S>odmar E{àb 2013 Vo ‘mM© 2014 n¶ªV {Xbr Amho. ¶mbmM Am{W©H$ df© Ago åhUVmV.
T
EHw$U CËnÞmV EH$m dfm©Vrb (GDP) ‘moOVm§Zm CËnmXrV Ho$boë¶m dñVw A{YH$ godm ¶m§Mr
~mOma ^mdmZwgma EHw$U qH$‘V (GDP) ‘ܶo g‘m{dï> AgVo. na§Vw EH$m dfm©V CËnmXrV
ER
Pmboë¶m gd©M dñVw ~mOmamV {d{H«$gmR>r ¶oV Zmhr. ¶m§Mr [H§$‘V H$er H$mT>Uma? Ho$di dñVwM
Zìho Va. KamV AmB© ñd¶§nmH$ H$aVo, ‘wbm§Mo g§JmonU H$aVo, ~mJ-H$m‘ H$aUo B. H$m‘m§Zm Eo{hH$
‘wë¶ (Monitary Value) dñVwÀ¶m qH$‘VrV J¥hrV Yabobr ZgVo qH$dm EHw$U amï´>r¶ CËnÞmV
SC
Imbrb V³Ë¶mV EHw$U amïr¶ CËnÎmrMr {H$§‘V {Xë¶m Jobr Amho. 2010-2011 ¶m dfm©V Ho$boë¶m
{hemo~mZwgma EHw$U amï>r¶ CËnÎmr d¥Õr aoQ> ¶mg BVa dfm©er VwbZm H$am.
df© GDP (é.H$amoS>)‘ܶo JV dfm©nojm EH$wU GDP d¥Õr = CËnÎmr d¥XYr aoQ>
2009-10 45,16,000 - -
2010-11 49,37,000 [ (49,37,000 – 45,16,000)/ = 9.32 %
45,16,000] *100
2011-12 52,48,000
2012-13 55,05,000
A
{nH$m§Mr ~Xb H$éZ {nHo$ KoVboë¶m ì¶dgm¶ joÌmV PnmQ>çmZo d¥Õr hmoV Amho, AmnU
AN
Ho$boë¶m Anojm OmñV {nHo$ CËnÞ Ho$ë¶m Amho. Amdí¶H$ VodT>m Amhma eoVH$ar CËnÎmr Ho$ë¶m
‘wioM bmoH$ BVa H$m‘o H$aVmV. eoVr ì¶dgm¶ H$m‘ H$aUmao Vo , ì¶mnma H$aVmV, IaoXr {dH$sV
~amM ^md Pmë¶m‘wio dñVw§Zm, godm ¶m§Zm ’$maM {S>‘m§S> Amho. EdT>oM Zmhr Va, nmbH$
G
nemgZmV, g¡Ý¶mV ~aoM bmoH$ ^Vu Pmbo. Va ¶m XeoV EH§$X[aV CËnÎmr Pmboë¶m dñVwV OmñVrV
N
OmñV ì¶dgm¶ d ˶m g§~§YrV {d^mJo AmhoV, ~è¶mM bmoH$m§Zm ¶m joÌmV H$m‘ {‘iV AgVo.
¶m AJmoXaÀ¶m dJm©V Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr{df¶r Vwåhr Aä¶mg Ho$bm AmhmV, ˶m§Mr nwÝhm
LA
EH$Xm AmR>dU H$am. ZdrZ CËnÎmrÀ¶m nÕVr Amë¶m‘wio H$maImZo {Z‘m©U d ˶mMm {dH$mg
Pmbm d ˶mnwdu eoVmV, ì¶mdgm{¶H$ joÌmV H$m‘ H$aUmao AmVm OmñVrV OmñV H$m‘ H$arV
TE
Amho. d bmoH$ OmñV dñVw§Mm Cn¶moJ H$arV AmhoV. H$maImݶmV H$‘r ^mdmV OmñV à‘mUmV
dñVw§Mr CËnÎmr hmoV Agë¶m‘wio ho nwU© OJmVrb ~mOmanoR>oV ngabo. ¶m XoemV EHw$U CËnÎmr
H$amd¶mÀ¶m dñVw, godoÀ¶m Ñï>rZo d àmá Pmboë¶m H$m‘mÀ¶m Ñï>rZo H$maImݶmMo ‘XËd dmT>bo.
T
Aí¶màH$mao H$mi‘mZmà‘mUo n[añWrVrV ~Xb Pmbm. åhUOo {d{dY {d^mJmÀ¶m à‘wIVoV ~Xb
Pmbm d H$maImZo Am¡Úm§o{JH$ {d^mJ ‘hËdmMm R>abm d CËnÎmr Am{U H$m‘mÀ¶m Ñï>rZo ì¶dgm¶
ER
AmVm Zm¡H$è¶m H$arV AmhoV. CËnmXH$ H$m¶©H$bmnmboV OmñV à‘mUmV AmVm dñVw§Mr CËnÎmr
Zmhr Va Zm¡H$è¶m {‘idrUo ho Amho. nwU© àJVrerb XoemV gܶm hrV n[añWrVr {XgwZ ¶oVo. Va
^maV XoemV nU AgoM KSw>Z ¶oVo H$m ¶m doJio Amho?>
J«m’$ (2) ‘Yrb MmQ>© nmhm. 1973-74 Vo 2013-2014. ¶m Am{W©H$ dfm©V
EHw$U amï>r¶ CËnÎmrV {d{dY {d^mJmMm dmQ>m hr ‘m{hVr XoV AgVmo. ¶m AJmoXaÀ¶m V³Ë¶mV
AgUmao AmH$S>oM ˶m {MÌmV Q>¸o$dmarV AmhoV. EHw$U d¥Õr ˶m dfm©Vrb EHw$U amï>r¶ CËnÎmr
gwMdVo. ì¶dgm¶, H$maImZo, godm ZmoH$è¶m ¶m {VZ {d^mJmMr CËnÎmr EH$Ì Ho$br Va EHw$U
amï>r¶ CËnÎmr ¶oVo. godm ZmoH$è¶m ‘ܶo nwÝhm {VZ nH$ma AmhoV. Vo Ago.
Am{W©H$, {d‘m, pñWa g§nÎmr ([a¶b BñQ>oQ>) godm ~±H$, nmoñQ> Am°’$sg, ~MV ImVo,AW© 4 H§$nZr,
{OdZ {d‘m ‘hm‘§S>i, gmYmaU {d‘m g§ñWm,
A
B‘maVr {dH$s H§$nZr, ñWbmMr godm B˶mXr.
AN
ì¶mnma, hmoQ>ob, dmhVyH$ gmYZo, àgma ‘mܶ‘
G
Aä¶mg… ì¶mnma, hmoQ>ob, admZm, AmH$medmUr ngmam g§~§YrV H$mhr CXmhaUo Úm?
N
J«m’$ 2 EHw$U amï>r¶ CËnÞmV {d{dY {d^mJmMm dmQ>m
LA
1973-74 2015-16
TE
43% 19%
T
15% 19%
ER
22% 28%
SC
37 dfm©À¶m H$mimV ì¶dgm¶ joÌmV ’$ma ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV KQ> Ambr. EHw$U amî«r¶ CËnÎmrV H$maImZo
joÌmVrb CËnÞmMm dmQ>m dmT>bm d ¶m doJio Ago åhUOo godm joÌmV XmoÝhr {d^mJmV OmñVrV OmñV
à‘mUmV d¥Õr Pmbr.
34 gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z CËnÞ Am{U H$m‘
^maV XoemVrb Zm¡H$ar-ì¶dgm¶ joÌmVrb H$m‘mMr pñWVr
EHw$U amï´>r¶ CËnÞmMo ñdén ˶m XoemVrb EHw$U Zm¡H$ar ì¶dgm¶, H$m‘ H$aUmao bmoH$
d (GDP) ¶mMm ’$ma OdiMm g§~§Y Amho, à˶oH$ XoemVrb bmoH$g§»¶oV dmT> hmoVo Amho.
bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m dmT>r ~amo~a XoemVrb bmoH$m§Zm H$m‘ {‘iUo hr Amdí¶H$ Amho. ho H$m‘
{‘idyZ XoUo qH$dm H$m‘mMr g§Yr CnbãY H$éZ {Xbr nm{hOo bmoH$m§Zm Zm¡H$ar ì¶dgm¶ qH$dm
CËnÞmMo gmYZ Agë¶m {edm¶ Vo Amnë¶m ‘wb^yV JaOm H$em nwU© H$aVrb?
2011À¶m OZJUZoZwgma 1210 {‘cr¶Z OZg§»¶on¡H$s 460 {‘cr¶Z bmoH$ ZmoH$è¶m H$[aV
AmhoV. åhUOo CËnÞmÀ¶m H$m¶m©V bmoH$ gh^mJr AmhoV. Vº$m 1 hm ^maVmVrb {d{dY
{d^mJmV H$m‘ H$[aV AgUmè¶mMr g§»¶m Xe©{dVo.
Vº$m: 1 ^maVmVrb H$m‘Jmam§Mr ‘m{hVr, 2017-2018 (%)
A
{d^mJ {Zdmg ñWi qbJ EHw$U H$m‘Jma
AN
Jm{‘U ehar nwéf ór
eoVr ì¶dgm¶ 59.8 6.6 40.7 57.2 44.6
G
Am¡Úmo{JH$ ì¶dgm¶ 20.4 34.3 26.7 17.7 24.4
godm ì¶dgm¶ 19.8 N59.1 32.8 25.2 31.0
^maV XoemV Pmboë¶m ~Xbm ~Ôb gm§JʶmgmaIo EH$ Ago Amho, EH$wU amï>r¶ CËnÎmrb {d{dY
LA
{d^mJmVrb dmQ>çmV OodT>m ~Xb Ambm VodT>m H$m‘ {‘iʶmV ~Xb Ambm Zmhr. 1973-
1974, 2015-2016 H$mimV joÌmV H$m‘mMm dmQ>m Jm’$-3 ‘ܶo XmI{dbm Jobm Amho, AmVm
nU ìd¶gm¶ hoM ‘w»¶ H$m‘ {‘iʶmMo {d^mJ Amho. Va ‘J ì¶dgm¶ joÌmV H$m‘ {‘iʶmMm
TE
dmQ>m H$m H${‘ Pmbm Zmhr? H$maImZo Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV hdo VodT>çm ZmoH$è¶m Z {‘iUo hoM
‘w»¶ ¶mMo H$maU Amho, ¶m H$mimV H$maImݶmMr CËnÎmr 10 %$ Zo dmT>br. nU H$maImݶm
{‘iʶmMo H$m‘ ’$º$ 3 Q>¸o$ dmT>bo. ZmoH$è¶m joÌmV CËnÎmr 14 Q>¸o$ dmT>br nU H$m‘ ‘mÌ 5
Q>¸o$ dmT>bo.¶m n^mdm‘wio XoemVrb H$m‘JmamVrb Aܶm©nojm OmñV bmoH$ ì¶dgm¶ {d^mJmV
T
H$mhr n‘mUmV H$m‘ H$éZ Vo ’$º$ EH$ ghm (1/6) CËnÎmr H$arVmM Cn¶moJr nS>VmV. ¶m
ì¶{V[aº$ EHw$U amï>r¶ 75 Q>¸$o dmQ>m AgUmao
ER
eoVr ì¶dgm¶ joÌmVrb OmñVrV OmñV H$m‘Jma ì¶dgm¶ joÌmV AgUmao H$m‘Jma ho
bmoH$ ________.‘ܶo amhVmV. OodT>r CËnÎmr H$amdr VodT>r Ho$ë¶m OmV
OmñV bmoH$ _______H$m‘ H$aUmao ì¶dgm¶ joÌmV Zmhr Ago g‘Omdo H$m?
H$m‘ {‘i{dV AmhoV. ¶mdéZ ì¶dgm¶ joÌmV Amdí¶H$Vonj o m
90% no j m OmñV ehar H$m‘Jma ho OmñV bmoH$ ho ñnï> hmoVo. ì¶dgm¶ jÌmVwZ
________ Am{U ______ {d^mJmV H$m‘ H$mhr bmoH$ {ZKwZ Jobo Var ˶mMm n^md
{‘i{dV AmhoV. CËnÎmrda nS>V Zmhr. AmUIr EH$ Ago Vo
ór-nw é f n‘mUmMr Vw b Zm Ho $ br Va ór åhUOo ì¶dgm¶ {d^mJmV H$m‘Jma ho
________ {d^mJmV ’$º$ H$mhr n‘mUmV H$m‘ VmËH$mbrH$ H$m‘M H$aUmao AmhoV.
{‘idV AmhoV.
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 35
CXm.Jm¶Ìr ¶m bhmZ eoVH$ar {df¶r nmhþ ¶m. {Vbm 5 E¸$a nmdgmda AmYmarV eoVr
Amho. Vr Ádmar d Vwa ¶mgmaIo {nHo$ KoV AgVo, Hw$Qw>§~mVrb nmM 춺$s df©^a ˶mVM H$m‘
H$[aV AgVmV. H$maU? ˶m§Zm BVa Xþgao H$m‘ Zmhr. ˶m§Zr H$m‘o dmQw>Z KoVmV, n˶oH$OU
H$moUVo Var EH$ H$m‘ H$[aV AgVmo, nU Hw$Umbmhr nwU©nUoo H$m‘ Zmhr. VmËH$mbrH$ H$m‘
åhUOo hoM hmo¶.gd©OU H$m‘ Ho$ë¶mgmaIo AgVo, nU Hw$Umbmhr Amnë¶m gm‘϶m©Zwgma nwU©
H$m‘ {‘iV Zmhr. H$m‘ Zgë¶m‘wio Vo ~oH$ma ‘moH$io {XgVmV. nU Aem nH$maMr VmËH$mbrH$
H$m‘ Hw$Umbmhr {XgwZ ¶oV Zmhr, ˶m‘wio AY©doi ~oH$mar Ago åhUVmV.
g‘Om EH$ O{‘ZXma ¶m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb EH$m XmoKm§Zm Amnë¶m eoVmV-eoV H$m‘mgmR>r H$m‘mda
R>odwZ KoVbo Ago g‘Ow ¶m.˶m‘wio Jm¶ÌrÀ¶m Hw$Qw>§~mg ‘OXþarÀ¶m énmV A{V[aº$ CËnÞ ¶oVo.
A
˶m§Zm AgUmè¶m H$‘r O{‘ZrV nmM-ghmOU H$m‘ H$aʶmMr Amdí¶H$Vm Zmhr. ˶m‘wio
XmoKoOU Xþgè¶m H$m‘mg Joë¶m‘wio ˶m§À¶m CËnÞmda ˶mMm n^md nS>V Zmhr. darb CXm.ZmV
AN
XmoKoOU H$maImݶmV nU H$m‘ H$aʶmgmR>r H$XmMrV Jobo AgVrb, ¶m Ûmao nU ì¶dgm¶
CËnÝÝmmV KQ> Z nS>Vm Jm¶Ìr Hw$Qw>§~ A{V[aº$ CËnÞ {‘idw eH$Vo.
^maV XoemV Jm¶ÌrgmaIo bhmZ eoVH$ar bmImo‘ܶo AmhoV, ¶mMm AW© Agm H$s, ì¶dgm¶
G
{d^mJmVwZ ~aoM bmoH {ZKwZ OmD$Z BVa {d^mJmV H$m‘ Ho$bo Var ˶m§Mo ì¶dgm¶mMo CËnÞ KQ>V
Zmhr. d BVa H$m‘ H$aʶmÛmao Hw$Qw>§~mVrb CËnÞmV dmT> hmoVo.$
N
¶m àH$maMo VmËH$mbrH$ H$m‘ BVa {d^mJmV nU Agw eH$Vo. CXm. ehar ^mJmV amoO
LA
‘OXþar gmR>r {’$aUmao H$m‘Jma bmoH$ hOmam|‘ܶo AmhoV. Vo a§J XoUo, nmʶmÀ¶m nmB©nmMo H$m‘,
BVa XþéñVr H$aʶmMo H$m‘o H$aVmV. ¶m‘ܶo ~è¶mM bmoH$m§Zm amoO H$m‘ {‘iV Zmhr, ˶mM
n‘mUo H$m‘ godm {d^mJmV ~mOmamV R>H$b ~§S>rda ^mOrnmbm {dH$Umè¶mg AmnU nmhVmo. ho
TE
{Xdg^a H$ï> H$éZ Oo n«má H$aVmV Vo ’$ma H${‘ AgVo nU ¶mnojm Xþgam Mm§Jbm ‘mJ© H$moUVm
Zmhr, åhUwZ Vo ho H$m‘ H$aVmV.
T
1973- 74 2017-2018
SC
godm
15% godm
H$maImZo 31% eoVr ì¶dgm¶
11%
44%
eoVr ì¶dgm¶ H$maImZo
74% 25%
1973-74 2015-2016
eoVr ì¶dgm¶
eoVr ì¶dgm¶
godm eoV43%
r ì¶dgm¶ 19%
35% 43%
A
53% 28%
H$maImZo 22%
22%
AN
G
Vº$m nmhþZ ^maVmVrc H$m‘Jmam§Mo dmQ>n- Imbrb Q>o~b nwU© H$am.
{d^mJ amoOJma (%)
N EHw$U amï>r¶ CËnÎmr (%)
LA
1973-74 2015-16 1973-74 2015-16
eoVr ì¶dgm¶
TE
H$maImZo
godm
T
godm Zm¡H$è¶m joÌmV {dH$mg Pmbm Zmhr Var ˶m joÌmV H$m‘H$mOmV g‘mZ n‘mUmV {dH$mg
hmoV Zmhr. ^maV XoemV godm {d^mJmV AZoH$ nH$maÀ¶m 춺$s H$m‘ {‘idV AmhoV. EH$sH$S>o
ER
OmñV {ejU KoVbobo gw{e{jV d nmÌVm AgUmè¶m 춺$s§Zm H$mhr bmoH$m§Zm Zm¡H$è¶m {‘iV
AmhoV. Va XþgarH$S>o bhmZ-bhmZ XþH$mZo MmbdUmao, XþéñVr H$aUmao, admZ, godm OJV AgVmV.
Var nU BVa ‘mJ© Zgë¶m‘wio ¶m H$m‘mV Vo amhVmV. åhUOo godm - Zm¡H$ar {d^mJmV ’$º$ EH$m
SC
A
^Îmm gw Õ m {‘iVmo . Za{gåhm a{ddmaÀ¶m {Xder
H$m¶m© b ¶mg OmV Zmhr, hr ˶mg nJmar ghrV
AN
{‘iUmar gw Å > r ¶ Vmo H$m‘mda {Z¶w º $ Pmë¶m do i r H$m‘mÀ¶m AQ> r d {Z¶‘mghrV ˶mg
{Z¶m‘H$ nÌ XoʶmV Ambo.
amOo í dar
G
amOoídar Ka ~m§YʶmMo H$m‘ H$arV AgVo, d Vr
N
gH$mir 7 dmOVm H$m‘mg OmVo d amÌr 7 dmOVm
dmng ¶o V o . 8 Vo 10 {H$.‘r. Xþ a AgUmam {VMm
LA
H$m‘mMm nXo e . ˶mgmR> r Vr Xaamo O ~gZo ndmg
H$aVo d dmng ¶oVo. Ka ~m§YH$m‘ H$aUmè¶m H$m‘Jmam§Zm
Xþnmar 1 Vo 2 ^moOZ {dlm§Vr AgVo. {Vbm ‘{hݶmVwZ
TE
nmdbr Va emgZ H$mhr n‘mUmV Zï> {ZdmaU XoVo. nU bhmZ-bhmZ AnKmVm§Zm H$moUVmhr
Zï> {ZdmaU {‘iV Zmhr. EH$m ‘oórÀ¶m Imbr H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m JQ>mV Vr gXñ¶ d n˶oH$
‘oóÀ¶m Imbr 6 Vo 10 bmoH$ H$m‘ H$aVmV.
g§KQ>rV d Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmV H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m§À¶m ‘ܶo amOoídar d Za{gåhm AmhoV. Va ˶m§À¶m
H$m‘mV H$em nH$maMm ’$aH$ Vwåhmg {XgwZ Ambm? g§KQ>rV d Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJm‘Yrb ’$aH$ AmoiIë¶m‘wio
XoemV A{YH$ Q>¸o$ H$m‘Jmam§Mr H$m‘ H$aʶmMr n[añWrVr d nJma H$gm Amho. ho AmnUmg H$iwZ ¶oVo. 92
Q>¸$o H$m‘Jma Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmV H$m‘ H$aVmV. Va Ho$di 8 Q>¸$o bmoH$ ’$º$ g§KQ>rV {d^mJmV H$m‘ H$[aV
AmhoV.
A
Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmV N>moQ>çm-N>moQ>çm g§ñWm Hw$Ro-Hw$R> AgVmV. Aem gd© gmYmaUnUo
AN
emgZmV AgV ZmhrV. {Z¶‘, AQ>r AgVmV, nU ˶m A§‘bmV ¶oV Zmhr, d A§‘b H$amdo
Ago åhUUmao nmhUmao AgV ZmhrV. H$m‘Jmam§Zm nJma H${‘ d ajU hr ZgVo. OmñV
H$m‘mg OmñV nJma, E¡pÀN>H gwQ>r, gwQ>çm d Amamo½¶{df¶r g‘ñ¶m Agë¶mdoir ˶m§Zm gwQ>çm
G
nU {‘iV ZmhrV. H$moU˶mhr H$maUm~Ôb H$m‘Jmam§Zm H$m‘mnmgwZ d§{MV H$aVm ¶oVo, H$m‘
H$‘r Agë¶mg ˶m H$mimV H$mhr bmoH$m§Zm H$m‘mdéZ H$‘r H$aVm ¶oVo. {Xdgm|{Xdg
N
~mOmamV hmoV Agboë¶m ~Xb n[añWrVr , H$m‘ nmá H$éZ XoUmè¶mda ˶m§À¶m ‘mZ{gH$
pñWVrda ~è¶mM n‘mUmV AmYmarV AgVo.$
LA
darb ‘m{hVr EdT>rM Zm{h Va godm {d^mJmV ñd§¶§ H$m‘ {‘idUmè¶m§Mr g§»¶m OmñV
n‘mUmV Amho. H$m‘JmamV 50 Q>¸o$ ñd§¶§ H$m‘ {‘idUmaoM AmhoV. ~mOmamV dñVw {dH$V,
bhmZ-bhmZ XþéñVrMo H$m‘ H$éZ d hoM bmoH$ bhmZ-bhmZ dñVw añ˶mda {dH$Vm§Zm
TE
Agbobo {XgwZ ¶oVmV. ˶mM n‘mUo eoVH$ar gwÕm ñd§¶§ H$m‘ {‘idVmV. d Amdí¶H$ ˶mdoir
‘Owam§Zm ~mobdVmV. g§KQ>rV {d^mJmVrb Zm¡H$è¶m§Mr ‘mJUr gd©OU H$[aV AgVmV. nU ¶m
{d^mJmV H$m‘ d Zm¡H$è¶m§Mr g§»¶m ’$maM H$‘r ‘§X n‘mUmV AgVo. d ˶m‘wioM OmñVrV
T
OmñV H$m‘Jmam§Zm H$‘r nJmarda Ag§KQ>rV Zm¡H$è¶m Ho$ë¶m {edm¶ BVa ‘mJ© Zmhr d Zoh‘r
¶m H$m‘Jmam§da Aݶm¶ hmoV AgVmo. ˶m§Zm ¶mo½¶ Vmo nJma {‘iV Zmhr, ¶mMr H$‘B© ’$maM
ER
H$‘r AgVo, Vr nU {Z¶‘rV ZgVo. g§KQ>rV {d^mJmÀ¶m H$m‘Jmam§À¶m Zm¡H$è¶m Jobëo ¶m AmnU
nmhmV AmhmoV, d ˶mÀ¶m à^mdm‘wio ˶m§Zm nU H$‘r nJmarda Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmV H$m‘
H$amdo bmJVo. åhUOo OmñV H$m‘mÀ¶m JaOo gmo~V Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmV H$m‘Jmam§Zm ajU d
SC
A
Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmV hmoVo, Va EHw$U CËnÎmrg ˶m§Mm AYm© gh^mJ hmoVm. åhUOo ¶mMm
AN
AW© Ho$di 8% H$m‘Jma ho ajU nmá Zm¡H$è¶mda AgwZ nwU© dñVwV, Zm¡H$è¶mV 50% Vo ‘XV
H$aVmV. Aí¶m nH$maÀ¶m H§$nmݶm§Mr CËnÎmrV d Z¡mH$è¶m§Zm Mm§Jbr ‘mJUr Amho. nU
’$maM H$‘r bmoH$m§Zm Mm§Jbm nJma AgUmè¶m Zm¡H$è¶m {‘iV AmhoV. ¶m‘wio g‘mOmV {Vd
G
Am{W©H$ Ag‘mZVm dmT>ʶmMr n[añWrVr ¶oVo. BVa bmoH$ H$‘r nJmarda ajU ZgUmao
Zm¡H$è¶m H$[aV AmhoV. qHdm ñd§¶§ H$m‘ H$arV AmhoV. qH$dm ~oH$ma ahmV AmhoV.
Vº$m 2 g§KQ>rV d Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmVrb nmÌ
N
LA
{d^mJ dmQ>m (EHw$U % dmar)
amoOJma (H$m‘) EHw$U amï>r¶ CËnÎmr
TE
g§KQ>rV 8 50
Ag§KQ>rV 92 50
Total 100 100
T
A
¶mMm ’$m¶Xm hmoVmo. d Vo ‘mb ~mOmamV {dH«$s H$aVmV, Aem nH$maÀ¶m nÔVr‘wio
eoVH$è¶m§ZmM Zmhr Va BVa dmhVwH$, ì¶mnma joÌmV H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m§Zm nU CËnÞmMm
AN
‘mJ© gmnS>Vmo. d H$m‘ {‘iVo.
Jm¶Ìrg Amdí¶H$ AgUmè¶m JaOoV ObqgMZ EH$ ^mJ ‘mÌ hmo¶. O{‘Zrg bmJdS>rgmR>r
G
~r-{~¶mUo, IVo, eoVH$s Am¡Omao, n§ngoQ> B˶mXr Amdí¶H$ Amho. Jar~ eoVH$ar
Agë¶m‘wio hr ho gd© dñVw Kodw eHV Zmhr. ˶mH$arVm {Vbm OmñV ì¶mOmZo n¡go
N
XoUmè¶m gmdH$mamMr ‘XV ¿¶mdr bmJob, ˶m‘wio {Vbm ñWm{ZH$ ~±Ho$Zo Oa H$O© XoD$Z
LA
‘XV Ho$br Va Vr doioda Amnë¶m eoVrg Amdí¶H$ ˶m dñVw KodwZ ¶mo½¶ ˶m n‘mUmV
‘emJV H$aVm ¶oV.o åhUOo ì¶dgm¶ joÌmV {dH$mg åhUOo Ob{g§MZm ghrV eoVH$è¶m§Zm
H$‘r ì¶mOmda H$O© XoʶmMr JaO AgVo.
TE
Aí¶m g‘ñ¶m Xþa H$aʶmgmR>r AmUIr EH$ ‘mJ© Amho, Vmo åhUOo H$mhr gmYmaU ‘moR>-
‘moR>çm JmdmV OmñV bmoH$m§Zm H$m‘ {‘iʶmgmR>r Amdí¶H$ ˶m H$maImݶmMr {ZdS>
H$éZ Vo ˶m ñWmnZ hmoVrb Aer H$miOr KoU,o CXm. nwîH‹ $i eoVH$ar Vm§Xi þ d JìhmMo
T
{nH$ {nH${dVmV. Ago g‘OwZ Kodw ¶m. Va ‘J ¶mMr IaoXr H$éZ ˶mMo {nQ> H$éZ
ER
ehar ^mJmV {dH$sgmR>r d {nQ>mMr {JaUr ñWmnZ H$aUo ho EH$ CXm. Amho. ‘mbmg W§S>
gmR>dU H$éZ R>odʶmMr ì¶dñWm Ho$ë¶mg {‘Mu, H$m§Xm ¶m gma»¶m dñVw§Zm eoVH$ar
¶mo½¶ ^md Amë¶mg {dH$ʶmMr g§Yr eoVH$è¶mg {‘iVo. O§Jbo Odi AgUmè¶m JmdmV
SC
‘Y (ehX) O‘m H$aÊMmMo H|$X Imobë¶m Jobo Va O§JbmV ‘YmnmgwZ O‘m Ho$bobm ‘Y
˶m H|$Xmda {dH$Vm ¶oVmo. Q>‘mQ>m, {‘Mu, Am§~o,’$io, Vwar ¶m dñVw§Zm JmdmVrb N>moQ>çm
H$maImݶmVM {dH$s H$aVm ¶oVo.˶m‘wio ehar ^mJmVrbM Zìho Va Jm‘rU ^mJmVrb
bmoH$m§Zm nU H$m‘ {‘iVo.
gܶm Z{dZ H$m‘mMm emoY bmdUo, EdT>M o ZmhrVa ¶§Ìmda H$m‘ H$go H$amdo ˶m H$[aVm
bmoH$m§Zm {ejU XoʶmMr nU Amdí¶H$Vm Amho. AmUIr OmñV dñVw d Zm¡H$è¶m§Mr
CËnÎmr H$aʶmgmR>r ‘moR>o Jmdo d bhmZ ehamV AZoH$ H$maImZo ñWmnZ H$aʶmMr
AmdíH$Vm Amho.
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 41
‘hËdmMo eãX
EHw$U amï´>r¶ CËnÞ dmhZmÀ¶m gmo¶r {d^mJr¶ gmo¶r
H$m‘JmamVrb ~Xb g§KQ>rV d Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJ
1. Am{W©H$ H$m¶©H$bmnmMr n«mW{‘H$, {ÛVr¶, V¥Vr¶ {d^mJmV dJuH$aU H$aUo H$m¶ÚmMo R>aVo H$m?
A
dU©Z H$am?
AN
2. ¶m nmR>mV nmhrboë¶m à˶oH$ {d^mJmV EHw$U amï´>r¶ CËnÎmrb H$m‘mda ÑîQ>r H$m H|$XrV H$amdr
¶m{edm¶ AmUIr H$m§hr ~m~r ¶mV Agw eH$VmV, Ago Vwåhmbm dmQ>Vo H$m¶? MMm© H$am?
godm Zm¡H$ar {d^mJ hm BVa {d^mJmnojm H$gm doJim Amho? H$mhr CXm.ghrV dU©Z H$am?
G
3.
4. AY© ~oamoOJmar åhUOo H$m¶? J«m‘rU eham ^mJmVrb EH$-EH$ CXm. XoD$Z ñnîQ> H$am?
N
Ag§KQ>rV H$m‘JmamVrb bmoH$m§Zm Imbrb ~m~VrV ajU hdo, H$m‘mMm ‘mo~Xbm, Amamo½¶,
LA
5.
d¡Ú{H$¶ godm B. CXm.ghrV dU©Z H$am?
TE
6. Ah‘Xm~mX ehamV Ho$boë¶m EH$m Aä¶mgmV Ago AmT>iwZ Ambo H$s, 15 bmI H$m‘Jma H$m‘
H${aV AgVm ˶mn¡H$s 11 bmI H$m‘Jma ho Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmV H$m‘ H$aVmV, Ago AmT>iwZ
Ambo. ˶mdfu (1997-98) ‘ܶo ˶m ehamMo EHw$U CËnÞ 6000 H$amoS> én¶o hmoVo. ˶mV
T
g§KQ>rV {d^mJ H$m‘JmamMm dmQ>m 3200 H$amoS> én¶o. ¶m AmH$S>o dmarg EH$m V³Ë¶mV ^am ehamV
AmUIr OmñV H$m‘ {‘iʶmMo gmYZ H$moUVr?
ER
7. nmZ H«$.33 darc n[aÀN>oX 4 Wm dmMm, Joë`m ‘mJrb 50 dfm©V..... [d{^Þ Amho H$m? Ë`mda
Vw_Mm A{^àm` {chm?
SC
8. nmZ H«$.34 darc AmcoI (J«m\$) Mr nmhUr H$éZ Imcrc àíZm§Mr CÎmao {chm?
a) 1973-74 Mr VwcZm 2015 -16 `m dfm©Vrc EH$wU amï´>r` CËnÞmV H$moUË`m úmoÌmV dmQ>m
dmT>cm?
b) 2015-16 `m dfm©cm 1973-74 `m dfm©er VwcZm Ho$cr Va EHw$U amï´>r` CËnmXZmV eoVrì`dgm`mMm
dmQ>m {H$Vr à_mUmV H$_r Pmcm?
A
eŠ`Vm H$m¶ Amho Am{U ì¶më¶w A°S>oS> (Value added) nmgwZ H$moUmbm ’$m¶Xm hmoB©b ?
AN
G
N
LA
TE
T
ER
SC
A
{d^mJmVrb A{YH$mar a§ J mJo È >r {VëømVrb Mo d o „ m dfm© À ¶m nmdgmÀ¶m gamgar
AN
AmíM¶© M H$sV hmo V Amho V . {d^mJmV AmT> i V Amho , T> J n‘mUmVrb EH$ V¥Vr¶m§enojm
Xo e mVrb dmVmdaU- ’w $ Q>ʶmMo n‘mU CÎmamI§ S > OmñV Amho. amÁ¶mV nS>Umè¶m
hdm‘mZmMm A§ X mO n{hbo M amÁ¶mV Z¡F$˶ ‘mZgwZMo doio ‘w g imYma nmdgmÀ¶m‘w y i o
AZo H $ {nHo $ , {deo f V…
G
dV© { dʶmV ˶m§ Z m ÌmgXm¶H$ AmXr AmJ‘Z, C{eam‘mJo
hmoV Amho, Ago {deofk gm§JV naVZo n{hbo A§ X mO Z H$mngmMo Zw H $gmZ Pmbo ,
Amho. ‘mJrb XmoZ dfm© nmgwZ
dmVmdaUmÀ¶m pñWVrV
dV© { dݶmgmaIr N pñWVr
nmhrë¶m Z§ V a dmVmdaU Ago
ew ^ dmVm© hr,
Am§ Y nXo e mVrb 80,000 Vio
H$s
LA
Agm‘mݶ ~Xb (nmhV Amhom) do J io nH$mao ~XbV Amho , ho 75 Q> ¸ o $ nmʶmZo ^abo .
{ZarjU H$arV Amhmo.’$bl¥V {deofk gm§JV Amho. ( Q>mB© å g Am° ’ $ B§ { S>¶m,
A§ X mO dVu{dë¶mZw g ma Am³Q>mo . 25 À¶m ~mV‘r
TE
øm Zoh‘r KS>Umè¶m KQ>Zm, H$s ~XbmVo g§Ho$V? ¶m {df¶r MMm© H$aʶm¶mR>r dmVmaU,
ER
40 9
200.0 30
8
35
30 7 20
A
150.0
6
10
AN
100.0 5 10
20
4
50.0 15 0
3
G
10 2
-10
0.0 N
1
5
-20
LA
0 0
January
February
March
May
June
August
September
October
November
December
April
July
January
March
May
June
August
February
April
July
September
October
November
December
TE
250.0 45
T
400.0 40
40
ER
200.0 350.0 35
35
300.0 30
30
150.0 250.0 25
25
SC
200.0 20
20
150.0 15
100.0
15
100.0 10
10
50.0 50.0 5
5
0.0 0
0
0.0
January
February
March
May
June
August
September
October
November
December
April
July
January
February
March
May
June
August
September
October
November
December
April
July
A
Vmn‘mZmMo joÌ A˶m{YH$ nmgyZ Vo A˶ën n¶ªV
AN
boh‘ܶo A˶m{YH$ CîUVm Am{U W§S>r AgUmao ‘{hZo H$moUVo?
darb gmaUr Vmn‘mZmMo joÌmÀ¶m AmYmao bohnojm O¶nwa‘ܶo CîUVm OmñV amhVo, ho gm§Jw
eH$Vmo H$m? Vw‘À¶m CÎmamMo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$am?
G
{X„r Am{U MoÞB©À¶m hdm‘mZmÀ¶m n[a{ñWVrMr VwbZm H$am. ˶mVrb ’$aH$ H$moUVm?
boh ‘{Yb nmD$g nS>UmÀ¶m pñWVrMo gmdYVoZo {ZarjU H$am. BVa nXoem d àXoemVrb ’$aH$
N
H$moUVm? Vw‘À¶m ZH$memÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo ¶m nmD$g nS>ʶmÀ¶m nÕVrMo OJmVrb BVa àXoe
LA
AmoiIm
MoÞB©‘{Yb nmD$g nS>Umao ‘{hZo AmoiIm. Vo O¶nwaÀ¶m VwbZoV H$go {^Þ Amho?
TE
OmUdVmo. CÎmaoH$S>rb {h‘mb¶ nd©V X{jUobm {ÛnH$ën, g‘wÐ ngabm Amho. H$m§hr ^mJ bm§~
ER
g‘wÐ {H$ZmanÅ>rMm, H$m§hr ^mJ Iwn C§M Va H$m§hr ‘¡XmZr ^mJ AmhoV. hdm‘mZ à^m{dV
H$a‹Umè¶m KQ>H$m§Zm hdm‘mZmMo H$maH$ åhUVmV.
1. Ajm§e 2. g‘wÐ gm{Zܶ 3. g‘wÐgnmQ>r nmgwZMr C§Mr 4. darb hdoMm ì¶mn
SC
A
^w‘ܶ aofno mgwZ Y¥dnXoemH$S>o OmVm§Zm gamgar dm{f©H$
Vmn‘mZ H${‘ hmoV OmVo. ^maV XoemVrb X{jUoH$S>rb
AN
nXoe ^y‘ܶ aofoÀ¶m Odi Agë¶m‘wio CîU H${Q>~§Y
Amho. H$ݶmHw$‘marVrb hdm‘mZ ^monmb qH$dm
{X„rVrb hdm‘mZmnojm doJio AgʶmMo ho EH$
G
H$maU Amho. ^maV Xoe gw‘mao 8A§e 37 A§e aoIm§em‘ܶo
N
Amho. ^maV Xoembm H$H©$ aofm XmoZ ,g‘^mJm‘ܶo
{d^mOrV H$aVo, H$H©$ aofÀo ¶m X{jUoH$S>rb àXoe CîU
LA
H${Q>~§YmV Amho.
2. O{‘Z, nmUr ¶mVrb g§~§Y
TE
A
g‘wÐ gnmQ>rnmgwZ C§M ^mJmH$S>o OmVm§Zm Vmn‘mZ H$‘r-H$‘r hmoV OmVo ho ‘mhrV H$éZ
AN
KoVbo ‘¡XmZr àXoemnojm nd©Vr¶ àXoemV Vmn‘mZ H$‘r amhVo. EImÚm àXoemVrb hdm‘mZ ˶m
àXoemVrb - ^w^mJmÀ¶m C§Mrda Adb§~wZ AgVo.
CÝhmim AgUmè¶m ‘{hݶmV gwÕm {h‘mb¶ {e‘bm, {X„r doJdoJù¶m Ajm§emda Amho?
G
àXoemVrb er‘bm, Jwë‘J©, Z¡{ZVmb, Xm{O©btJ Vw‘À¶m ZH$mem nmhþZ gm§Jm CÝhmù¶mV
gma»¶m {R>H$mUr CÝhmù¶mVhr W§S> dmVmaU AgVo, N {X„rnojm {e‘bm W§S> H$m amhVo ?
ho Vwåhr EoH$bo Amho. ˶mMn‘mUo npíM‘oH$S>rb
CÝhmù¶mV H$mobH$˶mÀ¶m VwZboV Xm{O©btJMo
H$moS>¡-H$Zmb, CXJ‘§S>b‘(CQ>r) gma»¶m àXoemV
LA
{H$Zmar àXoem§gr VwbZoV Vmn‘mZ H$‘r AgVo. dmVmdaU AmZ§XXm¶r H$m AgVo?
dmVmdaUmVrb n¥ð>^mJmdarb hdoMo àgaU
TE
CËa JmobmYm©Vrb g‘erVmoîU aofodarb A{YH$ Xm~mÀ¶m nQ>çm‘wio ì¶mnmar dmao {Z‘m©U
hmoVmV.Vo ^w‘ܶ aofo Odirb H$‘r Xm~mÀ¶m àXoemH$S>o npíM‘oH$S>o dmhVmV.˶m§Zm oì¶mnmar dmao
(B§p½be Q´>oqd§S²>g) åhUVmV, Q´>oS> ¶m O‘©Z eãXmbm Q>°´H$ hm AW© åhUOo EH$m {Xeobm ñWra
T
dmhUma dmao ˶mMm AW© H$moaS>o Bemݶ dmao dmhUmè¶m nQ>çmVrb àXoemV ^maVXoe Amho.
ER
^maV XoemVrb hdm‘mZ n¥ð>^mJmdarb dmè¶mÀ¶m doJ àdmhmZo gwÕm à^m{dV hmoVo, ¶m
dmè¶mÀ¶m doJmbm OoQ> àdmh åhUVmV. O{‘ZrnmgwZ 12,000 ‘r. C§Mrdarb ñVamda doJmZo
dmhUmao dmao, ˶m dmè¶mMm doJ Vmgr 110 km/h {hdmù¶mV 184 km/h ‘ܶo AgVom. 250N.
Ajm§emda nwd}g OoQ> àdmh V¶ma hmoVmo. OoQ> àdmhm‘wio g^modVmbMo Vmn‘mZ W§S> hmoVo. nwd}g
SC
OoQ> pñQ´>‘‘wio W§S> hmoUmè¶m à{H$¶o‘wio {VWo AgUmè¶m T>JmnmgwZ nmD$g nS>Vmo.
F$Vw … {hdmim
^maV XoemVrb O{‘Zrdarb Vmn‘mZ Zmoìh§o~aÀ¶m ‘ܶ ‘{hݶmnmgwZ A{YH$ A{YH$ H$‘r
hmoVo. hm {hdmim ’o$~w«wdmar ‘{hݶmÀ¶m ‘ܶm§Vamn¶ªV amhVo. OmZodmarV gdm©YrH$ W§S>r amhVo.
XoemVrb H$mhr àXoemV Vmn‘mZ 100C nojm H$‘r amhVo. àm‘w»¶mZo CÎma ^maV XoemV A˶§V
H$‘r Vmn‘mZmMr Zm|X hmoVo. X{jU ^maVmV {deofVm {H$ZmanÅ>rÀ¶m nXoemV Vmn‘mZ ‘ܶ‘
åhUOo 200 C. nojm A{YH$ amhþZ AmëhmXXm¶H$ AgVo.
A
gamgar Vmn‘mZ 250C, AgUmè¶m àXoemÀ¶m
AgVo.
AN
Odi 200C. Vmn‘mZ Agboë¶m bhmZ d¥ÎmmH$ma
àXoe Amho. ho H$go e³¶ CËVa JmobmYm©Vrb ì¶mnmar dmao
dmhUmè¶m nQ²>Q>çmV ^maV Xoe Amho.
O{‘ZrdéZ g‘wÐmda ¶oUmao Bemݶ dmao H$moaS>o AgVmV. Vo ~§JmbÀ¶m CngmJa nma H$aVm§Zm
G
AmÐVm J«hZ Ho$ë¶m‘wio Vm{‘iZmSw>Vrb H$moa‘§S>b àXoemV nmD$g nS>Vmo.
N
LA
Map 1 : ^maVmVrb gamgar Vmn‘mZ
Temparature (0C) OmZodmar
TE
T
ER
SC
A
’$dmar Ago åhUVmV.
AN
‘mÝgwZMo AmJ‘Z
^maV XoemVrb hdm‘mZmda (‘mÝgwZ) ‘mog‘r dmè¶mMm à^md A{YH$ AgVmo. ‘mJrb
nmR>mV ^maV XoemV ¶oUmè¶m Zm{dH$m§Zm dmao ho ˶m§Mr {Xem ~XbVmVM, ho nm{hbo Amho. ¶m
G
dmè¶mÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo Vo ^maV XoemÀ¶m {H$Umè¶mH$S>o àdmg H$arV Ago. AemnH$mao H$mbmZwén dmao
{Xem ~Xb{dVmV. ˶mbm Aa~ ì¶mnmè¶m§Zr ‘mZgwZ Ago Zmd R>odbo. ˶mbmM AmnU (F$Vw
N
ndZ) ‘mog‘rdmao ¶m ZmdmZo AmoiIVmo.
LA
CîU H${Q>~§YmVrb gw‘mao 200 N CÎmaog Am{U 200 S X{jU Ajm§À¶m ‘ܶo ‘mZgwZMo dmao
{Z‘m©U hmoVmV. Am¾o¶ ‘mog‘r dmao X{jU AY©JmobmYm©V qhX ‘hmgmJmamdéZ ^w‘ܶ aofdarb
H$‘r Xm~mÀ¶m àXoemH$S>o dmhݶmÀ¶m doir nmʶmMr
TE
^maVmVrb J§Jm ZXrÀ¶m ‘¡XmZ nR>ma àXoemda H$‘r Xm~mMm dm¶w ^ma>mMm nÅ>m V¶ma hmoD$Z
amhVmo.
˶mM ~amo~a {V~oQÀ¶m n¥ð>^w‘rMr CîUVm dmTw>Z CîU d H$moaS>o dmè¶mM>m àdmh {Z‘m©U
SC
hmoVom. C§M nwð> ^mJmda 9 {H$.‘r C§Mrda H$‘r Xm~mMm, dm¶w^ma>mMm nÅ>m {Z‘m©U hmoVmo.
Z§Va ho dmao Z¡F$˶ ‘mog‘r dmao åhUwZ dmh>>m¶bm gwédmV H$aVoo. ^maVr¶ {ÛH$ën, CnI§S>
dmè¶mMo XmoZ ^mJmV {d^mJUr H$aVmV. EH$ Aao{~¶m g‘wX² emIm, ~§JmbMm CngmJa emIm.
Aa~r g‘wX² emIm ^maVmÀ¶m npíM‘r {H$Umè¶mn¶ªV nmohMwZ CËVao {XeoH$S>o diVo. d nwT>o
gaH$Vo. ~§JmbMm CngmJa emIm ~§JmbÀ¶m {H$Umè¶mH$S>o {ebm§JÀ¶m ^w-n¥îR>^mJmg X{jU
‘wImg Q>oH$VmV. Z§Va Vo npíM‘oH$S>o J§Jm ZXrÀ¶m Imoè¶mH$S>o diVmV.¶mbmM ‘mog‘r dmè¶mMm
‘mZgwZ Ama§^ åhUwZ AmoiIVmV. Mma Vo nmM AmR>dS>çmV ho ‘mog‘r dmao ‘mZgwZ hiw-hiw
g§nUw © Xoe^a ngaVmV. ^maV XoemV gdm©V OmñV nmD$g Z¡F$˶ ‘mog‘r dmè¶mÀ¶m H$mimV nS>Vmo.
npíM‘ {H$Zmè¶mH$S>rb KmQ>m‘wio Bemݶ nXoemVrb C§M nd©Vm‘wio ˶m ^mJmV nmdgmMo n‘mU
50 gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z ^maVmMo dmVmdaU
Map 2 : ^maVmVrb
gamgar
Vmn‘mZ Temparature (0C) ‘o
‘{hݶmVrb
A
AN
G
N
LA
TE
OmñV H$‘r
^ma ^ma
North
East Z¡F$˶
Monsoon ‘mog‘r dmao
(‘mZgwZ
OmZodmar Owb¡
{MÌ 4.3 : dm¶w^ma,‘mog‘rdmao (‘mZgwZ)
A
AN
G
N
LA
TE
T
ER
A
Imoè¶mMm ^mJ ¶m dmXimÀ¶m à^mdmbm ~ir nS>Vmo. H$moU˶m àH$maMm A§Va Z amhVm hr pñWVr
AN
df©^a amhV Zmhr. H$Yr H$Yr hr dmXio gw§Xa~Zbm ~§JbmXoen¶ªV nmohMVo. H$moa‘§S>bm àXoemV
A{YH$ à‘mUmV nmD$g ¶m dmXim‘wio nS>Vmo.
OmJ{VH$ CîUVm‘mZ, hdm‘mZmVrb ~Xb (Global Warming)
G
Oi˶m M|S>wnmgwZ n¥ÏdrMm Jmob V¶ma hmoʶmÀ¶m H«$‘mV AZoH$ dm¶w CËg{O©V hmoVmV.
N
n¥ÏdrÀ¶m JwéËdmH$f©U eº$s‘wio ho dm¶w ~mhoa ‘moH$ù¶m OmJoV ì¶mnw eH$bo Zmhr. O{‘ZrÀ¶m
AmH$f©U eº$s øm dm¶w§Zm AOwZ nH$Sw>Z R>odV Amho.n[aUm‘r n¥ÏdrÀ¶m g^modVr dm¶wMo ñWa
LA
ngabo Amho. ˶mnmgwZ AZoH$ ’$m¶Xo AmhoV. CXm. AmnU KoV Agbobm A°m³grOZ gw¶m©À¶m CîU
KmVH$ {Zb {H$aUmnmgwZ ajU H$aUmam AmoPmoZMm Wa, AmnUmg Amdí¶H$ Agboë¶m àmoQ>rZ
TE
dZñnVrÀ¶m dmT>rg Zm¶Q´>moOZ B˶mXr VgoM ñdÀN> nmUr nwadR>m H$aUmao dm¶wMH«$ g^modVr
V¶ma hmoVo. d CîUVonmgwZ ajU H$aVo. (B¶Îmm 9dr Vrb 4϶m nmR>mVrb {MÌ nmhm.)
dmVmdaUm‘wio AmnU CîUVo nmgwZ gwa{jV amhVmo. ho O{‘Zrg PmH$w>Z R>do Umè¶m àH$merV,
T
ãb°m§H$sQ>mgmaIo Amho. O{‘Zrda nS>Umar gm¡aímº$s n¥Ïdr J«hU H$aVo d gw¶© {H$aUm§Zm ^y-
n¥ð>^mJmda Z nSw> XoVm AdH$memV naV nmR>{dVo. JhU H$aVo hr B¶Îmm 9dr ‘ܶo Aä¶mgbo
ER
Amho. ˶mbm h[aV J¥h J«rZhmD$gMm à^md åhUVmV. O{‘Zrdarb gOrdm§Zm OJʶmgmR>r ho
’$ma Amdí¶H$ AgVo. O{‘Zrda dmVmdaU ZgVo, Va Vr Iwn W§S> amhV hmoVr.
19ì¶m eVH$mnmgwZ OmJVrH$ ^m¡JmobrH$ CîUVm Iwn doJmZo dmT>V Amho, ˶m‘wio gd©Ì {^Vr
SC
dmT>V Amho, H$m? ^w{‘À¶m B[VhmgmV - ^w{‘ O{‘ZrMr CîUVm {H$VrXm Var dmT>br, {H$Vr
Var W§S> ~’$m©ÀN>mXrV Pmbo. g§Ü¶m O{‘ZrMr CîUVm dmT>ʶm‘mJo {deof H$maUo H$moUVr?
¶m AmYr O{‘ZrMr CîUVm dmT>ʶmg qH$dm W§S> hmo>ʶmg ’$ma OmñV doi bmJV hmoVm.
˶m‘wio O{‘Zrdarb gOrd ~Xëm˶m n[añWrVrZwgma ~Xbm¶bm doi bmJbm. AmVm O{‘Z ‹Iwn
bdH$a CîU hmoV Amho. hm {dZmeH$mar ~XbmMm ‘mJ© hmoD$ eH$Vo. Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr Z§Va
O{‘ZrMr CîUVm dmT>ʶmg ‘mZdr H$m¶©dmhr H$maUr^wV Amho. VgoM O{‘ZrMr CîUVm
dmT>ʶmg ‘mZd hr H$maUr Amho. ¶mbm OmJ{VH$ CîUVm‘mZmVrb dmT> Ago åhUVmV. (AGW
(Anthropogenic Global Warming; anthropogenic means caused by humans).
A
ì¶dñWm AñV-ì¶ñV, {dñH$irV hmoV Amho. ¶m hmoUmè¶m ~Xbmnojm ˶mÀ¶m doJm‘wio {^Vr
dmQ>V Amho.
AN
CîUVm nwZ… àgaUm‘wio doioÀ¶m nÕVrV Jm|Yi {Z‘m©U Pmbm. dmVmdaU, hdm‘mZmV
gwXrK© ~Xb hmoVmo, ñdënH$mbrZ dmVmdaUmVrb ~Xb, EH$‘oH$m§À¶m ghmæ¶mZo hdm‘mZmVrb
{XK©H$mbrZ ~XbmV énm§VarV hmoVo.
G
h[aVJ¥h dm¶wMr {Z{‘©Vr gd© XoemV H$‘r H$aʶmgmR>r g§Yr H$aʶmMo OmJ{VH$ ñVamdar
à¶ËZ AOwZhr g’$b Pmbo Zmhr. ¶m g‘ñ¶m§Zm Vm|S XoʶmgmR>r hdm‘mZmVrb ~Xbmda
N
OJmVrb gd© Xoem§‘ܶo emgH$s¶ g§KQ>Zm >(IPCC) Inter-Governmental panel
LA
climate change) {Z‘m©U Pmbr. ‘mZdr¶ H$m¶© àdV©Zm‘wio ^m¡JmobrH$ CîUVm dmT>rg,
H$‘r H$aʶmg dmVmdaUmVrb ~XbmÀ¶m doJmbm H$‘r H$aʶmgmR>r gdm©Zr EH$Ì ¶oʶmgmR>r
R>amd, gd© Xoem§er g§nH©$, g^m({‘Q>tJ) ¶m
TE
g§KmZo KoVë¶m ¶mVrb H$moUVrM g^m ¶eñdr O§JbmMo {Z‘w©bZ åhUOo H$m¶?
Pmbr Zmhr, IPCC 2015 n°arg g{‘V ‘ܶo ho Ho$di O§Jb AgUmè¶m àXoemMo hmoVo
H$ama H$aʶmV Amcm H$s, harJ¥h dm¶wMr {Z{‘©Vr H$m?Vw‘À¶m ^mJmV O§Jbo Zgbo Va H$m¶ hmoV
H$‘r H$am¶cm hdr OoUo H$éZ OmJ{VH$ gamgar
Amho?
T
H$aUmÀ¶m nwd©Mr Amho. ¶m H$amamda EHw$U à^md nmS>Vmo? ({dkmZ dJm©Vrb ’$moQ>mqo gWogrg
195 Xoem§Zr hñVmúma Ho$co. {H«$¶o~Ôb dmMZ Ho$bobo AmR>dm.)
{deo f V {dH${gV (nmíMm˶ OmJ{VH$ d¡pídH$ CîUVm‘mZ dmT>rda n{aUm‘
SC
A
nwd© H$mobH$ÎmmVrb ZmoZS>§Jm ^mJmV H$mhr dfm©nmgwZ amhV Agboë¶m 200 Jm‘rU Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm
AN
Imbr H$aʶmgmR>r H$mobH$Îmm ‘hmZJa nmbrH$m
bmImo bmoH$ à^m{dV Pmbo Va V|ìhm ˶m {dH$mg g§ñWm à¶ËZ H$arV Amho. VgoM EobZ
n[apñWVrbm H$go g‘moa OmD$ ¶mMr H$ënZm H$am. gwna Vw’$mZm‘wio 2009 ‘ܶo gw§Xa~Z ^mJmV
nwZ©dgZ H$aʶmgmR>r Kam§Zm OmJm H$moR>o {‘iob. àm§VmV CX²YdñV,{dZme Pmbm ˶m ‘wio ho
G
bmoH$ amoOJmamÀ¶m emoYmV Hw$Qw>~§ mgh ¶m ^mJmV
N amhV AmhoV.
nmobrgm§À¶m HS>o HmoR> gwa{jV ‘mM© 30 bm
LA
~wbS>mP
o aMm Cn¶moJ H$éZ ¶m JbrÀN> dñVrVrb
Kao nmS>br. H$mhr Kam§Zm Omib.o Ka Zgë¶m‘wio
700 bmoH$ Joë¶m H$mhr {Xdgm§nmgwZ nS>Umè¶m
TE
{MÌ 4.8 : EobZ Vw’$mZmMm n^md : n«‘mUmV nwîH$i ~Xb g§^dVmV. H$mhr ^mJmV
(S>mdrH$S>)o nS>bobr PmS>o, H$mS>çm (Imbr)
nmD$g H$mhr ^mJmV nmD$g A{YH$ n«‘mUmV
amhrb. H$mhr ^mJmV nmD$g nS>UmaM Zmhr.
åhUOo nya, XþîH$mi A{YH$ hmoʶmMr g§^mdZm Amho. ˶m‘wio eoVr, d bmoH$m§À¶m amoOJmamda
SC
Aä¶mgmMo nyZamdbmoH$Z
1) Imbrb dm³¶ dmMwZ Vo dmVmdaUmbm qH$dm hdm‘mZ ¶mn¡H$s H$moU˶m KQ>H$mMo CXm.Amho,Vo
gm§Jm?
A) {h‘mb¶mVrb AZoH$ ~’$m©Mo nd©V,{h‘nd©V ‘mJrb H$mhr dfm©nmgwZ {dViV Amho.
A
Am) Joë¶m H$mhr XeH$mV {dX^© nmVm§V XþîH$i ’$ma nS>V Amho.
AN
2. ^maV XoemVrb hdm‘mZmda n[aUm‘ H$aUmè¶m KQ>H$m§Mr ‘m{hVr Úm?
3. àm§Vr¶ n«Xoe, dmid§Q>mVrb hdm‘mZmda n[aUm‘ H$aUmao KQ>H$m§Mr ‘m{hVr Úm?
G
4. OmJ{VH$, d¡{ídH$ CîUVm‘mZ dmT>ʶmg ‘mZdmÀ¶m ^w{‘Ho$Mr ‘mhrVr Úm?
5. AGW {df¶r {dH$grV Xoe, {dH${gZ Xoem‘ܶo AgUmao ‘V, A{^nm¶ d ^oX H$moUVo?
N
6. d¡pídH$, OmJ{VH$ CîUVm‘mZmVrb dmT> hdm‘mZmVrb ~Xbmg H$go H$maUr^yV Amho? OmJ{VH$,
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d¡pídH$ CîUVm‘mZ dmT>rg d H$‘r H$aʶmgmR>r KoVë¶m OmUmè¶m H$m¶© nÕVr Xe©dm?
7. ^maV XoemÀ¶m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ZH$memV Imbrb g§Ho$V Xm‹Idm…
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(i) 400C nojm OmñV dm{f©H$ gamgar Vmn‘mZmMr Zm|X Pmbobm n«Xoe
(ii) 100C nojm H${‘ dm{f©H$ gamgar Vmn‘mZmMr Zm|X Pmbobm n«Xoe
(iii) ^maV XoemdéZ dmhUmè¶m Z¡F$˶ ‘mog‘r, dmè¶m§Mr {Xem-‘mJ© XmIdm.
T
8. nmZ H«$.57 darc n[aÀN>oX `m ^wCîUVm dmT>rg .... H$maU _mZ{d` H$m`©dmhr dmMwZ Ë`mda
Am{X ^mî` H$am?
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180.0
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Courtesy: The Indian Institute of Geographical Studies.(CC)2013
30
140.0
25
120.0
20
100.0
A
15
80.0
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10
60.0
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40.0
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20.0
N
OwZ
Owb¡
0.0
OmZodmar
’o$~awdmar
‘mM©
E{nb
‘o
Am°JñQ>
{S>g~| a
goßQ>~| a
Am°³Q>m~| a
Zmoìh|~a
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n«H$ën H$m¶©
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A
KamÀ¶m Amdí¶H$Vgo mR>r 5% nmUr dmnaV AmhmoV. VarnU OmñV bmoH$mZ§ m nmUr {‘iV Zmhr, ¶m{df¶r~Ôb
AN
MMm© H$am.
^maVmVrb 10 E¸$a O{‘ZtZm nwam‘wio YmoH$m Amho. VodT>mM ^w-^mJ XþîH$mimÀ¶m Amhmar OmʶmMr e³¶Vm Amho,
ømMr H$mUo Vr H$maUo AmhoV?
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O{‘ZrÀ¶m n¥ð>^mJmdarb nmʶmÀ¶m gmYZm§Mm 70% ^mJ àXþ{fV Pmbobm Amho. ˶mMr H$mUo Vr H$maUo AmhoV?
N
ZH$mem…1 ^maV XoemMo ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ñdén
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Am{U ZÚm Ob ì¶dñWm
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T
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SC
0 Vo 300 mts
301 Vo 1000 mts
1001 Vo3000 mts
3000mts nojm OmñV
A
ImobJQ> v Aí¶m AmH$mam§gma»¶m Xè¶m {Z‘m©U Pmë¶m. hJo qgYw, ~«÷nwÌm ZÚmV OmñV {XgwZ
¶oVmV.
AN
{h‘ZÚmg OrdZÚm Ago åhUVmV. åhUOo df©^a øm ZÚm nmʶmZo ^éZ AgVmV.
nmdgmMo à‘mU Am{U ~’©$ {daKiV Agë¶m‘wio OrdZÚm åhUwZ AmoiIVmV.
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qgYw-ZXr ì¶dñWm
AmQ>bgÀ¶m ‘XVrZo ^maVmVrb Am{U {V~oQ‘Yrb ‘mZgamodamOdi H¡$bmg nd©VrVrb CÎma
N
nm{H$ñVmZmVrb qgYw ZXrÀ¶m àdmh ‘moS>m§da qgYw ZXrMm CJ‘ hmoVmo. hr {V~oQ> ^modVmbr
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‘mJm©Zm AmoiIm. dm¶ì¶ {XeoZo dmhVo. ^maVmV Oå‘w-H$mpí‘amV ¶odZy {‘iVo.
qgYwg ZXrV ^maVmV Pob‘, {MZm~,amdr{~¶mg ,gVbP
øm CnZÚm AmhoV. ^maVmV Oå‘w Am{U H$mpí‘a, n§Om~, {h‘mMb àXoe øm amÁ¶mV dmhVo.
TE
J§JmZXr ì¶dñWm
J§Jm ZXrMo CJ‘ñWmZ XmoZ {R>H$mUr AmT>iVo. åhUOoM J§Jm ZXr åhUOo J§JmoÌr,
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{h‘ZXr Odi CJ‘ nmdUmar ^JraWr Xþgar ^ÐrZmWZXrÀ¶m dm¶ì¶ {XeoZo gVnZmW Odi
CJ‘ nmdUmar AbH$Z§Xm øm. XmoÝhr ZÚm Xodà¶mJ Odi {ZKyZ J§JmZXrV ~XbVmV. ho h[aÛma
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nd©Vm§Zm gmoSw>Z ‘¡XmZmV dmhVmV. J§JmZXrV AZoH$ CnZÚm ¶oD$Z {‘giVmV. ømVrb AZoH$
J§Jm ZXrÀ¶m ZH$mem (5.2) nmhþZ Vr H$moUH$moU˶m ZÚm {h‘mb¶mVrb nd©VmV CJ‘VmV.
H$mhr {ÛH$ën nR> m ar¶ àXo e mV
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{ÛH$ën ZÚm
N
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npíM‘ {ÛnH$ën ZÚm§Mo {d^mOZ hmoVo. 1. ~§JmbÀ¶m CngmJamV {‘giUmè¶m ZÚm. 2.
Aa~r g‘wÐmV {‘giUmè¶m ZÚm. Aa~r g‘wÐmV {‘giUmè¶m ZÚm ’$ma H$‘r AmhoV. (Z‘©Xm
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Am{U Vmnr) ¶m XmoZ nwd}H$Sy>Z npíM‘oH$S>o dmhVmV d Aa~r g‘wÐmV {‘giVmV. ~mH$s gd© ZÚm
~§JmbÀ¶m CngmJamV {‘giVmV. VmßVr ZÚm Zmhrer, {ÛH$ën gd© ZÚm npíM‘oH$Sw>Z, nwdHo© $S>o
dmhVmV, {ÛH$ën nRmar¶ ^mJmVrb CÎma
T
OmJm ^am.
Ho$Z, gmoZZÚm J§Jm ZXr ì¶dñWog g§~§{YV
JmoXmdar BWo ____ CX²^dVo.
AmhoV. {ÛH$ënmVrb BVa ‘hËdmÀ¶m ZÚm
nwd}g dmhUmè¶m {ÛH$ën ZÚm H¥$îUm ZXrMo Xþgao
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nmʶmMm dmna
O{‘ZrdéZ dmhUmao d O{‘ZrÀ¶m A§V©JV dmhUmao nmUr… g‘Om EImÚm JmdmV nmʶmMm
~mø àdmh CXm. Pao, ZXr B. Agob Va ˶mVrb nmʶmMm H$m§hr ^mJ dmhþZ Jmdm~mhoa OmB©b
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nmdgmù¶mV ¶m nmʶmÀ¶m gmR>çmV nmʶmMr nmVir dmT>Vm§Zm {Xgob. nmdgmMo nmUr O{‘ZrV
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{OaVo d O{‘ZrVrb nmʶmMr nmVir dmTob. ¶mVrb H$m§hr nmUr, ~moadob ‘YwZ dmnaVm ¶oVo. Va
nmʶmMm H$m§hr ^mJ Iwn Imobda OmB©b ho nmUr nwÝhm dmnaʶmgmR>r
H$Xm{MV CnbãY hmoUma Zmhr nU A§V©JV àdmhmÛmao ZÚm qH$dm dmQ>a>eSo > ~Ôb MMm© H$am?
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A
Zmhr Va, AmnU dmnaV Agboë¶m gmR>çmda gwÔm AmYmarV AgVo. Amnë¶m {dVaUmV hm àdmh
gmR>m§‘Krb ’$aH$ ñnï>nUo AmoiImdm. CXm. EH$m nmʶmMr Q>mH$s Amho, g‘Om ˶mV nmUr
AN
AmV‘ܶo nmR>dʶmgmR>r EH$ nmB©n dmnaʶmgmR>r nmUr ~mhoa OmʶmgmR>r EH$ n§n AmhoV.
AmV‘ܶo OmUmè¶m nmʶmg {‘ZrQ>mV {bQ>aà‘mUo ‘mooOVm ¶oVo. ˶mMà‘mUo ~mhoa ¶oUmè¶m
nmʶmg gwÕm {‘ZrQ>mg {bQ>a à‘mUo ‘moOVmV. Q>mH$sV AgUmao nmUr gVV ~XbV AgVo, nU
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EH$m {ZYm©arV doioV CXm. gH$mir 8.30 dmOVm {H$Vr {bQ>a nmUr Amho, Vo ‘moOw eH$Vmo hm
˶mdoioMm gmR>m. N
EH$m JmdmV Vio, S>~Ho$, JwQ§ >o Agw eH$VmV. ho gd© n¥ð>^mJmdarb gmR>o AmhoV. ^maVmV AZoH$
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JmdmV {d{har, ~moa {d{harVwZ nmUr {‘idVmV. åhUOo nmUr A§V©^yOb gmR>çmda AmYmarV
AmhoV, A§VJ©V dmhUmè¶m nmʶmg, gmR>çm§‘ܶo g§~Y§ Amho.A§VJ©V dmhUmao nmUr ~mhoa H$mT>ʶmÀ¶m
nmʶmZwgma, H$mimZwgma gmR>çmMr n{apñWVr H$er Amho, ¶mMm A§XmO bmdw eH$Vmo. gܶm
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AmnU ^yJ^© nmʶmMm gmR>m H$‘r hmoʶmÀ¶m n[aUm‘mg g‘moao OmV AmhmoV ^{dî¶mV ¶oUmè¶m
{nT>rg ^yJ^© Ob CnbãYmV Agob qHdm Zmhr ¶mH$S>o AmnU bj XoV Zmhr.
dm{f©H$ àdmho, {d{har, ~moa {d{harÀ¶m nmʶmMo nwZéÕrH$aʶmÀ¶m gmR>çmZwgma AmnUmg
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CnbãY AgUmao nmUr AmYmarV Amho. Amnë¶m JaOm§Zm gwÕm øm ‘¶m©XrV R>odmì¶m. AmnU Iwn
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ImobVa nmUr ~mhoa H$mT>bo AgVm Vo Iwn hOmamo df} gmR>dwZ Agbobo nmUr Amho Ago g‘Omdo.
Vrd« XþîH$mimÀ¶m n[añWrVrVM øm nmʶmMm dmna H$éZ nmD$g OmñV nS>boë¶m dfm©V nwÝhm
nwZéÕrH$aU ìhmdo. ømH$S>o bj Úmdo, gwpñWaVm øm ~m~rg AmnU nwT>o nmhþ.
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A
nardmhH$ ‘mJm©Zm AmoiIm. {dñVma H$‘r hmoD$Z O{‘ZrMr bmJdS> dmT>V Amho. PmS>m§Mr
‘moR>çm à‘mUmV VmoS>Ur, ImUr, ImoXZr ‘wio O§Jbo H$‘r
AN
hmoV AmhoV. EdT>oM Zìh| Va AZ‘mob d¥j g§nXm àmUr g§nÎmr Zï> nmdVmV. ^yJ^©ObmVrb
dmhUmè¶m nmʶmÀ¶m à‘mU nardmhH$ à§mVmV AgUmè¶m PmS>mda AmYmarV AgVmV. Pm‹S>o
ZgVm§Zm nmdgmMo nmUr O{‘ZrV PmoanʶmMr e³¶Vm Zgë¶m‘wio n¥ð> ^mJmdarb àdmhrV hmoVo.
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øm‘wio ^yJ^©Ob nwZéÕrH$aU H$aʶmMr
N g§Yr ZgVoM ZmhrVa EHo$H$m doir AMmZH$
nwamg H$maUr^wV R>aVo. nmdgmÛmao,
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Zmë¶mÛmao nmʶmMm nwadR>m {‘iUmè¶m
àm§Vm§Zm ’$m¶Xm ìhmdm ¶mgmR>r doJdoJù¶m
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A
{nH$m§Zm nmUr OmñV nmhrVo. ZXr nardmhH$ àm§Vm ^modVmbr øm {nH$m§Mr bmJdS> Ho$ë¶m‘wio
nmʶmÀ¶m g‘mZ dmQ>Ur‘wio Ag§»¶ ~Xb hmoV Amho, øm {nH$m§Zm gd© àm§VmV nmʶmMr JaO
AN
Agë¶m‘wio d¡{dܶ Agmdo bmJVo. O{‘Z, nmʶmMm nwadR>m AgUmè¶m eoVH$è¶m§Zm d
ZgUmè¶m eoVH$è¶m§‘ܶo Iwn ’$aH$ OmUdVmo. gdmªZm nmUr {‘iwZ nmʶmMm ¶mo½¶ Vmo dmna
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H$aʶmgmR>r øm n«m§Vm‘ܶo {nH$m§Zm bmJdS>rV ~Xb KoD$Z Ambm nmhrOo.
N
Joë¶m XmoZ XeH$mnmgwZ N>moQ>r ehao, Am¡Úmo{JH$ àm§VmMr dmT> Iwn Pmbr. øm‘wio
nmʶmMm nañnam {déÕ JaOm AdKS> Pmë¶m Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aZ , eham§Mr dmT> øm‘wio H$mhr
LA
OUm§Mo OrdZ‘mZ dmT>bo, nU øm‘wio, {deofH$éZ Am¡Úmo[JH$ g§ñWm§‘wio àXþfU dmT>bo. ZXr
nardhH$ àm§VmV H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m 27 ‘moR>o, 25473 N>moQ>o CÚmoJr¶ g§ñWm AmhoV. øm amoO
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nmʶmMm ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV dmna H$aVmV. ZÚmV Iam~ nmUr gmoS>ʶmgmR>r H$maImݶm§Zm
nadmZJr {Xbr Va 1984 ‘ܶo ZXrV gmoS>boë¶m H$mH$dr Jmim‘wio ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV ‘mgo
‘oë¶m§‘wio bmoH$m§‘ܶo {^Vr {Z‘m©U Pmbr. V|ìhmnmgwZ H$maImݶmVrb ewÕ nmUrM ZXrV
T
gmoS>mdo. Va øm H$m¶ÚmMr g‘W©nwd©H$ Am‘bmV AmUV ZmhrV. ˶m‘wio ZXr ì¶dñWoV Vrd«
ER
{nʶmÀ¶m nmʶmMm nwadR>m XoUo e³¶ Pmbo Zmhr. {nʶmMo nmUr, ñdÀN>Vm ‘wb^yV JaOm§Zm,
n¡go ~m§YV Zgbo Var ømMm e³¶Vmoda nmohmodmdo, Ago åhQ>bo Amho. ‘rQ>a bmdwZ nmʶmMm
nwadR>m Ho$bm AgVm g‘mOmVrb EImÚm dJm©Zo n¡go ~m§Xbo Zgbo Var ‘wb^yV JaOm§gmR>rVar
H$mhr nmUr nwadmdo. ZXrÀ¶m nardmhH$ àm§Vmda EH$ {Zdo{XH$m Aer gw{MV Amho. eham§Zm
¶mo½¶ Vmo {nʶmMo nmUr nmohmoM{dʶmgmR>r ¶mo½¶ Vr àUmbrH$m ~Zdbr Zmhr. {deof H$éZ
N>moQ>çm ehamVrb nmʶmMr CnbãYVm, g‘dmQ>nmV g‘ñ¶m AmhoV. øm g‘ñ¶m CÝhmù¶mV
OmñV d Vrd« AmhoV.
A
g‘{d{Z¶moJ AmnUmg nmhʶmV ¶oVmo.
AN
nmʶmÀ¶m dmnam ~Ôb, nmʶmÀ¶m g‘W©nwd©H$ ݶm¶nwd©H$ dmna H$aʶmgmR>r A§VJ©V, ~mø
àdmhm§Zm ‘moOʶmMr JaO Amho. øm ~Ôb OmUwZ KoVbo. EH$ Jmd qH$dm ZXr nardmhH$ àm§V
Agw eH$Vo. øm gma»¶m àUm{bH$m V¶ma H$aUo , ˶mMr A§‘b~OmdUr gmܶ Amho. {hdmao
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~mOma ømMoM EH$ CXm. Amho.
J«m‘ nardmhH, g‘J«m‘m{^d¥ÕrgmR>r, AmXe© J«m‘ ¶moOZm Imbr {hdmao ~mOmH$mg ‘hmamï´>
N
emgZmZo {Z¶wº$s Ho$br. ‘hmamîQ´>mVrb Ah‘XZJa {OëømV ~mOma Amho. ‘hmamîQ´>mVwZ nwd©
LA
H$m|H$U {H$Zmar àm§Vm§Zm doJio H$aV CÎma-X{jUog AgUmao gømÐr nd4V am§JmÀ¶m (nmdgmi)
^mJmV nwd}g AgUmè¶m nmdgmir n«m§VmV hm {Oëhm Amho. åhUwZM Ah‘XZJa [Oëhm 400
‘r.‘r. nO©Ý¶‘mZmZo nwaJ«ñV àm§V Amho.
TE
~m§YH$m‘o JmdmV ~m§Ybo, nmQ>~§Ymao, nmʶmÀ¶m Q>m³¶m, {Mao ~§Ymao øm H$m¶©H«$‘mMm ^mJ åhUwZM
ER
˶m§Mo Zmd JmObo. ho Mma AQ>r 1) PmS>o VmoS>Ur 2) OZmdam§Zm ‘moHionUmZo MaUo 3) Xmé ~§Xr,
d 4) OmñV g§VVr. EdT>oM Zmhr Va bmoH$m§Zr l‘XmZ H$amdo, O{‘Z ZgUmè¶m Jar~m§Zm ˶m
AQ>r ZmhrV.
1980 À¶m eodQ>r Á¶m n[apñWVr hmo˶m ˶m§Mo ‘hËd AmnUmg g‘Omdo. Jar~, lr‘§V
gd©OZ gVV PmS>o VmoS>V, gd©OU amZmo‘mi ˶m§À¶m OZmdam§Zm BÀN>ào ‘mUo {OWo-{VWo Madm¶Mo.
g^modVmbMo gd© ‘miamZo, S>m|Jao CKS>o AgV Ago Iwn bmoH$ gm§JVmV, V|ìhm O{‘Zr H$moaS>çm
nS>ë¶m hmo˶m. O{‘ZrÀ¶m Am{Vb nmUr (^wJ^©Ob)Iwn Imobda AgV, EdT>oM Zmhr Va
ñd¶§nmH$mgmR>r H$mS>çm, OZmdam§Zm bmJUmao {hado JdV ¶mMm Vrd« VwQ>dS>m ^mgV hmoVm.
OZmdam§Zm MaʶmgmR>r AQ>r Q>mH$ë¶m AgVm JdV, H$mnwg OZmdam§Zm MaʶmMr nadmZJr {Xbr.
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 65
˶mZ§Va AmUIr H$mhr ~§YZo KmVbr. ˶mV gm§JʶmgmaIo åhUOo nmʶmÀ¶m nwadR>çmgmR>r
~moa, {d{har ImoXUo, D$g, H$moirMr bmJdS> H$aUo, ~mhoaÀ¶m§Zm O{‘Zr {dH$Uo, nmʶmÀ¶m
Cn¶moJmV {XK©H$mbrH$ gwì¶dpñWVr gmܶ H$aUmao KQ>H$ øm nÕrV ‘hËdmMo AmhoV. ho AmnUmg
g‘Obo. øm AQ>r ’$º$ Om{hamVrgmR>r ZgwZ bmoH$m§Mm g§¶wº$ ’$m¶Xm gmܶ H$aʶmgmR>r bmoH$
{Z{‘©VrgmR>r. Va ho H$m‘ VodT>o gmono Pmbo Zmhr.
CÝhmù¶mV nmUr XoUmè¶m O{‘Zr 7 ho³Q>a nmgwZ 72 ho³Q>an¶ªV dmT>b.o gamgar nmD$g nS>bm,
˶m dfu IarnmV ~mOarMo {nH$, a~rV ÁdmarMo {nH$ Z {nH$dVm CÝhmù¶mV WmoS>o ^mOrnmë¶mÀ¶m
A
bmJdS>rgmR>r gwÕm nmUr {‘iV. nmʶmÀ¶m gmo¶r gw{dYm Zgboë¶m O{‘ZrV gwXYm ^w{‘V Amob
AN
garMo à‘mU dmT>ë¶m‘wio CËnmXH$Vm dmT>br. nydunojm AmVm {nH$m§Mr d¡{dܶVm dmT>br. AmVm
H$m§Xm, Ambw, ’$io (Ðmjo, Xmit~) ’w$bm gmaIo ì¶mnmar {nHo$ Jhþ {nH${dVmV. gdm©nojm OmñV
gm§Jʶmgma»mm n[aUm‘ åhUOo nmʶmMr CnbãYVm dmTw>Z, Xþgar {nHo$ H$mT>Uo e³¶ Pmë¶m‘wio
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ñWbm§VarV OmUo H$‘r Pmbo. N>mQo >o eoVH$ar ˶m§À¶m O{‘Zr Ûmao nwU© OrdZ amoOJma H$‘rM {‘imbm
N
Var ˶mV dmT> Pmë¶m‘wio ‘Owar H$aʶmMr n[apñWVr gwYmabr.
LA
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AmamIS>çmÀ¶m AJmoXa
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new g§ajU joÌmV dmT> Pmë¶mZo N>moQ>o eoVH$è¶m§Zm ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV ’$m¶Xm Pmbm. gd©M
AN
OZ-{OdZ, CÚmoJ gwYmaʶmgmR>r {hdmao ~mOmamV XwY CËnmXZmH$S>o {deof bj {Xbo. AZoH$
N>moQ>çm eoVH$è¶m§Zm ì¶mO XoʶmV Ambo. ¶m‘wio JmdmV newg§dY©ZmMr g§»¶m dmT>br. Mm§Jë¶m
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CËnmXH$VoÀ¶m H$maUm‘wio new JdV dmT>b.o ømM n[aUm‘mÀ¶m ‘XVrZo XaamoO 140 {bQ>anmgwZ
3000 {bQ>a XþYmMr CËnÎmr dmTw>Z 20 Q>³³¶mÀ¶mda àJVr dmT>br.
N
{hdmao ~mOmamV nmʶmÀ¶m g§ajUmgmR>r H$aʶmV Ambobr
Va Jmdm§gma»¶m N>moQ>çm ^mJmV ^wJ^© Ob
LA
H$m‘o Xe©dUmè¶m dm³¶mImbr aofm AmoT>m. ~mhoa H$mT>ʶmda {Z¶§ÌU R>do ë¶mg ’$m¶Xm hmoV
nmʶmÀ¶m CnbãYVoZwgma eoVr àUmbrH$m V¶ma
Zmhr, ho bjmV Ambo, ~mOwMr Jmdo Imobda
H$aʶmgmR>r H$moUVo à¶ËZ H$aʶmV Ambo?
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A
^yJ^© ñdénm Ûmao EH$ Xþgè¶mer g§~§Y AgVmo. åhUwZ gmaIoM Imob AgUmè¶m dmè¶mMr d
AN
nmʶmMr VwbZm H$am. dmao dmhV Amhoo, ˶m‘wio ˶mÀ¶m gr‘m {ZYm©arV H$é eH$Uo e³¶ Zmhr,
˶mMà‘mUo O{‘ZrÀ¶m AmV dmhUmè¶m nmʶmg H$moU˶mM gr‘m ZgVmV.
gܶm ^yJ^©ObM bmoH$m§Mo ‘w»¶ gmYZo AmhoV. øm nmʶmg OmñV Cngbo AgVm, ˶mÀ¶mer
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g§~Y§ rV BVa àm§Vmda gwÕm à^md nS>Vmo. ^{dî¶mV ¶oUmè¶m {nT>rZo m bmJUmao nmʶmÀ¶m gmR>çmda
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bmoH$aʶmÀ¶m nÕVtZm Am§‘b H$aUmam H$moUVmM ‘mJ© Zmhr. Odinmg H$moUVoM {Z¶§ÌU
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4) nmʶmÀ¶m g§ajU gwYmaʶmgmR>r {hdao ~mOmamV eoVrV H$moU˶m nÕVrda {Z¶§ÌUo KmVbr?
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5) nmʶmÀ¶m gmYZm ~m~VrV bmoH§$mMr H$m¶©H$maH$Vm, H$m¶ÚmMo ‘hËd H$moUVo? øm Aܶ¶ZmVrb
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O~m~Xmar H$moUVr?
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MMm© H$am: 1) ^wJ^©OcmMm Cngm d dmna `mda gm_m{OH$ {Z`̧U Agmdo H$m? `mda dJm©V MMm©
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A
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‘m{hVr Jmoim H$am.
à˶oV JQ>mZo {d{dY Vº$m nwU© H$amdo.
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nmhUr H$aVm§Zm AZoH$ e§H$m ¶oʶmMr e³¶Vm Amho ¶m‘wio EH$m JQ>mVrb ‘m{hVr Xþgè¶m
JQ>mer VwbZm H$aVm ¶oUo e³¶ hmoUma Zmhr. ¶mgmR>r Vw‘À¶m {ejH$m§Mr ‘XV ¿¶m.
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nmhUr Z§Va:
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OmVo. AÞ, dó, {Zdmam ¶m ‘wb^yV JaOm ^mJ{dʶmMr Omdm~Xmar Hw$Qw>§~m§da AgVo.
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gwa{jV H$m‘mMr Anojm H$aVmo. ‘wbo Am{U AmYmarV bmoH$m§Mm JQ> ¶m JQ>mda Adb§~Zw AgVmo.
3. darð JQ> (59 dfm© darb d¶moJQ> ) : J«m’$-1 : ^maVr¶ bmoH$g§»¶oMo {nam{‘S>, 2011
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jo Ì mV H$m‘ H$aUmè¶m eo V
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~mhoa gm§JV Zmhr. Am{U EdT>çm ‘moR>çm bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m AmdmT>ì¶ ngmè¶mV ho H$moU H$~wb
H$aUma Amho.
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d¡Ú{H$¶ nmVirda {gÕ Pmbo Amho. Oa g‘mZVm Agbr Va ‘wbtMr g§»¶m hr g‘mZ Agm¶bm
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nmhUrVwZ {ZînÞ Pmbr Amho, VWmnr ‘¥Ë¶wXa ‘mÌ ‘wbtMm OmñV Amho. 2011 À¶m OZJUZoZgw ma
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hmo¶. {ejU ho ‘{hbm§gmR>r ’$ma ‘moR>o daXmZ ‘{hbm§Zm ‘mhoaÀ¶m§er g§~§Y R>odmdm H$m?
R>abo Amho. ‘{hbm§Vrb {ZamjaVm, ^«U w VWm {eew ˶m§Zm ‘mhoar Omʶm§Mo ñdV§Ì Úmdo H$m?
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~m{bH$m ˶m§Mm Xa KQ>˶m KQ>V Amho. ¶mMm ˶m§Zm g§nÎmrV dmQ>m Agmdm H$m? gwa{jVVm
AmUIr EH$ narUm‘ åhUOo ‘{hbm§ À ¶m Zgmdr H$m?
Amamo½¶m~m~V OmñV OmJ¥Vr {Z‘m©U Pmbr Amho. Vw‘À¶m ^mJmV ‘wbm§ZmM OmñV ng§Xr {Xbr
darb gd© {ZîH$fm© ‘mJo ‘O~wV H$maUo AmhoV. OmVo H$m?
¶mgmR>r COì¶m ~mOwMr àíZo dmMm. ho àíZ qbJ^oXmda H$m¶ àH$me Q>mH$VmV.
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Agbm Va ˶mMm emoY ¿¶m.Vw‘Mm nmhUr Ho $ di , 12% gmja hmo V o . 2001 ‘ܶo
Ahdmb H$m¶ gm§JVmo? 65%.EdT>o bmoH gmja hmoVo. Va 2011 ‘ܶo
{dH$mgmda {ejUmMm H$m¶ à^md nS>Vmo. hoM à‘mU 74% hmoVo. VWmnr 2011 ‘ܶo
MMm© H$am? nwéfm§Mm gmjaVm (82%) Am{U ‘{hbm§Mo à‘mU
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à{Vð>mZo, amoOXmar H$‘©Mmar BVa H$m‘o H$aUmao.
bmoH$g§»¶oMo ~XbVo ñdén
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bmoH$g§»¶oMo ñdén ho Zoh‘r ~XbV AgVo. g§»¶m, {dñVma ho Zoh‘r EH$gmaIo ZgVo. 1)OÝ‘
2)‘aU 3) ñWbm§Va ¶m VrZ ~m~t‘wio OZJUZoMo ñdén ~XbV AgVo. EImÚm {d{eï>
H$mdbmdYrV EImÚm {d{eï> àm§Vm§V qH$dm àXoemV {Zdmg H$éZ amhUmè¶m bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m
’$aH$mV bmoH$g§»¶m ~Xb Ago åhUVmV.¶m ~Xbmg A§H$m§Ûmao qH$m Q¸o$dmar Ûmao XmIdVm ¶oVo.
Xa XeH$mVrb Zì¶mZo XmIb Pmboë¶m ‘mUgm§Mr g§»¶m hr bmoH$g§»¶m dmT> Xe©{dVo. CXm.
2001 Àm OZJUZm g§»¶oVwZ 2011 Mr g§»¶m dOm Ho$br Va ˶m XeH$mVrb bmoH$g§»¶oMr dmT>
Xe©{dVo. hr dmT> gH$mamË‘H$ Ago dmT>br, ZH$mamË‘H$ Agob Va KQ>>br Ago åhUbo OmVo.
bmoH$g§»¶oV ~Xb = A§H$mV (AmVmMm AmH$S>odmar) - (OwZr AmH$S>odmar).
1200.00
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800.00
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600.00 548.16
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A
439.23
400.00 361.09
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318.66
278.98
252.09 251.32
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KQ> AgVo. ¶m gmo~VM EImÚm {d{eï> àXoemV (OÝ‘bobo bmoH$+ñWbm§VarV bmoH$) - ~mhoa Jobobo
bmoH$ ¶m§Mo J{UV åhUOoM bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>rVrb ’$aH$ hmo¶.
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WmoS>çm doimgmR>r ñWbm§VarVm§Mr Jmoï> ~mOwbm R>odw. bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>rMm {dMma H$aVm§Zm XmoZ
Jmoï>r {dMmamV KoVë¶m OmVmV. (1) OÝ‘Xa à{V 100 ì¶{º$ n¡H$s OÝ‘mbm Ambobr ‘wbo CXm.
1992 ‘ܶo ^maVmVrb OÝ‘Xa 29 BVH$m hmoVm ¶mMm AW© Agm H$s, 1000 bmoH$g§»¶oV 29 BV³¶m
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‘wbm§Mr ^a nS>br. (2) ‘¥Ë¶y Xa à{V 1000 ‘mUgm§n¡H$s EH$m dfm©V ‘aUm§Mr g§»¶m åhUOo ‘¥Ë¶y
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Xa hmo¶. CXm. 1000 bmoH$m§n¡H$s 10 bmoH$ ‘aU nmdbo. åhUOoM OÝ‘Xa 29 hmoVm. d ‘¥Ë¶yXa 10.
1991 gmbr à{V 1000 bmoH$m§À¶m ‘mJo 19 bmoH$ dmT>bo. ¶mMmM AW© 1992 ‘ܶo bmoH$g§»¶oMr
A dmT> 1.9 Q>¸o$ Pmbr.
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bmoH$g§»¶m dmT> hr ‘hËdmMr Jmoï> Amho. ¶mÀ¶m Aä¶mgmg Xa dfu XaeoH$S>m Agm Ho$bm
OmVmo. CXm.Xa dfu Xa eoH$S>m 2 .¶m XamZo Oa bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>br Va Xa 100 춺$s‘mJo Xa dfu
2 bmoH$m§Mr dmT> Pmbr Ago åhUVm ¶oVo. ¶mMo J{UV MH«$dmT> ì¶mO nÕVrZo Ho$br OmVo. dmfuH$
Xa dmT>r gmo~V ¶mMr VwbZm Ho$br OmVo. ^maVmMr bmoH$g§»¶m gmV˶mZo dmT>VM Amho.
darb ñV§^mboImÀ¶m ghmæ¶mZo nm{hbo Va ^maVmÀ¶m bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>r‘mJo AZoH$ H$maUo
AmhoV. ˶mn¡H$s EH$ ‘hËdmMr ~m~ åhUOo OÝ‘Xa ho ‘¥Ë¶wXa hmo¶. Joë¶m H$m§hr dfm©V ‘¥Ë¶wXamV
gmV˶mZo KQ> Pmbm Amho. VWmnr OÝ‘XamV ‘mÌ KQ> Pmbm Zmhr. gZ 1901-1921À¶m Xaå¶mZ
‘¥Ë¶w XamV dmT> Pmcr Á¶mMr H$maUo åhUOo XþîH$mi, amoJmMr gmW, {eVÁdamMr gmW 1918 ‘ܶo
Á¶m‘wio 15 Xecúm ‘¥Ë¶w nmdco Agm A§XmO Amho.1900 nmgwZ AmOVmJm¶V åhUOoM
78 gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z bmo H $g§ » ¶m
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emhrVrb bmoH$m§Mm gh^mJ ¶m‘wio AZoH$ g‘ñ¶m Xþa Pmë¶m. ¶mMdoir naH$s, ßboJ, {hdVmn AmXr
amoJm§da {Z¶§ÌU Ambo. AZoH$ amoJm§Zm H$maUr^wV Agbobo XþfrV nmUr, Aé§XKao, àXþfrV dmVmdaU,
ñdÀN>VoMm A^md ¶m§Mo {Z‘w©bZ hmoʶmÀ¶m {XeoZo nmdbo CMbbr OmV AmhoV. g§gJ©Oݶ amoJmMm
Zm¶ZmQ> H$aʶmgmR>r nmʶmMo ¶mo½¶ {Z¶moOZ, narga ñdÀN>Vm, nmofU AmhmamMm nwadR>m ¶mda bj
XoʶmV Ambo. ¶mhrnwT>o OmdwZ A˶mYw{ZH$ Am¡fYo, à{VO¡{dH$, bgrH$aU ¶m gdm©À¶m Cn¶moJmV
XO}Xma Amamo½¶ gw{dYm§‘wio ‘¥Ë¶wXa ‘mÌ KQ>bm. gZ 1921 À¶m VwbZoV ‘¥Ë¶wXa R>iH$nUo KQ>bm.
˶mMdoir OÝ‘Xa ‘mÌ dmT>bm. ¶m‘wio bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>rÀ¶m XamV gmV˶mZo dmT> hmoV amhrbm.
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àXrK© H$mimgmR>r OÝ‘Xa dmT>ʶm‘mJo H$m¶ H$maU Agmdo? ¶mMm O|ìhm {dMma H$aVmo V|ìhm
^wVH$mimV H$m¶ Pmbo, ¶m§Mm {dMma H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. EH§$Xa OZg§»¶oMm {dMma H$aVm Va
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¶wdH$m§Mr g§»¶m OmñV Agbo Va ^{dî¶mV ˶m§Mo {ddmh hmoVrb Am{U ˶m§Zm ‘wbo~mio hmoVrb
¶mMm Aà˶jnUo à^md bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>rda hmoB©b. Aem àH$maMr bhmZ bmoH$g§»¶m Am{U {VÀ¶m
AmH$S>odmar Oa OmoS>bm Jobm Va ^{dî¶mV bmoH$g§»¶m {H$Vr dmT>ob ¶mMm A§XmO ¶oVmo.
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¶mMm AmUIr A§XmO åhUOo, gܶmÀ¶m H$mimV Xm§n˶ {H$Vr An˶o AnojrV H$arV Amho.
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¶mdahr Adb§~wZ Amho. ¶mMmM AW© Agm H$s, OJʶmMo à‘mU dmT>Vo. g‘mOmV nwéfm§Zm OmñV
àmYmݶ Amho. gm‘m{OH$ gwajm, d¡Ú{H$¶ gwajm ¶mMm {dMmahr Ho$bm OmVmo.
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Vwåhr Vw‘À¶m Hw$Qw>§~mV e³¶ Pmë¶mg Mm¡H$gr H$é eH$Vm Am{U VrZ qH$dm Mma {nT>¶mVrb
{Q>Hy$Z am{hboë¶m ‘wbm§À¶m g§»¶oMr VwbZm H$é eH$Vm. Vwåhmbm ~hþYm Ago OmUdob H$s, Ooìhm
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Hw$Qw>§~ ‘moR>o hmoVo, Voìhm {Q>Hy$Z am{hboë¶m ‘wbm§Mr g§»¶m A{ZürV hmoVr. AZoH$m§Mm ‘¥Ë¶w ~mimÀ¶m
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Zoh‘rM CnbãY Zgm¶Mo ˶mM ~amo~a, ‘wbmbm OmñV àmYmݶ {Xë¶m‘wio, Hw$Qw>§~ ‘moR>o Agm¶Mo. ho
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^maVr¶ OZJUZoZgw maÀ¶m S>Qo >m (‘m{hVr) à‘Uo, XoemVrb bmoH$g§»¶oVrb ~Xbm§Mo {ZarjU H$é
¶m.
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2001 1029
2011 1210
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(439-361=78, 361 gmR>r 78 dmT>co, åhUwZ % ‘ܶo ho 78*100/361=21.60 dm{f©H$ dmT>2.16)
Vw‘À¶m Hw$Qw>§~mVrb VrZ {nT>çmVrb EH§$Xa Amn˶m§Mr g§»¶m ‘m{hV H$éZ ¿¶m. ˶mV
H$mhr ~Xb Pmbo Amho H$m?
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45 dfm©darb ‘{hbm Am{‘ ‘wbm§Mm g§»¶m {H$Vr Amho ho Vw‘À¶m nmhUrÀ¶m AmYmao
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{ZíMrV H$am. da ‘{hbm‘wbm§Mo à‘mU {H$Vr Vo gm§Jm?
gmYmaUV… 1981 nmgwZ OZZ Xa hr KQ>V mho. ¶mMm narUm‘ åhUOo bmoH$g§»¶oMr dmT>
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hr KQ>H$ Amho. dab V³Ë¶mÀ¶m AmYmao 1951 nmgwZ Vo 2011 n¶ªVMr bmoH$g§»¶oMr dmT> dm KQ>
¶mMm AmH$S>o‘moS> H$am.
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darb àdmhmbm AmnU H$go g‘Omdo, hr AmH$S>o‘moS> g‘OʶmgmR>r AmUIr EH$ nÕVr
dmnabo OmVo. ˶mg àOZZ Xa EImÚm ‘{hboÀ¶m Am¶wî¶ ^amVrb àOZmMm Xa Ago hr åhQ>bo
OmVo. àOZZ ¶mo½¶ d¶mnmgwZ Vo àOZZ Wm§~ʶmn¶ªVMm H$mbmdYr ¶mgmR>r {dMmamV KoVbm
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nmhm.
^maVmV 1961 gmbr à$OZZ àOZZ Xa
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EImÚmda AmYmarV An˶mVr g§»¶m {ZíMrV H$aVo. ¶m‘wio AmnU ho gmao H$go R>>adUma?
bmoH$g§»¶oMr KZVm
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bmoH$g§»¶oMr åhUOo KZVm hr EH$m {d{eï> àXoemV {Zdmg H$éZ amhUmè¶m bmoH$m§Mr
g§»¶m hmo¶. bmoH$g§»¶oMr dmT> {dH$mgXa à{H«$¶oV ‘hËdmMr ^ww{‘H$m ~OmdVo.
OJmVrb EH$ ‘moR>çm àmá Xoem‘ܶo ^maVmMm H«$‘m§H$ bmJVmo. 2011 ‘ܶo Xa Mm¡.{H$.‘r.bm
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382 bmoH$ EdT>r bmoH$g§»¶oMr KZVm hmoVr. {~hma‘ܶo {hM KZVm gdm}ƒ åhUOo 1102 Va
AéUmMb àXoemV Ho$di 17 EdT>m Amho. Amgm‘ Am{U BVa {ÛnH$ënmVrb ({H$ZmanÅ>rÀ¶m)
amÁ¶mV gd©gmYmaU KZVm Amho. S>mJ| ami, IS>H$ Am{U H$‘r nmdgmMo à‘mU ¶m‘wio ^mJmVrb
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bmoH$g§»¶m H$‘r AmT>iVo. ¶mMm AmUIr EH$ ‘hËdmMm ’$aH$ åhUOo O{‘ZrMr gw{nH$Vm
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H$‘r Amho. Ho$aiÀ¶m CÎmaoH$S>Mm nR>mar àXoemV Cƒ Am{U A{V Cƒ KZVm Amho. Cƒ
nO©Ý¶‘mZ Am{U gw{nH$ O{‘Z ho ¶m§Mo H$maU Amho.
CÎma ^maVmVrb nR>mamdarb Cƒ KZVm AgUmao VrZ amÁ¶m§Mr {ZdS> H$am. ¶m amÁ¶mVrb
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XmQ> bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m KUVoMo H$maU H$m¶ Agmdo, ¶mgmR>r Amnë¶mbm ¶m ^mJmMm B{Vhmg
Vnmgmdm bmJVmo. ^w^mJ, dmVmdaUmÀ¶m n[apñWVr, ¶mgd© Jmoï>r‘wio V’$mdV ¶mg H$maUr^wV
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H$s, ObqgMZmÀ¶m gmo¶r qH$dm gwnrH$ O{‘Z {VWo OmñV à‘mUmV Amho, {VWo bmoH$g§»¶oMr
KZVm OmñV AmT>iVo. ¶mV XoIrb EH$ Jmoï> OmUdVo H$s, bhmZ eoVH$ar qH$dm ^y‘rhrZ
‘Owam§Mr n[apñWVr ~oH$maM AgVo.
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g§~§YmMo ñnï>rH$aU H$am. Xoe^amVrb à‘wI ZJam§Mm emoY ¿¶m. ehamV OmñV
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ZH$mem 2 : {Oëømdma XoemVrb
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¶m§Mr VwbZm H$am?
A. ^y-n¥ð>^mJ Am{U eoVr {df¶H$ {dH$mgmÀ¶m g§Yr
Am. ˶m ^mJmVrb H¥$fr B{Vhmg-O{‘Z, nmUr BVa Z¡g{J©H$ ómoV ¶m ~hmb Agboë¶m ^mJmMr
VwbZm H$am?
C. ˶m àm§VmVwZ, hmoUmao ñWbm§Va, ˶mMr H$maUo ‘m{hVr.
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OmJ{VH$ 458 580 682 978 1,650 2,521 5,978 7,052 8,909 9,746
Am{’«$H$m 86 114 106 107 133 221 767 1,052 1,766 2,308
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Am{e¶m 243 339 436 635 947 1,402 3,634 4,250 5,268 5,561
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bmQ>rZ A‘o[aH$m
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Am{U H°$ao~r¶Z {Ûn 39 10 10 24 74 167 511 603 809 912
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VoWrb doJdoJio {H«$¶mH$bmn hmoV AgVmV CXm. e¡j{UH$, d¡Ú{H$¶, Ym{‘©H$, ì¶mnmè¶mg§~§Yr B.
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H$am? Amdí¶H$ Agboë¶m H$moU˶m Jmoï>r ZmhrV?
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hmoVo. ¶m h˶mamZo Vo g‘W©nUo, Z¡nwʶmZo {eH$ma H$arV hmoVo.
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g‘mZVm Am{U ’$aH$ AmoiIm. darb ‘m{hVrZwgma ^Q>H$o Am{U pñWa OrdZ e¡brVrb ’$aH$ Am{U
g‘mZVm AmoiIm. Vwåhr {H$Vr KQ>H$m§Zm AmoiIw eH$Vm nmhm. (BH$S>o Vº$m AnwU© Agob Va
AmUIr EH$ Vº$m V¶ma H$am.)
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ho g‘OwZ KoʶmgmR>r AmnUmg VrZ ‘wb^yV {df¶m§Mo {ZarjU Ho$bo nm{hOo. (1) àXoe
(2) n[apñWVr (3) ˶m àXoemVrb B{Vhmg àXoe EH$m àm§VmVrb bjUo gm§JVmV.
H$moU˶mhr àXoemMr ñd^m{dH$
aMZm, g‘wÐVirnmgwZ {H$Vr C§M Amho,
nmUr KQ>H$ (Vio, ZÚm, ^yJ^© Ob)
O{‘ZrMm àH$ma, ñdajU, Z¡g{J©H$
A
eº$snmgwZ ajU Aem H$m§hr AmhoV.
AN
àmMrZ H$mim‘ܶo nmUr nwadR>m OmñV
Agbo ë ¶m ^mJmV X§ S > ¶ mÌm H$aUmè¶m
eÌwnmgwZ ajU {‘iob, Aem àm§Vm§Zm
G
{ZdmgmgmR>r {ZdS> H$aV AgV. CXm.
N>ÌnVr {edmOr ¶m§Zr ‘hmamï´>mV n«VmnJT>
N
LA
¶oWo {H$bm ~m§Ybm Amho. hm àm§V OmñV
C§M AgwZ g^modVmb gd© àm§V {XgVmV, {MÌ 7.4 : àVmnJT> {H$bm
åhUwZ Aem àm§Vm§Mr {ZdS> Ho$br Jobr
TE
{demImnQ²>Z‘cm EH$
à{XK© B{Vhmg Amho. dgmhVr
ER
nw d © H$mimV, {d{^Þ
amOKamʶm§Zr ˶mda amÁ¶
SC
A
V³Vm 2 {demImnQ²>Z‘ bmoH$g§»¶oVrb ~Xb
AN
{demImnQ²>Z‘ bmoH$g§»¶m 1. ~mOwbm {Xboë¶m bmoH$g§»¶m ‘m{hVr‘ܶo gd©
df© bmoH$g§»¶m % Q>¸o$dmar XeH$mVrb AmH$S>o AmhoV, g‘Om Zgob Va H$moU˶m
1901 40,892
XeH$mVrb AmH$S>o ˶mV ZmhrV?
G
1911 43,414 +6.2%
1921 44,711 +3.0%
2. H$moU˶m XeH$mnmgwZ Vo H$moU˶m XeH$mn¶ªV
N
1931 57,303 +28.2%
1941 70,243 +22.6%
bmoH$g§»¶m A{YH$ dmT>br Amho.(Q>¸o$dmar)?
LA
1951 1,08,042 +53.8% 3. H$moU˶m XeH$mnmgwZ Vo H$moU˶m XeH$mn¶ªV
1961 2,11,190 +95.5%
1971 3,63,467` +72.1%
bmoH$g§»¶oMr dmT> AVr H$‘r Amho (Q>¸o$dmar)?
TE
^maVr¶ OZJUZoZgw ma ^maVr¶m§À¶m {ZdmgñWmZmV {d{eï> nÕV AmT>iVo. Q>~o b H«$. 3 ‘ܶo
XmI{dë¶mà‘mUo gm§p»¶H$s {d^mJmZo doJdoJù¶m ñWimÀ¶m ì¶m»¶m {Xë¶m AmhoV. ˶m H$miOrnwdH©
dmMm Imbrb Aä¶mgH«$‘ nwU© H$am. nwT>rb nmZmda EH$ {nam{‘S> {Xbobo Amho, ˶m {nam{‘S>À¶m
gdm©V ImbMm ñVa gdm©V H$‘r {ZdmgñWmZo Xe©{dVo. ˶mg‘moarb [aH$må¶m OmJm ^am.
1. {d{eîQ> nmVirdarb {ZdmgñWmZm§Mr Zmdo (H$moUVohr XmoZ Zmdo)
2. Vob§JmZm amÁ¶mVrb EH$ {ZdmgñWmZmMo CXm. Úm. (‘hmZJam{edm¶ H$moUVohr)
3. Vwåhr Á¶m ehamV amhVm ˶mMo ¶mo½¶ ñWmZ Xe©dm, (Oa Vwåhr IoS>çmV qH$dm bhmZ ehamV
Voc§JAm§
mZmYemgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU
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Vº$m 3 : ^maVXoemVrb nmVirdéZ {Zdmg ñWmZo
{Zdmg ñWmZmMr àH$mao Cn¶mo J rVo M o à‘mU CXmhaU
‘hmZJa H$moQ>r bmoH$g§»¶mnojm OmñV * ‘w§~B© ‘hmZJa ñWmZo (1.84 H$moQ>r)
Agbobr ñWmZo * {X„r ‘hmZJa (1.63 H$moQ>r)
* H$mobH$mVm ‘hmZJa (1.41 H$moQ>r)
A
ZJao, ³bmg 1 ZJao 1 bmI Vo 10 bmI bmoH$g§»¶m Vw‘À¶m {ejH$mÀ¶m ‘XVrZo Am§Y«àXoemVrb VrZ ZJam§Zm
AgUmao ehar àm§V AmoiIwZ ˶mVrb bmoH$g§»¶m Úm?
AN
ehao 5,000 Vo 1 bmI ‘ܶ§Var Vw‘À¶m {ejH$mÀ¶m ‘XVrZo Vw‘À¶m g^modVrb àm§VmVrb
bmoH$g§»¶m AgUmao ehar àm§V VrZ ZJam§Zm AmoiIwZ ˶m§Mr bmoH$g§»¶m AmoiIm.
G
‘hgwbMo Jmd / {Z{Xï> gahXr AgUmao Jmd Vw‘À¶m {ejH$mÀ¶m ‘XVrZo Vw‘À¶m g^modVrb àm§VmVrb
Census Village N
VrZ Jmdm§Zm AmoiIwZ ˶m§Mr bmoH$g§»¶m ‘m{hV H$am.
LA
{Zdmg àm§Vo ‘hgwb Jmdm§‘ܶo H$m§hr Kam§Mm Vw‘À¶m ‘hgwb‘ܶo qH$dm Odinmg‘ܶo AgUmao ‘hgwb
Hamlets Hamlets g‘wXm¶ Jmdm‘ܶo EH$ qH$dm XmoZ hm‘boQ> Vw‘À¶m {ejH$m§À¶m
ghmæ¶mZo AmoiIm
TE
Mega Cities
4. Vwåhmbm Ago dmQ>Vo H$m H$r,
ER
Cƒ> ñWm¶r
{Zdmg ñWmZm§ M o Ho d i ({demb àm§V)
Courtesy: The Indian Institute of Geographical Studies.(CC)2013--
A
hmoVr. ˶mdooiog 10 bmI bmoH$g§»¶mnojm A{YH$ bmoH$g§»¶m AgUmao 5 ehao hmoVr. 1 bmImÀ¶m
AN
A{YH$ bmoH$g§»¶m AgUmar ehar 40 hmoVr. 2011 À¶m OZJUZoZwgma JmdmÀ¶m g§»¶oV dmT>
Pmbr AgwZ 6.4 bmI JmdmVyZ 85 H$moQ>r bmoH$ BWo amhVmV 3 ZJam§‘ܶo ‘w§~B©, MoZ¡, H$mobH$Vm
øm ZJam§Mr bmoH$g§»¶m EH$m H$moQ>rnojm OmñV hmoVr. 10 bmImnojm A{YH$ bmoH$g§»¶m AgUmao
G
ZJao 50 À¶m da AmhoV, ehamVrb bmoH$g§»¶m dmT> A{YH$ Va ¶moJm¶moJm‘wio KS>br Amho.
N
eharH$aU dmT>V Agbo Var, ˶mgmR>r JaOm§Mr ‘mÌ gmoB© hmoV ZmhrV. añVo, Zmë¶m,
LA
{dÚwV, nmUr nwadR>m B˶mXr bmoH$m§À¶m JaOm AmhoV. ehamVrb ‘wb^wV JaOm§n¡H$s ‘w»¶V…
añ˶o gma»¶m ~m~tH$S>o gaH$maMo bj OmñV AmhoV. na§Vw {dÚwV, nmUr, Amamo½¶ Ho§Ð gma»¶m
gw{dYm hdoV VodT>çm ZmhrV. ehamVrb Am{U ZJamVrb bmoH$m§Mr n[apñWVr A{YH$ X¶{Z¶
TE
Amho.
^maV XoemVrb ehar àm§Vo Amnë¶m XoemÀ¶m àJVrgmR>r H$go Cn¶moJr nS>VmV? Am¡Úmo{JH$
H«$m§Vrnoúmm, ‘m{hVr V§ÌkmZ (I.T.) ñWramñVr ¶m gma»¶m godm g{‘Vr H$m¶©H$« ‘m‘wi,o XiUdiU,
T
gmR>dU, g‘mMma àgma ¶m gma»¶m godm§Mm dmQ>m A{YH$ Amho. Joë¶m H$m§hr dfm©nmgwZ
ER
Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnÎmr‘ܶo àJVr hmoV Zmhr. (OmñVrMo CËnmXÞ godm CnH«$‘m nmgyZ hmoV Amho)
ZJam§Mo énm§Va eham§‘ܶo Pmë¶m‘wio ehamH$S>o ñWbm§Va hmoUmè¶m bmoH$m§‘ܶo ’$º$
H$m§hr bmoH$m§ZmM ¶mMm ’$m¶Xm {‘iVmo. Jmdm§Vrb bmoH§$mnojm ehamVrb bmoH$m§Mr Jar~r H$‘r
SC
AgVo. na§Vw A{YH$ CËnÞmVrb Hw$Qw>§~mVrb bmoH$m§‘ܶo OmñV ’$aH$ AmT>iwZ ¶oVmo. hm ’$aH$
ehamV, ZJamV OmñV AmT>iVmo, ehar ^mJm‘ܶo BVa OmVrer VwbZm Ho$br Va AZwgw{MV
OmVr, O‘mVrMo ehar bmoH$m§Mo CËnÞ A{YH$ AmT>iVo. 2009-2010 ‘ܶo AZwgw{MV OmVr,
O‘mVrVrb ehar bmoH$m§Mr Jar~r 6 Q>¸o$ Amho Va, AZwgw{MV O‘mVt‘ܶo ¶mÀ¶m nojm XþßnQ
Amho. ¶m J[a~m§n¡H$s OmñV bmoH$ ‘hmZJamV ZgwZ BVa Ag§KQ>rV joÌmV H$m‘ H$arV AmhoV.>
¶m ehamVrb bmoH$g§»¶m H$mbm§VamZo dmT>V Jobr, AmOw~mOwMo Jmdo eham‘ܶo {‘gië¶m‘wio
ehao A{YH$ dmT>br AmhoV. bmoH$g§»¶m dmT>r‘ܶo ’$º$ 5 Q>¸o$ BVHo$ ‘mÌ JmdmVrb bmoH$
eham‘ܶo ñWbm§Va Pmbr AmhoV. N>moQ>çm Jmdm§Mo ZJam§‘ܶo qH$dm N>moQ>çm eham§‘ܶo hmoV Amho.
Voc§JAm§
mZmYemgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU
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ehar H$aUmVrb g‘ñ¶m
ehar H$aU dmT>Vo åhUOo VoWrb JaOm dmT>VmV. Am{W©H$ H$m‘H$mO dmT>VmV. ˶mgmo~VM ˶m‘wio
{H$Vr Var g‘ñ¶m CËnÞ hmoVmV. dmT>˶m bmoH$g§»¶obm J¥h dñVr nm{hOoV. ˶m§Zm nmUr nwadR>m nm{hOoV
Zmë¶m d BVa JbrÀ¶m nmUr OmʶmgmR>r ‘mJ© Agmdm. ¶mgd© KQ>H$m‘wio n¶m©daUmda X~md nS>Vmo.dmhUmMm
Cn¶moJ OmñV hmoV Agë¶m‘wio ehamV dm¶w àXwfU dmT>V AgVo. ho Amamo½¶ g‘ñ¶m§Zm d ñWm{ZH$
dmVmdaUmVrb ~Xbm§Zm ‘mJ© H$mT>Vmo. KmU nmʶmÀ¶m Zmë¶mMo g’$mB©Mo H$m‘ ~amo~a Zgob Va Vo {H$Vr Var
g§gJ©Oݶ amoJm§Zm ‘mJ© gmnS>Vmo.
ehar H$aUmVrb EH$ ‘w»¶ g‘ñ¶m O{‘ZrV Z {‘giUmao qH$dm O{‘ZrV OraʶmgmR>r doi bmJUmè¶m
A
nXmWmªMm Cn¶moJ dmT>V AgVmo. ¶m‘wio {H$Vr Var H$Mam CMbmdm bmJVmo. ¶m H$Mè¶mbm Hw$R>o Q>mH$mdo.?
ehar àm§V {dñV¥V én YmaU H$aV Agë¶m‘wio ¶m H$Mè¶m§Zm H$Mam ewÕr H$maImݶmV KoD$Z OmV AmhoV.
AN
H$s J«m‘rU àm§VmV ’o$Hw$Z XoV AmhoV.
{d‘m¶ml¶ ZJao (Aerotropolis) – jet-age ZJao
G
^maVmgh AZoH$ Xoem§‘ܶo Z{dZ àH$maMo {Zdmg àm§Vo {Z‘m©U hmoV AmhoV. hr {Zdmg ñWmZo ‘moR>‘moR>çm
{d‘mZml¶m ^modVr {Z‘m©U hmoV AmhoV. åhUwZM ¶m§Zm {d‘mZml¶ ZJao (aerotropolis) Ago åhUVmV.
N
{d‘mZml¶ ZJam§‘ܶo {d‘mZml¶ hoM EH$m ZJamgmaIo H$m‘ H$arV AgVo. AZoH$ gw{dYm (hm°Q>ob,
LA
XþH$mZo, hmñ¶{dZomX, Amhma, ì¶mnma, ^oQ>rJmQ>r B.) {VWo {‘iV AgVmV. BVa àm§VmVrb bmoH$ {d‘mZmZo
¶oD$Z ˶m§Zm Amdí¶H$ ˶m bmoH$m§er g§nH©$ H$éZ ˶m§Mm ì¶dhma nwU© H$éZ naV {d‘mZmZo {ZKwZ OmVmV.
TE
Q´>m{’$H$ gma»¶m g‘ñ¶m d BVa g‘ñ¶m§Zm Vm|S> Z XoVm ZJamVrb gd© gdbVr ˶m§Zm {‘iV AgVmV.
^maVmVrb Am§VaamîQ´>r¶ XOm©Mo H$m§hr ZJao ~|Jbwé Am§Vaamï´>r¶ {d‘mZml¶ amOrd Jm§Yr Am§Vaamï´>r¶
{d‘mZml¶ ({X„r) B§{Xam Jm§Yr Am§Vaamï´>r¶
{d‘mZml¶ ZJa H|$ÐH$ åhUOo H$m¶?
T
{d‘mZml¶ (h¡Ðm~mX)
{d‘mZml¶ ZJa H|$Ðm‘ܶo, ˶mOdi Agboë¶m
ER
A
“OÝ‘ñWmZ” – EH$ 춺$s OÝ‘bobm àXoe
“˶m AJmoXaMo {ZdmgñWi” – EH$ 6 ‘{hZo qH$dm ˶mnojm OmñV H$mimn¶ªV amhV
AN
Agbobm àXoe
¶m {R>H$mUr H$mhr bmoH$m§Mr ¶mXr Amho. ˶mVwZ ñWbm§VarV d AñWbm§VarV bmoH$m§Mo dJuH$aU
H$am. ñWbmVamÀ¶m Q>߶m§Mr ‘mhrVr XoD$Z, ñWbmVam§Mr H$m¶ H$maUo AmhoV. Vo gm§Jm?
G
Zmd Joë¶m 6 ‘{hݶmn¶ªV OÝ‘ ñWi N ñWbm§VarV ñWbm§VamMr nÕV, IoS>çmVwZ
ehamV Agbobm àXoe AñWbm§VarV ehamH$S>o qH$dm ehamVwZ
IoS>çmH$S>o ñWbmVamMr H$maUo
LA
qgYw ~«rOmda‘ OmoJwb§~m {Oëøm
Vrb EH$ Jmd
TE
Indian
ER
^maVmV 2001 À¶m OZJUZoZwgma 307 H$amoS> bmoH$ ñWbm§VarV Pmbo, ˶mMr AZoH$ H$maUo
Agw eH$VmV, ór¶m§‘ܶo ñWbm§VamgmR>r {ddmh ho ‘w»¶ H$maU Amho. Va nwéfm§‘ܶo H$m‘ d
H$m‘mMm emoY H$aUo ho ‘w»¶ H$maU Amho, amhV Agboë¶m {R>H$mUr H$m‘ Z {‘iUo, d
{ejUmMr ¶mo½¶ ìd¶ñWm ZgUo, ì¶mnmamV VmoQ>m, Hw$Qw>§~mVrb V§Q>o B˶mXr H$maUo hr OZJUZm
gdmªYmao Agw eH$VmV. ho ‘mhrV Pmbo Amho.
emioV J¡ahOa qH$dm emim AY©dQ> gmoSw>Z OmUmè¶m ‘wbm§‘ܶo ñWbm§Va ho EH$ H$maU Amho,
¶m ‘Vmer Vwåhr gh‘V AmhmV H$m? CXm. XoD$Z g‘Odm?
Voc§JAm§
mZmYemgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU
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H$mbm‘mZmZwgma VmËnwaVo ñWbm§Va
amï´>r¶ OZJUZoZwgma ^maV XoemV à{V Mm¡Wm 춺$s hm ñWbm§Va hmoD$Z Ambobm Amho.
2001-2011 ¶m H$mimV ñWbm§VamV dmT> Pmbr nU 1980 À¶m H$mimV dmT>br VodT>r Zmhr.
ñWbm§Va amÁ¶mA§VJ©V Agw eH$Vo. qH$dm Am§VaamÁ¶ Agw eH$Vo. J«m‘rU ^mJmVwZ ehar ^mJmV
ñWbm§Va Pmboë¶m am‘æ¶mMr H$Wm Vwåhr dmMZ Ho$br Amho. ehamg XaamoO ‘Owar H$aʶmg
Amboë¶m 춺$sMr nU Vwåhr ‘wbmIV nm{hbr Amho. J«m‘rU ^mJmVwZ ehar ^mJmH$S>o Pmboë¶m
ñWbm§VamMr AmH$S>odmar d ñWbm§VamgmR>r AgUmao H$maUo nmhrbmoV. EdT>oM Zmhr Va J«m‘rU
^mJmVwZ BVa J«m‘rU ^mJmg ñWbm§VamV nU dmT> Pmbr Amho, Aem àH$maMr ñWbm§Vao
gmYmaUnUo ghm ‘{hݶmÀ¶m AmV AgVmV. ˶m‘wio ¶mg OZJUZm AmH$S>odmarV ¶mg àH$Q>
A
H$arV ZmhrV. amï´>r¶ gd}‘ܶo ñWbm§Va Pmbobm 춺$s Ago åhQ>ë¶m Joboë¶m eãXmg AgUmè¶m
AN
{Zdm©hUmÀ¶m ‘¶m©Xm‘wio VmËnwa˶m ñWbm§VaÀ¶m g§»¶og H$‘r XmI{dë¶m OmVo.
J«m‘rU ^mJmVyZ J«m‘rU ^mJmV ñWbm§Va
^maV XoemV gmIaoMo CËnmXZ H$aUmao ‘hmamï´> EH$ Amho. ¶m amÁ¶mV EHw$U 186 ghH$mar
G
gmIa H$maImZo AmhoV. H$mo¶Zm àH$ën ~m§Yë¶mZ§Va 1970 À¶m XemãXr Ama§^mnmgwZ ¶m {R>H$mUr
Iwn ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV D$gmMo {nH$ Koʶmg gwédmV Pmbr. EH$ A§XmOoZwgma à˶oH$ dfu D$g
N
H$mnʶmgmR>r ‘ܶ ‘hmamï´>mVwZ npíM‘ ‘hmamï´>mH$S>o 6,50,000 ‘OwaXma ñWbm§Va hmoVmV. ¶mV
LA
àmW{‘H$ emim {ejU KoUmao 6-14 dfm©‘Yrb ‘wio 2,00,000 n¶ªV AgVmV. Amnë¶m
Hw$Qw>§~mgmo~V ho nU ñWbm§Va hmoV AgVmV.
D$g H$mnʶmgmR>r Amboë¶m ‘OwaXmam§Zm H$maImݶmZo {ZíMrV R>adboë¶m OmJoda amhʶmMr
TE
ì¶dñWm H$aVmV. ho ˶m§À¶m eoVmOdi , D$gmOdi amhVmV. à˶oa Hw$Qw>§~mg H$m§hr doiw (~m§~w)
VÅ>o, VmSnÌr d¡Joao XoVmV. ˶mnmgwZ Vo bhmZer PmonS>r ~Z{dVmV. ¶mg Vo Imonr Ago åhUVmV.
J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb ‘OwaXmamV A{YH$ à‘mUmV WmoS>çm H$mimgmR>r J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb {~H$Q>
T
A
Agë¶m‘wio bmoH$ eham§H$S>o O|ìhm J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb bmoH$ ehamV ¶oVmV, V|ìhm J«m‘rU
AN
ñWbm§VarV hmoV AmhoV, ^mJmVrb H$moU˶m Am{W©H$ joÌmV ZwH$gmZ hmoVo?
Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ì¶qº$Zm OmñV ehamV ñWbm§VarV Pmboë¶m J«m‘rU OZVogmR>r H$moUVr
H$m‘mMr g§ Y r d OmñV H$m‘o CnbãY hmoD$ eH$VmV. OmñVrV OmñV JmdmVwZ
G
CËnÞ d Mm§Jë¶m Zm¡H$è¶m Ambobo H$m‘Jma H$m‘ {‘idVmV Ago Am{W©H$ joÌ H$moUVo?
{‘iVmV. ¶m AmeoZo bmoH$ ˶m‘mJrb H$maUo gm§Jm?
N
ehamH$S>o ñWbm§VarV hmoV
AmhoV. am‘æ¶mbm g§~§YrV {d^mJmV Zm¡H$ar {‘imbr nU eham§H$S>o ñWbm§VarV hmoUmè¶mV OmñV
LA
bmoH$m§Zm amoOdmar ‘OXþar H$amdr bmJVo.Vr ˶m§Zm Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmV nhmdr bmJVo. Vo
~mOmamV {’$aV bhmZ-bhmZ dñVw nU {dH«$s H$aVmV. n|Q>a, XþéñVr H$m‘ H$aUmao, [ajm
TE
OmVr^oJ, qbJ^oX^md hm ehar ^mJmV ’$ma H$‘r à‘mUmV Agë¶m‘wio ˶m§Zm ñdoÀN>m {‘imë¶m
ER
gmaIo AgVo. ˶m‘wio J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb OmñV bmoH$ hdo VodT>o H$m‘ Z {‘imë¶m‘wio ehamH$S>o
AmH${f©V hmoVmV. Aem bmoH$m§Zm eha§m‘ܶo AgUmè¶m PmonS>nQ>çm‘ܶohr ~amo~a OmJm amhʶmg
Z {‘imë¶m‘wio {nʶmÀ¶m nmʶmMr , ñdÀN>oVoMr d BVa Amdí¶H$ ˶m gmo¶r ˶m§Zm {‘iV
SC
A
J«m‘rU ^mJmVM {‘iʶmMr g§Yr {‘iVo. Aem ~è¶m§M g§X^m©V AZoH$ Hw$Q>w§~m§Zm ñWbm§Va ho
AN
˶m§Zm Amdí¶H$ dmQ>V Zmhr.
Am§Va amï´>r¶ ñWbm§Va
E³¶ amÁ¶ g{‘VrÀ¶m àJVrÀ¶m H$m¶©H$« ‘m àH$mao 200 H$amoS> Am§Vaamï´>r¶ ñWbm§Va 춺$s§‘ܶo
G
70 H$amoS>nojm H$‘r bmoH$ ho EH$m àJVrerb XoemVwZ Xþgè¶m àJVrerb XoemV ñWbm§Va hmoV
AmhoV. ^maV XoemVwZ ñWbm§VamMo XmoZ àH$ma AmhoV: N
Vm§{ÌH$ àm{dݶ… H$m‘mMm AZw^d AgUmao bmoH$ A‘o{aH$m, H°$ZS>m, B½b§S> AmñQ´>{o b¶mgma»¶m
LA
àJVrerb Xoemg ñWbm§Va hmoV AmhoV, ‘m{hVr V§ÌkmZ AgUmao, S>m°³Q>a, ‘°ZoO‘|Q> àm{dݶ ho
CXm. 1950 d 1960 À¶m H$mimV H°$ZS>m, B§½b§S>bm ñWbm§Va hmoCZ Joboë¶m ^maVr¶ bmoH$mV
TE
OmñV bmoH$ H$moUVohr àm{dݶ, AZw^d ZgUmao hmoVo. Va Joë¶m 10 dfm©V OmñV bmoH$ H$m‘mMm
AZw^d AgUmao bmoH$ ¶m XoemV OmV AmhoV. gܶmÀ¶m H$mimV ^maV XoemVrb àm{dʶ AgUmao
bmoH$ O‘©Zr, Zmd}, OmnmZ, ‘bo{e¶mgma»¶m Xoem§Zm ñWbm§Va hmoV AmhoV. 1950 ‘ܶo
àJVrerb XoemV dfm©g 10,000 bmoH$ ñWbm§Va Pmbo Va, 1990 ¶m dfu hr g§»¶m 60,000
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EdT>r dmT>br.
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Xþgè¶m àH$aÀ¶m ñWbm§VamV VobmMr {Z¶m©V H$aUmao n{íM‘r Am{e¶m XoemV VmËnwa˶m
H§$ÌmQ> nÕVrda àm{dʶ ZgUmao d H$mhr àm{dʶ AgUmao H$m‘Jma,ñWbm§Va Pmboë¶m XoemVrb
n[añWrVrZwgma H$mhr H$mimZ§Va dmng ¶oVmV. ^maVmVwZ npíM‘ Am{e¶mV OmUmè¶m 30 bmI
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ñWbm§Va hmoCZ Joboë¶m ^mJmV ˶m ‘OwaXmam§Zm ñdñV Ymݶ XþH$mZmVwZ gm‘mZ {‘iV Zmhr.
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˶m‘wio ˶m§Zm ImÚ nXmWmªda OmñV à‘mUmV IM© H$amdm bmJVmo. A˶§V {~H$Q> n[apñWVrV d
ñdÀN>Vm Zgboë¶m ^mJmV ahmdo bmJV Agë¶m‘wio Vo AZmamo½¶mer {eH$ma hmoVmV. {~‘ma nS>VmV.
ImUrV H$m‘ H$aUo, {dQ>mMo H$m‘ H$aUo, ¶m‘wio ˶m§Zm S>moHo$ XþIr, ËdMm amoJg CZbmJUo,
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ñdmÀN>moñdmgmÀ¶m {~‘mè¶m§Mm Vo {eH$ma hmoVmV. ‘mbH$ dJ© ¶mo½¶ Vo ajU XoV Zgë¶m‘wio ,
H$maImʶmV, B‘maVr ~m§YH$m‘mV gVV AnKmV hmoV AgVmV. ñWbm§Va ‘OwaXma ho g§KQ>rV
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{d^mJmV Zgë¶m‘wio ˶m§Zm {d{dY d¡Ú {M{H$Ëgm, Hw$Qw>§~ ñdajU ¶mgma»¶m gw[dYm {‘iV
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ZmhrV. ñWbm§Va hmodwZ Amboë¶m ór¶m§Zm àgwVr gwQ>çm {‘iV ZmhrV. åhUOo {S>bodar Z§Va
WmoS>çmM {XdgmV ˶m§Zm nwÝhm H$m‘mda Omdo bmJVo.
TE
Hw$Qw>§~mMo ñWbm§Va Pmë¶mZ§Va nmbH$mgmo~V Joboë¶m bhmZ ‘wbm§Zm {eew ñdajU H|$Ð AgV
Zmhr. Jar~ KaMo ‘wbo ¶m§Zm Z{dZ àXoemV {ejU KoUo e³¶ ZgVo. d Vo ñdV…À¶m JmdmV dmng
Joë¶mg VoWrb nmR>embm nU ˶m§Zm emioV KoV Zmhr. d eodQ>r Vo emiobm OmʶmMo ~§X H$aVmV.
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Hw$Qw>~§ mVrb ’$º$ nwéfM ñWbm§Va Pmbo Va Hw$Qw>~§ mMr Odm~Xmar, åhmVmè¶m ì¶{º$sMr XoIaoI ho gd©
ót¶m§da ¶oVo. Aem Hw$Qw>§~mV ‘wbtda bhmZ ^mD$ qH$dm ~{hUtZm gm§^miʶmMr Odm~Xmar ¶oVo.
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A
A§V©amï´>r¶ ñWbm§VamMo AdbmoH$Z
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1983 À¶m B‘rJ«oeZ E³Q>à‘mUo ~mhoaÀ¶m XoemM Zm¡H$argmR>r OmUmè¶m ^maVr¶ ZmJarH$m§Mr
gwajrVoMr hm‘r ¶m H$m¶ÚmÝd¶o XoʶmV ¶oVo. ^maV gaH$maZo doJdoJù¶m XoemV ^maVr¶ XþVmdmg
¶mMr H$m¶m©b¶o CKS>br AgwZ H$m¶ÚmZwgma {Z¶‘m§Mo nmbZ hmoVo H$s Zmhr ho ¶m§À¶mÛmao ~{KVbo
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OmVo.
Am§V©amï´>r¶ H$m¶ÚmZwgma ñWbm§VarV Pmboë¶m bmoH$m§À¶m g§ajUmMr H$miOr KoVbr OmVo.
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CXm. ñWbm§VarV Pmboë¶m bmoH$m§Zm H$m§hrdoim doVZ {Xbo OmV Zmhr, Zm¡H$ar {‘idyZ XoUmao EO|Q‹ >
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˶m§Zm ’$gdy eH$VmV qH$dm {ejUmgmR>r Jobëo ¶m ‘wbm§H$Sy>Z {ZYm©arV Ho$boë¶m ’$sgnojm OmñV n¡go
KoVbo OmVmV. H§$nZr ‘mbH$ H$amamZwgma H$mbmdYr g§nʶmnwduM ˶m§Zm H$m‘mdéZ H$mTy>Z Q>mHw$
eH$VmV. ¶m‘wioM ñWbm§VarV bmoH$m§Mo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. R>aboë¶m nJmamnojm H$‘r a¸$‘ XoUo, BVa
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gdbVr Z XoUo H$Yr H$Yr EH$ n¡gmhr OmñV Z XoVm Amoda Q>mB‘ H$éZ KoUo B. nmgnmoQ>© (nadmZm)
ñdV… Odi ~miJwZ RodVmV Á¶m‘wio ˶m§Zm Zm¡H$arMr ^rVr amhrb, ¶mgd© AS>MUr ~m~V
^maVr¶ XþVmdmg ñWbm§VarV bmoH$m§Mr ‘XV H$aVmV.
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4. {d‘mZml¶ ZJao (Aerotropolis) åhUOo H$m¶?
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5. nmZ H«§$. 99 darb Xþgam n[aÀN>oX dmMm ......Hw$Qw>§~mMo ñWbmV§a ....d§MrV hmoVmV.
ñWbm§VarV Hw$Qw>x§~mVrb OmñVrV ‘wbo emim gmoS>VmV. ¶m ‘Vmer Vwåhr gh‘V AmhmV H$m? Vw‘Mo ‘V
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6. J«m‘rU ^mJmVwZ ehar ^mJmV ñWbm§VarV Pmboë¶m bmoHm§Mr IaoXr j‘Vm dmT>Vo, H$er ñnï> H$am?
N
7. ñWbm§VarV Pmbobo bmoH$ ˶m ^mJmV g‘ñ¶m {Z‘m©U H$aVmV/g‘ñ¶m gmoS>dVmV. Vw‘À¶m ‘VmMo
ñnîQ>rH$aU {bhm?
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8. J«m‘rU ^mJmVwZ ehamV hmoUmao ñWbm§Va d ehamVwZ J«m‘rU ^mJmV hmoUmao ñWbm§Va ¶mVrb
{damoYm^mgmMr VwbZm H$am?
TE
9. nXdr àmá Xþgè¶m {dH${gV XoemV OmD$ eH$VmV, AHw$eb H$m‘Jmam§Zm hr g§Yr H$m {‘iV Zmhr?
10. Xoem§V©JV ñWbm§Va d AmV§©amï´>r ñWbm§Va gmå¶ d ’$aH$ gm§Jm?
11. ^maVmÀ¶m ZH$memV Imbrb ñWmZo Xe©dm?
A. MoÞB© Am. ~§Jbwé B. {X„r B©. h¡Ðm~mX C. H$mobH$mVm
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àH$ën H$m¶©
ñWbm§VarV bmoH$m§Mr ‘m{hVr Jmoim H$am?
SC
darb ‘m{hVrdéZ ˶m§À¶m g‘ñ¶m ˶m§Mr n[a{ñWVr OmUyZ ¿¶m d Cnm¶ gwMdm?
MMm© H$am… eharH$aU ho àJVrg nwaH$ Amho H$m ‘maH$? dmX-{ddmX ñnYm© ¿¶m?
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am‘ny a … EH$m JmdmMr ì¶dñWm
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am‘ny a JmdmMr H$Wm
hr H$Wm EH$m JmdmVrb {d{dY àH$maMo CËnmXZ H$m¶m©Mm n[aM¶ H$éZ XoV.o ^maV XoemV J«m‘rU
^mJmV eoVr hmM à‘wI CËnmXZmMo ómoV joÌ Amho. BVa CËnmXZmÀ¶m H$m¶© joÌmbm eoVr ì¶{V[aº$V
CËnmXZ H$m¶© åhUVmV. ˶mV N>moQ>çm-N>moQ>çm dñVw§Mo CËnmXZ, n[adhZ, XþH$mZo B˶mXr ¶oVmV. ¶m
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nmR>mV XmoZ àH$maMo H$m¶©joÌ nmhw ¶m. CËnmXZ ì¶dñWm Vr eoVr Agmo, H$maImZo Agmo, CËnmXZmÀ¶m
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à{H«$¶oVrb ‘hËdmÀ¶m KQ>H$m§Mo {díbofU H$é eH$Vo.CËnmXZmMo ì¶dñWmnU bmoH$m§À¶m OrdZ‘mZmbm
à^mdrV H$aVo.
¶m nmR>mÀ¶m boIH$mZo am‘nwa JmdmV (Zmd ~Xbobo Amho) OmD$Z VoWrb gd© KQ>H$m§Mo gwú‘ {ZarjU
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H$éZ hr H$Wm V¶ma Ho$br. ¶m Aä¶mgmZ§Va AZoH$Xm boIH$mZo ˶m Jmdr ^oQ> XoD$Z nmhUr Ho$br.
˶mZwgma H$mimZwén H$mhr ~Xb AZw^dmg Ambm. N
hr H$Wm dmMVm§Zm Vwåhmbm {dMma H$amdmgm dmQ>ob - Vwåhmbm AZoH$ àíZ nS>Vrb. ¶m JmdmVrb
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n[apñWVrMo {ZarjU Ho$ë¶m Z§Va VrM n[apñWVr Vwåhr amhUmè¶m n[agamV XoIrb AmT>iVo H$m? ¶oWrb
n[apñWVr doJir Amho, Ver Agob Va Vr H$m doJir ¶oB©c?
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¶m nmR>mV AYwZ‘YwZ Vw‘À¶m JmdmMm C„oI, g§X^©, ^maV XoemVrb n[apñWVrMm C„oI ¶oVmo.
CXm. am‘nwamVrb ^y-O{‘Z dmQ>nm g§~Y§ r MMm© H$aVm§Zm g§nUw © XoemV AemM àH$mao Amho Vo nmhVmo. d
‘hËdmMo åhUOo ^maVmV ¶m~m~V gJù¶m àXoemV ~è¶mM A§er g‘mdVm AmT>iVo. am‘nya JmdmMr
eoVr{df¶r Vwåhmbm H$m¶ ‘m{hV Amho? H$mimZwgma {deofVm Aä¶mgmdm. ^maVmVrb BVa
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{nHo$ H$go ~XbV AgVmV? eoVrda Adb§~wZ ^mJmV XoIrb H$‘r A{YH$ ’$aH$mdo,
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Agboë¶m AYrH$Va bmoH$m§Zm O{‘Z Amho H$m? gmaIr n[a{ñWVr Amho. ho bjmV ¶oVo.
qH$dm Vo eoV ‘Owar H$aVmV? ¶m Vwåhr ¶m ^mJmV amhVm ˶m {R>H$mUrer
XoIrb Vwåhr VwbZm H$é eH$Vm.
SC
am‘nw a mVrb eo V r
npíM‘ CÎma àXoemVë¶m J§Jm ZXrÀ¶m ‘¡XmZmVrb gw{nH$ O‘rZrÀ¶m
^mJmV am‘nwa Amho. n§Om~, h[a¶mUmÀ¶m ~amo~a n{íM‘ CÎmaàXoe
eoVr ì¶dgm¶mgmR>r gwg§nÞ CÎm‘ àXoe ¶m JmdmÀ¶m g^modVmbr Jmdo,
ehamer Mm§Jbr nardhZ ì¶dñWm Amho. am¶J§O ZmdmMo ‘moR>o Jmd
am‘nwanmgwZ 3 {H$.§‘r Xþada Amho. gd© dmhZm§gmR>r OmoS>Umam añVm
am¶J§OnmgwZ 12 {H$.§‘r Xþada AgUmè¶m OmhmJram~mX n¶ªV Amho. ¶m
‘mJm©da ~¡bJmS>r, Q>m§Jm, JmS>o (hë¶m§Zr AmoT>Umar bmH$S>r JmS>r)
102 gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z am‘nwa … J«m‘rU Am{W©H$ ì¶dñWm
‘moQ>magmBH$b, Orn, Q´>°³Q>a bm°argwÕm {XgVmV.
am‘nwa‘ܶo eoVr ì¶dgm¶ hoM à‘wI CËnmXZmMo ómoV, H$ï>H$è¶m§Zm Am{YH$mYrH$ amoOJma eoVr
H$m‘mdaM Adb§~wZ Amho. Vo eoVH$ar Agmo, eoV‘Owa Agmo, ¶m§Mo H$ë¶mU eoVr ì¶dgm¶mdarb
CËnmXZmda Adb§~Zw Amho.
^y{‘, O{‘Z Am{U BVa Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZo
eoVr CËnmXZmV O{‘Z hm à‘wI KQ>H$ ómoV Amho, na§Vw bmJdS>r Imbrb O{‘ZrMr {dñVrU©Vm
dmT> Odinmg pñWaM AgVo. am‘nwa‘ܶo 1921 nmgwZ bmJdS>r Imbrb O{‘ZrÀ¶m joÌmV dmT> Pmbr
Zmhr. ˶m AmYr g^modVmbÀ¶m O§Jbm§Zm, nS>rV O{‘Zrg bmJdS>r Imbrb joÌmV ~Xb[dbo. AOwZ
Z{dZ O{‘Z bmJdS>r Imbr AmUw Z eH$ë¶m‘wio eoVr CËnmXZmV dmT> hmoʶmMr e³¶Vm Zmhr.
A
am‘nwa‘ܶo WmoS>r O{‘Z gwÕm {e„H$ [aH$m‘r Zmhr.
AN
nmdgmù¶mVrb (‹Iarn h§Jm‘) eoVH$ar Ádmar, ~mOarMr bmJdS, O{‘ZrMr ‘mo O ‘mnUr
noaUr H$aVmV. Ymݶm ~amo~a HwS>~m OZmdè¶mÀ¶m Mmè¶mgmR>r O[‘ZrÀ¶m ‘moOUrgmR>r ho³Q>a (AS>>rM
Cn¶moJ H$a>VmV. ˶mZ§Va Am³Qm|~a Vo {S>g|~a ‘{hݶm‘ܶo E¸$a) ho à‘mU ‘moO‘mnUrg dmnaVmV. VgoM
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JìhmÀ¶m {nH$mMr bmJdS> H$aVmV, ¶m {nH$mVrb Hw$Qw>§~mÀ¶m ‘moO‘mn gwÕm Amho. EH$ ho³Q>a åhUOo 10,000
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Amdí¶H$Vo EdT>o Ymݶ R>odyZ Cabobo nrH$, Ymݶ am¶J§OÀ¶m Mm¡ag {‘Q>g©. EH$ ho³Q>a joÌmÀ¶m OmJobm
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‘mH}$Q>‘ܶo {dH$VmV. H$mhr ^mJmV D$gmMr bmJdS> H$aVmV. Vo Vw‘À¶m emioVrb ‘¡XmZmer VwbZm H$am. Vw‘À¶m
dm{f©H$ {nH$, à˶oj D$g qH$dm Jwi V¶ma H$éZ Odi eha {ejH$m§er MMm© H$am.
Agboë¶m Ohm§Jram~mX ¶oWrb ì¶mnmè¶m§Zm {dH$VmV.
TE
bmJdS> H$aVmV. ˶mVrb H$mhtOU {Vgao {nH$ åhUwZ AmbwMr bmJdS> H$aVmV.
am‘nwam‘ܶo A˶mYww{ZH$ qgMZ ì¶dñWm Agë¶m‘wio eoVH$ar dfm©VwZ VrZ {nH$m§Mr bmJdS>
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H$aVmV. am‘nwa‘ܶo ’$ma AmYrM {dÚwV ì¶dñWm Ambr Amho. ˶m‘wio AmobrVmg bmJdSr‘wio qgMZ
ì¶dñWoZo VoWrb énaofm ~Xbbr Amho. AmYr eoVH$ar {d{harVrb nmUr H$mT>ʶmgmR>r (n{e©¶Z ìhrb)
¶m gmYZmMm dmna H$arV AmobrVmÀ¶m bmJdS>r joÌm Imbr ’$ma WmoS>o O{‘Z joÌ H$am¶Mo. {dOoda
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MmbUmè¶m ~moa {d{har‘wio A{YH$ O{‘Z AmobrVm Imbr Kodw eH$Vmo. ho eoVH$è¶m§Zr AmoiIbo.
Odinmg 50 dfm© Imbr ~moa {d{harMr ì¶dñWm emgZmZo Ho$br. ˶mZ§Va eoVH$è¶m§Zr ñdV…À¶m IMm©Zo
~moa {dharMr ì¶dñWm H$éZ KoVbr. ˶mMm n[aUm‘ 1970 XeH$mVrb ‘ܶ H$mimV 264 ho³Q>a O{‘Z
AmobrVm (qgMZ) Imbr Ambr.
^maV XoemVrb gd© IoS>Jmdm§Zm ¶m gmaIr AmobrVm§Mr, qgMZmMr ìd¶ñWm Zmhr. XoemVrb ZÚm§M,o
‘¡XmZo, {H$ZmanÅ>rÀ¶m ^mJmV qgMZmMr AmobrVmMr ì¶dæWm Amho, ¶m{dé$Õ X{jUoÀ¶m nR>ma,
n¥ð>^‘w rÀ¶m ^mJmV qgMZmMr ì¶dñWm ’$ma WmoS>çm à‘mUmV Amho. AmO XoIrb ^maV XoemVrb bmJdS>
joÌmV qgMZ ì¶dñWm 40 Q²>¸o$ nojm H$‘r {dñVuU joÌmV Amho. Cd©arV ^mJmV eoVr nmdgmÀ¶m
nmʶmdaM Adb§~Zw Amho.
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 103
Cd©arV ^mJmVrb eoVr àm‘w»¶mZo nmdgmÀ¶m ZH$mem nmhþZ gwÑT> qgMZ ì¶dñWm AgUmè¶m
nmʶmdaM Adb§~wZ Amho. ( ^maV XoemVrb àXoem§Zm AmoiIm. Vwåhr amhV Agbobm
doJdoJio ^m¡JmoobrH$ àXoe ¶mgmR>r nmR>-1 nmhm) ^mJ, àXoe ¶m Imbr ¶oVmo H$m?
O{‘Z nmUr ¶mgma»¶m Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZm§Mm A{YH$
dmnam‘wio CËnmXZmV dmT> Pmbr. na§Vw ¶m Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZm§Mm dmna gw¶mo½¶m hmoB©b gm§JVm ¶oV Zmhr.
amgm¶{ZH$ IVo, {H$Q>ZmeH$m§Mm A{YH$ ‘ZmZwgma dmnam‘wio O{‘ZrMm H$g H$‘r hmoV Amho. ho Amnë¶m
AZw^dmÛmao ‘mhrV hmoV Amho. nmʶmMr qgMZ ì¶dñWm VgoM ^rVr {Z‘m©U H$arV Amho. am‘nwa
Jmdmà‘mUo ^maV XoemV gd©Ì qgMZ AmobrVmg, {deofV… ^y-J^©ObmdaM Adb§~Zw Amho. n[aUm‘r
g§nwU© Xoe^a ^y-J^© ObmMr (O{‘Zr Imbrb nmʶmMr ) nmVir H$‘r hmoV Mmbbr Amho. nmD$g
A
^anwa nS>Umè¶m nmdgmMo nmUr O[‘ZrV nmPaUmè¶m gwb^ AgUmè¶m àXoemV gwÕm ^y-J^©ObmMr
nmVir ’$ma H$‘r, Imbr OmV Agë¶m‘wio eoVH$è¶m§Zm
AN
nwdunojm OmñV Imob ~moadob Imob ImoXmdo bmJV Amho. Imbrb gmaUrV ^maV XoemVrb
˶m‘wio qgMZmg {S>Pbo , {dÚwVMm dmna A{YH$ hmoVmo.AmnU bmJdS>r Imbrb O{‘Z, {‘br¶Z
ho³Q>a‘ܶo XmI{dV Amho. ~mOwg
YS>m 5 ^maVr¶ ZÚm Am{U OcómoVÀ¶m nmR>mV H$m¶
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Agboë¶m AmboImV ˶m§Zm XmIdm.
{eH$cmo Vo AmR>dm d YS>m 11 gwñWra {dH$mg d g‘mZVm AmboI H$m¶ Xe©{dVo ˶mda dJm©V
dmMm ¶m {df¶mMr g{dñVa ‘m{hVr nmhþ ¶m
J«m’$: 1
N MMm© H$am?
LA
df© bmJdS>rMo joÌ
({‘br¶Z ho³Q>a)
1950 120
TE
1960 130
1970 140
1980 140
1990 140
T
2000 140
ER
2010 140
2015 140
SC
am‘nya ¶oWo {nH$Umè¶m {nH$m§Mr ‘m{hVr Vwåhr dmMbr. Vw‘À¶m ^mJmV {nH$Umè¶m {nH$m§Mo AmYma
Imbrb gmaUr ^am.
{nH$m§Mr Zmdo noaUrMo ‘{hZo {nH$m§Mr H$mnUrMo nmUr, qgMZmMr gmYZo
‘{hZo (nmD$g, Vio, H$mbdo, {dhrar, B˶mXr)
A
eoVH$è¶mV H$mhr bmoH$m§Zm 10 ho³Q>anojm OmñV O{‘Z gw{nH$ bmJdS>rMr eoV O{‘Z Amho. XmoZ
AN
ho³Q>anojm H$‘r eoV O{‘Z AgUmè¶m Hw$Qw>§~m§Mr g§»¶m 240 Amho. ¶m N>moQ>çm eoVH$è¶m§Zm eoVrÛmao
Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm Amdí¶H$ VodT>o CËnÞ hmoV Zmhr.
1960 ‘ܶo JmoqdX ZmdmÀ¶m eoVH$è¶m Odi 2.25 ho³Q>a O{‘Z hmoVr. Voìhm AmobmVmMr
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qgMZ gmo¶ VodT>r ZìhVr. VrZ ‘wbmÀ¶m gmhmæ¶mZo Vmo eoVr H$aV hmoVm. Iwn gwI gw{dYm
Zgë¶m Var Hw$Qw>~§ mg ˶m§À¶m H$S>o Agboë¶m N
EH$m åhernmgwZ {‘iUmè¶m A{YH$
LA
CËnÞm‘wio Amdí¶H$ VodT>o Amhma Ymݶ
àmá H$aV hmoVm. H$mhr dfm©ZV§ a JmoqdXMm
‘¥Ë¶w Pmbm. ˶m§À¶m VrZ ‘wbm§Zr O{‘ZrMr
TE
A
ñdVmMr qH$dm (‘wZmâ¶mZr) KoVbobr Agw eH$Vo.
AN
>~mUmMo {MÝh H$m¶ Xe©{dV Amho? ^maV XoemV bmJdS>r Imbrb O{‘ZrÀ¶m dmQ>>nmV Ag§VwbZ,
{df‘Vm Amho. ho Vwåhr ñdrH$maVm H$m? Vw‘À¶m CÎmamMo ñnï>rH$aU Úm?
>eoVH$è¶m§Mo àH$ma (%) >J«m’$: 2 >eVo r‘Yrb eoVrÀ¶m bmJdS>rÀ¶m
O{‘ZrMo dmQ>n
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H$ar ¶
eVo ¶‘dJu
N
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13%
LA
52%
48% >‘ܶ‘dJu¶
bhmZ eoVH$ar Am{U ‘moR>o
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87%
>bhmZ eoVH$ar eoVH$ar
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CËnmXZmMo ì¶dñWmnZ
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am‘nwa‘Yrb CËnmXZmÀ¶m à{H«$¶obm nwU©nUo g‘OwZ KoʶmMm à¶ËZ H$é. bmoH$m§Zm Amdí¶H$ ˶m
dñVw, godm, CnbãY H$éZ XoUo hmM CËnÞmMm CÚoe. dñVw [H§$dm godm CnbãY XoʶmgmR>r CËnmXH$m§Zm,
{Z{‘©Ë¶m§Zm AZoH$ N>moQ>çm dñVw qH$dm godoMr Amdí¶H$Vm AgVo. ˶mMo dJuH$aU Imbrb à‘mUo H$aVm
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¶oBb© .
gdm©V àW‘ Amdí¶H$Vm - ^y{‘, O{‘Z, nmUr, O§Jbo, I{ZO bdUo gmaIo Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZo
nmhrOo. am‘nwamVrb eoVrg O{‘Z, nmUr ¶m§À¶m H$gm Cn¶moJ H$aVmV. ho da nm{hbo Amho.
Xþgar JaO, Xþgar Amdí¶H$Vm- ‘hËdmMo H$m‘Jma åhUOo H$m‘ H$aUmao nmhrOo. H$mhr
CËnÞmÀ¶m à{H«$¶oV Amdí¶H$ Vr H$m‘o H$aʶmgmR>r Cƒ {ejrV àm{dʶ àmá H$m‘Jma nm{hOoV.Caboë¶m
H$m‘mg emararH$ H$ï> H$aUmao H$m‘Jma nm{hOo. à˶oH$ H$m‘Jma CËnÎmrg Amdí¶H$ VodT>o l‘, H$ï>
H$arV Amho. gd© gmYmaUnUo Cn¶moJmV {d^rÞ l‘mnojm Ho$di emararH$ l‘mì¶{V[aº$ CËnmXZmg
Amdí¶H$ Vo ‘mZ{d¶ à¶ËZ ho Xe©{dVo. CXm. EImXm B§{O{Z¶a, ‘°ZoOa, AH$mC§Q>o§Q>, gwnadmBOa,
A°mnaoQ>a, goëg {aàg|Q>oQ>rd d EImXm X¡{ZH$ H$m‘Jma Agw eH$Vmo.ho gd© EImÚm dñVwMo CËnmXZ,
{Z{‘©VrdéZ {dH$ʶmn¶ªV ˶m H$maImʶmg Amnbr l‘ godm nya{dVmV.
106 gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z am‘nwa … J«m‘rU Am{W©H$ ì¶dñWm
{Vgar JaO- ^m§S>db åhUOo CËnmXZmV Amdí¶H$ ˶m NmoQ>çm ‘moR>çm dñVw§Mr nwV©Vm
hmoʶmgmR>r JwV§ dbobr a¸$‘, ^m§S>dbmImbr H$moUH$moU˶m dñVw ¶oVmV?
( A ) AdOmao, ¶§Ì, ^dZo : eoVH$ar Amnë¶m eoVrÀ¶m ì¶dgm¶mV ZmJamgma»¶m AdOmamnmgwZ
Va OZaoQ>a, H§$å߶wQ>aZr MmbUmar ¶§Ìo, ¶m gmaIr A˶§V p³bï>, Jw§VmJw§VrMr ¶§Ìo amhþ eH$VmV. ho
CËnmXZmÀ¶m à{H«$¶oZ§Va g§nV Zmhr. Vr AZoH$ dfmªn¶ªV dñVwÀ¶m CËnmXZmV Cn¶moJr nS>V
AgVmV. Aem dfm}Zdf© Cn¶moJr H$aʶmgmR>r ˶mV H$mhr gwYmaUm, XþéñVr Vr ¶§Ì Mmb{dʶmgmR>r
H$amdr bmJVmV. ˶m§Zm pñWa ^m§S>db Jw§VdUwH$ qH$dm ^m¡{VH$ Jw§VdUwH$ åhUVmV. na§Vw AZoH$
dfm©n¶ªV Cn¶moJmV Amë¶mZ§Va ˶m gd© ¶§Ìm§Zr H$mTw>Z Z{dZ ¶§Ì gm‘J«r ¿¶mdr bmJVo. Aem
~XbmÀ¶m doiog Z{dZ AdOmao, ¶§Ìo ¶oVmV.
A
(Am) Amdí¶H$Vm H$ƒm ‘mb Am{U n¡gm: CËnmXZmÀ¶m à{H«$¶oVrb hmV‘mJmMo H$m‘
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H$aUmè¶m H$m‘mVrb {dUH$am§Zm Cn¶moJr nS>Umao gyV, Hw$^§ ma H$m‘mV Cn¶moJr nS>Umar ‘mVr d BVa
gm{h˶ ho ˶m H$m‘mVrb H$ƒm ‘mb ˶mMà‘mUo Amdí¶H$Vm H$mhr dñVw {H$aH$moi, CËnmXZ H$m¶©
nwU© hmoʶmgmR>r nm{hOo. ˶m dñVw godm ~mOmamV {dH$ʶmgmR>r H$mhr doi bmJVmo. ˶m Z§VaM
G
CËnmXZ à{H«$¶og n¡gm (^m§S>db) H$ƒm‘mb, n¡gm bmJVmo. ˶mbm H$m¶m©{ÝdV ^m§S>db åhUVmV. ho
N
^m¡{VH$ ^m§S>dbmnojm doJio AgVmV Ogo ¶§Ìo,AdOmao, ^dZo ¶mgmaIo ho CËnmXZmÀ¶m à{H«$¶oVrb
g§nwU© Cn¶moJmZ§Va Cabobr hmoV.
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(B) Mm¡Wo kmZ (‘m{hVr) d ì¶mnmamVrb XjVm MmVw¶©: O{‘Z, H$m‘Jma Am{U
^m¡{VH$ ^m§S>dbmMm Cn¶moJ H$éZ dñVw qH$dm godoÀ¶m CËnmXZmV CËnmXZ à{H«$¶oer g§~§YrV kmZ,
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AmË‘{dídmg Y¡¶,© A˶§V Amdí¶H$ AgVo. ^m¡{VH$ ^m§S>db AgUmè¶m qH$dm {Z¶wº$ Ho$bobo ‘°ZOo a
¶m à{H«$¶oV ghmæ¶H$ R>aVmV. ì¶dñWmnH$m§Zr ~mOmamVrb OmoIr‘ ¿¶m¶bmM nm{hOo. åhUOo
nwî‹H$iXm dñVw, godog Amdí¶H$ Vo ‘mJUr Agw eH$Vo qH$dm ZgVohr. Amnë¶m g‘mOmV OmñVrV
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OmñV dñVw§Mo godoMo CËnmXZ, {Z{‘©Vr {dH$ʶmgmR>rM Ho$br OmVo. åhUwZ ~mOmamgmR>r {Z{‘©V
CËnmXrV ì¶mnmè¶m§Zr nhrboM ¶moOZm ~ZdwZ gdmªMr ì¶dñWm H$éZ ˶m§Zm Mmbdmdo. eoVH$ar,
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A
n¡emÀ¶m ñdénmV qH$dm dñVwÀ§ ¶m ñdénmV ‘Owar XoVm§Zm,
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H$mhr doigo ¶m ‘Owam§Zm OodU gwÕm XoVmV. ˶m-˶m ^mJmVrb,
àXoemZwgma, {nH$m§Zgw ma, H$m‘mZwgma (CXm.bmdUr, H$mT>Ur,
H$mnUr) ¶mVrb ‘OwarÀ¶m qH$‘VrV nwîH$i ’$aH$ Amho. eoV
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‘Owam§Zm X¡Z§XrZ ‘Owarda bmdw eH$Vmo. qH$dm EH$m {d{eï>
H$m‘mgmR>r JwÎmm(R>Ho $m) nÕVrda R>~o w eH$Vmo. qH$dm df©^amgmR>r
Zm¡H$arda R>do w eH$Vmo. N
am‘nw a mVrb X¡ Z § X rZ ‘Ow a r H$aUmao ^y ‘ rhrZ {MÌ 9.2 Potato harvesting in
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‘OwamMo Zmd Xi. åhUOo Vmo XaamoO H$m‘mMm emoY the Himalayas
KoUmam. eoV ‘Owam§Zm CÎmaàXoe emgZmZo {ZYm©arV doVZmloUrnojm H$‘r ‘Owar Ximbm
{‘iVo. am‘nwamV eoV ‘Owamg Iwn ñnYm© Amho, åhUwZ H$‘r ‘OwarV hr H$m‘ H$aʶmgmR>r
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bmoH$ V¶ma hmoVmV. ‘moR>o, lr‘§V$ eoVH$ar Q´°>³Q>a, H«o$ea, hmadoñQ>g©¶m AmYw{ZH$ {nHo$
H$mT>ʶmÀ¶m ¶§Ìm§Mm dmna H$arV Agë¶m‘wio J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb eoV ‘Owam§Mo H$m‘mMo
{Xdg H$‘r hmoV Mmbbo AmhoV. H$m‘ Z {‘imboë¶m {Xder Xi, ¶mgmaIo ‘hmË‘mJm§Yr
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J«m‘rU amoOJma hm‘r nWH$m (MGNREGA) Imbr H$m‘ {‘idwZ Úm åhUwZ J«m‘n§Mm¶V
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am‘nwamVrb ‘ܶ‘dJu¶ d ‘moR>o eoVH$ar ˶m§À¶m eoVrVrb H$m‘mgmR>r eoV‘Owa {‘i{dʶmgmR>r H$m¶
H$aVmV? Vw‘À¶m ^mJmVrb n[apñWVrer ˶mMr VwbZm H$am?
Imbrb gmaUr nwU© H$am…
CËnmXZ à{H«$¶oVrb H$m‘Jma {^Þ CËnmXZ H$m¶© joÌmVrb doJdoJio
CXm.Úm
‘mbH$-ì¶dñWmnH$-Hw$Qw>~§ gwÕm Amdí¶H$ Vr
H$m‘o H$aVmV.
H$m‘ H$aʶmgmR>r ‘mbH$, ì¶dñWmnH$, H$m‘Jmam§Zm
‘Owam§Zm ‘Owarda bmdVmo.
Vw‘À¶m JmdmVrb dñVwÀ¶m, godoÀ¶m CËnmXZmgmR>r ‘Owa H$m‘Jma {‘i{dʶmMo ‘mJ© H$moUVo?
108 gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z am‘nwa … J«m‘rU Am{W©H$ ì¶dñWm
gmaUr 1 : 9.1 {S> g | ~ a 2011 Vrb {d{dY eo V rMr H$m‘o . Am§ Y « à Xo e mVrb X¡ Z § X rZ ‘Ow a rMr Xa (én¶mV)
Table 2: Change in life expectancy, 1961-2011.
H$m‘Jma
Year ofZm§census
JaUr noLife
aUr expectancy
{Z§XUo bmdUr
(years) H$mnUr nmIS>U,o ‘iUr H$mnwg
1961 43 MmiUo Ymݶ H$mT>Uo doMZo
nwé1971
f 214 197 215
50 - 164 168 152 -
ór¶m
1981 - 152 130
56 143 126 124 118 136
1991 59eoVrÀ¶m H$m‘mg {‘iUmao, gamgar ‘OwarXa Amho. Xþgè¶m amÁ¶m§À¶m,
darb gmaUrV Am§Yà« XoemVrb
àXoe2001 62 .
m˶m XamV V’$mdV ’$aH$ Amho
A
2011EH$ {Xdg H$mnwg doMbm 66
Va EH$m ‘{hbobm darb {Xboë¶m eoVrÀ¶m H$m‘mMo ‘Owar Xa
136 én¶o {‘iVo. Zm§JaUo gmaIo H$mhr H$m‘o, Vw‘À¶m nargamVrb H$moU˶m Var H$m‘mg
AN
àm‘w»¶mZo nwéf H$aVmV. åhUwZ ˶m Imbrb XoV AgUmè¶m ‘OwaXmam§er VwbZm H$am.
‘{hbm§À¶m aH$‘oV ‘OwarXa {bhbm Zmhr. H$‘rV, H$‘r ݶwZV‘ ‘Owar Xa ‘m{hV
^maVmÀ¶m {nH$m§Mr bmdUr, H$mnwg doMUo, H$éZ ˶mMr VwbZm H$am.
G
¶m gmaIrMo H$m‘o àm‘w»¶mZo ‘{hbmM H$aVmV. EH$m H$m‘mg ór¶m§nojm nwéfm§Zm A{YH$
H$mhr CËnmXZmÀ¶m H$m¶m©V ór-nwéf gwÕm gh^mJr
hmoVmV, EH$ gmaIr H$m‘o ór¶m d nwéf H$aVm§Zm
N
‘Owar H$m {‘iVo? MMm© H$am?
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ór¶m§nojm nwéfm§Zm OmñV ‘Owar {‘iV Amho.
amÁ¶mVrb ‘mbH$s, ì¶dñWmnH$ (emg{H$¶,ImOJr)
XoʶmV ¶oUmam gamgar ‘Owar Xa amÁ¶ emgZ R>am{dV Amho.
TE
CËnmXZ H$m¶m©V eoVH$è¶m§g Amdí¶H$ VodT>o ^m§S>db åhUOo n¡gm nm{hOo. eoVH$ar eoVr ì¶dgm¶
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Amdí¶H$ Vo ^m¡{VH$ ^m§S>db, H$m¶m©ÝdrV ^m§S>dbmMr H$em àH$mao ì¶dñWm H$aVmV, Vo nmhþ ¶m.
eoVrÀ¶m N>mQo >çm, bhmZ H$m‘mg bhmZ eoVH$è¶m§Zm H$O© H$mT>mdo bmJVo. ˶m§Zm lr‘§V ‘moR>çm
eoVH$è¶mZnmgwZ qH$dm gmdH$mam§nmgwZ eoVrÀ¶m bmJdS>rg Amdí¶H$ ˶m dñVwM§ r nwadR>m H$aUmè¶m
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ì¶mnmè¶m§nmgwZ H$O© KoVmV. Aem àH$maÀ¶m H$Om©da ì¶mOmÀ¶m aH$‘oMm Xa OmñV AgVmo. ¶m
H$Om©Mr naV’o$S> H$aUo ˶m§Zm H${R>U hmoVo.
g{dVm EH$ Aën^y Y maH$ eo V H$ar. {VÀ¶m Odi AgUmè¶m ho ³ Q> a ^a O{‘ZrV
JìhmMo {nH$ ¿¶mdo Ago {Vbm dmQ>Vo. ~r¶mUo, amgm¶{ZH$ IVo, {H$Q>H$ZmeHo$ d nmUr
{dH$V Koʶmg, eoVrMr AdOmao XþéñVr H$aʶmg gwÕm n¡gm nm{hOo. eoVrMr H$m‘o
H$aʶmg H$‘rV H$‘r 6,000 én¶m§Mr Amdí¶H$Vm Amho. Agm VrMm A§XmO Agë¶m‘wio
Vr VoOnmb ZmdmÀ¶m ‘moR>çm lr‘§V eoVH$è¶mH$Sw>Z H$O© ¿¶mdo Ago {Vbm dmQ>Vo. H$O©
Mma ‘{hݶmZ§Va naV XoʶmÀ¶m H$amamda A{YH$ ì¶mO XamV åhUOo 36% ì¶mOmZo
Vrbm H$O© Xoʶmg VoOnmb gh‘V Pmbm. {nH$ H$mnUrÀ¶m {XdgmV amoO 100 én¶o
à‘mUo ‘Owarda VoOnmbÀ¶m eoVmV H$m‘ H$aʶmg g{dVm gh‘V ìhmdo bmJbo.
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 109
hr ’$ma H$‘r ‘Ow a r Amho , ho {Xgw Z ¶o V o . {VÀ¶m eo V mV HmnUr H$éZ Vo O nmbÀ¶m eo V mV
H$mnUrg OmʶmgmR> r {Vbm ’$ma l‘ H$amdo bmJo b , ho g{dVmbm ‘m{hV Amho . H$mnUrÀ¶m
h§ J m‘mÀ¶m H$mimV H$m‘mMm ^ma A{YH$ AgVmo . VrZ ‘w b m§ M r AmB© {VÀ¶mda KaÀ¶m
H$m‘mMm ^ma nU OmñVM. bhmZ eo V H$è¶m§ Z m H$O© {‘iUo , ’$ma H${R> U Jmo î Q> Amho . ho
{Vbm ‘m{hV Amho . åhUw Z Vr ¶mgmè¶m AQ> r g{dVmZo ‘mݶ Ho $ ë¶m.
bhmZ eoVH$è¶m§À¶m {déÕ ‘ܶ‘dJu¶, lr‘§V ‘moR>o eoVH$ar gd© gmYmaUnUo eoVrVrb,
CËnÞmVrb H$mhr ^mJ ˶m§À¶mH$S>o {e„H$ R>odVmo. ˶mZwgma Vo ~r¶mUo, amgm¶{ZH$ IVo,
{H$Q>H$ZmeHo$, eoV ‘Owam§Mr ‘Owar XoʶmgmR>r Amdí¶H$ H$m¶m©Ýdr ^m§S>db (n¡gm) O‘dw eH$VmV.
¶m eoVH$è¶m§Zm ñdV…Mo CËnÞ H$go {e„H$ amhVo? ¶mMo CÎma nwT>À¶m ^mJmV ‘m{hV hmoVo.
A
¶m JmdmVrb gd© ‘moR>çm, lr‘§V eoVH$è¶m§H$S>o Q>°´³Q>g© Amho. ˶m§À¶m eoVm§Zm ZmJaʶm§gmR>r,
noaUrgmR>rM Cn¶moJmV AmUVmV. d BVa bhmZ eoVH$è¶m§Zm Xo{Ib ^mS>çmZo XoVmV. ˶mVrb
AN
AZoH$ eoVH$è¶m§ZH$S>o Ymݶ H$mT>Umao(H«o$ea) {nH$ H$mnUrMr ¶§Ì (hmadoñQ>a) AmhoV. ¶m ‘moR>çm
eoVH$è¶m§À¶m eoVmVrb {nH$m§À¶m qgMZmgmR>r AZoH$ ~moa {dhar Amho. hr AdOmao d ¶§Ìo eoVr
ì¶dgm¶mMo Amdí¶H$VoMo ^m¡{VH$ ^m§S>dbmVrb ^mJM.
G
eoVH$è¶m§Zm {‘imbobm bm^ qH$dm ZwH$gmZ
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CËnmXZmg Amdí¶H$ ˶m VrZ ‘hËdmÀ¶m KQ>H$m§Mm Cn¶moJ H$éZ eoVH$ar ˶m§À¶m eoVmV
JìhmMo {nH$ KoVbo Ago g‘Ow. CËnmXZmVrb H$mhr ^mJ Hw$Qw>§~mVrb JaOogmR>r R>odwZ Cabobo nrH$
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~mOmamV {dH$VmV. g{dVm qH$dm JmoqdXÀ¶m ‘wbm§Zm gma»¶m N>mQo >çm eoVH$è¶m§H$S>o Cabobo JìhmMo
{nH$ ’$ma ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV amhVo. H$maU ˶m§Mo CËnmXZ H$‘r, åhUwZ A{YH$m§e ^mJ Hw$Qw>§~mÀ¶m
Amdí¶H$ JaOogmR>rM R>odwZ KoVmV. ‘ܶ‘dJu¶ qH$dm ‘moR>o eoVH$ar A{YH$ à‘mUmV Jhþ
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~mOmanoR>Vo {dH$m¶bm AmUVmV. ~mOmanoR>Vo rb ì¶mnmar ¶m JìhmMr IaoXr H$éZ naV ‘hmZJam§Zm,
ehamVrb XþH$mZXmam§Zm {dH$VmV.
‘moR>m Y{ZH$ eoVH$ar AgUmam
Vo O nmbH$S>o ˶mÀ¶m g§ n w U © 350
T
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(H$m°b‘ H«$.2) AZoH$ eoVH$è¶m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdr bmJʶmè¶m, gm‘Zm H$amdm bmJUmar, n[apñeVr§Mo
{díbofU H$aʶmgmR>r H$mhr KQ>H$ gdmªZm gmaIoM dmQ>Vo. gmo߶m {hemo~mgmR>r, JUZog, Imbrb
AN
KQ>H$m§g g‘OwZ ¿¶m.
1. à˶oH$ eoVH$ar Hw$Qw>§~mg dmnaUmao Jhþ g§nwU© gmaIoM Amho. (H$m°b‘.3)
2. ¶m dfu Cabobo {e„H$ Jhþ, nwT>À¶m dfr©À¶m ~r¶mUm§gmR>r ˶mMm dmna H$aVmV. ˶m§À¶mH$S>o Amdí¶H$
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VodT>r O{‘Z Amho.
N
3. gdmªZr dmnabobr ~r¶mUo, bmJdS>rÀ¶m ^m§S>dbmnojm Xþhoar CËnÞ Pmbo Va CËnmXZmV H$moU˶m àH$maMo
AmH$ñ‘rH$ ZwH$gmZ Zmhr.
LA
gmaUr nyU© H$am.
eoVH$ar.1
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eoVH$ar.2
ER
40
df© 3 40
eoVH$ar.3
df© CËnmXZ dmna {e„H$ = CËnÞ - dmna nwT>À¶m dfm©gmR>rMo ^m§S>db
df© 1 60 40
df© 2 40
df© 3 40
VrZ dfm©Vrb {VKm eoVH$è¶m§À¶m Jhþ {nH$mÀ¶m CËnÞmÀ¶m VwbZm H$am.
{Vgè¶m eoVH$è¶mÀ¶m JìhmÀ¶m {nH$mMr n[apñWVrV H$m¶ hmoB©b?Vr eoVr CËnmXZ H$m¶© Mmbw R>oD$ eH$Vmo H$m?
˶mZo eoVrg Mmbw R>odʶmgmR>r H$m¶ Cnm¶ H$amdo?
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 111
Flickr / Sidnair
A
CC
AN
G
am‘nwamVrb - eoVr ì¶{Va{º$ H$m‘H$mO, H$m‘Y§Xo
à‘wI CËnÞmÀ¶m H$m‘H$mOmV eoVrÀ¶m ì¶{V[aº$ am‘nwa‘ܶo BVa H$mhr H$m‘H$mO Y§Xo
N
AmhoV.am‘nwa‘ܶo H$m‘ H$aUmè¶mV 25 Q¸o$ bmoH$M eoVrMm ì¶dgm¶ H$aVmV.
LA
Xþ½Y ì¶dgm¶ - Xþgao gm‘mݶ H$m‘
am‘nwa‘ܶo AZoH$ Hw$Qw>§~mVrb bmoH$ XþYmMm ì¶dgm¶ H$aVmV. åherZm {d{dY àH$maMo
JdV, nmdgmù¶mV {nH$Umar, Ádmar, ~mOarMm Cn¶moJ Mmam åhUwZ MmaVmV. Am{U am¶J§O‘ܶo
TE
am‘nwamVrb bKwÚmoJ
gܶm am‘nwamV dñVw§Mr {Z‘uVr CÚmoJmV amoOJma {‘idV AgUmè¶m§Mr g§»¶m 50 nojm
H$‘r Amho. ‘moR>çm ehamV, ‘hmZJamVrb H$maImݶmVrb CËnmXZm gmaIo ZgwZ am‘nwamVrb
bmoH$ gmo߶m nÕVrMm Cn¶moJ H$éZ H$‘r à‘mUmV CËnmXZ H$aVmV. ho H$m‘ gd© gmYmaUnUo
Ka qH$dm eoVr H$m‘o H$aVm H$aVm Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ì¶{º$À¶m l‘ ghmæ¶mZo H$aVmV. ¶m H$m‘mV
H$m‘Jma, ‘Owam§Mm dmna ’$maM H$‘r AgVmo.
[‘lrbmb {dÚwV eº$sMm Cn¶moJ H$éZ D$gmMm ag H$mT>Umao ¶§Ì {dH$V KoD$Z
Vmo Jwi V¶ma H$aVmo. ˶m AmYr D$gmMm ag H$mT>ʶmgmR>r ~¡bmMm Cn¶moJ H$arV
Ago. na§Vw AmVm gd©OU ¶§Ìm§Zm ‘hËd XoV AmhoV. ˶m§Zr {nH${dboë¶m D$gmMmM
A
‘moR>çm ~mOmaVwZ dñVw {dH$V AmUwZ am‘nwa‘ܶo {dH$VmV. am‘nwa‘ܶo N>mQo >çm {H$amUm XþH$mZmV,
gmIa, Jhþ, Vm§Xþi, Mhm, Vob, {~ñH$sQ>o, gm~Ur, X§V‘§OZ ~°Q>ar, ‘mo‘~Îmr, døm, noZ,
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noÝgrb, H$mnS> {dH$VmV.
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H$éZ ˶m H$m‘mVrb ’$m¶Xm qH$dm ZwH$gmZ ^m¡{VH$, Eo{hH$ ^m§S>dbmImbr KQ>H$m§Mr ZmdoÚm?
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eoVr ì¶dgm¶ AmVm A{YH$ ^m§S>dbmMr Amdí¶H$Vm Amho. CËnÞmVrb {e„H$
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H$aVmV. ^maV XoemV 87 Q>¸o$ bhmZ eoVH$è¶m§Zm bmJdS>rgmR>r ^m§S>db {‘iUo gwÕm H${R>U
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Zgë¶m‘wio ˶m§À¶mH$S>o H$mhrM {e„V amhV Zmhr. ˶m‘wio ˶m§Zm H$O© H$mT>mdo bmJVo. H$‘r
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Amho. H$mhr bmoH$ JmdmVM eoVrÀ¶m H$m‘mÀ¶m ì¶[Varº$ BVa H$m‘o H$arV AmhoV.
gܶm JmdmV eoVr ì¶{Varº$ BVa H$m‘o A{YH$ Zmhr. IooS>oJmdmV eoVr ì¶Vrarº$
MmbUmao H$m‘ (H$mhtMo CXm. AmnU da nmhrbo) ˶mVwZ ’$ma H$‘r bmoH$m§Zm amoOJma CnbãY
hmoVmo. 2009-2010 ‘ܶo ^maV XoemVrb Xa 100 J«m‘rU H$m‘JmamV 32 bmoH$ eoVr
ì¶Vrarº$ BVa H$m‘mV Amho. ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr J«m‘rU amoOJma ¶moOZo (MGNREGA) A§VJ©V
{d{dY H$m‘o H$aUmao bmoH$ gwÕm ¶mV H$m‘ H$aVmV. J«m‘rU H$m‘Jmam§Zm ¶m amoOJma
¶moOZo‘wio WmoS>o A{Varº$ CËnÞ {‘iʶmg ‘XV hmoV Amho.
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dfm©V JmdmVrb eoVr ì¶dgm¶mÀ¶m ì¶{Varº$ H$m‘Y§Xo dmT>ob.
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Mm¡H$Q>rV ‘m{hVr ^am. am‘nwaÀ¶m ‘m{hVrÀ¶m AmYmao hr ‘m{hVr ^am.
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{Vbm ~±Ho$H$Sw>Z H$‘r XamV H$O© {‘imbo AgVo H$m?
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8. Vw_À`m ^mJmVrc eoVr ì`{V[aº$ H$m_Y§Xo H$moUVo? Ë`mn¡H$s H$moUË`m hr EH$m ~Ôc _m{hVr Úm?
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H$er hmoB©b? dJm©V MMm© H$am?
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10. JmogmB©nwa Am{U ‘mOmD$br hr XmoZ Jmdo CÎma {~hma‘ܶo AmhoV, EHw$U 850 Kam§n¡H$s Kao AgUmao
˶m XmoZ JmdmV AmhoV. ˶mVrb 250 nwéf n§Om~, h[a¶mUm, qH$dm {X„r, ‘w§~B©, gwaV h¡Ðm~mX
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qH$dm ZmJnwa ¶m ^mJmVrb J«m‘rU ^mJmV H$m‘ H$aVmV. ^maVmVrb A{YH$ Va J«m‘rU ^mJmV
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nhm. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHYtShXI510
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hm hmo¶. hr O{hamV Ago gm§JVo H$s, MrZ hm Xoe ^maVmda bj R>do Zy Amho. ˶m§À¶m emim§‘ܶo
^maVr¶ ^mfm {eH$pdë¶m OmV Amho, ^maVr¶ ^mfm {eH$ʶm ‘mJMm CÚoe {MZbm ì¶mnma,
CÚmoOH$, H$maImZXma ¶m§À¶mer g§dmX gmYVm§Zm Ìmg hmoUma Zmhr. MrZr H$m‘Jma ^maVmV
H$m‘ H$am¶bm ¶oVrb, ˶m§Zm Ìmg hmoUma Zmhr. Om{J{VH$sH$aUmbm AZoH$ ~mOw AmhoV. ho
‘m{gH$ B§½b§S>‘Yrb b§S>Z‘YyZ àH$m{eV Pmbo, Á¶m Xoem§Zr ^maVmbm EH$ ~mOmanoR> ¶m ZOaoVZw
~{KVbo, ‘m{gH$mMm In dmT>dZo hm B§½b§S>Mm hoVy, MrZr ^maVr¶ ^mfm {eH$V AmhoV, ˶m§Zm
Amem Amho H$s, ˶m§À¶m XoemV V¶ma Pmbobm ‘mb ^maVmV {dH$bm OmB©b, ^maVr¶ bmoH$m§
~amo~a ^mJoXmar, ì¶mnma H$aUo hm hr ˶m§Mm hoVy Agob.
20 ì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m eodQ>r OJ^a KS>boë¶m ‘hËdmÀ¶m nar‘mUmVrb OmJ{VH$sH$aU EH$
hmo¶. µ¶mV àM§S> dmT> Pmbr ømg amO{H$¶, gm§ñH¥$VrH$, Am{W©H$ KQ>H$ AmhoV. ømVrb H$mhr
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{df¶m ~Ôb 8 ì¶m d 9 ì¶m dJm©V godm joÌmVrb H$m°b g|Q>agma»¶m Z{dZ CÚmoJmVrb g§Yr
emoYVm ¶oVo. ~mOmamV ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV Cn^moº$m dñVw {‘iVmV. ho Vwåhmbm ‘m{hV AmhoM.
Am§V©amï´>r¶ Am{W©H$ ~Xbm‘wio AmnU VrZ àdmhm§Zm AmoiIw eH$Vmo.
n{hbm dñVw d godm§Mm àdmh - Xþgam
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dmhZ, ~mOmamV CnbãY AgUmè¶m ì¶mnmè¶m§À¶m Pmboë¶m bmoH$m§Mm àdmh
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~mOw Amho CXm. 2010-11 ‘ܶo Am{e¶m Am{U
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OJmVwZ ghmZw^yVr d ‘XV {‘imbr. ¶m‘wio ˶m§Zm OJmH$Sw>Z Am{W©H$ nmR>t~m d X¶m {‘imbr.
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Om{JVrH$sH$aU ho Ho$di ì¶mnmanoR> {H§$dm CËnÞ ¶mÀ¶mer g§~{§ YV ZgwZ EH$m‘oH$m§Mr {dMmam§Mr
XodmU-KodmU Am{U V§ÌkmZ gmYVo.
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‘mJrb 30-40 dfm©nmgwZ OmJarH$sH$aUmMm ^mJ åhUwZ KS>boë¶m Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§Zm nmhþ.
H$m§hr XoemVrb CËnmXZ
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H$ƒm‘mb, AÞYmݶmMr Am¶mV H$éZ V¶ma Pmboë¶m ‘mbmMr {Z¶m©V H$aV. Xþaamï´>m§Zm ì¶mnma
hmM ‘hËdmMm ‘mJ© hmoVm. ho ‘moR>çm Xoe-{dXoer g§ñWm§Zm (MNC) joÌ àdoe H$aʶm
AJmoXaMr narpñWVr EHm Xoemnojm OmñV Xoem§‘ܶo CËnmXrV H$aUmao qH$dm CËnmXH$Vog
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{Z¶§ÌrV H$aUmè¶m g§ñWm§Zm ~hþ amï´>r¶ g§ñWm (MNC) Ago åhUVmV. H$m‘Jma BVa gmYZ
gm‘J«r ñdñV {‘iUmè¶m ˶mÀ¶m H$m¶m©b¶m§Zm, H$m‘Jmam§Zm C^maVmV. CËnmXZmMm IM© H$‘r
H$éZ ˶m§Mm Z’$m dmT>{dʶmgmR>r ~hþamï´>r¶ g§ñWm Aem H$aVmV.
ho CXmhaU nhm, EH$m ‘moR>r ~hþamï´>r¶ H§$nZr EH$mM dñVwMo CËnmXZ doJdoJù¶m XoemV
H$aVo. ¶m‘mbmMo {S>Pm¶Z [agM© g|Q>g© Am°’$ ¶w.Eg.E ‘ܶo Pmbo Va ¶mVrb ¶§ÌmMo gwQ>o ^mJmMo
CËnmXZ MrZ‘ܶo {Z‘m©U Pmbo, ho gwQ>o ^mJ ‘o{HgH$mobm nmR>{dʶmV Ambo VoWo ¶mbm OmoS>ʶmV
Ambo d A§{V‘ dñVw ~mOmamV Ambr. OJ^a {dH$ë¶m Jobo, ^maVmV ¶m H§$nZrMo H$m°b g|Q>g©
{ZKmbo, (ho Xoe OJm˦m ZH$memV XmIdm.)
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~hþ amï´>r¶ g§ñWm H$m‘mÀ¶m {R>H$mUm§Zm {ZdS>ʶmgmR>r dmnaʶmV Amboë¶m gmYmaU gwMZm…
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~mOmanoR> Odi AgUo, H$‘r n¡emda H$m¡eë¶ AgUmao, H$m¡eë¶ ZgUmao H$m‘Jmam§Mr
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åhUOoM {dXoer Jw§VdUwH$ hmo¶. Z’$m {‘idwZ XoVmV øm AmeoZo Aer Jw§VdUwH$ H$aVmV.
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g§¶wº$ H§$nʶm åhUVmV. ~hþamï´>r¶ g§ñWm KS>dwZ AmUUmè¶m AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZm‘wio OmñVrÀ¶m
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AKmdÀ¶m Jw§VdUwH$s‘wio ñWm{ZH$ H§$nʶm§Zm ’$m¶Xm hmoVmo.
Va ~è¶mM doiog ~hþamï´>r¶ H§$nݶm ñWm{ZH$ H§$nʶm§Zm {dH$V KoD$Z CËnmXZ dmT>dVmV.
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OmñV ^m§S>db AgUmè¶m ~hþamï´>r¶ H§$nʶm hr H$m‘o ghO H$é eH$VmV. CXm. H$mèJrb ’w$S²>g
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{dH$V KoVbo. ’$méI ’w$S²>gÀ¶m Mma Vob ewÕrH$aU H$maImZo, ^maVmV Xoe^a ‘moR>çm ~mOmanoR>À¶m
OmJm, ˶m§À¶m d«°ÝS²>g, ì¶mnmar {MÝhmg Mm§Jbo Zmd Ambo Amho. ñWm{ZH$ H§$nݶm§Zm {dH$V
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KoVë¶mZ§Va ^maVmVrb ImʶmÀ¶m VobmV H$mèJrb ‘moR>o CËnmXH$ åhUwZ ZdmObo Amho.
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~hþamï´>r¶ g§ñWm CËnÎmrg Xþgè¶m àH$mao gwÕm {Z¶§ÌrV R>odVmV. {dH$gZerb XoemVrb
‘moR>çm ~hþamï´>r¶ g§ñWm N>moQ>çm CËnmXH$mg CËnÞmg AmXoe XoVmV. OJ^amV N>moQ>o CËnmXH$
H$nS>o, Mnë¶m, IoimÀ¶m dñVw Aem AZoH$ dñVw§Mr CËnÎmr H$éZ ~hþamï´>r¶ g§ñWm§Zm nwadR>m Ho$bm
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AgVm, ˶m§À¶m ì¶mnmar {MÝhmÀ¶m ZmdmZo J«mhH$mg {dH$VmV. øm N>moQ>çm CËnmXH$mg {‘iUmar
qH$‘V, XOm©, gm‘J«rbm bmJUmam doi, H$m‘Jmam§À¶m narñWrVrda à^mdrV H$aUmam A{YH$ma
~hþamï´>r¶ g§ñWm§Zm AgVmo. ~hþamï´>r¶ g§ñWm§‘wio Xþaàm§VmVrb CËnmXZoer g§~§Y OmoS>ë¶m OmVmo.
~hþamï´>r¶ H§$nݶm CËnmXZmMr OmJm {ZdS>Vm§Zm gmYmaUV… Imbrb ~m~r nS>VmiwZ nmhVmV.
1. Hw$eb/AHw$eb H$‘r ‘mo~Xë¶mV {‘iUmam H$m‘Jma dJ© 2. CËnmXZmgmR>r bmJUmè¶m
dñVw§Mr CnbãYVm (H$ƒm ‘mb) 3. gaH$mar YmoaU Oo H§$nZrÀ¶m {hVmMo Amho/Zmhr. 4. g§ajU
5. OmJm, B‘maVr, ¶§Ìo Á¶mÀ¶mda H§$nZr n¡go JwV§ dUma Amho, ˶mgd© JwV§ dUwH$sVwZ Z’$m {‘iUma
Amho/Zmhr. ~hþamï´>r¶ H§$nݶm ho CËnmXZ XoemVrb ñWm{ZH$ H§$nݶm ~amo~a H$aVmV ˶m‘wio
ñWm{ZH$ H§$nݶm§Zm A{V[aº$ Jw§VdUyH$sMm bm^ {‘iVmo. ˶mM ~amo~a AÚ¶mdV V§ÌkmZ ‘m{hVr
hmoV.o
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‘¶oWrb narñWrVr ¶mo½¶ Zgë¶m‘wio Amåhr {dXoer ì¶mnma Am[U ~mOmanoR>oer
Xþgè¶m XoemV OmVmo.’ g§~§Y
Xoem‘Yrb g§~§Y {XK©H$mi gmYݶm§Mo Hm‘
ì¶mnma H$aVo. ^maV X{jU Am{e¶mnmgwZ
nw d © , npíM‘o H $So ~mOmano R > m Agbo ë ¶m
‘mJmª~Ôb, øm A˶mMmam‘mJo KS>boë¶m
ì¶mnmam§~Ôb Vwåhr B{VhmgmV dmMbmM Agob,
ì¶mnmamÀ¶m ’$m¶ÚmgmR>r BñQ> B§{S>¶m gma»¶m
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ì¶mnmar g§ñWm ^maVmV Amë¶m ho Vwåhmbm
‘m{hVM Amho. Va øm {dXoer ì¶mnmamMo
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‘wb^yV H$m¶© H$moUVo?
{dñV¥VnUo gm§Jmdo åhUOo CËnmXH$mg Xoer¶
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~mOmanoR>onojm OmñV g§Yr {dXoer ì¶mnmao {‘idwZ XoVmV. ˶mMn«‘mUo J«mhH$m§Zm ˶m {R>H$mUr
CËnÎmr Pmboë¶m dñVwMo Zmhr Va BVa H$mhr dñVw CnbãYmV AgVmV. åhUOo {dXoer ì¶mnma
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{d{dY XoemVrb ~mOmanoR>oer g§~§Y gmYVo.
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WmoS>³¶mV gm§Jmd¶mMo Pmë¶mg {dXoer ì¶mnma CËnmXH$m§Zm ~mhoarb ~mOma noR>oMr g§Yr
{‘idwZ XoVmo, VgoM J«mhH$m§gmR>r ~mOmanoR>oVrb dñVw dmT>dyZ {ZdS> H$aʶmMr OmñV g§Yr
CnbãY H$éZ XoVm. ¶mV Amnë¶m XoemVrb VgoM BVa XoemVrb CËnmXrV dñVw CnbãY hmoVmV
TE
åhUyZ {dXoer ì¶mnma ho {d{dY XoemVrb ~mOmanoR>m§Zm OmoS>Umam Xþdm Amho. Ago åhUmdo
bmJbo.
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’$moS>© ‘moQ>g© ZmdmÀ¶m A‘o{aH$Z H§$nZrg OJ^amV 26 XoemV CËnÎmrÀ¶m gmo¶r AgwZ Iwn ‘moR>çmà‘mUmV
H$ma CËnmXH H$arV AmhoV. ’$mo‹S>© ‘moQ> g© 1995 ‘ܶo ^maVmV, ¶odwZ 1,700 H$moQ>r én¶mZo M¡ÞB© Odi
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H$maImZm C^mabm. ^maVmV {On Am{U bm°arMm ‘moR>m HmaImZm ‘{hÝÐm Am{U ‘{hÝÐm ¶m§Zr {‘iwZ hm
H$maImZm C^mabm, 2004 n¶ªV ’$mS>© ‘moQ>g© ^maV XoemV 27,000 H$ma {dH$ë¶m OmVmV. ^maVmVwZ
X{jU Am{’«$H$m, ‘o³grH$mo, ~«mOrb XoemV AOwZ 24,000 H$ma {Z¶m©V H$aVmV. BVa XoemVrb CËnmXZ
SC
H|$Ðm§Zm doJù¶m ^mJm§Mm nwadR>m H$aʶm OmoJm ’$moS>© B§{S>¶mg {dH$gZerb H$aʶmÀ¶m V’$i H§$nZr Amho.
A
^maVmV ’$moS>© ‘moQ>g© H$ma CËnÎmr Ho$ë¶m‘wio CËnmXH$s¶ H$m¶m©b¶m§‘ܶo H$moU˶m àH$maMm g§~Y§
AN
gmYë¶m OmVmo?
BVa H§$nݶm§‘ܶo ~hy amï´>r¶ g§ñWm§‘ܶo H$m¶ ’$aH$ Amho?
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ZmB©H$, H$moH$m-H$mobm, noßgr, hm§oS>m, Zmo{H$¶m gma»¶m ~hyamï´>r¶ H§$nʶm Odinmg A‘o[aH$m,
OmnmZ qH$dm ¶wamon Xoem§er g§~§YrV AmhoV. H$emgmR>r ¶mMr H$ënZm H$amb H$m?
N
~hÿamï´>r¶ H§$nݶm Am{U OmJVrH$aU
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Joë¶m VrZ-Mma XeH$mV Iwn ~hÿamï´>r¶ g§ñWm ñdñV CËnÎmr H$aUmè¶m {R>H$mUmgmR>r
OJ^amV Mmahr ~mOw§Zr emoYbo. ˶m-˶m Xoem§‘ܶo øm ~hÿamï´>r¶ H§$nݶmMr {dXoer Jw§VdUwH$
dmT>V AmhoV. ˶mMdoir Xoem-Xoem§‘ܶo {dXoer ì¶mnma gwÕm doJmZo dmT>V hmoVo, {dXoer
TE
ì¶mnmè¶m§‘ܶo gwÕm A{YH$ ^mJmg ~hÿamîQ´>r¶ g§ñWoÀ¶m {Z¶§ÌUmImbr Amë¶m. CXm. ^maVmVrb
’$moS>© ‘moQ>g© H$ma V¶mar H$maImZo, ^maVr¶ ~mOmanoR>go mR>rM Zmhr Va BVa {dH$gZerb Xoem§Zm
Am¶mV H$aVmV. H$mam§À¶m doJdoJù¶m ^mJm§Zm OJ^amV AgUmè¶m ˶m§À¶m AZoH$ H$maImݶm§Zm
T
{Z¶m©V H$aVo. ømMn«H$mao AZoH$ ~hÿamï´>r¶ H§$nݶm§Mr H$m¶m©b¶rZ dñVw d godm§Mo ì¶mnmamV gwÕm
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EH$sH$aU dmT>bo. doJmZo dmT>Umè¶m øm XoemVrb EH$sH$aUm‘wio XoemVrb A§VJ©V g§§~§Y åhUOoM
OmJVrH$sH$aU. øm OmJVrH$sH$aUmÀ¶m à{H«$¶oV ~hÿamï´>r¶ H§$nݶ§mMm ‘moR>m dmQ>m Amho. XoemVrb dñVw,
AN
godm Jw§VdUwH$, V§ÌkmZmMm àdmh dmT>V OmV Amho. H$mhr XeH$mÀ¶m AJmoXaer VwbZm H$obr AgVm
OJmVrb AZoH$ ^mJm§‘ܶo OdiMm g§~§Y {Z‘m©U Pmbm.
Jw§VdUwH$m, bmoH$, d¡km{ZH$ V§ÌkmZm‘wio Agr‘rV OJ {Z‘m©U Pmbo. ¶mMmM narUm‘ AZoH$ Xoe
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˶m§À¶m XoemÀ¶m gr‘m‘ܶo gwÕm OrdZmer g§~§YrV AZoH$ ~m~tda {Z¶§ÌU am{hbo Zmhr. CXm. EHo$H$mir
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gÎmméT> emgZ MbZmÀ¶m qH$‘Vr R>a[dʶmMm ‘hËdmMm {ZU©¶ KoV AgV. AmVm emgZmMo H$moUVoM
{ZU©¶ ZgVm§Zm ~mOmanoR>oM e³¶Vmo {ZU©¶ KoV AmhoV.
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OmJVrH$aUmg ‘XV (gmø) H$aUmao KQ>H$
OmJVrH$sH$aU Iwn ghO d¡km{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ
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Pmbo, ˶m‘wio OJ Odi OmJVrH$aUmMo ‘w»¶ H$maU V§ÌkmZmMr doJmZo dmT> hmoUo.
¶oUo gmono Pmbo. CXm. Joë¶m 50 dfm©V dmhVwH$, d¡km{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ Iwn dmT>bo.
˶m‘wio XþadaMo A§Va bdH$aM Am{U H$‘r
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A
^maVmVrb MrZr Ioiʶm§À¶m Am¶mVrMo CXm. nwÝhm EH$Xm nmhw. Ioiʶm§À¶m Am¶mVrda
AN
^maVr¶ gaH$maZo H$a bmdbm g‘Ow ¶m. H$am‘wio J«mhH$m§Zm Am¶mV Ho$boë¶m Ioiʶm§Zm OmñV
qH$‘V ^amdr bmJVo. V|ìhm ^maVr¶ ~mOmanoR>oV MrZr ‹Ioiʶm VodT>çm ñdñV ZgVmV, ˶m‘wio
{MZ‘Yrb Am¶mV H$‘r hmoVo. ^maVmVrb CËnmXH$ ^a^amQ>rg ¶oVmV.
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ì¶mnmamVrb AS>Wù¶mMo H$a ho EH$ CXm. Amho. H$mhr ‘¶m©Xm bmXë¶m‘wio ¶mgM AS>Wim
åhUVmV. {dXoer ì¶mnma dmT>{dʶmgmR>r qH$dm H$‘r H$aʶmgmR>r ({Z¶§ÌUmImbr) AmUʶmgmR>r
N
gaH$ma ì¶mnmar {Z¶§ÌUmMm dmna H$é eH$Vo. øm àH$mao H$moU˶m dñVwÀ¶m Am¶mVrg {H$Vr
LA
nadmZJr Úmdr. à˶oH$ XoemV {H$Vr à‘mUmV Am¶mV H$é eH$Vmo. øm Jmoï>r gaH$ma R>adw eH$Vo.
ñdmV§Í¶ {‘imë¶mZ§Va ^maV gaH$ma {dXoer ì¶mnma, {dXoer Jw§VdUwH$rg AS>Wio Q>mH$br.
XoemVrb CËnmXH$m§Zm {dXoer ñnY}nmgwZ g§ajU {‘idwZ XoʶmMr JaO Amho Ago dmQ>bo. 1950-
TE
1960 ‘ܶo ZwH$VoM H$maImZo C^maë¶m OmV hmoVo. øm XeoV Am¶Vm§H$Sw>Z ñnYo©Mr nadmZJr {Xbm
AgVm Va hr H$maImZo {Q>Hw$Z amhrbo ZgVo. åhUwZ A˶mdí¶H$ dñVw, ¶§Ìo, amgm¶{ZH$ IVo.
ehar ^mJmV J«m‘rU ^mJmV m
{Oëbm n[afX Cƒ emi
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A
N>mnë¶mZ§Va àqVZm {d‘mZmÛmao b§S>Zbm nmR>dVmV. aoIm§Q>ZmgmR>r, ‘wÐZmgmR>r bmJUmam n¡gm b§S>Z‘Yrb
AN
~±Ho$VwZ {X„rVrb ~°Ho$g B§Q>aZoQ> (e-banking) Ûmao bJoM nmR>dVmV.
H$ƒm‘mb ømgM ’$º$ Am¶mV H$aʶmMr nadmZJr {Xbr. gJioM {dH$grZerb Xoe Vo
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dmT>Umè¶m XeoV ˶m§À¶m Xoe CËnmXH$mg H$moU˶mhr EH$m n«H$mao g§ajU {‘idwZ XoʶmÀ¶m
{df¶ BWo ÑîQ>rg R>odmdm. N
Va 1991 À¶m gwédmVrnmgwZ {XK©H$mi à^md nmS>Umè¶m ^maV XoemÀ¶m nÕVrV ~Xb
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AmUë¶m Jobo. ^maVmVrb CËnmXH$ OJ^amVrb CËnmXH$m§er ñnYm© H$aʶmMr doi Ambr Amho.
Ago gaH$maZo {ZYm©arV Ho$bo. ñnY}‘wio XoemVrb CËnmXH$ ˶m§Mm XOm© gwYamdm bmJVmo. ˶m‘wio
˶m§Mo H$m‘ Mm§Jbo hmoVo. øm {ZU©¶mgmR>r ‘moR>çm Am§Vaamï´>r¶ g§ñWmMr ‘XV hmoVr.
TE
˶m‘wio {dXoer ì¶mnma Am{U Jw§VdUwH$sÀ¶m AS>Wù¶m§Zm ~è¶mM à‘mUmV H$mTw>Z Q>mH$ë¶m Jobo,
¶mMmM AW© XoemV gmYZ gm‘J«r ñdV§ÌnUo Am¶mM d {Z¶m©V H$é eH$Vmo. {dXoer H§$nݶm BWo
H$m¶m©b¶o, H$maImZo ñWmnrV H$é eH$VmV.
T
OmJVrH$sH$aUmg Mmb{dUmar eº$s H$moUVr hm àíZ AmVm nS>Vmo. Vr amO{H$¶ {ZU©¶ qH$dm
Am{W©H$ V§ÌkmZ joÌmV Pmbobr H«$m§Vr? OmJVrH$s H$aUmgmR>r Am{W©H$ joÌmMo ‘wi H$maU Amho.
Ago g‘OV ˶mg, Am{W©H$ e³Ë¶m H$maUr^yV Amho. åhUwZ ˶m§Mr ‘wim§Zm Vo¶ R>adrVmV. Ago
dmX KmbVmV. amO{H$¶ H$maU dmQ>Umè¶m§Zm gaH$maÀ¶m R>amdm‘wio AJmoXa ømMr gwédmV Pmbr
åhUVmV. emgZ ‘¶m©Xm bmXVmV. qH$dm ˶m§Zm H$mTw>Z Q>mH$VmV. EH$ ^mJ ¶mo½¶ Amho qH$dm
Zmhr. ¶mMm A§XmO bmdʶmgmR>r ~mOmanoR>oÀ¶m narñWrVrg H$maUr^wV Zmhr Va amO{H$¶
dmVmdaU gwÕm ‘hËdmMm ^mJ ~ZVmo.IaoVa darb XmoÝhtMm g§~Y§ Amho. EH$m {deof Ñï>rH$moUmVwZ
amO{H$¶ R>amd KoVmV, åhUwZ AmoiIbo Va, ho ˶mdoir Amboë¶m Am{W©H$, Vm§{ÌH$ ~Xbm§Zm
ÑîQ>rg KoVmV åhUwZ g‘OVo.
124 gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z OmJ{VH$sH$aU
OmJ{VH$ àemg{H$¶ g§ñWm
gܶm OJmV A{YH$ Va bmoH$m§g à^mdrV H$aUmao ‘hËdmÀ¶m ~m~tda {ZU©¶ OmJVrH$ àemgrV
g§ñWm {ZU©¶ KoV AmhoV. ømMo Mm§Jbo CXm. åhUOo dmVmdaUmVrb ~Xb. gwédmVrg H$m~©Z CËgO©Zmg
H$‘r H$aʶmgmR>r à˶oH$ XoemHS>o ho H$m¶© gmondʶmV {dXoer ì¶mnma CXmarH$sH$aU åhUOo H$m¶?
Ambo ˶mVwZ Ago {ZXe©Zmg Ambo H$s VoWrb Xoe ¶mMm AW© H$m¶ g‘OwZ KoVbmV?
˶m H$maImݶmMo ñWbm§Va H$éZ BVa {R>H$mUr ˶mMr Am¶Vrda H$a ì¶mnmamÀ¶m AS>Wù¶mMo EH$
ñWmnZm H$aʶmV Ambr.n[aUm‘V… CËgO© Z o CXm. Amho. {Z¶m©V H$aUmè¶m gm‘J«rVr
dmVmdaUmVrb ~Xb gma»¶m {df¶mda gd© Xoem§Zr g§»¶m-narUm‘mda gwÕm gaH$maZo ‘¶m©Xm
A
{‘iwZ à¶ËZ H$aʶmMr Amdí¶H$Vm AgVo. bmdw eH$VmV. {MZÀ¶m Ioiʶm§Ë¶m CXm.
AN
OmJVrH$ àemgZ g§ñWoVrb EH$ AgUmar H$moQ>m§Zm dmnéZ ì¶mnmar AS>>Wù¶m§Zm H$go
OmJ{VH$ ì¶mnma g§ñWm (WTO) ~Ôb {dñV¥V bmJw nS>VmV Vo gm§Jm. øm nÕVrMm dmna
‘m{hVr nmhþ ¶m. H$é eH$Vmo H$m? MMm© H$am.
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OmJ{VH$ ì¶mnma g§ñWm (WTO)
N
^maVmV {dXoer ì¶mnma, Jw§VdUwH$sV CXmasH$aU YmoaUm§Zm ‘moR>çm Am§Vaamï´>r¶ g§ñWm§Mr ‘XV Amho.
hr ‘m{hVr KoVbr. {dXoer ì¶mnmamg, Jw§VdUwH$sg {Z¶§ÌU, hmZr nmohMdrVmV. åhUwZ hr g§ñWm dmX
LA
KmbVmV. Xoem-Xoem§‘ܶo ì¶mnmamV H$moU˶mM AS>Wim{dZm ñdV§ÌnUo ahmdo åhUwZ Vo åhUVmV.
Am§Vaamï´>r¶ ì¶mnmamV CXmarH$sH$aU YmoaU AmUʶmÀ¶m CÚoemZo H$m‘ H$aV AgUmè¶m g§ñWoV OmJVrH$
TE
ì¶mnma g§ñWm (World Trade Organisation (WTO) EH$ Amho. XoemÀ¶m ghH$m¶m©Zo {Z‘m©U Pmbobr hr
g§ñWm Am§Vaamï>©r¶ ì¶mnmamer g§~§{YV {Z¶‘m§Zm V¶ma H$éZ Vo Am‘bmV ¶oʶmgmR>r H$m¶© H$arV AgVo.
gܶm OJmVrb Odinmg 150 Xoe OmJ{VH$ ì¶mnma g§ñWoMo gXñ¶ AmhoV.
OmJ{VH$ ì¶mnma g§ñWm ñdV§ÌnUo Amnbm ì¶mnma H$amd¶mg nmhmV Amho. AWm©V gmYmaUV… Xoe
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Aݶm¶ahrV ì¶mnmamÀ¶m AS>Wù¶m§Zm AOwZ Mmb[dV Amho. OmJ{VH$ ì¶mnma g§ñWoMr {Z¶‘o dmT>V
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Agboë¶m Xoem§Zm ì¶mnmar AS>Wù¶m§Zm H$mTw>Z Q>mH$ʶmg X~md AmUV AmhoV. eoVr CËnÞmV ì¶mnmamda
gܶm Mmbbobr MMm© ¶mMo CXm.Amho.
^maVmda OmJVrH$sH$aUmMm à^md - n[aUm‘
SC
A
AmhoV. VarnU A‘o[aH$m eoVr ì¶dgm¶mV AgUmè¶m g§ñWm_________ er g§~§YrV {Z¶‘m§Zm
øm WmoS>çm bmoH$m§Zm CËnmXH$mgmR>r BVa XoemVrb ~ZdwZ_____. nmhVo,Va AmMaUmV Xoem§‘ܶo
AN
Am¶mVrgmR>r A‘o[aH$m gaH$maH$Sw>Z ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV ì¶mnma ______.Zmhr. ^maV gma»¶m
n¡ g o {‘iVmV. ‘mo R > ç m à‘mUmV {‘iUmè¶m ¶m gwYmarV Xoem§Zm _________, nU AZoH$
gãgrS> r ‘w i o A‘o [ aHo V rb eo V H$ar ˶m§ À ¶m eo V r ~m~VrV {dH$grV nmdboë¶m Xoem§Zm ˶m§À¶m
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CËnmXH$mg Iwn H$‘r qH$‘VrV {dH$VmV. OmñV CËnmXH$mg ‘XV AmhoV.
AgUmè¶m eo V r CËnÞmg ¶m§ Z r BVa Xo e mÀ¶m N
~mOmanoR>oV Iwn H$‘r qH$‘VrV {dH$VmV. ¶mMmM Xoem§‘ܶo ì¶mnma AOwZ ݶm¶nwU© AgʶmgmRr
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à^md ˶m Xoem§Vrb eoVH$è¶mda nS>Vmo. H$m¶ H$é eH$Vmo?
åhUwZ gwYmarV Pmboë¶m Xoem§Zm gwYmarV darb CXmhaUmV A‘o[aH$m emgZmZo
Xoem§Zr Agm àíZ {dMmabm H$s, “OmJ{VH$ ì¶mnma eoVH$è¶m§Zm CËnmXZmg ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV n¡go
TE
g§ñWoÀ¶m {Z¶‘mà‘mUo Amåhr ì¶mnma AS>Wù¶m§Zm XoVo ho nm{hbmo. H$mhr doiog gaH$ma H$mhr
H$mTw>Z Q>mH$bo nU Vwåhr ˶m {Z¶‘m§Mm {dMma Z àH$maÀ¶m dñVw CXm. dmVmdaUmer ¶mo½¶
H$aVm Vw‘À¶m eoVH$è¶mZm ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV n¡go Aem CËnÞmg ‘XV XoVo. ho ݶm¶ Amho
T
XoV AmhmV. Am‘À¶m eoVH$è¶m§Zm ‘XV H$é Z¶o qH$dm Zmhr. ¶mda MMm© H$am?
Ago, Am‘À¶m eoVH$è¶m§Zm gm§JwZ Vwåhr ‘mÌ ‘XV
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nmUr, dmhVwH$sgmR>r, {ejU, ‘Zmoa§OZ ñWio
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{deo f Am{W© H $ H| $ ÐmV H$maImݶm§ M r ñWmnZm
H$aVo d o i r H§ $ nݶm§ Z m gw é dmVrMo 5 dfm© n ¶ª V
CÚmo J H$V} åhUw Z EdT>çm N>mo Q >çm H$moUVmM H$a ^amdm bmJV Zmhr.
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H$mdbmdYrV g‘ñ¶m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJV Amho. {dXoer Jw§VwdUwH$s¨Zm AmH${f©V H$aʶm
åhUw Z adrZo H$ënZm gw Õ m Ho $ br ZìhVr. N
gmR>r gaH$maZo amoO>Jma H$m¶Úm§Zm bdMrH$Vm
Vm{‘iZmSw>‘Yrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ eha AgUmao hmogwa amoOJmam§Zm {XK©H$mi ‘OwaXma Z R>odVm H$m‘mMm
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¶oWo H°$nmgrQ>g© CËnmXZ H$aUmar ñdV…Mr H§$nZr ^ma H$‘r doi R>adʶmMr g§Yr {‘iVo. ¶m‘wio
ñWmnrV H$aʶmgmR>r 1992 ‘ܶo a{dZo ~±Ho$VwZ H§$nZrg H$m‘Jmam§da hmoUmam IM© H$‘r bmJVmo.
H$O© KoVbo. Q>çw~bmBQ>gmR>r, Q>o{b{dOZ gma»¶m Va {dXoer H§$nݶm amoOJmam§À¶m H$m¶Úm§Zm AOwZ
TE
AZoH$ J¥hn¶moJr CnH$aUm§‘ܶo H°$nm{gQ>ag©Mm gw Q > bdMrH$Vm Úmdr åhUw Z ‘mJUr H$arV
Cn¶moJ H$aVmV. VrZ dfm©V ˶mÀ¶m H§$nZrMr AmhoV.
dmT> hmoD$Z 20 bmoH$ ‘OwXama H$m‘ H$é bmJbo.
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^maVmVrb bmoH$m§Zm ñnY}‘wio H$moUVm ’$m¶Xm ¶m {MÌm~Ôb EH$ H$mën{ZH$ ì¶m»¶m {bhm, ho {MÌ
Pmbm? OmJVrH$sH$aUm ~Ôb H$m¶ gm§JVo.?
^maVmVrb OmñV H§$nݶm ~hwamï´>r¶ H§$nݶm åhUwZ
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A
Am{U MoÞB©‘ܶo AgUmar ˶m§Mo CÚmoJ ~§X H$éZ Q>mH$bo AmhoV.
AN
dmT>˶m ñnY}‘wio a{dÀ¶m CËnÎmr H§o$Ðmda H$moU˶m àH$maMm à^md nS>bm
Xþgè¶m Xoemer VwbZm Ho$br AgVm Amnbm CËnmXZ IM© OmñV Pmbm åhUwZ
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a{dgma»¶m CËnmXH$m§Zr CËnmXZ Wm§~dmdo H$m? Vw‘Mo ‘V H$m¶?
^maVmgma»¶m N>moQ>çm CËnmXH$m§Zm ~mOmanoR>oV ñnYm© {Q>H$dwZ R>odʶmgmR>r VrZ
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JaOm§Mr Amdí¶H$Vm Amho. ho EH$m Aܶ¶ZmV gm§{JVbo. A)gwYmarV añVo,
LA
{dO, nmUr, H$ƒm‘mb, ~mOmanoR>, ‘m{hVrMo V§ÌkmZ. Am) d¡km{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmVrb
dmT>, AmYw{ZH$sH$aU. B)H$‘r ì¶mOmV ¶mo½¶doir H$Om©Mr nmohmoMdUwH$. øm
VrZ Jmoï>r ^ma{V¶ CËnmXH$m§Zm H$moU˶m àH$maMr ‘XV hmoVo, ¶mMo dU©Z H$am.
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¶mV JwV§ dUwH$m H$aʶmgmR>r ~hþamï´>r¶ g§ñWm AmdS> XmIdVmV. H$m? H$emgmR>r?
¶m JmoîQ>r CnbãY H$éZ XoUmè¶mV gaH$maMm hmV Amho Ago Vwåhmbm dmQ>Vo H$m?
H$emgmR>r?
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bjmV Ambo. {ejU, H$m¡eë¶, g§nÎmr AgUmè¶m§ZmM ZdrZ g§Yr‘wio damM ’$m¶Xm Pmbm
XþgarH$S>o H$moUVmM ’$m¶Xm Z hmoUmè¶m bmoH$m§Mr g§»¶m OmñV Amho. OmJVrH$sH$aU ho
AmVm H$moUrM ZmH$maV Zmhr. OmJVrH$sH$aUm‘wio gdm§©Zm g‘mZ ݶm¶ H$gm {‘idwZ
X¶mdm hm Amnë¶m g‘moa àíZ Amho ݶm¶ahrV OmJVrH$sH$aUm‘wio gdm©Zm g§Yr {‘iw
eH$Vo. ˶mMo ’$m¶Xo AOwZ Mm§Jbo Aew eH$VmV.
¶mg gmܶ H$aʶmgmR>r ‘hËdmMo nmÌ nma nmS>mdo bmJVo. gaH$mar YmoaUo
lr‘§VmZm A{YH$ma AgUmè¶m§ZmM ZgwZ XoemVrb gd© bmoH$m§Zm ‘XV XoʶmgmaIo
Agmdo. gaH$maZo KoVboë¶m H$mhr ¶moOZm§ Vwåhmbm ‘m{hV AmhoVM. CXm. H$m‘Jmam§À¶m
H$m¶Úm§Mr Mm§Jë¶m àH$mao A‘b~OmdUr H$éZ H$m‘Jmam§Zm ˶m§Mm h¸$ {‘idwZ Úmdm
128 gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z OmJ{VH$sH$aU
N>moQ>çm CËnmXH$m§Zm ˶m§Mo gm‘϶© dmT>dwZ ñnYm© H$aʶmOmoJr VmH$V ¶oB©n¶ªV ˶m§Zm ‘XV
H$amdr. JaO nS>ob V|ìhm gaH$maZo ì¶mnma Jw§VdUwH$sÀ¶m AS>Wù¶m§Mm dmna Hé eH$Vo. OaVaM
ݶm¶ {Z¶‘m§gmR>r OmJ{VH$ ì¶mnma g§ñWoer ^oQ>r KoD$ eH$VmV. ømM AmdS> AgUmè¶m BVa
{dH${gV Xoem§er {‘iwZ OmJ{VH$ ì¶mnma g§ñWoV (WTO.) dmT> hmoUmè¶m XoemÀ¶m gÎmoÀ¶m
{damoYmV bTw> eH$VmV.
Joë¶m H$mhr dfm©V Pmboë¶m ‘moR>-‘moR>çm MidirV bmoH$g§Km§À¶m {dZ§Ë¶mZwgma OmJ{VH$
ì¶mnma g§ñWoV ì¶mnma Jw§VdUwH$ser g§~§YrV ‘hËdmÀ¶m {ZU©¶mda à^md nmS>VmV. ݶm¶nwU©
OmJVrH$sH$aUmgmR>r hmoUmè¶m bT>çmV bmoH$m§Mr gwÕm ‘hËdmMo nmÌ nma nmS>VmV åhUwZ {gÕ
hmoV.o
A
BVa KQ>H$
AN
OmJVrH$sH$aUm‘wio amï´>mVrb amÁ¶ Zme nmdVmV. H$s H$m¶ åhUwZ MM©oMm {df¶ hmoVm.
bmoH$ EH$m àm§VmÀ¶m AmYmao g§KQ>rV hmoD$Z Xoem§Zm amO{H$¶ [a˶m AmoiIUo. EdT>m H$mi
bmJbm. ¶m àH$maÀ¶m àm§Vr¶ {d^mJm‘wio Amåhr, Vwåhr, ~mhoarb, VoWrb Aem ‘mZ{gH$
G
{dMmam‘wio Amnbm Xoe hr ^mdZm dmT>rg, bmJwZ amï´>r¶Vm ~Zbr. OmJVrHrH$aUmMm EH$
‘moR>m à^md åhUOo hr amï´>r¶ ^mdZm H$‘r Pmbr. N
gdmªÀ¶m Ñï>rg AmH${f©V H$aUmam ‘hËdmMm KQ>H$, OmJVrH$sH$aU, gm§ñH¥$VrH$ d¡{dܶVm
LA
Zmhrer H$aVo.
AmYw{ZH$ àdmemMr gmYZo, Vm§ÌrH$ kmZmZo H$mhr g§ñH¥$Vr ^mdZm àMmarV hmodwZ BVa
ñWm{¶H$ Aëng§»¶H$ dJm©Vrb g§ñH¥$Vr ~mOwbm gmaV Amho. Ago H$mhtOU dmX KmbVmV.
TE
H$mhrOZ {deof gVV ~mOwëmm gmaë¶m Joboë¶m gm§ñH¥{VH$ AmMmam§Zm OmJVrH$sH$aUmV ¶mo½¶ Vo
ñWmZ Xo d w Z ˶mMm {dñVma
OmJ{VH$ ~±H$WB, Am{U Am§Vaamï´>r¶ H$aʶmgmR>r ‘XV Pmbr åhUwZ
T
nwU©{Z‘uV, dmT>rgmR>r Am§Vaamï´>r¶ ~°Ho$g (IBRD) Am§Va dmagm {‘idw Z BVa ^mfm§ Z m
amï´>r¶ gwYmarV g§KQ>Zm§Zm (IDA) {‘iwZ OmJ{VH$ ~°Ho$Mo Xþ©bjmÀ¶m Amhmar Jobr H$mht Va
H$m‘ nma nmS>VmV. ¶m Xmo Ý hr g§ ñ Wo V 170 no j m OmñV AñV nmdʶmMm YmoH$m Amho, Ago
SC
gXñ¶ Xoe AmhoV. A‘o{aH$m gmaIr Xoeo ¶m g§ñWoMo H$m‘ H$mhtOU åhUVmV.
R>adVo. AmVmn¶ªV gwÕm A‘o[aHo$À¶m ‘VXmZ 167 ‘hËd
Amho. OmnmZ, O‘©Zr, ¶w.Ho$, ’«$m§g gma»¶m Xoem§Zm
eodQ>
à˶o H $mg 3.67 ‘VXmZmMm A{YH$ma Amho . Jar~ Xo e mMr do J mZo gw g § K Q>rV
Xo e mÀ¶m ‘VXmZmbm H‘r ‘hËd Amho . gܶm BVa hmoʶmÀ¶m à{H«$¶og, OmJVrH$rH$aU
åhUVmV. hm 20 ì¶m eVH$mVrb
Jar~ Xoemer VwbZm Ho$br AgVm ^maV Am{U {MZbm
OJ^a ngabobm e³¶ Pmbobm ~Xb
OmñV ‘VXmZmMm A{YH$ma Amho . gaH$ma ˶m§ Ë ¶m ¶mg Am{W©H$, amO{H$¶, gm§ñH¥${VH$
nÕVr ~Z{dʶmgmR> r OmJ{VH$ ~± H o $ g g„m Xo D $Z ÑîQ>çm nU H$maUr^yV AmhoV.
‘mJ©Xe©Z H$éZ ˶mg à^mdrV H$aV Amho. OmJVrH$sH$aUmÀ¶m gܶmÀ¶m XeoV
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 129
EH$ ‘hËdmMm KQ>H$ åhUOo nwîH$b g§nÎmr AgUmè¶m ~hþamï´>r¶ H§$nݶm§À¶m {Z¶§ÌUmImbr
Jw§VdUwH$m, ì¶nmamZwgma ~mOmanoR>m CËnmXZ gwg§KQ>rV H$aUo, ì¶mnma Jw§VdUwH$m AgUmè¶m
EH$sH$aU YmoaUm±‘i
w o AS>Wù¶m§Zm H$mTw>Z Q>mH$ë¶m‘wio OmJVrH$sH$aUmÀ¶m ~bmg Am{W©H$ ì¶dgm§Zr
Xmao CKS>ë¶m gmaIr Pmbo.
Ag‘mZVoMm Xþgam Ñï>rH$moZ ’$m¶Úm§Mr g‘mZ dmQ>Ur Pmbr Zmhr, g§nÞ J«mhH$m§Zm,
H$m¡eë¶, {ejU ,nwîH$i g§nÎmr AgUmè¶m CËnmXH$m§Zm ¶mMm ’$m¶Xm Pmbm. Vm§{ÌH$ kmZmer
¶wº$ AgUmè¶m H$mhr godm {dñVmaë¶m XþgarHS>o hOmamo bmoH$ CËnmXH$m§Zm, H$m‘JmamZm ˶m§À¶m
‘OwargmR>r d h¸$m§Mm ^§J Pmbm, OmJVrH$sH$aU ~mZmÀ¶m XmoÝhr ~mOwg g‘OwZ KoUo ‘hËdmMo
Amho.
A
Ag‘mZVoMm Xþgam Ñï>rH$moZ BVa XoemÀ¶m YmoaUmV Y{ZH$ Xoem§Mr gÎmmYmar dM©ñd, ì¶mnma
, Jw§VdUwH$m, ñWbm§Vam gma»¶m Am§Vaamï´>r¶ Am{W©H$ YmoaUm§~m~VrV. Xoe ì¶dhmam ~m~VrV
AN
Y{ZH$ nmíMm˶ Xoe Caboë¶m OJmda à^md nmS>V Amho. OmJ{VH$ ì¶mnma g§ñWm, OmJ{VH$ ~±H$,
Am§Vaamï´>r¶ Ðì¶ {ZYr gma»¶m Am§Vaamï´>r¶ g§ñWm {dH$gZerb Xoemnojm {dH${gV Pmboë¶m
XoemÀ¶m ’$m¶ÚmgmR>r OmñV g§KQ>rV H$aVmV. EH$sH$S>o OmJVrH$sH$aUmgmR>r dmT>rg, g§nÎmrg
G
g§Yr {‘idwZ XoV Amho. ˶mMm {damoY H$aUmao OmJmda Am{Yn˶m {‘i{dʶmgmR>r H$mhr
nmíMm˶ Xoem§ZrM Ho$bobm à¶ËZ Amho. AZoH$ Jar~ XoemV øm‘wio JUV§Ì, amoOJmam§Vm h¸$,
N
n¶m©daUmg ^§J H$aUmar AmhoV. Ago ˶m§Zm dmQ>Vo.
LA
‘hËdmMo eãX
~hwamï´>r¶ g§ñWm (MNCs) amï´>r¶ amÁ¶ V§ÌkmZ
{dXoer Jw§VdUwH$ {dXoer ì¶mnma EH$sH$aU Am{W©H$ YmoaU
TE
2.
3. C§ ËnmXZ H$aʶmgmR>r, ˶mda {Z¶§ÌU AmUʶmgmR>r qH$dm BVa XoemV ñWm{¶H$ hmoʶmgmR>r
~hwamï´>r¶ g§ñWm§Zr H$moUVr YmoaUo Adb§~br Amho?
4. §{dH$gZerb Xoe ì¶mnma, Jw§VdUwH$sV EH$sH$aUmMo YmoaU Adb§~{dbo nm{hOoV. Ago
SC
{dH$grV Xoem§Zr H$m ‘mJUr Ho$br? ¶mÀ¶m {damoYmV {dH${gV Xoem§Zr H$moU˶m AQ>r
‘mJmì¶mV?
5. §OmJVrH$sH$aUmMm à^md EH$ gmaIm Zmhr ¶m dm³¶mMo dUZ© H$am?
6. §ì¶mnma, Jw§VdUwH$m YmoaUm§Zm EH$sH$aU Ho$ë¶m‘wio OmJVrH$sH$aUmÀ¶m à{H«$¶og H$moU˶m
àH$maMm ’$m¶Xm Pmbm?
7. §OmJVrH$sH$aU ^{dî¶mV gwÕm hmoVo. AmVmnmgwZ 20 dfm©n¶©V OJ H$go AgVo ¶mMr
H$ënZm H$am Vw‘À¶m H$ënZoMr H$maUo gm§Jm?
8. OJmÀ`m ZH$memV Imcrc ñWio Xe©dm.
1) MrZ 2) OnmZ 3)~«mPrc 4) X{úmU Am{\«$H$m
A
XþîH$mim‘wio ~§Jmb , Amo{S>gm. Amgm‘‘ܶo 30-
50 bmoH$ ‘¥Ë¶w ‘wIr nS>bo ho dmMm.
AN
“‘m¶m Hw$Qw>~
§ mV ‘rM> ‘moR>m hmoVmo. OJʶmgmR>r
‘r amoO ‘Owar HarV hmoVmo. ˶mdoir ‘m¶m ~{hZtZm
d ^mdm§Zm KodwZ ~mnmbm {VWoM gmoSw>Z Amåhr
G
H$mobH$˶mbm Jobmo. Amåhmbm ImݶmgmR>r {nT>
‘mÌ {‘imbo. AmhmamMr Hw$T>o dmQ>n hmoV Agob, N
{VWo Amåhr OmV hmoVmo. H$mobH$˶m‘ܶo {H$˶oH$
bmoH$ Xþ…ImV AmhoV, ho ‘r nm{hbo Amho. ‘oboë¶m A
LA
boH$ambm hmVmda KodwZ {’$aVm§Zm ‘r nm{hbo Amho.
‘obobr ‘wbo nwÝhm CR>Vrb åhUwZ ˶m§À¶m AmB© ˶m
TE
nmdbo.
ER
A
Xo e mgmR> r Amhma gw a jm
Amhma Ymݶm§ À ¶m CËnÎmrbm dmT> { dUo
AN
Amhma gwajmgmR>r nm{hOo VodT>o Amhma Ymݶ CËnÎmr AmboI 1 : {ZdS>H$ Amhma YmݶmMr CËnÎmr (EH$ bmI Q>Z)
H$aUo hr ‘w»¶ Amdí¶H$Vm Amho. ¶mMmM AW© Agm y
120
H$s, eoVH$è¶m§Zr AYrH$ à‘mUmV Amhma Ymݶm§Mr
G
110
CËnÎmr H$amdo Am{U ˶mgmR>r gaH$maZo eoVH$è¶m§Zm
100
{nH$ {nH${dʶmgmR>r ¶mo½¶ n[apñWVr ^maV gaH$maZo N 90
eoVH$è¶m§Zm CnbãY H$éZ Úmdr.
LA
80
aoIm{MÌ 11.1 nmhþZ [aH$må¶m OmJm ^am. (à˶oH$
in Million tonnes
70
q~Xþ Odi qH$‘V ‘m{hV H$aʶm y-Ajm§j darb
60
ñHo$bMm dmna H$am.).
TE
50
40
Amhma YmݶmMr CËnmXZ 1970-71 nmgwZ _____. 30
n¶©V dmT>br. gmirMr CËnÎmr 1970-71 n¶ªV 20
T
0
H$mimVr CËnmXZ PnmQ>çmZo dmT>br. AmUIr EH$ 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2010-11 2016-17 x
‘w»¶ Amhma {nHo$. _____. gmir JhyÀ¶m VwbZoV Paddy Wheat Nutri cereals Oilseeds
1970-2011 À¶m H$mimV _____ CËnmXZ dmT>br
SC
A
2000
gmYZm§Mm Zme hmoUma Zmhr åhUwZ ¶mH$S>o bj
AN
1500
AgUo ’$ma ‘hËdmMo Amho. ^maV XoemV gmir,
1000 Jhþ {nH${dʶmÀ¶m Adb§~{dë¶m OmUmè¶m
nÕVr‘ܶo amgm¶{ZH$ IVo, {H$Q>H$ZmeH$m§Mm
G
500
Aemór¶ nÕVrZo ‘Zmogmoº$ dmna Ho$ë¶m‘wio
0 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91
N
2000-01 2010-11 2016-17 x CËnmXZmV Va dmT> hmoV Amho. na§Vw hr gwpñWa
LA
Paddy Wheat Nutri cereals Oilseeds nÕV Zìho, åhUwZ H$mhr emók d eoVr ì¶dgm¶
joÌmV H$m‘ H$aUmao 춺$s¨Mo ‘V Amho.
TE
dmñV{dH$Vm nmhVm ¶m nÕVr‘wio O{‘ZrMr H$g H$‘r Pmbr. ^wJ^© Ob ómoVmMr nmVir
H$‘r hmoVo. AerM n[apñWVr Mmbbr Va CËnmXZ dmT>ʶm EodOr H$‘r hmoʶmg gwédmV hmoB©b.
Imbrb dm³¶m§Zm dmMwZ EH$ ho³Q>abm gmir, JhþMo CËnmXZ H$go Amho. dU©Z H$am?
T
________ Am{U _______ {nH$m§Mr CËnmXZ gmir, JhþÀ¶m VwbZoV H|$ìhmhr H$‘r Amho. na§Vw
ER
{XK© H$mimnmgwZ gmi, Jhþ CËnmXZmV ^a‘gmT> dmT> hmoʶmgmR>r H$moUVo KQ>H$ Cn¶moJmV
AmUbo?
A
Am¶mV hm EH$ ‘mJ© Amho. Amhma CnbãYVm dmT>{dʶmgmR>r gaH$mar gmR>çmMm Cn¶moJ H$aUo
‘w»¶ ‘mJ© Amho. CXm. gaH$ma Odi Agboë¶m gmR>çm‘YwZ bmoH$m§Zm Vm§Xþi {d{H«$Ûmao ˶mMr
AN
CnbãYVm dmT>dw eH$Vmo. gaH$ma Odirb gmR>m H$‘r hmoVmo, na§Vw ˶m dfu {dZr¶moJmgmR>r Vm§Xi
þ
CnbãYr dmT>V AgVo. (nwT>rb ^mJmV gaH$mar gmR>m ¶m {df¶r AmUIr ‘m{hVr {‘idw ¶m)
1971 ‘ܶo bmdboë¶m {hemo~mZwgma 1991, 2011 dfm©bm XaS>moB© gamgar Amhma Ymݶm§Mm
G
{hemo~ bmdm.
Vº$m 1: XaS>moB© Amhma Ymݶm§Mr àVr ì¶[º$ CnbãYVm
df© bmoH$g§»¶m AÞ YmݶmMo ñWwb gaH$mar Amhma
N
XaS>moB© CnbãYr
LA
(Xebj) ñWwb CËnÞ Am¶mV gmR>çmV YmݶmMr ñWw b EH$m {Xder (J« m ‘)
~Xb CËnÎmr
col (1) col (2) col (3) col (4) col (5) col (6) col (7)
TE
= 0.000469 X 1000
= 0.469 {H$bmoJ«m‘ *
ER
= 0.469 X 1000
= 469 J«m‘
1991 852 154.3 –0.1 –4.4
SC
A
BVa Amhma nXmWmªMr CnbãYVm
AN
V¥ U Ymݶ åhUVmV, åhUw Z ho H$‘r nrH$ Ago hr nw î H$i bmo H $ åhUV AgVmV. ho
V¥ U ‘ܶo nm¡ ï >rH$ VËdo H$‘r AgVmV. åhUw Z åhUV AgVmV. ¶m CbQ> Ago H$s, Agm
Ymݶm‘ܶo nm¡ ï > r H$ VËdo AYrH$ AgVmV. ¶mbmM Ago gm§ J Vm ¶o B © b H$s, H$m Amhma narnw U ©
G
Amhma hmo¶. XoemVrb dfm© AmYmarV àm§VmVrb amhV Agboë¶m bmImo bmoH$m§Mm hm ‘w»¶ Amhma
hmo¶. EHo$ H$mir ^ma{V¶ gd© Hw$Qw>§~o ¶m Amhmambm AmdS>rZo ImV hmoVo. Vm§Xþi, Jhþ gma»¶m
N
nm§ T > è ¶m a§ J mÀ¶m Ymݶmbm AmdS> H$aUmao {dXo e r amOo ¶m Ymݶm§ Z m V¥ U Ymݶ åhUw Z åhUV
LA
AgV. BVHo$M ZgwZ Vo ñWm{ZH$ Amhmam§Zm Am{U gm§ñH¥$VrH$ AmMmaUmbm H$‘r boIV hmoVo,
AmVm nw î H$i bmo H $ ¶m Ymݶm§ Z m “nm¡ ï > r H$ Ymݶ”. åhUw Z dmna H$arV Amho V .
Amhma Cn¶moJrVm‘ܶo ’$aH$ ¶oD$Z, ’$io, ^mOrnmbm, XþY, ‘Q>Z, H$m|~S>rMo ‘m§g,
TE
‘mgmoir ¶mgma»¶m Amhmam§Zm bmoH$ OmñV ‘mJUr H$arV AmhoV. ho {dZr¶roJXmam§Zm CËnÎmrXmam§Zm
Mm§Jbo g§H$oV AmhoV. Cn^mo³Ë¶m§Zr doJdoJù¶m àH$maMm Amhma nXmW© KoD$Z g‘Vmob Amhma
¿¶mdm. Amhma Ymݶmbm {nH$drUmao eoVH$ar ˶m§À¶m CËnÞmbm dmT>{dʶmgmR>r {d{dY {nH$m§Mr
bmJdS> H$é eH$VmV. JV XmoZ XemãXt‘ܶo Am§Y«àXoemVrb Amhma Ymݶm§Zm {nH$drUmar O{‘Z
T
H$mngmgma»¶m ZJXr nrH$m§H$S>o dmnaV AmhoV. Ago AmnU ‘mJrb dJm©V {eH$bm AmhmoV.
ER
eoVH$è¶m§À¶m gwImgmR>r ho gwÕm EH$ H$maU Amho. ¶mÀ¶m ~Xë¶mV eoVH$è¶m§Zo Hw$Hw$Q> nmbZ,
‘Ëñ¶ nmbZ, Xþ½Y ì¶dgm¶gma»¶m ˶m g§~§Yr CÚmoJY§Úm§Zm MmbdwZ Z{dZ g§YtMm Cn¶moJ
H$éZ KoVm ¶oVmo.
SC
H$mbm§VamZo BVa Amhma nXmWmªMr CËnÎmr dmT>V Agbr Var hr XaamoO bmJUmam
AmhmamMr Amdí¶H$Vm nwadʶm BVHo$ Zmhr. ^maV Xoem‘ܶo gamgar à˶oH$ 춺$s XaamoO 300
J«m‘ ^mOrnmbm, 100 J«m‘ ’$ir Imdo åhUwZ nm¡ï>rH$ Amhma Vk gm§JV AmhoV. Va ¶mMr
CnbãYr gamgar 180 J«m‘, 58 J«m‘ BVH$s ‘mÌ Amho. Aí¶mMàH$mao gamgar à˶oH$ 춺$r
gamgar 180 A§S>o ImdoV, na§Vw ¶mMr CnbãYr ’$º$ 30 Amho. Amhmam‘ܶo gamgar à˶oH$ 춺$s
dfm©V 11 {H$bmo ‘m§g ¿¶mdo Ago Amho. na§Vw ¶mMr CnbãYVm 3.2 {H$bmo BVH$s ‘mÌ Amho.
XaamoO à˶oH$ 춺$s 300 J«m‘ XþY ¿¶mdo, na§Vw ¶mMr CnbãYVm 210 ‘r.‘r BVH$s Amho.
˶mgmR>r BVa Amhma nXmWmªMr CËnÎmr H$aʶmgmR>r eoVH$è¶m§Zm CËnmXZo ~mOmanoR>
Amdí¶H$Vm Aem H$mhr Jmoï>tMr ‘XV nm{hOoV. ZdrZ narpñWVrV eoVH$ar gm‘Zm H$arV
Agboë¶m AS>MUrnmgwZ eoVH$è¶m§Zm ajU d ‘XVrMr Amdí¶H$Vm Amho.
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 135
eo V rMo d¡ { eQ> ç o
{‘S> Z mnw a àm§ V mV Vm§ ~ S> ç m ‘mVrMr O{‘Z Amho . ~mo a Hw $ bm J« m ‘n§ ¶ m¶VrVrb
H$ñnb Jmd Amho. OdiOdi gd© bmoH$m§Z m Hw$nZbrH$m (~moadoëg) AmhoV. nmUr nwadR>m
A{^d¥Õr H$aʶmgmR>r ~±H$m ˶m§Zm F$U XoV AmhoV. ‘r h[a àgmX g‘§Vm, {MÅ>mo ‘¡Vr
Am[U OmQ> b§ o H $m ¶m§ À ¶mer g§ n H© $ gmYbm Amho . H$mo U rhr Xmo Z E¸$a À¶m dar Amo b rV
H$arV ZmhrV. g§ m Ho $ {VH$ {dkmZ ’$ma Mm§ J bm Amho . gmirÀ¶m ~r¶m§ Z o AJmo X aM
{díd{dÚmb¶mVwZ AmUwZ AmUIr VoM dmnaV AmhoV. ZJXr {nH$mÛmao ˶m§Zm OmñV CËnÞ
¶o V AgVo . à˶o H $ OU ^mOrnmbm, {nH$drV AgVmV, Ambw {nH$drUo gdmª Z m J§ ‘ V
dmQ>Vo, ˶mMr {~¶mUo ì¶mnmar H§$nUrnmgwZ {‘iV AgVmV. IaoXr OmñV H$arV AgVmV.
A
AmUIr EH$ Mm§Jbm ì¶dgm¶ Xþ½Y hmo¶. OdiOdi gdmªH$S>o 3 Vo 5 Jm¶r AmhoV. Jm¶m§Zm
nmiʶmMr Odm~Xmar ~m¶m§ M r AgVo . ho AmVm OmñV dmT> V Amho.Mm§J bo H$S> Ymݶm§Mr
AN
{~¶mUo ‘hmamï´>, ‘ܶàXoe déZ ¶oVmV åhUwZ eoVH$è¶m§Zm ‘m{hV Amho. ˶m§À¶m Odi
Agbobo ‘moharMo {~¶mUo Mm§Jbo Amho.
ZXrnmgwZ O{‘Z gnmQ> Amho. 300 ‘r. da WmoS>o Xþa Joë¶mZ§Va AmUIr EH$ Jm§d
G
nm{hbo Amho. {VWo JmdmVrb AY©o bmoH$ Jar~ AmhoV. {VWo EH$M {nH$ {nH$drV AgVmV.
XþgHo$ {nH$ nmdgmda AmYmarV {nH$drV AgVmV. CËnÞ H$‘r Amho. AZoH$ g§Yr AmhoV.
N
na§Vw EH$ àUmbrH$m, gaH$mar ‘XV Zgob Va ˶m§Zm {d{dYrH$aU {df¶r ~mobZo H$m‘mMo
R>>aUma Zmhr.
LA
ì¶dgm¶ {d{dYrH$aU Amhma Ymݶ CËnÎmrbm ì¶dgm¶ {d{dYrH$aU g§ ~ § Y r eãX,
à^mdrV H$arV AgVo. ¶m{df¶mH$S>o bj H$am. dm³¶mÀ¶m Imbr aofm AmoS>wZ ^maVr¶
¶m‘wio ¶oUmè¶m g‘ñ¶m§Zm {d{eîQ> nwd© V¶marÛmao
TE
Amhma YmݶmÀ¶m CnbãYr‘ܶo ¶wamon (700 J«m‘), {df¶r ˶m JmdmVrb eoVH$è¶m§Zm gm§Jm.
A‘o[aH$m (850 J«m‘) gma»¶m Xoem§er VwbZm
ER
Ho$br Va ^maV XoemV H$‘r Amho. Amhma YmݶmVrb XaS>moB© CnbãYVm H$‘r hmoV Agë¶m‘wio
^maV Xoe Amhma gwajm {df¶m‘ܶo {dMma H$aʶmgmaIm {df¶ Amho. Jar~ Hw$Qw>§~mVrb bmoH$
emararH$ H$ï> OmñV H$arV AgVmV. eº$sgmR>r Vo OmñV Amhma Ymݶmda Adb§~wZ AgVmV,
SC
Amhma YmݶmÀ¶m CËnÎmrgmo~V BVa Amhma nXmWmªMr CËnÎmr dmT>{dʶmgmR>r Amnbr dmQ>Mmb
Agmdr.
AmhmamMr CnbãYVm
Amhma gwajm§‘ܶo AmUIr EH$ ‘w»¶ KQ>H$ åhUOo Amhma CnbãYVm hmo¶. Amhma YmݶmMr
qH$dm BVa nXmWmªMr CËnÎmr Ho$br åhUOo g§nbo Ago Zmhr. à˶oH$OU ˶m§Zm {dH$V KodwZ ˶mMm
Cn¶moJ H$amdm. H$‘rV H$‘r Amdí¶H$ VodT>m Amhma gdmªZm CnbãY Amho H$m?
8ì¶m dJm©V Jar~r {df¶r dmMbobo EHo doiog AmR>dU H$éZ ~Km. AmnU Imbo„m Amhma
earamV OrU© hmoD$Z earamg eº$s CËnÎmr hmoV AgVo. ˶mbm H°$bar‘ܶo ‘moOVmV. ˶m‘wio
AmnU H$m‘ H$é eH$Vmo. H$‘r Amhma qH$dm H$‘r nm¡ï>rH$VËdo Agbobm Amhma KoVbo Va Amnë¶m
136 gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z AÞ gw a jm
{MÌ 3 : J«m‘rU ^mJmV H«$bar earambm {‘iUmar OrdZ ñmËdo H$‘r hmoV AgVmV.
Cn¶moJ ˶m‘wio H$m‘ H$aUo Ae³¶$ hmoVo. Am{U eara
Calorie consumption (Kilocalories)
A
doJmZo dmT>V Agbr Var hr dñV§wMr XodmU-KodmU
ImbÀ¶m Xþgam ^mJ {Vgam daMm ^mJ A{YH$ dmT>V Amho, Ago hmoUo Ymo³¶mMo Amho.
AN
^mJ ^mJ (da 25%)
dmQ>UrVrb ’$aH$ gamgar gwYaVmo. g‘mOmVë¶m
(Imbr25%) IM© g§nÞ loUr bmoH$ AÞ-YmݶmÀ¶m {dZr¶moJ H$aVm§Zm
Amdí¶H$Vonojm OmñV Cî‘m§H$ dmnaVmV. ¶mMm narUm‘ XoemVrb 80 Q>¸o$ gmYZo bm§oH$m§Zm ˶m§Zm
G
˶m§À¶m JaOo EdT>o Cî‘m§H$mMo AÞ Ymݶ {‘iV Zmhr. n¶m©¶mZo J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb XmarX²Œ¶
aofoImbrb bmoH$ Cî‘m§H$ dmnaʶmV A{Ve¶ Imbr AgwZ (ñV§^mboI 11.3 nmhm) ho à‘mU
N
gamgar Amdí¶H$ Agboë¶m 2400 Cî‘m§H$mnojm AVr Aën Amho. ˶mMr H${R>U eara l‘ [³bï>
LA
H$m‘o H$aUmam hmM ‘w»¶ dJ© hmo¶.
H$‘r H°$barÀ¶m Cn¶moJmgmR>r ‘w»¶ H$maU åhUOo bmoH$m§Odi AݶYmݶ {dH$V KoʶmgmR>r
eº$s H$‘r nS>V AgVo. Amhma {dH$V KoʶmgmR>r nwaogm n¡gm bm§oH$m§Odi amhV Zmhr. Jar~r,
TE
~oamoOJmar, bmoH$m§Mr godm, Ago AZoH$ H$maUo AmhoV. Aem H$maUm§Zm nwÝhm EH$Xm nwZamd¥Îmr H$éZ
nwT>o Mbm.
gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU àUmbr (ñdñV Ymݶ XþH$mZ) PDS
T
^maV Xoem§‘ܶo Ymݶ dmQ>Ur gmR>r bmoH$m§Zm gaH$mar ñdñV YmݶmMo XþH$mZ {H$Vr Var
ER
Cn¶moJr nS>V AgVo. 2004-05 ‘ܶo {d{dY amÁ¶mVrb gmd©O{ZH {dVaU àUmbr {d^mJmVrb
bmoH$ gaH$mar ñdñV Ymݶm§À¶m XþH$mUmVwZ {dH$V KoV Agbobo Amho. Amhma Ymݶ d ˶m§Mo g§nwU©
Amhma YmݶmÀ¶m {dZr¶moJm‘ܶo ¶mMm dmQ>m {H$Vr Q>¸o$ Amho. ho ‘m{hVr {‘i{dʶmgmR>r EH$
SC
gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU ì¶dñWo{df¶r 8ì¶m gd©o Ho$bm Jobm Amho, aoIm{MÌ 11.4 nmhm. ^maV
dJm©Vrb KQ>H$mMo ñ‘aU H$am. XoemV ¶m Xoe mVrb Amhma YmݶmMr IaoXr Am{U gmd©O{ZH$
ì¶dñWoÛmao AÞ-Ymݶ gwajm H$er Cn¶mooJr {dVaU ì¶dñWm {d^mJmda AmYmarV Agboë¶m
Amho. {ZU©¶mMm AmamIS>m XmI{dVmo.
^maV XoemVrb X{jUo H$S>rb amÁ¶m§‘ܶo
gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU ì¶dñWm {d^mJ Mm§Jbo {H«$¶merb Amho, Ago EH$m Aܶ¶ZmVrb gd©o gm§JVmo.
ho gmd©OZrH$ {dVaU ì¶dñWm gdmªZm bmJw nS>V AgVo ho gdmªZr AmoiI$bo nmhrOo. ho gdmªZm
H$‘r qH$‘VrV Amhma Ymݶ dmQ>n H$arV AgVo. ¶mÀ¶mM {damoYmV BVa amÁ¶ Jat~m§Zm AmoiIwZ,
Amhma Ymݶm§Zm Jar~m§Zm d Jar~m ì¶Vr[aº$ doJdoJù¶m qH$‘VrV bmoH$m§Zm {dH$VmV. Jar~m§‘ܶo
gwÕm AVr XmarÐo aofoImbr AgUmè¶m bmoH$m§Zm doJio AmhoV. ˶m§Zm XoʶmMm ‘mo~Xbm doJim
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 137
Vº$m 11.4 : 2009-10 ‘Yrb Vm§Xþi, Jìhþ {d{H«$‘ܶo ñdñV
Ymݶ XþH$mZmVwZ IaoXr Q>¸o$dmar [aH$må¶m OmJm ^am.
g§nwU© ^maV (Jhþ) 28 g§nUw © ^maVmgmR>r , ____
g§nwU© ^maV (Vm§Xþi) 39
? bmoH$ PDS dmnaVmV
V{‘iZmSw> (Vm§Xþi) 91
Am§.à (Vm§Xþi) 84 2011-12 ‘ܶo ____,
Añgm‘ (Vm§Xþi) 30 ____, ____ øm amÁ¶mV
26
n.~§Jmb (Vm§Xþi) 13
’$H$V 1/4 {H§$dm H$‘r
{~hma (Jhþ) 35 Hw$Qw>~§ mZr PDS Mm Cn¶moJ
JwOamV (Jhþ) 47 Ho$bm. Ago hmoʶmMo H$maU
A
‘hmamï´> (Vm§Xþi) 18
amOñWmZ (Jhy) 24 H$m¶ ? dJ{V MMm© H$am.
AN
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
G
^maV gaH$ma gmd© O {ZH$ {dVaU àUmbr (FCI) Ûmao H$mhr gmR> d U Ho $ bo ë ¶m Amhma
Ymݶm§Zm COuV gmR>dU Ago åhUVmV. A{YH$ CËnÎmr Agboë¶m amÁ¶mVrb eoVH$è¶m§nmgwZ
N
gmi, Jhþ (FCI) IaoXr H$arV AgVo. eoVH$è¶m§Zm AJmoXaM R>a{dboë¶m qH$‘Vrà‘mUo eoVH$è¶m§Zm
˶m§À¶m ‘mbmMm ‘mo~Xbm XoVmV. ¶m qH$‘Vrbm H$‘mb hm‘r qH$‘V (MSP). Ago åhUVmV.
LA
gaH$mar g§ñWm à˶oH$ dfu (MSP)bm R>adrV AgVo.
H|$Ð, amÁ¶ gaH$mao Amhma CËnÎmr‘Yrb EH$ V¥Vr¶m§e ^mJ Amhma Ymݶm§Zm eoVH$è¶m§nmgwZ
{dH$V KoV AgVmV. {d{dY ¶moOZm§Ûmao ¶m Amhma Ymݶm§Zm bmoH$m§n¶ªV nmohM{dV AgVmV.
TE
Ymݶm§Zm gaH$ma bmoH$m§n¶ªV ~amo~a nmohMdw eH$V Zmhr, Ago gaH$ma da bmoH$m§Mo ‘V Amho.
H$m§hr doim ho Amhma Ymݶm§Zm gaH$ma {dXoemV gwÕm nmR>{dV AgVo. XoemV A{YH$ Q>¸o$
ER
bmoH$m§Zm Amhma Ymݶ CnbãY hmoV Zgë¶mda WmoS>ogo CËnmÞmgmR>r Amhma Ymݶm§Zm {Z¶m©V
H$aUo ~amo~a Amho H$m?
SC
AgVmo. CXm. A§VmoX¶² m H$mS>© AgUmè¶m bmoH$m§Zm à˶oH$ HwQw >w ~§ m§Zm ‘{hʶmV 35 {H$bmo Vm§Xi
þ qH$dm
Jhþ {‘iV AgVmV.
2013 ‘ܶo ^maV gaH$ma amï´>r¶ Amhma gwajm H$m¶Xm åhUwZ EH$ H$m¶Xm H$mT>bm Amho. hm
bmoH$m§gmR>r Agboë¶m Amhmam§Zm {‘i{dʶmgmR>r h¸$mMm H$m¶Xm A‘b~OmdUr H$arV AgVmo.
^maV XoemVrb 2…3 {ZînÎmrÀ¶m ^mJ bmoH$m§Zm {‘iV AgVmo. ¶m H$m¶Úm à‘mUo H$‘r-CËnÞ
à˶oH$ 춺$sbm AZwXmUrV qH$‘Vrda 5 {H$bmo Amhma Ymݶ {‘iV AgVo. XmarX²Œ¶ aofo Imbrb
A˶§V Jar~m§Zm 35 {H$bmo ÚmdoV. H$m§hr dfm©nmgwZ H|$Ð gaH$maMo Vm§Xþi, Jhþ H$S> Ymݶm§Zm
3,2,1 én¶m§bm XoV AgVo. ¶m H$m¶Úmà‘mUo Amdí¶H$VoZwgma J«m‘rU àm§Vm‘ܶo A{YH$ 75 Q>¸o$
Am{U eha bmoH$g§»¶oVrb 50 Q>¸o$ bmoH$m§Zm gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU ì¶dñWm nmgwZ Amhma YmݶmÀmm
A
AmVm Odi-Odi gd© amÁ¶m‘ܶo MmbV Amho. emioV {eH$V Agbobr 14 H$moQ>r ‘wbo ‘ܶmÝh
^moOZmÀ¶m bm^ KoV AmhoV. amÁ¶ gaH$mao ¶m ¶moOZobm {damoY H$arV AgVo doiog, ݶm¶ñWmZmMo
AN
{Z¶§ÌU AgVo. VgoM ñWm{ZH$ Amhma Ymݶm§Mm Cn¶moJ H$amdm. Amhma Ja‘-Ja‘ Agmdm.
(Vmon¶ªV AZoH$ amÁ¶ gaH$maZo Amhma Ymݶm§Zm qH$dm aì¶mÀ¶m dñVwZ§ m XoV hmoV)o Vmo ñdÀN> Agmdm,
nm¡îQ>rH$ Amhma Agmdm, (g§nwU© H°$barg Agmì¶mV) AmR>dS>çmV à˶oH$ {Xder doJdoJio nXmW©
G
ÚmdoV. åhUwZ ‘ܶmÝh ^moOZ ¶moOZm§Zm gwairV Am‘b~OmdUr MmbʶmgmR>r AZoH$ gwYmaUm
ݶm¶ñWmZmZo Ho$ë¶m AmhoV. ñd¶§nmH$ H$aʶmgmR>r (X{bVm§Zm,{dYdm§Zm, qH$dm H$moU˶mhr AmYma
N
Zgboë¶m ‘{hbm§Zm) àYmZVm Úmdo åhUwZ ݶm¶mb¶mZo AmXoe {Xbo AmhoV. OJmVrb gdm©V ‘moR>m
LA
H$m¶©H«$‘ ‘ܶmÝh ^moOZ e‹mioV XoUo hm hmo¶. ¶m ¶moOZoMr Am‘b~OmdUr H$aʶmgmR>r H$a
(Q>°³g) gwÕm bmdw eH$Vm åhUwZ ݶm¶mb¶mZo ^maV gaH$mabm AܶmXoe {Xbm Amho. AmVm
Am§JUdmS>rVrb ‘wbm§Zm gwÕm Ja‘ Amhma XoV AmhoV.
TE
{nð>‘¶ nXmW© (Carbohydrates): Jhþ, Vm§Xþi, Ádmar, Vob, amJr, gmIa, B˶mXrnmgwZ
eº$s {‘iV AgVo.
‘mgm§hmar (Proteins): e|Jm, S>mir, ‘m§g, ‘mgmoù¶m, Am§S>o, Vm§Xþi, Jhþ gma»¶m nXmWmª‘wio
emararH$ dmT>rgmR>r Am{U earamVrb noetÀ¶m nwU© {Z{‘©VrgmR>r Cn¶moJr nS>V AgVmV.
nm¡ï>rH$ VËdo (Vitamins): ‘mZdr earamÀ¶m ajUmgmR>r ’$io, nmbo^mÁ¶m ‘moS> Ambobr
Ymݶ Am{U nm°{be Z Ho$bobo Vm§Xþi A{Ve¶ ‘hËdmMo AgVmV.
I{ZO bdUo(Minerals) : aº$ V¶ma hmoʶmgmR>r bmohnXmW© gmaIo WmoS>çm à‘mUmV nm{hOoV.
ho ^mOrnmbm, amJr B˶mXrnmgwZ {‘iV AgVo.
¶m AJmoXaÀ¶m YS>çmV bmoH EH$ {XdgmV {H$Vr Amhma KoVmV. Vo Agboë¶m Amhmam{dîm¶r EH$m
A
gm§JVrbo Amho. AJmoXaÀ¶m dJm©V AmnU Jar~r nm¡ï>rH$ AmhmamMr H$‘VaVm ¶m {df¶rMo dmñVd
n[apñWVrbm ‘m{hVr XoUmao CXm. AmnU nm{hbo AmhoV. 춺$s{df¶r ‘m{hVrMo AmIS>odmatZm
AN
{ZarjU H$aUo ho hr ‘w»¶ Amho. Aer narñWrVr H$XmMrV A^mdmZoM AmT>iVo qH$dm Vr gd©
gmYmaUnUo Amho, H$m¶ ho g‘OwZ KoʶmgmR>r hr nmhUr Cn¶moJr nS>Vo. ñnï>nUo Z {XgUmè¶m
Am{U H$m§hr AkmV JmoîQ>r XoIrb ¶m nmhUrVwZ g‘OVmV.
G
darb gm§{JVë¶m à‘mUo ‘wbm§Mo nm¡ï>rH$ Amhma nmVir {ZarjU H$aʶmgmR>r C§Mr,dOZmMo
‘mnU ¶m§Mm Cn¶moJ H$aVmV. Am§JUdmS>r H|$X«mMr ^oQ> KoD$Z Vo H$go ‘moOUr H$aVmV, Vo nmhm.
line showing
Amhma g§ñWm§Zr (NIN) growth of
ER
child
Ho $ bo b m gd} H$m¶
gw M {dVmo ? Xo e mVrb Earlier
printed
H$m§hr amÁ¶mV Ho$boë¶m
SC
growth
mal lines
1-5 d¶moJQ>mVrb 7000 Nor
Y axis / weight
A
emio‘ܶo XmIb hmoʶmgmR>r d¶ ZgUmè¶m ‘wbm§Zm nmofH$ Amhma emñÌkm§Zr VrZ AmboImMm
AN
Cn¶moJ Ho$bm Amho. ho VrZ doJdoJir nmofH$ Amhma gwMZm AmnUmbm ‘wbm§À¶m nmofH$ Amhma
nmVirMr g§nwU© ‘m{hVr XoV AgVo. Vo Imbrb à‘mUo Amho.
àm¡T> AdñWoV Agboë¶m ór nwéf ‘ܶo nmofH$ AmhmamMr nmVir emararH$ dOZ gw{MH$m
G
(BMI). Zo ‘moOVmV. ¶m{df¶r AJmoXaÀ¶m dJm©V AmnU {eH$bmo AmhmoV. [BMI=(dOZ {H$bmo‘ܶo/
N C§Mr ‘rQ>a‘ܶo).]
g‘W© n Uo H$m‘ H$aUmar ¶m gw{MHo$Zwgma EH$m n[aKÀ¶m VwbZoV EH$m
Am§JUdmS>r Ho$Ð ¶m narñWrVtZm 춺$sMo dOZ H$‘r Amho. gmYmaU dOZ [H§$dm
LA
H$go Vm|S> XoD$ eH$Vo? MMm© H$am. OmñV dOZ Amho. ‘m{hVr {‘iw eH$Vo. {h gw{MH$m
gw{MH$m gmYmaU nmVirnojm Imbr Vw‘À¶m eãXmV dU©Z H$am XoemV {H$Vr ‘wbo
TE
A
{Xdgmn¶ªV nwaV AgVo. Caboë¶m {Xder
AN
˶m§Zr {nH$dboë¶m Amhmada qH$dm
‘mH©o$Q>‘ܶo {dH$V KoVboë¶m Amhmamda
AmYmarV Agmdo bmJVo.
G
CXm. {~bmgnw a ‘ܶo [ajm
MmbdUmam 춺$s XaamoO 70-80 én¶o
H$‘rdrV AgVmo. Ka {H$am¶m ‘{hݶmbm
400 én¶o, H$a§Q>bm 100 én¶o IM©
N
LA
hmoV AgVmV. Ago AgVm§Zm ˶mMo
dOZ H$m H$‘r hmoV Zmhr, ˶mbm j¶
amoJ H$gm ¶oD$ eH$V Zmhr. ¶m Jmoï>r
TE
AmíM¶©H$maH$ AmhoV.
AmH$S>odma Amhma gwajm gwMH$m§H$ : N>ÎmrgJT> ¶oWrb S>m°³Q>a Ago gm§JV AmhoV.
T
nwaogo Amhma {‘imbo Va nm{hOo VodT>o dOZmnojm H$‘r qH$dm C§Mr hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
ER
H$emZohr {ZYm©aU H$arV AgVm doiog dmñV{dH$Vm Agmdr. bmoH$ {dVaU ì¶dñWoMo gm‘϶©,
Amhma {nH$m§Zm {nH${dʶmgmR>r àYmZVm, bmoH$m§Mr IaoXr H$aʶmMr eº$s, Aem gd© Jmoï>r
bmoH$m§Mo dOZ-C§Mr gma»¶m gwMHo$ AmYmao A§XmO bmdVm ¶oVmo. EdT>oM ZgwZ EH$m 춺$sÀ¶m
C§MrÛmao ˶mbm-{Vbm ~mbd¶mV Amhma nwaogm {‘imbm qH$dm Zmhr gm§JVm ¶oVo. H$‘r dOZ,
SC
H$‘r C§Mr Agbobo bmoH$ nmofH$ Amhmam§Zm ~ir nS>br AgmdoV. Ago gm§JVm ¶oV.o na§Vw ^yH$‘arbm
~ir nS>br AgVrb Ago åhUZo ~amo~a Zmhr Ago ‘mPo ‘V Amho.
gmam§e
¶m YS>çmV ^mJ n{hë¶m‘ܶo g§nUw © Xoembm ÑîQ>r nwT>o R>do Zw Amhma gwajm ¶m KQ>H$mMo {ZarjU Ho$bm
AmhmoV. Amhma CËnÎmrMr dmT> hmoʶmgmR>r H$m¶ H$amdo. ¶m àíZm Z§Va Amhma CnbãYrMo H$go AmH$S>do mar
bmdmdr, ¶m {df¶mda MMm© Ho$br AmhoV. XaS>mBo © YmݶmMr CnbãYr dmñV{dH$Vm dmT>br Zgbr Var Vr
H$‘r hmoV Mmbbr Amho, hm XþIXm¶H$ {df¶ Amho na§Vw hr dmñV{dH$Vm Amho.
A
~mOwZo {dMma H$amd¶mMm Amho.
AN
‘hËdmMo eãX
CËnÎmr CËnmXZ CnbãYVm nmofH$ Amhma
G
amIrd gmR>m ^wH$ bmoH$ {dVaU àUmbr
2. Aeº$nUm dOZ H$‘r AgUo, d {‘iV Agbobm Ag§Vw{bV nmofH$ Amhma, ¶m§À¶mVrb
g§~§Y EImÚm H$mën{ZH$ CXm. Zo g‘OmdyZ gm§Jm?
4. AÞ Ymݶ CËnmXZmVrb dmT> d AÞ-gwajm ¶mVrb nañna g§~§Y Xe©dm
T
5. gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU àUmbr (PDS) bmoH$m§Zm ¶mo½¶ nmofH$ Amhma ImÌrZo Ago AmídmgZ
ER
XoD$ eH$Vmo.
darb {dYmZmda dmX-{ddmX H$aʶmgmR>r Vw‘À¶m H$moUVo ‘wÔo AgVrb?
SC
àH$ën
1) "AmB©' hr Imbrb H${dVm dmMm - H${dVogmR>r {MÌ H$mT>m. Vw‘À¶m d{S>bYmar ‘mUgm§H$Sy>Z
A
AÞ H$‘VaVoda Mo AZw^d ‘m{hV H$éZ ¿¶m.
AN
AmB© (Mother)
AmVS>çm§Mr AmoaS> Z Ow‘mZVm Mybr g‘moa ~gwZ
Vw¶m earamVrb hmS>m§Zm
G
H$moaS>o AmoR> , H$moaS>m Kgm, Xw…ImZo
dmhUmao S>moio Alw§Zm Wm§~dV NOmiVm§Zm Vwbm
[ñWa Pmboë¶m S>moù¶m§Zr ‘r nm{hbo. ‘r nm{hbobo Amho,
LA
Vw ‘mÌ AY© nmoQ>r amhþZ gdmªÀ¶m KamV H$nS>o YwVm§Zm
gdmªZm OodU ^oQ>mdo åhUwZ, ^m§S>r, Cï>r H$mT>Vm§Zm
TE
2. Vw_À`m Hw§$Q>§w~mV d eoOmaÀ`m Hw§$Qw>§~mV {nR>YmÝ`(~mOar, Ádmar) `mÀ`m dmnam ~Ôc _m{hVr
{_idm d gmaUrV {chm.
ER
A
CËnÎmr nwaVm _`m©XrV H$aVm `oV Zmhr. CËnmXZ d CËnÞ ¶mÀ¶mV EH$sH$S>o doJmZo dmT> homV
AN
Agcr Var Xþgar H$S>o ^maVm gma»`m XoemV OmñV à_mUmV cmoH$m§Zm nmofH$ Amhma H$_r nS>V
AgVmo d {dÚm, d¡Ú{H$` godm `m gma»`m godm gw{dYm {_iV ZmhrV. `mMm {dMma H$aÊ`mgmaIo
Amho. {dH$mgmVrc gm_mOrH$ {dÚm, d¡Ú{H$` gw{dYm BË`mXr gw{dYmgmR>r (HDI) Jmoï>rMm
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{e\$mag H$aVo.
Va _J {dñVma Pmcoë`m `m {dH$mgmMo Xa _moOVmZm Amnë`m {Z`̧UmV Z g‘Om AmUIr
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AZoH$ KQ>H$ AmhoV. ^maV XoemVrb H$m_JmamV 90% H$m_Jma Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmV AmhoV. {VWo
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H$m_mÀ¶m {dH$mgmÀ¶m XamV g‘mdoe H$aZo JaOoMo AgVo. Ag§KQ>rV {d^mJmV ñd§`amoOJma d
amoOX§ ar _Owar hr \$ma H$_r AgVo. ({Vgam nmR> nmhm) l‘Ordr dJm©V bmoH$g§»¶oMm OmñV à_mU
H$_r CËnÞ AgUmè`m H$m_mda AgwZ gwÜXm GDP dmT>V Amho. åhUOo dmT>V AgUmè`m AZoH$
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dñVw d godm Zm¡H$è`m _wio \$º$ H$m§hr cmoH$m§Zm Ë`mMm \$m`Xm Agm Ë`mMm AW© hmoVmo. A{YH$
CËnÞ lr_§V AgUmao hdo Vo {dH$V KoD$ eH$VmV. OJmVrb gd© gm‘mݶ AmZ§Xr amhVmV. Va
Xþgar H$S>o OmñVrV OmñV cmoH$ `mo½` Vr Zm¡H$ar Zgë`m_wio Amdí`H$VodT>o CËnÞ Zgë`m_wio Vo
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11,000 55
10000 50
8000 40
A
AN
6000 30
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4000 20
2000
N
10 9
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1,157
3
212
0 0
1996 2004 2011 1996 2004 2011
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`m nmR>mV AmnU {dH$mg n`m©daU d cmoH§$mV AgUmè`m g§~Ym {df`r nS>Vmiw `m. A{W©H$
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KS>m‘m|S>r‘wio n¶m©daUmMm g‘Vmob AZoH$ ~mOwZ H$gm T>ibm? {d{dY KQ>H$mda H$gm à^md
nS>cm? Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZ g§nÎmrda cmoH$m§Mo h¸$ d Ë`mÀ`m OrdZmda {dH$mgmMm H$em àH$mao
à^md nS>cm? {dH$mgmcm _XV H$aUmao doJdoJio Z_wZo AmhoV? bmoH$m§À¶m Ñï>rZo {dH$mg åhUOo
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H$m¶? {ZgJm©darb ˶m§Mm h¸$ {hgH$mdyZ KoUo ¶mo½¶ Amho H$m¶? ¶oUmè¶m {nT>rbm n¶m©daUmVrb
gOrd, {ZOud ¶m gd© dñVwgh n¶m©daU Úmd¶mMo Amho.
N
LA
n`m©daU Am{U {dH$mg (Environment and Development)
{dH$mgmgmR>r
n`m©daUmMr H$er ^w{_H$m ^maVr` ì`dgm` H$maImUo g§~§YrV Zdì`m dJm©Vrc
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I{ZO g§nXm, PmS>mnmgwZ n`m©daU g_ñ`m ìXmao {dH$mg `m ^mdZog H$go àíZ
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`m.
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CXmahU 1: na§namJV ì`dgm`mV nmdgm~amo~a
^wOcmg gmR>dU H$éZ R>odUo qH$dm H$mhr O{_ZrMm
H$mhr ^mJ dmhÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJmV AmUV AgV.
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CXmhaUmV _moQ> {dhrar (mota baavi) ìXmao nmÊ`mìXmao
2-3 E¸$a O_rU _emJV H$aV AgV. eoVr hr nmdgmù`m
nwaVr _`m©XrV Pmcr. A{YH$ ^mJmV nmD$g H$_r nS>V
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AgV. H$mimZwgma Z{dZ eoVrMo `§Ìo AdOmao CncãY {MÌ 12.3 : amOñWmZ _Yrc OcqgMZ eoVr
homV Agë`m_wio noQ>´mco / {S>Oco qH$dm {dÚwVda MmcUmè`m 1957 _Ü`o UN `m§Zr H$mT>coco {MÌ
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_moQ>mar Cn`moJmV `oD$ cmJë`m `mMm n«^md XmoZ Q>ßn`mV nmhþ `m. gd© àW_ _Zwî`mMr _ohZV
H$ï> H$_r Pmco. O_rZrVwZ nmUr _moQ>mamÀ`m _XVrZo da H$mT>Uo gmono Pmco EdT>oM Zmhr Va `m
doiog O_rZrV nmÊ`mMr nmVir \$ma H$_r hmoVr. gmYmaU {d{harV 10 Vo 15 {\$Q> da nmUr
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Ago, OmñVrV OmñV 100 {\$Q> da nmUr Ago. {dÚwV S>rPoc _moQ>mar ìXmao O{_ZrVrc nmUr
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µH$mT>ë`m _wio nmʶmMr nmVir H$‘r hmoVo. Ooìhm nmD$g nS>Vmo, Voìhm Vo O_rZrVrc nmÊ`mgmo~V
nwÝhm nmUr O_mdo cmJVo `mcmM nwZagmR>m(recharge)Ago åhUVmV. O{_ZrÀ`m AmVrc _mVr
nmÊ`mgmo~V AmV _Ü`o dmhV AgVo. O_rZrVrc nmUr da H$mT>V am{hë`mg H$mhr H$mimZ§Va
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nmÊ`mMr {Vd« Q>§MmB© {Z_m©U hmoVo. nmʶmMrnmVir H$‘r hmoVo. {Oìhm nwZagmR>r nojm OmñV
nmUr ~mhoa H$mT>ë¶m OmVo.
^maV Xoe ^wJ^© Oc g§nXm g§~§YrV EdT>çmVë`m AmH$S>odmar Zwgma XoemVrc AZoH$ ^mJmV
nmÊ`mMm A{YH$ dmna Ho$ë`m_wio \$ma _moR>o g§H$Q> `oD$ eH$Vo Ago ñnï> Ho$co. XoemVrc 1/3 `m
^mJmV ^wJ^© OcmÀ`m nmÊ`mV nwZagmR>m noúmm Ë`m nmÊ`mMm dmna OmñV Amho. gw_mao 300
{Oëøm_Ü`o JV 20 dfm©V ^wJ^©Oc 4 _rQ>a Imoc Joc.o `mda ^wJ^©Ocmg OmñV à_mUmV dmnaV
AmhmoV ho ñnï> hmoV.o ì`dgm` H¥$fr ^wJ^© OcmÀ`m OmñV dmna Ho$cm Va `oUmè`m H$mimV
úmoÌmV gwg§nÞ AgUmam n§Om~mV, nmÊ`m~Ôc ApñWaVm {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vo H$m?
npíM_ CËVa àXoe _Yrc, _Ü`
148 gm_m{OH$ AÜ`m`Z gwpñWa d g_mZ {dH$mg
X{úmU nR>ma^w_rVrc amVr ^mJmVrc H$m§hr {H$ZmanÅ>r ^mJmVrc doJmZo {dñVmaUm hmoV Agcoë`m
ehar ^mJmVrc ^m§Jm_Ü`o ^wJ^©OcmÀ`m Cn`moJ \$ma _moR>çm n«_mUmV hmoV Amho.
^wJ^© OcmMm OmñV dmna Ho$ë`m_wio nmÊ`mMm gmR>m g§nV Amho. O_rZrV nmÊ`mMr nmVir
doJmZo Imoc AVr Imoc OmV Amho.
O{_ZrV ^wJ^©Oc nmÊ`mMr nmVir H$_r hmoVo EdT>oM Zmhr Va Ë`mMr Md nU H$_r hmoV
Amho. ^maV XoemVrc 59% {OëømV hmVn§nmMo, ~moAaMo nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r H$m_r `oV Zmhr.
H$maImUo, ì`dgm` `m nmgwZ `oUmao amgm`{ZH$ dñVw ^wJ^© Ocmg àXþfrV H$arV Agë`m_wio Ago
KS>V AgVo. gd© àH$maMo ì`W© {dfmar nXmW© nmÊ`mV Q>mH$ë`m OmV AmhoV. `m n[apñWVrg
VodT>çm ghO nUo AmQ>moŠ`mV AmZVm `oV Zmhr. `mMm n[aUm_ Z§VaÀ`m CXmhaUmV nmhþ `m.
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AemàH$maÀ`m {dH$mg gwpñWa {dH$mgmÀ`m {déÜX V`ma Pmcm. gwpñWa {dH$mg åhUOo
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^{dî`mV `oUmè`m cmoH$m§À`m JaOm nwU© H$aÊ`mÀ`m gm_Ï`m©g Y¸$m Z nmohMVm gÜ`mÀ`m
cmoH$m§À`m JaOm nwU© H$aUo, Xþgè`m eãXmV gm§Jm`oM åhUOo gwpñWa {dH$mg gdm© H$arVm
gÜ`mÀ`m d `oUmè`m H$mimÀ`m cmoH§$mgmR>r XO}Xma {dH$mgmMr _mJUr H$aV AgVo.
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Va _J, gÜ`m AmnU Z¡g{J©H$ g§nÎmrÀ`m dmnamÀ`m nÜXVrg nm{hco Va `m _m¡ë`dmZ
Z¡g{J©H$ g§nÎmrMm ^{dî`mV `oUmè`m cmoH$m§Zm Amncm Ý`m`rH$ dmQ>m {_iÊ`mMm g§Yr Vo Ë`m§Zm
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{_iV Zmhr. EdT>oM Zmhr Va AmnU Cn`moJ KoV Agcoë`m g§nÎmrMm à^md n`m©daUmda nSw>Z
Ë`mÀ`m úm_Vog emídV ZwH$gmZ nmohMÊ`mMr doi `ooVo.
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CXmhaU 2: AmYw{ZH$ Z{dZ ì`dgm` nÜXVrV A{YH$ {nHo$ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r {nH$mda {H$Q>H$UmeHo$
Am¡fYr dmnaUo _hËdmMo Amho. Va amgm`{ZH$ Am¡fYm§Mm dmna Ho$ë`m_wio n`m©daUmda à{VHw$c
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A
d {~_mè`mMo à_mU H$_r hmoV Amho. nmÊ`mg gmd©O{ZH$ g§nÎmr Ago H$m åhUVmV?
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ho Ë`m ^mJm nwaVo _`m©XrV Agcoco EH$ CXmhaUM E§S´>mogë\$mZ dmnaÊ`mg ~§Xr H$aÊ`mgmR>r
ZmhrVa AmYw{ZH$ ì`dgm`mV {H$Q>H$ ZmeH$mMm dmna Ý`m`ì`dñWoMm _XV H$m ¿`mdr cmJcr?
^anwa à_mUmV Ho$ë`mZo Ë`mMm à^md n`m©daU d E§S´>mogë\$mZÀ`m dmnamda ~§Xr Q>mH$Ê`mMm
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OZVoda nS>V Agcoco AZoH$ AÜ``ZmVwZ ñnï> Pmco Ý`m`mc`mÀ`m AmXoemV {H$Q>H$ ZmeH$ Am¡fYmMm
Amho. {dMma H$aÊ`mgmaIo H$m` åhUOo dmnaV N dmna H$aUo åhUOo {OdZ OJÊ`mÀ`m h¸$mg
Agcoë`m {H$Q>H$ ZmeH$ Am¡fYmV EH$ Q>¸$m \$º$ (amÁ`KQ>ZVo rc 21 ì`m A{YH$maUmg) ^§J H$aUo
{H$S>çmda Ë`mMm à^md nS>Vmo d BVa n«^md Amhma,
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Ago åhUQ>co Amho. OJÊ`mÀ`m h¸$mg E§S>´mgo ë\$mZ
nmUr d n`m©daU `mìXmao nwÝhm Amnë`m n`ªV `oVmo. _wio H$go {OdZ OJUo Vo ^§J hmoVo dU©Z H$am.
n`m©daUmda cmoH$m§Mm h¸$ (People’s Rights
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AmYw{ZH$ {dH$mgm_wio AZoH$ n`m©daUmÀ`m g_ñ`m§ {Z_m©U hmoV AmhoV. `mMr ~aoM
CXmhaUo Amnë`m g_moa AmhoV. _moR>o YaU ~m§YUo ho `mMo EH$ CXmhaU hmo`. `mMm n[aUm_
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^maV XoemV Z_©Xm Xar {dH$mg `moOZm (The Narmada Valley Development Project)
ho gdm©V _moR>o YaU ho OJmVrc gdm©V _moR>o Oc{dÚwV àH$ënmVrc EH$ H|o$Ð hmo`. `m ìXmao
CËnÎmr {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr ì`dñWm d _hmnwam nmgwZ aúmU homVo Ago åhQ>ë`mg Joco Amho. `m
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n«H$ënmVrc 3000 EdT>çm chmZ _moR>çm YaUm_wio n`m©daUmg hmoUmè`m ZwH$gmUr noúmm OmñV
Amho. ~m§Yë`m Jocoë`m YaUm_wio gaXma gamoda ho gdm©V _moR>o Amho. `m_wio 3700 hOma hoŠQ>a
O§Jc d eoVrMr O_rZ nmÊ`mV ~wS>mcr Amho. 5 cmI noúmm OmñV cmoH$ ho ~oKa Pmco AmhoV.
^maVmVrc ~è`mM cmoH$m§Zm H$m_ ZmoH$è`m J_dmì`m cmJë`m hOmamo E¸$am _Ü`o O§Jcr ^mJ d
gwnrH$ O_rZ nmÊ`mImcr Amë`m_wio Ord O§Vw d _mZdmMo {OdZ Üd§g Pmco ~oKa Pmcoë`mV
OmñV à_mUmV Am{Xdmgr d XcrV cmoH$ AmhoV.
_Ü` àXoemVrc PmOwdm {OëømV OcqgYr JmdmVrc ~mdm _hmar`m (Baba Mahariya)
`m§Zr 1994 _Ü`o _Ü`àXoe _w»` _§Í`mg EH$ nÌ {c{hco. ho {JarOZ ^mfm {~cmcmV [aH$mS>©
H$éZ Ë`mg {hÝXr _Ü`o AZwdmX H$aÊ`mV Amco. Ë`m nÌmVrc H$mhr ^mJ `m {R>H$mUr XoV AmhmoV
Vo {dH$mg `m ^mdZoda àíZ H$aVo.
150 gm_m{OH$ AÜ`m`Z gwpñWa d g_mZ {dH$mg
{à`, {XJ{dO` qgJ Or,
Pw~dm {OëømVrc Oc{g§Yr JmdmVrc cmoH$ Amåhr, Amåhr _Ü`àXoe _w»`_§Ìr `m§g ho nÌ
{chrV AmhmoV.
Amåhr ZXr {H$Zmao amhUmao cmoH$ Amåhr Z_©Xm ZXrÀ`m {H$Zmar amhVmo. `m dfu (1994) gaXma
gamoda YaUm_wio _Ü`n«XoemVrc nmU~wS>r hmoUmè`m Jmdmn¡H$s Am_Mo OcqgYr Jmd hmo`. VgoM
Am_À`m gmo~V gmH©$Om H$mH$a{ecm AmH$mS>r`m d BVa Mma nmM Jmdm§Mr nmU~wS>r Pmcr Amho.
Am_À`m JmdmV KamV, eoVmV nmUr Kwgë`m_wio Amåhr nU ~wSw>Z OmVmoV. hm Am_Mm H$R>oma nU
KoVcocm {ZU©` hmo`. nmU~wS>r OcqgYr JmdmVrc Am{Xdmgr cmoH$ Amåhr, Amåhr nUo H$em gmR>r
~wSw>Z OmÊ`mgmR>r V`ma PmcmoV Vo µH$idÊ`mgmR>r _m{hV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ho nÌ Amåhr {chV AmhmoV.
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Vwåhr, Vw_À`m gmaIo ehamV amhVmV. O§JcmV, S>m|JamV amhUmao Jar~ cmoH$ Amåhr O§JcmV
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_mH$S>mÀ`m {OdZm gmaIo Amåhr OJV AmhmoV Ago Amåhmg dmQ>Vo. JwOamV _Yrc _¡XmZmV nU Vw_À`m
n[apñWVrV gwYma hmoB©c, Vw_Mm {dH$mg hmoVmo. Ago åhUV Amåhmg g„m XoVmV. nU Amåhr AmR>
dfm©nmgwZ Am§XmocZ H$arV AmhmoV. Am_À`mda H$mT>çm cmT>çm nS>ë`m AmhoV. AZoH$ doiog Ooc_Ü`o
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JocmoV. AmOn`ªV JmdmV nmocrgm§Zr Am_À`mda Jmoir~ma gwÜXm Ho$cm. Am_Mr Kao CÜdñV Ho$ë`m Jocr.
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OmÊ`mgmR>r H$m V`ma ZmhrV?
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H$mhrM H$iV Zmhr Ago g_OVmV. nU O§JcmV Z_©Xm ZXr {H$Zmar amhUmao Amåhr Am_Mr O_rZ `m
{R>H$mUr Amho ho Am_À`mgmR>r Iwn Am§ZXmMo Amho. {H$Ë`oH$ {nR>çmnmgwZ Amåhr `oWo amhV AmhmoV. `m
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O_rZrdaM Am_À`m nwdOm©Zr PmS>o VmoS>cr d XodVm§Mr nwOm H$é cmJco AmhoV. O_rZr gwnrH$ ~Zë`m,
àmUr gm§^miw cmJco AmhoV. JmdmMr {Z_uVr Pmcr Amho d Ë`mM O_rZrMr Amåhr Jar~ AmhmoV Ago
Vwåhr g_OV AgVmV. nU Amåhr Jar~ Zmhr Amåhr amhV Agcoë`m {R>H$mUr Am_Mr Kao AmåhrM
~m§Ycr AmhoV. Amåhr eoVH$ar, Am_Mm ì`dg` `m {R>H$mUr Mm§Jcm AgVmo. Amåhr O_rZr ImoXþZ
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H$m_ H$éZ OJV AgVmo. H$_r nmdgmda nU Amåhr Amåhmg nm{hOo VodT>o Amhma CncãY H$é KoVmo..
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_mohar, ÁdmarZo Am_Mo nmoQ> ^aVo. _emJVrMr eoVr H$m§hr Jmdm Odi H$m§hr O§Jcm Odi AgVo.
O§Jcm Odirc O_rZrV gOJwao, Ádmar, _¸$m, ha^am, CS>rX, {Vi, Vwa BË`mXr {nH$o Amåhr KoVmo.
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Flickr /joe athialy
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Amåhmg O§JcmV dmhUmao nmUr d {hadmJma Mmam Amho. ì`dgm` noúmm Amåhmg new g§nÎmr _w»`
Amho. Amåhr H$m|~S>çm, JmB©, åh¡er, eoir BË`m§XrZm nmiV AgVmoV. H$mhr cmoH$m§H$S>o 2-4 åh¡er
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AgVmV. Va H$mhr cmoH$m§H$S>o 8-10 AgVmV. d Odi nmg àË`oH$mOdi Xhm-{dg- nÞmg eoù`m
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^anwa à_mUmV {_iVo.
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O§Jc Amåhmg n¡go XoVmo. O§JcM Am_Mr ~°H$, Xþ:ImÀ`m doigo Amåhr O§JcmV OmVmoV d O§JcmV
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gmnS>Umao gmJdmZmÀ`m cmH$S>m nmgwZ Amåhr Ka ~m§YV AgVmoV. {ZJm|S>r d {h`mcr dñVw nmgwZ VÅ>o
~m§YV AgVmoV. O§JcmVrc dñVw nmgwZ Q>moncr, ~mOm, nc§J, Zm§Ja BË`mXr dñVw V`ma H$aVmoV.
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Amåhr O§JcmV PmS>mMr nmUo nU ImV AgVmoV. hegva, mahia, amli, goindi, bhanjan - `m PmS>mM§ r
nUo ImV AgVmoV. d XþîH$mi nS>cm Va O§JcmVrc H§$X_wio ImD$Z Amåhr amhVmo. Amåhr {~_mar
nS>ë`mg Am_Mo d¡Úmg O§JcmVrc n«Ë`oH$ PmS>mMo Zmd _m{hV AgVo. Ë`mMm Cn`moJ H$m` hmoVmo Vo
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_m{hV AgVo. O§JcmZm gmoSw>Z BVa ^mJmV Amåhmg amhmd`Mr doi Amcr Va {H$Ë`oH$ doJdoJù`m
àH$maMr Agcocr _m{hVr kmZ ho {Zén`moJr hmoD$Z OmVo d hiwhiw ho gd© {dgéZ OmVmoV.
ZXr g§~§YrV JmUo JmV Am_À`m XodVmMr AmR>dU H$aVmoV Zmdc d {Xdg hr gZo Amåhr gmOar
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H$aVmo. gwZ Amë`m doigo ho OJ H$go {Z_m©U Pmco, _mZdmMr H$er {Z_uVr Pmcr hr ZXr Hw$Rw>Z Amcr
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`m gdmªMo dU©Z H$arV Amåhr JmUo åhUV AgVmoV. Amåhr amoO _mgmoù`mMr ^mOr ImV AgVmoV.
AMmZH$ H$Yr nmhþZo Kar Amco Va _mgmoir Ho$ìhmhr Am_À`m H$S>o CncãY AgVo. déZ ZXrImoa gw{nH$
{MH$Q> _mVr dmhV `oV.o d Ë`mMm H$Q>m ~mY§V AgVmV. Ë`m_wio ZXr {H$Zmar IoiVmV. ZXrV nomhVmV
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ñZmZ H$aVmV. `m ZÚm df©^a dmhV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Am_À`m newZ§ m Zoh_r nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r {_iV
AgVo. Am_Mr AmB© Amho. Amåhr AmZ§XmZo {OdZ OJV AgVmoV. Amåhr `oWo {H$Ë`oH$ {nS>çm nmgwZ
OJV AmhmoV. d `oUmè`m {nT>rgmR>r nU Amåhr OJVmo`. `m Z_©Xm ZXrda Am_À`m O§Jcmda Amåhmg
h¸$ Amho H$m Zmhr?
ehamV Vwåhr doJdoJù`m KamV amhVmV EH$gwÍ`m§Mr gwIXþImMr H$dH$i Xþgè`m§Zm dmQ>V Zmhr.
Amåhr Am_À`m ~§Yw {_Ìm gmo~V nwd©Om gmo~V {_iwZ {_giwZ EH$m {XdgmVM Ka ~m§YVmoV. eoVmV
{nH$m§Mr H$mnZr H$aVmoV. N>mQo >o N>mQo >o H$m_o nwU© H$aVmoV. JwOamV _Ü`o H$moZ `oD$Z Am_À`m H$m_mMm ^ma
H$_r H$aVmo H$m? _moR>o eoVH$ar `oD$Z Am_À`m eoVmV JdV H$mT>VmV H$m? Am_Mo Kao ~m§YVmV H$m?
BH$S>o Am_À`m JmdmV Am_À`m gmo~Ë`m H$Sw>Z EdT>r _XV H$m {_iVo? H$m åhUOo Amåhr gd©OZ EH$Ì
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Amho Oa Amåhr ho J_mdco Va Am_À`m hmVr gã~c, Imoa `m {edm` H$mhrM amhV Zmhr.
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Am_À`m JmdmVrc Xod gJio `oWo AmhoV. Am_À`m nwdO © mÀ`m AmR>dUr gmR>dZw R>do ë`m Jocc
o o WmoSo >o
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N
^Jmo[a`mg Amåhr gd©OZ {_iwZ OmVmoV. {VWo Am_Mr `wdH$ Amncr dYw da `mMr {ZdS> Vo ñdV:
H$arV AgVmV. JwOamV _Ü`o Am_À`m Odi H$moU `oVmo?
LA
JwOamV _Yrc O_rZ Amåhmg Cn`moJr nS>V Zmhr, Vw_Mr Zï> {ZdmaU a¸$_og Amåhr A§JrH$maV
Zmhr. Z_©Xm ZXrÀ`m J^m©VwZ Amåhr OÝ_cmoV d {VWoM Amåhr _¥Ë`w nmdÊ`mg V`ma AmhmoV.
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{dH$mg àJVr ^mdZm AgUmè`m `m nmR>mV EH$mMr àJVr hmoVo d Xþgè`mMr àJVr hmoV
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Zmhr Ago dmMZ AmnU Ho$co. `mMo dU©Z H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~m~m _hmcr`m `mÀ`m CÎmamMm
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SC
gd`rV H$m` ~Xc hmoVmo Vo XmIdÊ`mgmR>r EH$ Vº$m V`ma H$am. AmhmamÀ`m gd`r,
ì`dgm` eoVr, Am{W©H$, O§Jcmer g§~Y§ , _V AmMma {dMma, Ka ~m§YUo, gm_mOrH$ g§~Y§
d¡Ú {M{H$Ë`m {df`r `m nÌmV H$m` {c{hco Amho?
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`mMo dU©Z H$am?
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darc n[apñWVrV Vwåhr amhV Agë`mg nwZ©dmg àmá H$am`Mm Agë`mg Vwåhr H$m`
H$amc?
A
g§~§Y Amho. n`m©daU CncãY Agë`mdoiog Ë`m nmgwZ Vo AZoH$ JaOm (Ahma, cmH$S>mÀ`m
AN
H$mS>çm, nweJdV d Am{W©H$ Ñï>`m qH$_Vr _m¡ë`dmZ dñVw BË`mXr) nwU© hmoVmV d VoM Zgë`mg
`m§Zm n¡go ^amdo cmJVmV. {Zdm©grV Pmë`m_wio n`m©daU CncãY Zgë`mg qH$dm Vo àXþfrV
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g§~§Y g_mZVoer OmoS>cm Jocm Amho.
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ñWm{ZH$ n`m©daUmVwZ {Zdm©grV Pmë`m_wio Zï> Pmcoco ZwH$gmZ Pmcoco cmoH$ ho EH$M ZgwZ
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n`m©daU {Od {d{dYVm `mMm A§V hmoV OmVmo. ho kmZ {H$Ë`oH$ {nR>çm nwdu {Z_m©U hmoD$Z Ë`mV
dmT> hmoV Amcr Amho. Aem àH$maMm gm§àXm` kmZ ho ~m~m _hm{c`m gma»`m ì`º$sV Amho.
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_cm O§JcmVrc àË`oH$ PmS>, _wimMo Zmd _m{hV Amho. Ë`mMm Cn`moJ _m{hV Amho. O§Jco ahrV
^mJmV Amåhmg amhÊ`mMr doi Amcr Va {H$Ë`oH$ {nR>çm nmgwZ gm§^miV Amcoco ho kmZ
{Zén`moJr R>aVo d hiwhiw ho gd© {dgéZ OmVmoV. n`m©daU AZoH$ àH$mao g§H$Q>mV nS>V Agcoë`m
gÜ`mÀ`m n[apñWVrV Ë`mg M§mJë`m àH$mao g_OmdwZ KoVcoco Aem àH$maoM g_wh JQ> `mMr
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nS>c.o {MnHw$ åhUOo EH$_oH$§ mg A§crJZ KmcUo hmo`. JmdH$ar PmS>m§ Zm
Jmoc A§{cJZ YéZ JwÎmoXmÀ`m Hw$èhmS>rZm AmS>do Amco. `m Am§XmocZmV
J«m_rZ _{hcm§Mr _w»` ^w{_H$m hmoVr. `m Am§XmocZm _wioM ~aoM cmoH$
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n`m©daUmÀ`m gwpñWaVo ~Ôc {dMma H$aUo gwédmV Ho$co.
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aúmUmgmR>r Am§XmocZ H$arV AmhoV. PmS>m§Zm VmoS>Ê`mg AmS>dUo d JwÎmoXmam§À`m g§H$Q>mVwZ Amnë`m
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gm§àXm{`H$ O§JcmÀ`m h¸$mgmR>r {MnH$mo Am§XomcZ gwédmV Pmco. ^w{_, O§Jco, ZXrda cmoH$m§À`m
h¸$mgmR>r Z_©Xm ~MmAmo Am§XmocZ H$aV AmhoV.
TE
A
AgV. n¡go IM© H$éZ ZXrÀ`m nmÊ`m§Zm d hdoZm ewÜX H$aVm `oV.o {gí`mVrc nmUr {nD$ eH$VmoV.
B§YZmV ~MV H$aUmè`m H$ma nU V`ma H$aVm `oVmV Ago ñnï> H$aV AgV. {dH$mg Pmcoco Xoe gwÜXm
AN
Aem àH$maÀ`mM _mJm©Mm Adc§~ H$aV AgV Ago Vo åhUV.
`m Ë`mÀ`m åhUÊ`mV nwîH$i MwH$m AmhoV. AZoH$ H$moZmVwZ n`m©daU ho {Vd« énmV H$_Omoa Pmco
Amho. AmnUmg _m{hVM Amho. n«JVr {dH$mg Pmcoë`m Xoem à_mUo AmnU nU {dH$mg H$éZ KoD$Z
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Ë`mgmR>r B§YZmMm Cn`moJ KoVcm d n`m©daU àXþfrV Pmco Va ^w{_Mm {dZme hmoVmo. n`m©daUmÀ`m
Pmcoë`m ZwH$gmZrg nwÝhm nwZà© má H$aÊ`mÀ`m gwpñWVrV AmnU amhV ZmhrV. Pmcoë`m ZwH$gmZrMr ^Vu
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n`m©daU Amnco AmnU H$éZ KoVo Agm {dMma H$aUo `mo½` Zmhr. Ë`mMr nwZ©àmárÀ`m AJmoXaM
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n`m©daUMm {dZme hmoVmo Agm {dMma H$aUo `mo½` Zmhr. ^{dî`mV Pmcoë`m ZwH$gmZrV gwYma H$aÊ`mMm
à`ËZ Ho$cm Var AmVm Pmcoë`m àXþfUmg H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$amoS>o én`o IM© H$amdo cmJVmV.
CXmhaUmV AmnU ZXr d KmZ H$mcdo ew^« H$aÊ`mgmR>r n¡go IM© H$aUo EdT>Mo Zmhr Va Vo nwÝhm àXþfrV
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hmoUma Zmhr `mMr H$miOr ¿`mdr. Z¡g{J©H$ àH¥$Vr KZg§nÎmrMr Üd§g H$éZ ^{dî`mV `oUmè`m qnT>rZm
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AJmoXa g_ñ`m {Z_m©Um hmoUmè`m H$maUr^wV
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A
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{MÌ 11.6 {MÌ 12.8 : dmhmZmVwZ {ZKUmam Ywa n`m©daU àXþfUmMo EH$ _w»`
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AZoH$ AmXoemV emgH$s` dmhUmg {S>Oco nmgwZ _wº$ H$éZ Ë`mg
ghOdm`w gr.EZ.Or.(Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)_Ü`o ~Xcmdo
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Ago gm§JÊ`mV Amco. {S>Pcer VwcZm Ho$ë`mg grEZOr B§YZm nmgwZ
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àXþfU H$_r à_mUmV àXþfrV hmoV.o `m H¥$Ë` _wio {X„r gma»`m
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{S>Pco da MmcUmar ImOJr JmS>çm _wio nwÝhm àXþfUmV dmT> Pmcr Amho.
H$ma CËnÎmr H$aUmao {S>Pcda MmcUmè`m H$mam CËnÎmr H$éZ {dH«$s H$é
cmJco. gwpñWa {dH$mgm H$aUo EdT>o gmono Zmhr.
TE
O~m~Xmar gaH$maMr AgVo. àXþfU H$aUmè`mg _moR>çm n«_mUmV X§S> AmH$amÊ`mV `mdm. àXþfU
{Z`§ÌU H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ emgH$s` g§ñWm {Z_m©U Pmë`m.
3. dmVmdaUmV ~Xc `m gma»`m {df`mV gmd©O{ZH$ {ZU©` KoÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr {d{dY Xoe
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à`ËZ H$arV AmhoV. dmVmdaU ~Xcm_wio gd© X§oemV cmoH$m§V ñWm`r ^oX^mdmMm à^md nS>Vmo.
`m ~XcmV AZoH$ OU g_OmdwZ KoÊ`mÀ`m n[apñWVrV ZmhrV ~è`mM {df`mMm AJmoXa A§XmO
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H$aVm `oV Zmhr. harVJ¥h dm`w CX²Jmamg H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$Xm Xoe {ZU©` KoD$ eH$Vmo. Va
BVa Xoe Amnë`m CX²Jmamg H$_r Ho$ë`m Joco Zmhr Va Ë`m XoemMr n`m©daU {XdgoZ {Xdg àXþfrV
hmoVM OmVo. Ë`m H$arVm OmJVrH$ nmVirda gd© XoemZr {_iwZ Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m n«`ËZmcm
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A
OZH$ åhUOo AÞYmÊ`mÀ`m CËnÞmXZ Am{U Ë`mÀ`m g_mZ à_mUmV {dVaU H$aÊ`mgmR>r nr.S>r.Eg.
åhUOo ñdñV YmÊ` XþH$mZ H$mT>Ê`mV Amco ho Ago Am§Yà« XoemVrc O[ham~mX ^mJmVrc cmoH$m§À`m EH$m
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g_whmZo `mMm àma§^ Ho$cm.
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Amhma XoÊ`mgmR>r {ZdS>ë`m OmVo.
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Va _J harV H«$m§Vr Z§Va gmi YmÊ`, Jhþ, `m {nH$m§Zm àmYmÝ` dmT>co. `m {nH$m§Mo Amhma
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H$mimÀ`m H«$_mV AZoH$ nmdgmda AmYmarV O_rZr _emJV Z H$aVm gmoSw>Z {Xë`m Joco.
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N
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n«H$maMr _XV {_imcr Zmhr. `m BVa YmÊ`mÀ`m {nH$mV dmT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ VodT>o
g§emoYU nU H$aÊ`mV Amco Zmhr. nmdgmda AmYmarV BVa YmÊ`m ( Ádmar, gOJwao, amJr
BË`mXr) VocmMo {nH$mV KQ> hmoÊ`mgmR>r ho EH$ \$ma _hËdmMo H$maU g_Oë`m OmVo.
TE
n§anamZwgma `m^mJmV BVa YmÊ`mMm _w»` Amhma hmoVm. `mMr OmJm Vm§XimZo KoVcr.
ER
nmofH$ VËdo[aË`m nm{hco Va BVa YmÊ`mnoúmm Vm§XþimMr ñWm`r \$ma H$_r AgVo. nmofH$
Amhma AmnU J_mdV AmhmoV EdT>oM Zmhr Va Amnë`m O_rZrV {nH$dë`m OmUmè`m
{nH$mda nU {Z`§ÌU R>odUo J_mdV AmhmoV Ago cmoH$m§À`m {ZXe©Zmg Amco. AZoH$ OZm§Mr
O_rZ AmVm nS>rV nS>cr Amho. ñdÀN>§X g§ñWmÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmV Aer nS>rV O_rZ gdmªZr {_iwZ
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_emJV H$aUo Agm gd© JmdH$ar _§S>irUr {Z`©U KoVcm. ñWm{ZH$ n`m©daUmg AZwHw$c
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nmofH$ Amhma AgVmo.
nmdgmda AmYmarV O{_Zrg cmJdS>r Imcr AmUë`m _wio cmoH$m§Zm H$m_ {_iw cmJco
VodT>oM ZmhrVa {nH$m§g ~mhoa Z {dH$Vm J«m_ nmVirda àmá YmÝ` ~°H$ àma§^ H$aÊ`mV
Amcr. `mgM àOm dmQ>n ì`dñWm à_mUo H$m_ H$é cmJcr.( cmoH$m§Zm doJdoJio H$mS>© AgwZ
Ë`m ìXmao Hw$Umg {H$Vr ÚmMo {ZU©` KoV AgV) Va `mg ñWm{ZH$VoV Amåc H$aV AgV. {VWo
{_iUmao YmÊ` Ë`m ñWmUmVM {nH$coco AgVmV.
_hËdmMo eãX
gwpñWam {dH$mg (Sustainable development) n`m©daU (Environment)
A
Z¡g{J©H$ g§nÎmr, cmoH$m§Mo h¸$, g_mZVm
AN
Amnë`m Aä`mgmV gwYmaUm H$am
OcqgYr JmdmVrc cmoH$ Amnco Jmd gmoS>Ê`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr H$m ZmH$maco?
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1.
2. “hr N
Am_À`m nwd©OmMr ^w_r `mda Amåhmg h¸$ Amho `mg Amåhr J_mdco Va Am_À`m
hmVr gã~c Am{U ImoaoM amhrc BVa H$mhr amhUma Zmhr...” Ago åhZUmè`m ~m~m
LA
_hmcr`m ~moUë`mMo dU©Z H$am?
• Amnë`m {OdZe¡crV H$moUVo {d{dY n«H$ma Amho Á`m_wio n`m©daU à^m{dV hmoVo.
T
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H$moUVo {d{dY _mJ© AmhoV _m{hV H$am?
Z¡g{J©H$ I{OZ g§nÎmrMm dmna Ho$ë`mZo ^{dî`mV {dH$mgmda Ë`mMm à^md nS>Vmo, H$m`
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4.
Vwåhr `mg gh_V AmhmV H$m?
5. dmVmdaUmVrc ~XcmMm à^md nwU© OJmda nS>Vmo Ago Vwåhmg dmQ>Vo H$m? Ë`mMo dU©Z
H$am?
6. n¥Ïdr darc gd© gmYmaU Vmn_mZ gd© cmoH$m§H$arVm Z¡g{J©H$ XoUJr Amho H$m?
7. Voc§JmUmVrc O{ham~mX _§S>i _Yrc PDS n`m©`r g§~YrV H$m` _m{hVr `m nmR>mV
XoÊ`mV Amcr Amho? Ë`mMo dU©Z H$am?
A
AN
àH$ën
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g|Ðr` IV V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr H¥$Ë` `m {R>H$mUr {Xë`m Joco AmhoV Vo Vwåhr Kar [H§$dm emioV
N
H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$am.
LA
• EH$ _moR>r Q>mH$s nmÌ KoD$Z Ë`mg {N>Ð H$am OoUo H$éZ Ë`mV nmUr O_m hmoUma Zmhr.
• Ë`mg ZmaimÀ`m {N>cQ>çmZo con Úm.
• Ë`mV Iam~ ^mOrnmcm Q>mH$m.
TE
• Z§Va Ë`m _mVrMm dmna nmH©$ _Ü`o qH§$dm Vw_À`m BÀN>oZwgma H$am.
• nS>coë`m dñVwMm IV Pmë`mda O{_ZrMm Cn`moJ Vw_À`m {ZdS>rMo PmS>o cmdwZ chmZ ~JrÀ`m
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~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r H$am.
A
XmoZ ‘hm¶wÕo ˶mMr H$maUo, n[aUm‘ d OJmV em§VVm àñWm{nV
H$aʶmgmR>r g§¶º
w $ amï> g§Km (U.N.O) Mr ñWmnZm B. Jmoï>tMm Chmnmoh
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Ho$bobm Amho.
{dgmdo eVH$:
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B{VhmgH$ma BarH$ hmoãg~mD$Z ¶m§Zr {dgmì¶m eVH$mbm XmoZ Q>mHo $mMo
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N {MÌ 12.1 BarH$ hmoãg~mD$Z
dmT>V hmoVm. Va XþgarH$S>o bmoH$emhrMr JaO gwÕm dmT>V
hmoVr. d¡Ú{H$¶ joÌmVrb àJVr‘wio bmoH$m§Mr Am¶w ‘¶m©Xm
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dmT>br hmoVr. gmjaVoMo à‘mU dmT>V hmoVo. {ejUmMm
àgma, {MÌnQ>mgmaIo ‘mܶ‘ Ambo. {dkmZmV OrdZ {df¶H$
TE
A
¶m ñnY}VyZ XmoZ ‘hm¶wÕm§Mm OÝ‘ Pmbm.
AN
n{hbo ‘hm¶wÕ 1914 gmbr gwé Pmbo. OJmVrb
Odinmg gd©M Xoe ˶mV gh^mJr Pmbo åhUyZM
{MÌ 13.1 : B{VhmgmV n{hë`mZ§Xm nm{hë`m _hm`wÜXmV ~m°_ Q>mH$së`m
¶mg OmJ{VH$ ‘hm¶wÕ åhUVmV. nwd}H$S>rb MrZ-
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gmR>r {d_mZmMm dmna Ho$cm. OnmZ Vo npíM‘oH$S>rb A‘o[aH$mgmaIo Xoe ¶mV
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amï´>m§Zm {~«Q>oZ, ’«$mÝg, a{e¶m JQ>mZo 1918 ‘ܶo nam^yV Ho$bo.
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n{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕmMr H$maUo
Ohmb amï´>r¶dmX
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amï´>dmXmMr ^mdZm EH$ Mm§Jbr ^mdZm {XgVo. AZoH$ amï´>m§À¶m {Z{‘©Vr‘mJo amï´>r¶ ^mdZ
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O‘©ZrVrb ZmPrO‘Mm nmR>t~m {Xbm. ¶mVyZ OJmda amÁ¶ H$aʶmg ’$º$ O‘©ZrM nmÌ
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gm‘« m Á¶dmX
¶wamon‘Yrb {~«Q>Z, O‘©Zr, A‘o[aH$m B. XoemV ’$ma ‘moR>çm à‘mUmda Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU Pmbo.
CËnmXZ dmT>bo. CËnmXrV ‘mbmgmR>r ˶m§Zm ’$ma ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV ~mOmanoR>oMr Amdí¶H$Vm
hmoVr. H$À¶m ‘mbmMr Am¶mV d n¸$m ‘mbmMr {Z¶m©V - ^m§S>db Jw§VdUyH$ ¶m Ñï>rZo ¶m amï´>m§Zr
dgmhVrH$S>o ~{KVbo. ˶m‘wio 19 ì¶m eVH$mV dgmhVrgmR>r ¶wao{n¶Z amï´>m§‘ܶo ñnYm© dmT>br.
¶mgmR>r {Z{YMr Amdí¶H$Vm dmTw> bmJbr, {ZYr Jmoim H$aʶmgmR>r ~±H$m d BVa {dÎmr¶
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Graph 2 : The Armaments Race
AN
AmngmVrb ‘V^oX {dgéZ B§½b§S>
450
~amo~a Ho$bm. ({~«Q>Zo , a{e¶m, ’«$mÝg) in million Pounds
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BQ>br, AmñQ´>r¶m) EH$ JQ> ho Xoe
EH$‘o H $m§ Z m eÌw Ë d H$é bmJbo . 350 N
EH$m‘oH$m§er eñÌmñÌ ñnYm© {Z‘m©U
LA
300 288
Pmbr.
bîH$arH$aU 250
TE
205
bîH$ar àemgZ ho gdm©V CÎm‘
200
àemgZ d gd© àíZ gmoS>{dʶmgmR>r 158
¶wÕ hmM EH$ ‘mJ© åhUOoM bîH$arH$aU 150 132
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¶wÕmMo VmËH$m{bH$ H$maU
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28 OwZ 1914 ¶m {Xder AmñQ´>r¶mMm amOnwÌ AmH«$S>çwH$ ’«$mÝO ’$XuZmÝX ¶mMm ~mopñZ¶Z
g{~©¶mH$Sw>Z h˶m H$aʶmV Ambr. AmñQ´>r¶mZo g{~©¶mbm ¶m KQ>ZoMo ñnï>rH$aU {dMmabo.
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g{~©¶mZo {Xbobo CÎma g‘mYmZH$maH$ Zmhr Ago AmñQ´>r¶mZo gm§{JVbo. d 28 Owb¡ 1914 amoOr
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g{~©¶m {déÕ ¶wÕ nwH$mabo. n{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕmMo ho VmËH$m{bH$ H$maU hmo¶. g{~©¶m B§½b§S>À¶m
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~mOwZo Agë¶m‘wio {~«Q>Z, ’«$mÝg Am{U a{e¶m ¶wÕmV CVabo Va AmñQ´>r¶mbm ‘XV H$aʶmgmR>r
O‘©Zr, h§Joar ¶wÕmV CVabo. d n{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕmMr gwédmV Pmbr.
TE
AmñQ´>r¶mÀ¶m ~mOwZo bT>Umè¶m JQ>mg Central Power Va Xþgè¶m JQ>mbm Allied Powers
åhUV. ¶wÕmÀ¶m gwédmVrg daMm hmV hmoVm ¶mM H$mimV a{e¶mV H«$m§Vr Pmë¶m‘wio a{e¶mZo
O‘©Zr ~amo~a ~mobUr Ho$br d ¶wÕmVwZ a{e¶mZo 1917 ‘ܶo ‘mKma KoVbr. O|ìhm O‘©Z g¡Ý¶mZo
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ì¶mnmar OhmO bw{gVm{Z¶m ¶oWo 1917 ‘ܶo ~wS>{dbo Va Xþgè¶m ~mOwg A‘o[aHo$Zo {‘Ì JQ>mÀ¶m
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~mOwZo ¶wÕmV ~mOw KoVbr. n¶m©¶mZo O‘©ZrMr {VWo hma Pmbr. d {‘Ì amï´> {dO¶r Pmbo. 1917
‘ܶo ho ¶wÕ g‘má Pmbo.
SC
n{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕmZ§VaMo OJ
ìhgm©{¶ëgMm Vh 1919
n{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕmZ§Va AZoH$ doim MMm© qH$dm g§dmX gmYʶmMo à¶ËZ Pmbo. B§½b§S> d {‘Ì
amï´m§Zr AZoH$ AQ>r O‘©Zrda bmXë¶m. AmñQ´>r¶m-h§JoarÀ¶m A{Yn˶mV Agbobo AmoÅ>mo‘Z VwH©$
gm‘«mÁ¶ VwH$S>o OmoSw>Z AZoH$ N>moQ>r N>moQ>r amï´>o V¶ma Pmbr. O‘©ZrV nma§nm[aH$ amOgÎmoMm AñV
Pmbm. d bmoH$emhr àOmgÎmmH$ emgZ àUmbr Ambr. AmoÅ>mo‘Z gm‘«mÁ¶mÀ¶m OmJr Q>H$s©
VwH©$ñVmZ àOmgÎmmH$ amÁ¶ àñWm{nV Pmbo. Am{’«$Ho$Vrb Xoem§Mr dmQ>Ur H$éZ {dO¶r JQ>mZo
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 165
˶m§Zm Amnbo dgmhV XoemV gm‘rb H$éZ KoVbo. AZoH$ ZdrZ N>moQ>çm amîQ´>m§Mo {Z‘m©U Pmbo.
CXm. AmñQ´>r¶m, h§Joar, ¶wJmoñbmo{d¶m, {’$Zb±S>.
ìhgm©¶m{bgÀ¶m VQ>mVrb bm¶H$ AQ>r O‘©Zrda bmXë¶m Joë¶m. Am{W©H$ I§S>UrÀ¶m
ñdénmV VgoM O‘©ZrÀ¶m A{Yn˶m Imbr Agbobm ^wàXoe gmoS>mdm bmJbm. O‘©ZrÀ¶m
dgmhVrVrb àm§V ’«$mÝg d BVa Xoem§‘ܶo dmQ>çmV XmoZ XoemVrb ^m§S>Uo, {damoY
Ambr. amoI{dʶmg amï´>g§K gma»¶m g§ñWm
amï´>g§K - 1920 H$emàH$mao Cn¶moJr nS>VmV.
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ìhgm©¶brgÀ¶m VhmÀ¶m n[aUm‘m‘wio n{hë¶m§Xm Am§Vaamï´>r¶ g§KQ>Zm {Z‘m©U Pmbr. d
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1920 gmbr amï´>g§KmMr ñWmnZm Pmbr.
a{e¶Z amÁ¶H«$m§VrMr VmarI
1946 n¶ªV hr g§ñWm H$m¶©aV hmoVr.
1 ’o$~«wdmar 1918 n¶ªV a{e¶m‘ܶo Á¶w{b¶Z
eñÌmñÌmMr [Z{‘©Vr H$nmV H$aUo, ~mobUr
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H°$boÝS>aMm dmna H$aV hmoVo. ˶m Z§Va a{e¶mZm
qH$dm ‘ܶñWr H$éZ gm‘monm JQ>mZo àíZ
J«Jo mo[a¶Z H°$boÝS>a dmnaʶmV Ambo. gܶm J«Jo mo[a¶Z
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gmoS>dbo. g‘mOmMm {dH$mg, H$m‘Jmam§Mo H°$boÝS>a à‘mUo Agbobr VmarI Á¶w{b¶Z H°$boÝS>anojm
{hV, Amamo½¶ ¶mgmR>r gwÕm amï´>g§KmMo 13 {Xdg nwT>o AgVo. Amnë¶m H$mim‘ܶo ’o$~«dw mar
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à¶ËZ Ho$bo. ¶mV 58 Xoe gXñ¶ hmoVo. ‘{hݶmVrb H«$m§Vr 12 ‘mM© d Am³Q>m~o a ‘{hݶmVrb
gwédmVrg ¶m amï´>gK§ mg WmoS>o ¶e {‘imbo. H«$m§Vr 7 Zmoìh|~abm Pmbr.
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20 ì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m gwédmVrg a{e¶mV gma d§emMr gÎmm hmoVr. gmaÀ¶m amOdQ>rV a{e¶Z
gm‘«mÁ¶mV XmoZ {demb I§S>mV {d^mJbobo hmoV.o ¶wa{o e¶m ¶m àXoemMo Zmd MrZ, ^maVmZ§Va 15.6
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H$moQ>r bmoH$ g§»¶oMm hm Xoe OJmV bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m AmYmamda {Vgam H«$‘m§H$ nQ>H$mdVmo. ¶m XoemV
a{e¶m, ¶wH«o$Z, CO~o{H$ñVmZ, H$Om{H$ñVmZ, VwH©$‘o{ZñVmZ, VwH©$‘o{Z¶m B. amï´>o hmoVr. ~hþg§»¶
bmoH$m§Mm ì¶dgm¶ eoVr hm hmoVm. O{‘Z ‘mbH$ d O{‘Z H$gUmao ¶m§À¶mV Zoh‘r g§Kf© hmoV
Ago. O{‘Z ‘mbH$mH$S>o ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV O{‘Zr hmo˶m. bhmZ eoVH$ar ˶m O{‘Zr I§S>Ur XoD$Z
H$éZ AgV.
BVa AZoH$ hþHw$‘ emhrà‘mUo gma {ZH$mobg-II ¶mZo ‘moR>o g¡Ý¶ Am{U gaXmamÀ¶m ‘XVrZo
{demb Aem a{e¶mda amÁ¶ Ho$bo. na§Vw Om{JVH$ ‘hm¶wÕm‘wio XoemMr AW© ì¶dñWm {N>Z
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hmH$ {Xbr. {VWo Agboë¶m gd© H$m‘Jmam§Zr {Vbm nmqR>~m VwQ>dS>m ^mgw bmJbm. 18 ‘mM© 1917
XoD$Z H$m‘ Wm§~{dbo. {VÀ¶m darð>mZo {h ~m~ ì¶dñWmnZmÀ¶m amoOr g|Q> {nQ>g~J© ¶m ehamV 10000
AN
H$mZmda KmVbr. ì¶dñWmnZmZo {Vbm ImʶmgmR>r EH$ ^mH$a ‘{hbm§Zr ‘moMm© H$mTw>Z ^mH$ar d
nmRdbr, {VZo ^mH$a KoVbr. na§Vw H$m‘ àma§^ Ho$bo Zmhr. em§VVm ¶m XmoZ ‘mJʶm Ho$ë¶m.
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’$moa‘oZ (darð>) Zo {dMmabo AgVm gd©OU Cnmer AgVm§Zmhr ‘{hbm§ À ¶m ¶m ‘mJʶm§ Z m
‘r EH$Q>r Amnbo nmoQ> H$go ^é, Agm gdmb Ho$bm, H$maImʶmVrb H$m‘Jmam§Zr nmR>t~m Xe©{dbm. ¶m
N
BVa {d^mJmVrb ‘{hbm§Zrhr ‘m’$m©bm ‘XV {Xbr. H«$‘mH«$‘mZo {ZXe©Zm‘wio {~Kaboë¶m {ZH$mobg-
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gd© ‘{hbm§Zr H$m‘ Wm§~dbo. Z§Va hiw-hiw nwéf ‘§S>irhr II Zo {ZXe©H$mda Jmoir~ma H$aʶmMm
g§nmV gm‘rb Pmbr. gd©OU eodQ>r añ˶mda Ambo. AmXoe {Xbm na§Vw g¡{ZH$m§Zr ¶mg
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From: Choi Chatterji, Celebrating Women (2002) ZH$ma {Xbm. XmoZ {XdgmV n[apñWVr
BVH$s ~Xbbr H$s, ¶mV {ZH$mobg-
II hm ¶mbm niyZ Omdo bmJbo. a{e¶mVrb
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A
‘moR>-‘moR>r Kao nmSw>Z VoWo H$m‘Jmam§gmR>r Kao ~m§YʶmV Ambr.
ãbmXr‘ra bo{ZZ (1870-1924) ¶m§Zr g§X^© ’o$S>a ~obmod ¶m§Zr {bhrboë¶m X {hñQ´>r Am°’$ A gmo{d¶V
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Hob.o {~Z eV© em§VVoMr ñWmnZm H$aUo, H$bo³Q>rd ’$m°‘© ¶m nwñVH$mVyZ gm^ma.
2) EH$m O{‘ZXma Hw$Q>>w ~m§Zo KS>bëo ¶m KQ>Zm§{df¶r H$obb
o r
O{‘{ZMo amï´ > r¶rH$aU H$aUo , Zm|X…
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H$gUmè¶m§Zm O{‘ZrMo dmQn H$aUo, “A{Ve¶ em§VVoZo, {ZeãXnUo H$moUVohr Xþ…I Z
‘hmJmBda {Z¶§ÌU R>odUo, gd© ~°H$m, dmQ>Vm gmao H$m§hr KS>>wZ Job.o O{‘ZXma {‘ImB©b {‘ImBbmo{dM
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(O{‘ZrMm ‘mbH$) KQ>Zo Z§Va H$m§hr {Xdg dr‘ZñH$ AdñWoV
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H$maImZo ¶m§Mo amï´>r¶rH$aU H$aUo hmoVo nU AmVm em§V AmhoV. ‘{hbmhr em§V AmhoV. O{‘ZXma
(eoVH$ar, H$m‘Jma, g¡Ý¶) ‘mJʶm {‘ImBb {‘ImBbmoZrM AJmoXa WmoS>o Aem§V hmoVo, nU AmVm
em§VnUo {XgV AmhoV. Am‘À¶mgmR>r XmoZ KmoS>o Am{U XmoZ JmB©
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‘mݶ H$aUo ¶m‘wio ~moëeodrH$m§Zr R>odʶmV Amë¶m. Amåhmbm Ìmg hmoD$ Z¶o Ago, Zm¡H$am§Zr
OZVoMm {deAdmg g§nmXZ H$obm. gm§{JVbo ˶m§Zm OJw Úm, ˶m§À¶m g§nÎmrMr Am{U gwajrVoMr
Amåhr h‘r XoVmo. e³¶ Agob {VV³¶m ‘mZ-gÝ‘m‘mZo ˶m§Zm
VmËnwa˶m gaH$mamVwZM 1917 À¶m nmhm….”
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gmo { d¶V gmå¶dmXr njmÀ¶m MMm© AmhoV. Ago KS>Vo qH$dm Zmhr, Oa KS>boM$Va Vo ¶mo½¶
‘mܶ‘mVwZ gÎmm hñVJV Jobr. ¶wÕmVwZ H$s A¶mo½¶ na§Vw Am‘À¶m àOoMr A§V©AmË‘m ‘mÌ AOwZ OmJr
Amho. gܶm Var Amåhr AmZ§Xr AmhmoV...’
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AJ§ H$mT>wZ KoVobo, O{‘ZrMr nwÝhm g§X^©… goO© ñno‘Z ¶m§Zr {bhboë¶m EH$mog Am°’$ E ZoQ>rìh b°S> - Qw> g|Mwarg
{d^mJUr Ho$br, a{e¶Z amOmMo Cabobo Am°’ A a{e¶Z {dboO. (1997) déZ gm^ma.$
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‘m¶m XoemVrb eoVH$ar Am{U H$m‘Jmam§Mm ‘r ~mobVmo. H«$m§Vr {df¶r ˶mZo EoH$bo PmaZo nbm¶Z
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{dMma H$aVmo. ho gd© nmhVm Aao{~¶Z ZmB©Q²>g Ho$bo, ˶mMo OÝ‘ñWmZ Agbobo {H$aJrO àm§V
H$Wo‘Yrb ‘m¶mOmb dmQ>V.o EH$m XeH$mnwdr© ¶oWrb a{e¶mV gm‘rb Pmbo. Vmo àm§V ~iH$mdbobo
bmoH$ hr ^maVm gmaIoM {Zamja, Aghm¶, nam^wV Pmbo, åhUOoM ˶mMm àm§V AmVm ñdV§Ì
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Amho. “H«$m§Vr qOXm~mX” Ago Vmo AmoaS>bm. Vmo
Cnmg‘marZo OO©a Pmbobo hmoVo, na§Vw Joë¶m H$m§hr
OÝ‘V… ~moëeodrH$m§ gmaIm Amho. g§nwU© JmdmZo
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dfm©V nd©Vm EdT>o AkmZ, Aghm¶Vm {ZKwZ Jobb o r ˶mÀ¶m ñdamV ñda {‘idrbm.’
nmhþZ ‘m¶mgma»¶m Xþ©X¡dr ^maVr¶mbm A˶m§Z§X E‘.EZ.am°¶, ñ‘aUrH$m (1964).
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hmoUma Zmhr H$m¶’.
MmbwM amhrbm. 1920 À¶m AIo$arg .m gmè¶m§Mm nam^d Pmbm. ~moëeo{dH$m§Zr a{e¶Z gm‘«Á¶m§Mm
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A§V Pmë¶mMo Om{ha H$éZ ˶m Imbrb amï´>m§Zm ñdmV§Í¶ ~hmb Ho$bo. na§Vw 1924 gmbr gmo{d¶V
g§Km (USSR) Mr ñWmnZm H$aʶmV Ambr. VrV ho gmao Xoe gh^mJr Pmbo, ˶mVwZM gmå¶dmXr
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C^maUr H$aʶmMm à¶moJ àma§^ Ombm. AmYw{ZH$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ g‘mOmMr ñWmnZm H$aVm§ZmM
Ag‘mZVm, OÝ‘, {b§J^oX, ^mfm ¶m§À¶m ‘XVrZo ^oXm^oX Zgboë¶m g‘mOmMr {Z‘uVr H$aʶmMm
SC
à¶ËZ Pmbm.
ñQ° > m brZ Mm CX¶
ñmZ 1924 ‘ܶo bo{ZZMm ‘¥Ë¶w Pmbm. ˶mZ§Va a{e¶Z (USSR) gmå¶dmXr njmMr gwÌo
ñQ>m°{bZ H$S>o Ambr, ˶m Z§VaÀ¶m XeH$mV ñQ>m{bZZo gd©àW‘ {damoYH$m§Mm Zm¶ZmQ> Ho$bm.
EH$‘VmZo XoemMm H$ma^ma Mmb{dbm, Amnë¶m H$mbmYrV ñQ>m{bZ bo a{e¶mbm (USSR) ~bdmZ
Am{W4H$ ‘hmgÎmm ~Z{dbo a{e¶mV 1928 nmgwwZ nÕVera {dH$mgmÀ¶m ¶moOZm am~{dë¶m Joë¶m
1928 nmgwZ n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm§Ûmao Am{Id, aoIrd Am{U ^ard Aer gd©M joÌmV ZoÌ{XnH$
àJVr gmYbr. ˶mgmR>r n{hbr n§Mdm{f©H$ ¶moOZm gwé Pmbr. ¶mV ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV Am¡Úmo{JH$aU
Am{U eoVrMm {dH$mg ¶mda ^a XoʶmV Ambm.
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 169
a{e¶Z amÁ¶ H«$m§VrMo OJmda g‘mZVm, ñdmV§Í¶ Am{U ^a^amQ> ¶m VËdm§er
C‘Q>bb
o o n[aUm‘ {ZJS>rV a{e¶mZo Ho$boë¶m à¶moJmMr g’$bVm
a{e¶Z amÁ¶ H«$m§VrMo nS>gmX ¶m~m~V bhmZgm {Z~§Y {bhm?
gJù¶m OJ^a C‘Q>bo. {deofVm Oo Aí¶m EImÚm n«¶moJmÀ¶m g’$bVogmR>r bmImo
Xoe Á¶m§Zr g‘mZVm ñdmV§Í¶ ¶m bmoH$m§Zm R>ma H$aUo ¶mo½¶ Amho H$m¶?
V³Ë¶m§da ^a {Xbm hmoVm. OJmVrb gmå¶dmXr amÁ¶àH$mam {déÕ Pmboë¶m Q>rH$m
~è¶mM Xoem§Zr gmå¶dZmXmMm ñdrH$ma Am{U ˶mdarb dmXmondmXmMr MM[ H$am?
Ho $ bm. ^maVmVrb Zo V o CXm.
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E‘.EZ.am°¶, aqdÐZmW Q>°Jmoa, n§S>rV Odmhabmb Zohé AmXr Zo˶m§Zr gmå¶dmXmVrb H$m§hr VËdo
‘mݶ ZgVm§Zm XoIrb Vo gmå¶dmXr {dMmam§Zr àoarV Pmbo. CXm. ¶m§Zm gmå¶dmXmVrb BVa
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amO{H$¶ {dMmam§Zm Xm~wZ Q>mH$Uo hr Jmoï> ‘mݶ ZìhVr.
a{e¶Z H«$m§VrH$maH$m§Zr geó H«$m§VrZo ~è¶mM bmoH$m§Zm XheV dmQ>V hmoVr. {damoYH$m§Mm
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{~‘moS> H$aZo qH$dm ~hÿnjr¶ bmoH$emhr A‘mݶ H$aZo, ñdmV§Í¶mMr nm¶‘„r hmoUo Amho. Ago
H$mhtZm dmQ>V hmoVo. Om°O© dob ¶m gm{h˶H$mamZo Amnë¶m E{Z‘b ’$m‘© ¶m H$mX§~arV aer¶Z
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H«$m§VrVrb AmXem©‘wio a{e¶Z OZVobm a{e¶mbm H$m¶ ghZ H$amdo bmJbo Amho. ømMo {MÌU
Ho$bobo AmT>iVo.
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Am{W©H$ ‘hm‘§Xr… 1929-1939
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OmJ{VH$ ñWamda
1929 gmbm˦m
CÎmamYm©nmgwZ ‘hm‘§XrMr
bmQ> Ambr. Vr gmYmaUV…
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OJ ^amVrb ì¶mnma
‘§Xmdbm, ¶m‘wio dñVwM§ o Xa
H$‘r Pmbo . Am{W© H $ {MÌ 12.4: : dm¶Xo-~mOmamV gd©ñd J‘dwZ ~gbobm Bg‘ Zdr
narpñWVr A{Ve¶ jrU H$ma {dH$ʶmgmR>r ݶw¶mH©$À¶m ~mOmamV C^m Agë¶mMo {MÌ
Pmbr, ‘mbm§Zm CR>md Zgë¶mZo H$maImZo ~§X nS>bo. ¶m‘wio ZmJarH$m§Mr IaoXr eº$s A{Ve¶
jrU Pmbr. ¶mgd© àH$mam‘wio OJmV ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV ~oH$mar dmTw>Z CËnÞmMo ómoV ‘§Xmdbo,
gmYmaU ZmJarH$M Zìho Va gaH$ma XoIrb à^mdrV Pmbo. A‘oarHo$Vrb ñQ>m°H$ ‘mH}$Q²>g
H$mogùë¶m‘wio ˶mMo n[aUm‘ OJ ^a OmUdbo.
A‘o[aHo$V ~oH$m§am§Mr g§»¶m 25% Zo dmT>br Va BVa AZoH$ XoemV hr g§»¶m 33% EdT>r
170 gm_m{OH$ AÜ`m`Z `wÜXH$mcrZ OJ
OmñV hmoVr. H$maImZo ~§X nS>ë¶m‘wio ehao Amog nS>br. ¶m‘wio H¥$fr CËnÞmMm Xa àM§S> KQ>bm
(60 Q>¸o$) ¶m‘wio hOmamo eoVH$ar eoVrnmgwZ Xþa Pmbo. AmVmn¶ªV A˶§V AmYww{ZH$, Am{W©H$
{dYmZo nm{hboë¶m ZmJ[aH$m§Zm hm gdm©V ‘moR>m Y¸$m hmoVm. ¶mMo A{Ve¶ Vrd« Ago gm‘m{OH$
narUm‘ Pmbo. Jar~r dmTw>Z ‘moR>-‘moR>r ehao {Z‘©Zwî¶ àm§VmV énm§VarV Pmbr.
‘hm‘§XrÀ¶m H$maUm§{df¶r, Cn¶m§{df¶r Am{W©H$ emók Am{U amOH$s¶ ZoVo AmVmn¶ªV
MMm© H$arVM AmhoV. ¶màH$maÀ¶m ‘hm‘§Xrbm ^m§S>dbXmar
{dYmZo Am{U H$m¶© nÕVr Odm~Xma AgwZ Ho$di
g‘mOdmXM ¶m n[añWrVrVwZ ~mhoa H$mT>V hmoVm, Ago
‘m³g©dmXr AW©emók åhUVmV. Va XþgarH$S>o Oo.E‘
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qH$Ýg gma»¶m AW©emókm§À¶m ‘Vo YmoaUo MwH$ë¶m‘wioM
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hr n[añWrVr Ambr ¶m‘ܶo gaH$maMm dmQ>m ‘moR>m Amho.
gaH$maZo narñWrVr ¶mo½¶ nÕVrZo hmVmibr Zgë¶mZo
AIoa ˶mMr narUrVr ‘hm‘§XrV Pmbr. Am{W©H$
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narñWrVr ImbmdwZ dñVwMm {dZr¶moJ H$‘r Pmë¶mda
gaH$maZo {ZYrMr CnbãYVm H$éZ OZVobm H$m‘ CnbãY
N H$éZ Úm¶bm hdo hmoVo. ¶m‘wio ZmJarH$m§Mo CËnÞ dmTw>Z
~mOmamV dñVwM§ m {dZr¶moJ dmT>bm AgVm, ˶m‘wio ‘§Xrda
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{MÌ 12.5: Am{W©H$ _§XrÀ`m H$mimVrc
nmocre dgmhVr H$m_Jma âcmoaoÝg AmodoÝg ‘mV H$aVm Ambr AgVr. gaH$maÀ¶m hñVjonm‘wio H«$¶
`m§Mm \$moQ>mo S>moamoWr `mcm§O `m§Zr H$mT>cocm eº$s dmTw>Z narUm‘r dñVw {dZr¶moJmV dmT> Pmbr
hm \$moQ>mo \$ma à{gÜX Pmcm. _mM© 1936 AgVr Ago ˶m§Zm dmQ>Vo, na§Vw 1920 Am{U 1930 ¶m
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narñWrVr nwÝhm nwd© nXmda AmUʶmgmR>r Amdí¶H$ Vo ~Xb H$aʶmV ¶oVrb, VgoM ˶m§Zr
KmofUoà‘mUo ~Xbhr am~dbo. ¶mgmR>r gaH$maZo ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV IM© Ho$bm. Xaå¶mZÀ¶m
H$mimV Xþgè¶m ‘hm¶wÕmMr gwédmV Pmë¶m‘wio g¡Ý¶ Am{U eómÌm§daMm IM© ‘m|R>çm à‘mUmV
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dmT>bm. ˶mgmR>r ZdrZ H$amImZo Am{U H¥$fr CËnmXZm§Zm ‘mJUr dmT>br. A‘o[aHo$V {H$Vr Var
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gmoS>bm Om¶Mm ˶m‘wio VS>’$Sw>Z Ord gmoS>V hmoVo.
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AmemdmXmMm ‘mJ© hmoVm. ¶mM ~amo~a Amamo½¶, H$m‘, H$ë¶mU, ¶m joÌmV {dH$mgmgmR>r H$m§hr g§ñWm Xoem-
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Xoem§Vrb dmXmgmR>r Am§Vaamï´>r¶ ݶm¶mb¶mMr ñWmnZm gwÕm Ho$br.
amï´>g§KmÀ¶m ~imda AZoH$ Anojm hmo˶m. ¶mVwZ H$m§hrVar gmܶ hmoB©b Ago dmQ>bo. na§Vw O‘©Zr,
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O‘©ZrMo H$m¶‘Mo IƒrH$aU H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ {dO¶r amîQ´>m§Zr Ho$bm. ˶m Ñï>rZoM dgm©„gMm H$ama
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bmXʶmV Amë¶mMr ^mdZm O‘©Z bomH$m§V {Z‘m©U Pmbr. ¶m H$amamMo nmbZ H$aUo åhUOo Jwbm‘Jrar
H$aUo, nËH$maUo hmo., Aer ^mdZm O‘©Z bmoH$m§V {Z‘m©U Pmbr. ¶m‘wio g§nwU© O‘©ZrV ~bdmZ {damoYr
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bmQ> {Z‘m©U Pmbr, àIa ~Xë¶mÀ¶m ^mdZobm {hQ>baÀ¶m ZmPr njmZo hdm {Xbr, ¶wÕm‘wio Zï> Pmbobo
nwÝhm {‘idmdo. Am¶wYo, àm§V, ^y^mJ naV ¿¶mdm. VgoM ZmPr njmÀ¶m ZoV¥ËdmImbr O‘©ZrV
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àM§S> ¶wÕ gm‘J«r Am{U gwg‚m g¡Ý¶ O‘©ZrÀ¶m ‘XVrbm V¶ma am{hbo.
gmå¶dmX Am{U a{e¶m - ^rVr
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gmå¶dmXmH$S>o AmH$fubr Jobm. ˶mMm OJ^a ~mob~mbm hmoD$ bmJbm. g§nUw © ¶wamo nmV em§VVoMo OmoaXma dmao
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Xþgè¶m ‘hm¶wÕmMo VËH$m{bZ H$maU åhUOo 1 gßQ>~| a 1939 amoOr O‘©ZrZo nmobS§ >da AmH«$‘U Ho$bo.
d nmobS§ >bm ¶m ¶wÕmVrb {ejm åhUwZ ˶m§Zr S>Z° {PJ hm ^mJ O‘©Zrbm XoD$Z Q>mH$mdm Aer AQ> KmVbr.
nmob§S>darb {dO¶ hm EH$ N>moQ>m bîH$ar {dO¶ Amho Ago {hQ>baMo ‘V hmoVo. na§Vw nmob§S>Mm B§½bS>
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~amo~a bîH$ar H$ama Agë¶m‘wio nmob§S>À¶m ~mOwZo B§½b§S> d ’«$m§g ho XoIrb ¶wÕmV CVabo. d Xþgè¶m
‘hm¶wÕmMr gwédmV Pmbr.
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’°$grñQ> Xoe EH$Ì Ambo d EH$‘oH$m§Zm g¡Ý¶ eº$sMr ‘XV XoD$ bmJbo. d ømVwZ {‘Ì amï´> B§½b§S>,
’«$m§g, A‘o[aH$m, a{e¶m {déÕ O‘©Zr, BQ>br, OmnmZ eÌw JQ> ¶m§À¶mV ¶wÕ gwé Pmbo. O‘©ZrZo 1941
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‘ܶo A‘o[aHo$Vrb nb© hm~©a ¶m ~§Xamda h„m Ho$bm. d 1942 ‘ܶo {hQ>baZo a{e¶mda AmH«$‘U
H$aʶmMo R>a{dbo. ˶m‘wio A‘o[aH$m Am{U a{e¶mZo, OnmZ Am{U O‘©Zr {déÕ ¶wÕ nwH$mabo.
nam^d Am{U A§ V
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1943 gmbr ñQ°>mbrZ J«mS>À¶m ¶wÕmV O‘©ZrMm nam^d Pmbm, ¶mnwdu O‘©Z g¡Ý¶mbm
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{dO¶mMr MQ>H$ bmJbr hmoVr. ¶wÕmÀ¶m Ama§^rbm O‘©Z ZmPr g¡Ý¶ EHo$H$ àXoe qOH$V Jobo.
˶mMdoir ^¶§§H$a ZmPr g¡Ý¶mnmgwZ ‘wº$Vm XoUmao XþV åhUwZ ¶wamonmV a{e¶Z g¡Ý¶mMo ‘moR>o
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ñdmJV H$aʶmV Ambo, A§{V‘V… ñQ>m{bZ J«mS>À¶m AIoaÀ¶m ¶wÕmV O‘©Z g¡Ý¶ nam^yV Pmbo.
a{e¶Z g¡Ý¶mZo amOYmZr ~{b©Z‘ܶo n«doe Ho$bm a{e¶Z g¡Ý¶mnmgwZ dmMʶmgmR>r {hQ>baZo
ahñ¶‘¶ {R>H$mUr à¶mU H$éZ Amnë¶m OdiÀ¶m {‘Ìm§gh AmË‘h˶m Ho$br. eodQ>r O‘©ZrMr
{d^mJUr XmoZ ^mJmV H$aʶmV Ambr. O‘©ZrMm nwd© ^mJ ñd§V§Ì àOmgÎmmH$ åhUwZ a{e¶mÀ¶m
{Z¶§ÌUmImbr Ambm Va npíM‘oMm ^mJ ñdV§Ì g§K åhUwZ A‘o[aHo$À¶m {Z¶§ÌUmImbr Ambm.
nwd}H$S>rb {hamoer‘m, ZmJmgmH$s ¶m eham§da A‘o[aHo$Zo ^¶§H$a g§hmaH$ Aem AÊdóm§Mm
dmna Ho$bm. Am{U OnmZZo eaUmJVr nËH$mabr. A‘o[aH$Z g¡Ý¶mZo OnmZ nmXmH«$m§V Ho$bo.
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Ho$br.
nam^yV ZmPr g¡Ý¶m{YH$mar, Zo˶m§Zm
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Pmbm. g§¶ºw $ amï´> g§KmÀ¶m ñWmnZoZo Amem ~imdë¶m. n{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕmZ§Va amOoemhr gm‘«mÁ¶mMm
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A§V Pmbm. Xþgè¶m ‘hm¶wÕmZ§Va {~«Q>Z, ’«$mÝg, OnmZ, BQ>br Am{U O‘©ZrÀ¶m dgmhV gm‘«mÁ¶mMm
A§V Pmbm. 1950 À¶m gw‘mamg ^maV, MrZ, B§S>moZo{e¶m, {d¶VZm‘, B{Oá, Zm¶Oo[a¶m B. Xoe
ñdV§Ì Pmbo. ¶wÕmÀ¶m n{hbo {~«Q>Z ‘moR>m e{º$embr Xoe hmoVm na§Vw AmVm Xþgè¶m H«$‘m§H$mMm
e{º$embr Xoe Pmbm. OJmnwT>o XmoZ ‘moR>o e{º$embr Xoe EH$Ì Pmbo. - a{e¶m Am{U A‘o[aH$m
{hQ>baÀ¶m ¶wÕ ^y{‘Ho$‘wio a{e¶mMo àM§S> ZwH$gmZ Pmbo. Am{U hiw hiw AW©ì¶dñWm nwÝhm V¶ma
H$amdr bmJbr. VWm{n ˶mÀ¶m {dO¶mÀ¶m ‘mZmZo OJmV ˶mMr à{Vð>m Iwn dmT>br. AmVm
‘moRr g‘mOdmXr N>mdUr V¶ma H$aʶmgmR>r gw§wnwU© nwd© ¶wamon Am{U MrZer OmoS>bo Jobo.
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AmXoemZygma g‘m{dR>… Pmbm ^maVr¶m§Zm ¶mV H$gbmhr gëbm {dMmabm Jobm Zmhr. ^maVr¶
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Ambm. 1943 Ambm. ~§Jmb eodQ>Mm ñV§^ XaZmar{H$VMr bmoH$ ‘S>˶w‘wIr nS>br
‘ܶo nS>bo ë ¶m {^fU ¶mMr ‘m{hVr XoVmo. hm H$mbmdYr eVH$mMm (e§^a df©)
Amho, åhUOo 16 ì¶m eVH$mV 4% nojm H$‘r Va 20 ì¶m
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Xþî`H$mimMo à‘wI H$maU eVH$mV 4.5% nojm OmñV bmoH$ ‘¥Ë¶w ‘wwIm nS>br
hmoVo, Á¶m ‘wio bmImo bmoH$
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bmoH$emhr {damoYr gaH$manmgwZ H$m¶ ZwH$gmZ hmoVo ho OJmZo nm{hbo. ¶m‘wio bmoH$emhr gaH$ma
Agmdo ¶mda OZ‘VmMo EH$‘V Pmbo. ˶mMr Amdí¶H$Vm dmTw> bmJbr. n{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕmZ§Va
AZoH$ gm‘«mÁ¶m§Mm AñV Pmbm. (Am°ñQ´>m-o h§J[o a¶Z, a{e¶Z,AmoÅ>m‘o mZ, O‘©Z AmXr) a{e¶mgma»¶m
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nm¶m^aUr, g¡{ZH$ gwajm AmXrZwgma {d^mJUr nwÝhm Pmbr. Xþgè¶m ‘hm¶wÕmÀ¶m g‘márZ§Va
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MmbUmè¶m ¶wÕH$mimV Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZ, BVa godm H$m¶‘ Mmbë¶m nm{hOoV.nwéf ‘§S>ir ¶wÕ
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{R>H$mUr ‘{hbm§Zm H$m‘ H$aʶmMr JaO {Z‘m©U Pmbr. g§nXm, AmË‘{dídmgmV àM§S> dmT> Pmë¶mZo
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‘moR>rM CnbãYr åhUmdr bmJVo.
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n{hë¶m ‘hm¶wÕmÀ¶m g‘márZ§Va OmJ{VH$ em§VVoMo à¶ËZ Pmbo. ˶mVwZM amï´> g§KmMr
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h¸$m§Mr g§ajU H$aUo, Am§Vaamï´>r¶ H$m¶ÚmMo g§ajU H$aUo VWm gm‘m{OH$ àJVrbm JVr XoU,o
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2. OJmVrb ‘hm¶wÕm Xaå¶mZ amï´>r¶ amÁ¶, amï´>r¶ËdmMr ^mdZm, ¶m ¶wÕmgmR>r H$em àoarV H$aUmè¶m
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hmo˶m ˶m Vo gm§Jm.
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AmhmV? H$maUo gm§Jm?
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bmoH$m§Mm Zag§hma H$m Ho$ë¶m OmVmo?
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7. àM§S> Am{W©H$ ‘hm‘§XrÀ¶m H$mimV H$ë¶mUH$mar amÁ¶m§Zr Ho$ëmoë¶m Cnm¶ ¶moOZm H$moU˶m? Vo
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{dXoer em{fV ^mJmZm Xe©{dUmam Vº$m Imcr {~«Q>Uer g§~Y§ rV {dXoer emgrV dgmhVrVrc
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Am{\«$H$m, Amer`m, Xoemda `wamon Xoem§Zr H$go {Z`§ÌU hm°cS>mV AgUmè`m Am{e`m d Am{\«$H$mHo
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\«$m§g_Ü`o AgUmè`m EH$m Am{e`m d Am{\«$H$m
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AZw^dmer VwcZm H$éZ nmhþ `m.
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MrZ : XomZ doJdoJio Q>ßno (China: two different phases )
20 ì`m eVH$mVrc àma§^r _M§d§w e§ MH«$dVr ho MrZda àemgZ H$arV AgV. nU nmí`mË` {dXoer
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Am{U Ho$ìhm?
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H$m_Jma g§KQZoV gm_rc Pmco. H$m_mMm doi OmñV AgV EdT>oM Zmhr Va H$m_mMr n[apñWVr
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g¡{ZH$m§Mm dmna H$éZ Ë`mZo em§Vr R>odÊ`mMm
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à`ËZ Ho$cm. Agcocm _mAmo.
cmJco. nm{hco O_rZrMm H$g H$_r hmoUo, Xþgam O§Jcr PmS>o H$mnUo Zï> H$aUo d VgoM _hmnwa
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a{e`m H«$m§Vr Z§Va H$mhr H$mimVM 1921 _Ü`o {MZ H$å`w{ZñQ> nmQ>u (CCP) {Z_m©U Pmcr.
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a{e`mMm {dO`mMm n«^md nwU© OJmda nS>cm. cwQ>_marMm A§V H$aÊ`mMm à§nM ^a gaH$ma ñWmnZ
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Ho$co. {d{dY XoemVrc H$å`w{ZñQ> nmQ>r©g gmodr`V `w{Z`cm(Soviet Union) H$mo_rZQ>_©Zo _XV
{Xcr. Va ehamVrc H$m_Jma dJm©ìXmao H«$m§Vr CØ^dVo `oVo `m gmàXm` _mŠ`©wñQ>À`m (Marxist)
AZw^dmZo Ë`m H$m_H$é cmJë`m gr.gr.nr. Zm`H$ åhUwZ Zmd JmOcocm _mAmo OoS>m§J (Mao
Zedong (1893-1976) Amnë`m Am§XmocZ H$m`©H«$_mg eoVH$è`m§Mr _XV KoD$Z Vmo doJdoJù`m
àH$mao J{U_rH$mì`mMm Ë`m§Zr Amdc§~ Ho$cm. ^wgmå` O_rZrXmarMm A§V H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr
eoVH$è`m§Zm g§KQ>rV H$éZ eoVH$ar goZmMr {Z_uVr Ho$ë`m Jocr. gr.gr.nr. Zm`H$ËdmVrc
Am§XmocZmV ^w_r ZgUmao eoVH$ar cmImV O_m Pmco. Ë`mcm {_iUmam {dO`mZo Ë`mg CCP
nmQ>r©g ~cmT>ç amOH$s` eº$s àmá Pmcr. eodQ>r JwS>oq_J da {dO` {_idÊ`mÀ`m pñWVrV
190 gm_m{OH$ AÜ`m`Z dgmhVr: amîQ´ > r ` ñdmV§ Í ` Midir
Amco. JwS>q_JÀ`m AH«$_Um nmgwZ aúmU XoUmao {O`m°JŠgr (Jiangxi) nd©VmV 1928 nmgwZ
1934 n`ªV {VWo amhUo ho _mAmoO|S>m§JMr doJdoJù`m àH$maMr {ZVr Xe©{dVo. ^wgm¡å` Xmam§Zr
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1937-1945 _Ü` H$mimV {MZda OmnZZo AH«$_U H$éZ ~è`mM ^w^mJmg H$ãOm H$éZ
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Vmã`mV KoVco. H«w$a {dXoer g¡{ZH$ H$m`©dmhr OmnmZZo Ho$ë`m_wio {MZ g_mO d Am{W©H$
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cmoH$m§Zm 60% n`©V dmQ>n H$aÊ`mg ^wg§ñH$aUo {dO` {_idcm. Jar~ eoVH$è`m§Zm `oUmè`m
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OmñV \$m`Xm Pmcm.
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H$aÊ`mV `m _Ü`o {_imdcocm {dO` hmM {MZÀ`m ^{dî` n«JVrgmR>r OmoaXma eº$semcr nm`m
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n{íM_ ^mJmg AgUmam Zm¶Oo[a¶m Aä`mg H$é `m. `m Xoemg ZH$memV XmIdm. d `m XmoZ
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Xoem{df`r AmR>ì`m dJm©V Ho$cocm Aä`mg AmR>dU H$am.
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{ZfoY KmVë`m_wio `m^mJmV ì`dñWm CËnÎmr {deof H$éZ H$mo
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^mJmda 1861 _Ü`o {~«Q>ZZo Amnco emgZ ñWmnZ Ho$co.
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npíM_ Am{\«$H$mVrc cm°Jmog (Lagos) {dÚm ì`mnma àemgZmgmR>r _w»` H|$Ð {Z_m©U Ho$co. Vo
{dXoer emgZmdarc {damoYmg {ZOo[a`Z amï´>r`dmXmg(Nigerian Nationalism) I§S>mVa
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Am{\«$H$mdmXmg nU Vo H|$Ð Amho.
19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m eodQ>r d 20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m amï´>r` dmXmg d I§S>mVa Am{\«$H$m ^mdZo
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`mM doiog cmoH$m§da AmUIr OmñV {Z`ÌU cmdÊ`m {Z_m©U Pmcr. ^maVmV nU {~«Q>re
emgZmV {H$ZmanÅ>r ^mJ Agcocm ~§Jmc
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_Ðmg, _w§~B© gmaIr ZJao doJmZo àJVr
SC
{dXoer emgZmH$mÀ`m nÜXVr_wio X{úmU AmYw{ZH$ hmoV AmhoV. {dH$mgmV Aem Ag_mZVm
{dÚm àemgZmV AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmg àmoËgmhZ {_imco Va H$m {Z_m©U homV AmhoV?
CÎma ^mJmV nwd© gm§àXm` MmcwM amhrcr. `m n[aUm_m_wio
20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m eodQ>r àmVr` Ag_mZoV dmT> Pmcr. CËVa ^mJ AmYw{ZH$ {dÚmg àmá Ho$coë`m
gm_m{OH$ dJm©g {Z_m©U H$é eH$co ZmhrV. 1939 _Ü`o {~«Q>re emgH$ nwd© n{íM_ Z¡Or[a`m ^mJmV
{Z_m©U H$éZ `moé~m, B~w OmVr_Ü`o nU \$moS> {Z_m©U Ho$cr. Ë`mM àH$mao \$wQ>nmS>m Am{U amÁ` H$am `m
{gÜXm§Vmà_mUo VrZ _w»` {JarOZ OmVr_Ü`o ñnYm©, g§Kf© VZmd {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mg àmoËgmhZ {Xë`m Joc.o
`mMm {damoY H$arV nmíMË` {eúmU àmá Ho$coco H$mhr cmoH$ {dMmad§V gmd©O{ZH$ Z¡Orar`mV Xoe
194 gm_m{OH$ AÜ`m`Z dgmhVr: amîQ´ > r ` ñdmV§ Í ` Midir
Aer ^mdZm ^adwZ {~«Q>re emgH$m§À`m {damoYmV Am§XmocZ Mmcw R>do co. Zm`Ooar`mVrc n{hcr amOH$s`
nmQ>u Agococr Zm`Ooar`m amï´>r` cmoH$emhr nmQ>u (Nigerian National Democratic Party
(NNDP)Mr 1923 _Ü`o hoë~Q>© _oH$mco `m§Zr ñWmnZmHo$cr. 1923 d 1928 _Ü`o Pmcoë`m {ZdS>UHw $sV
NNDP `m nmQ>uZo gd© OmJm qOH$ë`m 1930 _Ü`o {~«Q>re {dXoer gaH$mada Am§VH$dmXr haë`mg nU
_H$mco Zo g_W©Z {Xco. 1936 _Ü`o `Z Z§Xr (Nnamdi Azikiwe)AOr{H$Zo ZmdmÀ`m ì`º$sZo
Zm`Ooar`m `wdm Am§XmocZmg (Nigerian Youth Movement (NYM) Mr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. gm§ñH¥$VrH$
Ñï>rg g§~Y§ Z R>do Vm Zm`Ooar`mVrc gd© cmoH$m§Zm Vr AmH$fuV Ho$ë`m Joco d Ad¿`m WmoS>çmM H$mimVM
A
Vr eº$semcr amOH$s` Am§XmocZmV énm§Va Pmco. 1944 _Ü`o _H$mco (Macaulay)NYM Zm`H$ EZ
Z§Xr AOr{H$do {_iwZ Zm`Ooar`m H$m_oéZc amï´>r` g§KQ>Zm (National Council of Nigeria and the
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Cameroons (NCNC) {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`m A§JrH$mamda Amco. H¥$_ogr EZZXr A{OHo$do à_wI amï´>r`
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Am§XmocZmg Ë`mZo _XV {Xcr.
Xþgè`m _hm`wÜXm Z§Va Zm`Ooar`Z Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr A{V {~H$Q> Pmë`m_wio Zm`Ooar`m
N
amï´>r` dmX hm AmV§H$ dmXm§er AmH${f©V hmoD$Z Ë`mg cmoH$m§Mo AmXaU àmoËgmhZ dmT>V hmoVo.
LA
Xþgè`m _hm`wÜXmV {~«Q>ZÀ`m ~mOwZ `wÜX H$éZ dmng Amcoco g¡{ZH$, H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoMo ZoVo ho
`m Am§XmocZnmg nwU©nUo _XV H$ocr. 1945 _Ü`o A{VdmX d amï´>r`dmX H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoMo ZoVo
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^mJmnoúmm OmñV {dH$mg Pmcoë`m X{úmU ^mJmV amï´>r` Am§XmocZ Iwn OmoamOV Agë`m_wio CÎma
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X{úmU ^mJm_Ü`o Iwn \$aH$ Ago. X{úmU ^mJmV nU `wé~m, B~w OmVr_Ü`o g§Kf©m _wio amï´>r`
Am§XmocZmg éH$mdQ> {Z_m©U Pmcr. 1950 À`m H$mimV `m VrZ ^mJmV {dXoer emgUmg {damoY
SC
H$aUmè`m VrZ àm§Vr` nm`è`m {Z_m©U Pmë`m. CÎma ^mJmV gmàXm` ^mdZoghrV CÎma cmoH§$mMr
H$m°J«og (Northern People's Congress (NPC) nwd© ^mJmV Zm`Ooar`Z d H$o_éÝg amï´>r`
g§KQ>Zm(NCNC) npíM_ ^mJmV EŠeZ Jw«n(AG) .
ñdV§Ì d H$_Omoa cmoH$emhr (Independence and weak democracy)
amîQ´>r` Am§XmocZmÀ`m {Vd«VoMr Om{Ud AgUmè`m {~«Q>re emgZ H$Ë`m§©Zr Zm`Ooar`mg
A{YH$ma gmondÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoÊ`mV Amcm. `mg VrZ _w»` ^mJmVrc ñd`n«{V{ZYr {ZdS> H$éZ
JwVmJw§VrMr EH$Ì nÜXV Ë`m§Zr Mmcw R>odcr. 1963 AmŠQ>m|~a 1 `m {Xder Zm`Ooar`mg ñdV§Ì
{_imco. XþX¡dmZo cmoH$emhr d Ý`m`mc` `mV g§VwcZ {_idw Z eH$ë`m_wio WmoS>çmM Aën
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 195
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`m à^mdmZo g¡{ZH$ emgZmMr {Z{_©Vr Pmcr.
CÎmaàm§V dM©ñdnUm hm MmcVM am{hcm. ZmJarH$Vm
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emgZmV ^«ï>mMma d _mZdmÀ`m _wc^wV h¸$m§Zm CcK§U
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Pmco. gw{XK© g¡{ZH$ {Z`̧UmZ§Va 1999 _Ü`o {MÌ 13.6 : ~¡nm[a`Z `wÜX
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Zm`Ooar`mUo cmoH$emhr gaH$maMr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mV
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Voc, n`m©daU Am{U amOH$s` (Oil, environment and politics)
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Zm`Oa S>oëQ>mV 1950 _Ü`o Vocm§Mm emoY cmdë`m Jocm. `m Vocm§Zm da H$mT>Ê`mÀ`m h¸$m§Zm S>M amoc
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(Dutch Shell) H§$nUrÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmV {d{dY ~hþ amï´>r` H§$nÊ`m {_imë`m. gÜ`m ho Zm`Ooar`mg _w»`
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A
H$aV AgVo. `m g_ñ`og `om½` Vr Ý`m`rH$ Joco. ñWm{ZH$ {JarOZ OmV ho dfm©Zwdfm© nmgwZ
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^mJmVrc VocmÀ`m g§nÎmrda Amåhmg {Z`ÌU Agmdo
åhUwZ Vo Am§XmocZ H$é cmJco. ho Am§XmocZ àW_ OmVrÀ`m AmYmamda gXñ`mVm EH$Vm {Z_m©U H$éZ em§V
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nUo MmcV hmoVo. à_wI _mZd h¸$ _mZd h¸$, H$m`©H$Vm© n`m©daUdmXr Vmo Ho$Z gmamo {ZdmUr (Ken Saro
N
Wiwa) A§Va amï´>r` Ag§Vmofm _Ü`o {_crQ>ar gaH$ma _aU {eúmm {Xë`m Joë`m_wio n[apñWVr {Vd« én
{Z_m©U Pmco.
LA
EH$OmV {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r gwpñWa cmoH$emhr ì`d`mg ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`m ^m¡{VH$
g§nÎmrda {Z`̧U {_idÊ`mgmR>r Zm`Ooar`mV AmUIr n«`ËZ H$aVM Amho.
TE
_hËdmMo eãX
^w g§ñHaU, O_rZXma dJ©, Z{dZ cmoH$emhr, amgm`{ZH$ ~må~, H$_Omoa cmoH$emhr,
T
I§S>mVa Am{\«$H$mdmX
ER
A
6. ^maV Xoe Am{U Zm`Ooar`mVrc amï´>r` Am§XmocZmMr VwcZm H$am. ^maVmV hr H$m
~cdmZ homVr?
AN
7. ñdV§Ì Zm`Ooar`mV H$moUË`m àíZm§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo cmJco? ñdV§Ì ^maV Xoe H$moUË`m
n«íZm§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo cmJV hmoVo? `mVrc g_mZVm d Ag_mZVm H$moUË`m?
G
8. ^maVmcm ñdmV§Í` {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r OodT>m g§Kf© Úmdm cmJcm Vgm g§Kf© Zm`Ooar`mcm
ñdmV§Í` {_idÊ`mgmR>r ¿`mdm cmJcm Zmhr. `mMo ñnï>rH$aU Úm?
N
9. Cnamoº$ Xoem§Zr Ë`m, Ë`m amOH$Ë`mª {déÜX {Xcoë`m ñdmV§Í` cT>çmMo {dñV¥V dU©Z H$am
LA
d Ë`m§Mo n[aUm_ gm§Jm?
10. `m XoemÀ`m ñdV§Ì Am§XmocZmV amOmda `wÜX Ho$ë`m Joco, Ë`mÀ`m à^mdmMo dU©Z H$am?
TE
T
ER
SC
Mbm amï´>r¶ MidirÀ¶m AmIaoÀ¶m Q>ß߶mg nmhþ ¶m d H$moU˶m narñWr‘wio ^maV Xoem§Mo
{d^mOZ Pmbo Vo g‘OwZ KoʶmMm à¶ËZ H$é ¶m. ^maV XoemVrb bmoH$m§Zm ’$maM H${R>U àíZm§Mm
gm‘Zm H$amdm bmJbm, d H$mimÀ¶m AmoKmV ˶m§Zm ‹Iwn H${R>U {ZU©¶ ¿¶mdm bmJV hmoVm.
A
Xþ g è¶m ‘hm¶w Õ mbm ^maVmZo nmR>t~m {Xbm nm{hOo H$m? 1939-1942
AN
Xþgè¶m {díd¶wÕm ~Ôb Vwåhr AJmoXaM Aä¶mg Ho$bobm Amho. O|ìhm 1939 ‘ܶo ¶wÔ gwé
Pmb, V|ìhm XoemÀ¶m H$m§hr amÁ¶m§da H$mJ«ogMo A{Yn˶ hmoVo. ^maVr¶m§Zr ñdV… H$m§hr amÁ¶mda
amÁ¶H$ma^ma H$aʶmÀ¶m A{YH$mamg {d«Q>re gaH$maZo ‘mݶ Ho$bobo hmoVo. 1935 ‘ܶo {~«Q>re
G
g§gXoÀ¶m ~moS>m©Zo ^maV gaH$maMm H$m¶Xm nmg Ho$bm. ¶m H$m¶ÚmÀ¶m àH$mao amÁ¶m§V {ZdS>UwH$m
N
¿¶m¶À¶m d {ZdS>UwH$s‘ܶo Oo nmQ>u qOH$Vo Vr nmQ>u gaH$ma Mmbdw eH$Vo. Vgo AgwZhr dmoQ>
Q>mH$ʶmMm A{YH$ma g‘mOmVë¶m ’$º$ H$m§hr bmoH$m§ZmM {Xbm. amï´> emgZg^mgXmg (Am‘Xma)
LA
12% H|$Ðr¶ g^mgXmg 1 % AemàH$mao bmoH$m§Zm
dmoQ> Q>mH$ʶmMm A{YH$ma {‘imbm. {~«Q>rem§Mo amÁ¶m Vwåhmbm dmQ>Vo H$m, ^maVr¶m§Zr {~«Q>rem àVr
AgVm§Zm 11 amÁ¶mV 1937 ‘ܶo {ZdS>UwH$m Pmë¶m H¥$VkVm 춺$ Ho$br nmhrOo, H$maU ˶m§Zr
TE
d H$m§J«og ’$ma ‘moR>çm ~hþ‘VmZo qOH$bo. 11 n¡H$s 8 1935 À¶m H$m¶ÚmZr {ZdS>UHw $ bT>{dʶmMm
amÁ¶mV H$m§J«ogMo àYmZ‘§Ìr hmoVo. ¶m gd© ì¶dñWoda d bmoH$m§Zm ‘V Q>mH$ʶmMm AYrH$ma {Xbm?
{~«Q>re Jd©Za (amÁ¶nmb) ¶m§Mo n¶©dojU hmoVo. {hQ>baMm CX¶ ‘mZd OmVrÀ¶m ñdmV§Í¶mbm
T
H$m§J«og Zo˶m§ g‘moa EH$ J§^ra àíZ C^o YmoH$m hmoVm Ago Vwåhmbm dmQ>Vo H$m? ˶m‘wio
am{hbm. Vmo åhUOo O‘©Zr, OnmZ, BQ>br d BVa ^maVmZo Amnbo ñdmVͶ {‘idUo ~mOwbm R>do bo
ER
XoemMo nardma (Am³grg amÁ¶) B˶mXrÀ¶m {damoYmV nm{hOo, d OJmbm hþHw$‘emhr nmgwZ ‘wº$
¶wÕ H$aʶmH$arVm {~«Q>rem§Zm ‘XV H$amdr. H$s H$aʶmda Amnbo bj H|${ÐV Ho$bo nm{hOo
Zmhr,H$m§Jg« Zo˶m§er g„m ‘gbV Z H$aVmM B§½b§S>Zo H$m?
SC
^maVXoe ¶wÕmV ^mJ KoB©b Agm {ZU©¶ KoVbm. ¶wÕ Vw‘À¶m ‘Vo Xþgè¶m {díd ¶wÕmV ^maVmZo
H$aʶmg ghH$m¶© Úm¶Mo [H$, Zmhr Úm¶Mo ¶mgmR>r {~«Q>rem§Zm nmR>t~m Xoʶm d Zmhr XoʶmH$arVm
AZoH$ H$maUo hmoVr. H$m¶ H$maUo AgVrb.
¶m àíZmdaVr H$m§Jgo« ZoVËd Jm|XiwZ Job.o bm§Ho $m§Zr
H$m§J«og Zo˶m§Mm {hQ>baMm, ‘wgmobrZrMm, Am{U ’$mgrP‘À¶m {dMma nÕVrMm {damoY Ho$bm. Vo
BVa ñdmV§Ì gmd©^m¡‘ amï´>m§da {dO¶r {‘idm¶Mm øm ’$°grñQ> VËdmMm ˶m§Zr à{VH$ma Ho$bm.
{~«Q>rem§Mo Xþhoar ‘V H$m§Jo«g Zo˶m§Zm bjmV Ambo. EH$ Va {~«Q>rem§Mr ^maVmZo ’°$grñQ>À¶m
{damoYmV ˶m§Zm ‘XV H$amdr Aer BÀN>m hmoVr, nU ^maVmbm ñdmV§Í¶ Xoʶmg Vo V¶ma ZìhVo.
{~«Q>rem§Zm øm Jmoï>rMr OmUrd Pmbr H$s,˶m§Mm Xoe ˶m§Zm ñdmYrZ H$amdoM bmJob, nU
˶mdoiog ˶m§Zr C^o Ho$bobo gm‘«mÁ¶ gmoSw>Z Úm¶Mo ¶m H$ënZoMm ñdrH$ma H$aUo {~«Q>rem§gmR>r
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 199
AS>m°ë’$ {hQ>babm nmR>dbobo nÌ H${R>U hmoVo. B§½b§S>‘ܶo doJdoJio
ha {hQ>ba amO{H$¶ nj hmoVo, ¶wÕmÀ¶m doir
~{b©Z {d{dY njmMo gaH$ma AgwZ gaH$maMo
O‘©Zr ZoV¥Ëd H§$Oa©ìhoQ>rd njmMo ZoVo
qdñQ>Z MMub ho àYmZ‘§Ìr nXmda
{ච{‘Ì, amhþZ H$aV hmoVo. H§$Oa©ìhoQ>rd nj
‘mZdVogmR>r ‘mPo {‘Ì, Vwåhmbm nÌ {bhʶmgmR>r {dZ§Vr {OVHo$ e³¶ hmoB©b {VVHo$ ^ma{V¶
H$arV Amho, nU ‘r nÌmV 춺$ Ho$bobo {dMma, ^mdZm, ‘wÚmbm gm‘«Á¶mda Amnbo A{Yn˶m Agmdo
AZwgéZ ZgVrb ¶m‘wio ‘r ˶m§Mr qdZ§Vr ZmH$mabr. ‘mPo ‘Z ¶m ‘VmMm hmoVm. H§$Oa©ìhoQ>rd
H$mhr Var gm§JVo H$s, ¶m nÕVrZo ‘bm {dMma Zmhr Ho$bm njmÀ¶m Vw b Zo V bo ~ a nmQ>u
A
nm{hOo Am{U Oo H$m§hr ¶mo½¶ Agw eH$V ˶m H$[aVm ‘bm ^maVr¶m§Zm ñdmV§Í¶ {‘idwZ Xoʶmg
AN
AmìhmZ Ho$boM nm{hOo. BÀNw>H$ hmoVr.
ho ñnï> Amho H$s, OJm‘ܶo Vwåhr Ago EH$ 춺$s AmhmV , ¶w Õ mÀ¶m Z§ V a {~« Q >re
Oo ¶wÕ Wm§~dw eH$VmV. Á¶m‘wio ‘mZdmVmdmX amZQ>r AdñWonmgwZ ^maVr¶m§Zm ˶m§À¶m gm‘«Á¶mImbr
namd¥V amhþ eH$Vo.
G
ñdV§Ì XO©m Xoʶmg V¶ma hmoV.o nU
Vw‘Mm CÚoe Vwåhmbm {H$Vr ‘hËdmMm dmQ>V Agbm Var, H$m§Jgo« Zm {~«Q>rem§H$Sw>Z nwU© ñdmV§Í¶mMo
N
˶mgmR>r EdT>r qH$‘V Úmdr H$m? qhgoMm nm{hOo VodT>m {VañH$ma AmídmgZ nm{hOo hmoV.o amï´>r¶ ñVamda
H$éZ {dO¶ àmá H$aUmam 춺$s åhUwZ ‘m¶m ¶m AmìhmZmbm bdH$aM H|$Ðr¶ gaH$maMr ñWmnZm
LA
[ñdH$ma H$aVm H$m. Ho$br nm{hOo Aer ‘mJUr H$m§J«ogZr
Vwåhmbm {bhV AgVm§Zm H$mhr MwH$m Pmë¶mg j‘m H$amdr. Ho$br. BVa ^maVmVrb g‘mOm§À¶m
Vw‘Mm {dídmgw {‘Ì, AmH$§mjm d AmdS> ¶m§Mo g§ajU H$amdo
TE
d JaOoH$S>o Xþ©bj H$é eH$Vmo. ˶m‘wio {~«Q>rem§Zm ˶m§À¶m AmdS>rMo g§ajU H$aUo JaOoMo hmoVo.
SC
{MÌ 14.1 : am°¶b ^maVr¶ g¡Zm 1945 {MÌ 14.2 : ^maVm‘ܶo Xwgè¶m {díd ¶wÕmV hmVr
BamdS>r ZXr H«$mg H$aVm§Zm C-46 {d‘mZm‘ܶo gm‘mZ bmoS>tJ H$aV AgVm§Zm
200 gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z ^maVr¶ amï´>r¶ Midi ’$miUr Am{U ñdmV§Í¶
H$m¶Xm d gwì¶ñWm gm§^miʶm H$arVm d ¶wÕ qOH$ʶmda bj H|${ÐV H$aʶm H$arVm
gaH$mZo ¶wÕmÀ¶m doir {deof A{YH$ma {Xbobo hmoVo. Ogoo H$moUr gaH$mabm {damoY Ho$bm Va ˶m§Zm
bJoMM H$w$R>ë¶mhr àH$maMm {db§~ Z H$aVm ݶm¶mb¶mV
{~«Q>remÀ¶m d¥Îmr ì¶dhmam§Mm à{VH$ma
Z nmR>dVm Vwé§JmV Q>mH$bo OmV hmoVo. ~mobʶmMo
H$aʶm H$arVm H$§mJ«go Zo BVa nmD$bo CMbw
ñdmV§Í¶ gwÕm aÔ Ho$bo, EH$XmMo ¶wÕ g§në¶mda ñdmV§Í¶
eH$bm AgVm,Ago Vwåhmbm dmQ>Vo H$m?
àmárgmR>r 1940 Am{U 1941 ‘ܶo H$m§Jgo« Zo 춺$sJV
g˶mJ«hmMo g§KQ>Z Ho$bo d {~«{Q>em§da X~md Q>mH$bm. {~«Q>rem§Zr dMZmMo nmbZ H$m Ho$bo Zmhr?
‘moR>çm à‘mUmV Am§XmobZ Pmbo Zmhr. d ^maVr¶m§Mm nmqR>~m {‘i{dʶm H$arVm
{~«Q>rem§Zr ^maVmbm ñdmV§Í¶ Xoʶmg ZH$ma ˶m§Mo ‘Z H$m qOH$bo Zmhr? dJm©‘ܶo
A
{Xë¶m‘wio H$m§J«ogMo ZoVo {Zame Pmbo d ˶m§Zr amÁ¶ gd© {‘iwZ MMm© H$am.
AN
gaH$maMm ~{hîH$ma H$aʶmMo R>a{dbo. 1937 ‘ܶo O|ìhm ‘§Í¶m§Zr amOrZm‘m {Xbm, V|ìhm
{ZdSw>Z Amë¶mda gd© H$m§J«og Zo˶m§Zr 1939 ‘ܶo XaamoOMo gaH$maMo H$m‘H$mO H$moU nmhrbo.
amOrZm‘m {Xbm.
G
Xo e mÀ¶m bmo H $m§ M o à{V{ZYrËd H$mo U H$ao b ? N
{~«Q>re gÎmoÀ¶m {damoYmV ^maVr¶ bmoH$m§Zr gVV H«$m§Vr Ho$ë¶m‘wio {~«Q>re {Zame Pmbo.
LA
H$m§J«gMo bmoH$mdaMo à^wËd H$‘r H$aʶmMo d ˶mg {ejm H$aʶmMo ‘mJ© {~«Q>re emoYV hmoVo.
H$m§J«ogZo XoemÀ¶m bmoH$mMo à{VZrYrËd H$aʶmÀ¶m A{YH$mamda {~«Q>rem§Zr àíZ {Z‘m©U Ho$bm d
AmVm ˶m§Zr eº$rÀ¶m ~imda> bmoH$m§‘ܶo ’w$Q> nmS>Uo d amÁ¶ H$aUo Aem Hw$Q> ZrVrMm Adb§~
TE
Ho$bm.
{~«Q>rem§Zr ˶m§Mo ܶo¶ gmܶ H$aʶmgmR>r ‘wñbr‘ brJÀ¶m ¶moOZm§Mo g‘W©Z H$arV àmoËgmhZ
{Xbo. nU H$m§Jo«gbmM g‘W©Z XoʶmMm {XImdm Vo H$é bmJbo. ¶mM H$mimV ‘wñbr‘ brJ Am{U
T
‘wñbr‘ brJ
1906 ‘ܶo ñWmnZ Ho$bobr hr EH$ nmQ>u hmoVr. 1930 n¶ªV ¶m nmQ>uZo CÎmaàXoe ‘Yë¶m
SC
O{‘ZXmamMo à{VZrYrËd Ho$bo. Voìhm ˶mnmQ>uH$S>o ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV nmR>t~m ZìhVm. gd©M
{Zdm©MZ joÌmV {~«Q>rem§Zr doJir OmJm Kmo{fV Ho$ë¶m nm{hOoV. Á¶m OmJogmR>r Ho$di ‘wñbr‘M
‘V XoVrb Aer ‘mJUr ˶m§Zr {~«Q>re amOdQ>rV Ho$br hmoVr. ˶m§Zr MMm© Ho$br H$s,à˶oH$ ^mJmV
qhXþ ~hþg§»¶ Agë¶m‘wioM ˶m§MoMo C‘oXdma {ZdSw>Z ¶oVmV. na§Vw ‘wñbr‘mÀ¶m àíZm§H$S>o Xþb©j
hmoVo. na§Vw Oa H$mhr OmJm ‘wñbr‘m§gmR>r amIrd R>odë¶m Va VoM {dSw>Z ¶oVrb Am{U g§gXo‘ܶo
‘wñbr‘m§ {df¶r MMm© hmoD$Z ˶m§À¶m gm‘m{OH$ g‘ñ¶m hmoʶmg Xþa hmoʶmg ‘XV hmoB©b. ¶m‘wio
‘wñbr‘ g‘mOmbm Amnë¶m {dH$mgm{df¶r OmJéH$ hmoVm ¶oB©b. H$ënZm H$am. H$m§J«ogZo ¶m
¶wº$sMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm d 1909 nmgwZ doJù¶m ‘VXmamMr Am§‘b~OmdUr Ho$br. Oo§ìhm amÁ¶
A
H$aʶm H$arVm doJio ‘VXma H|$Ð ~ZdrUo ho EH$ bmoH$àr¶ hmoVr. 10 dfm©ZV§ a Á¶m àm§VmVwZ
nÕV hmoVr ˶m CÔoemÀ¶m nwVuH$arVm BVa H$moUVm nm{H$ñVmZ doJim hmoUma hmoVm. ˶m
AN
‘mJ© Vwåhr gwMdy eH$Vm. CXm. ‘wñbr‘ ì¶Vrarº$ àm§VmVM Ogo ~§Jmb, ZmW© ’§$« Q>r¶a àmodrÝg
g^mgXmZo ˶mÀ¶m {Zdm©MZ joÌmV {ZdS>UwH$sÀ¶m Am{U n§Om~ ‘ܶo Vmo ’$maM H$‘Omoa hmoVm.
qgY àm§VmV gwÕmS>S>S> Vo gaH$ma ~Zdw
G
nwdu ‘wñbr‘ bmoH$m§Zm ^oQw>Z ˶m§À¶m g‘ñ¶m OmUwZ
eH$bo ZmhrV. nU Z§VaÀ¶m 10 dfm©V
KoVë¶mM nm{hOo. Aem {Z¶‘mZo ˶m§Mo g‘mYmZ N narñWrVr ~Xbbr. 1946 ‘ܶo O|ìhm
hmoBb
© H$m? H|$ìhm hr nÕV An¶er R>ab o ? H$moU˶m amÁ¶mV d H|$ÐmV nwÝhm {ZdS>UHw $m Pmë¶m,
LA
n[añWrVrV hr nÕV à^mdr hmoUma Zmhr? V|ìhm ‘wñbr‘ brJbm ‘wñbr‘ OmJm
qOH$ʶmg ’$ma ‘moR>o ¶e {‘imbo.
TE
1937 Vo 1947 ‘ܶo ‘wñbr‘m§À¶m {dMmamV H$m¶ ~Xb Pmbm? ‘wñbr‘ brJZo H$m§J«ogbm
AZoH$ {df¶m§g§~§Yr ˶m§À¶m ñdoÀN>m d ^mdZm ewݶ Agë¶m ~Ôb Xmofr R>adbo. CXm. brJZo
g§¶wº$ amÁ¶mV nwîH$iem OmJm qOH$ë¶m hmo˶m. Var H$m§J«ogZo ˶m§À¶m ~amo~a AmKmS>rMo gaH$ma
T
~Zdʶmg ZmH$mabo. brJÀ¶m g^mgXmg Koʶmg H$m§J«ogZo ZmH$mabo. AJmoXa H$m§J«ogMo g^mgX
ER
qhXþ ‘hmg^oMo g^mgX hmoD$ eH$bo. ho nU ‘wñbr‘ H$m§J«og g^mgX ‘m¡bmZm AmPmX ¶m§À¶m
KoVboë¶m Ajonm‘wio 1938 ‘ܶo ~§X H$aʶmV Ambo. H$m§J«og ho ‘wimV qhXÿ nmQ>u Amho, Am{U
‘wñbr‘ g‘mOm~amo~a gÎmoMo {d^mOZ H$am¶Mo Zmhr, Aí¶m àH$maMo ‘V ˶m§Zr ‘m§S>bo.
SC
A
h‘mam” ¶m amï´> JrVmMo boIH$. ¶m§Zr 1930 ‘ܶo Amnë¶m Aܶjr¶ ^dZm‘ܶo ‘wñbr‘ brJbm
g§~moYwZ ~mobV AgVm§Zm CÎma-npíM‘ ^ma{V¶ ‘wñbr‘ àm§VmMr JaO Amho, ho ñnï> Ho$bo.
AN
nm{H$ñVmZ qH$dm nmH$-ñVmZ (n§Om~, A’$JmZ, Dr BR Am§~oS>H$a nm[H$ñVmZ qH$dm
H$mí‘ra Am{U qgY, ~bw{MñVmZ ¶m àm§VmnmgwZ) ^maVmMo {d^mOZ - “n[aM¶” 1940
G
doJim amï´> {Z‘m©U H$aZo, d ˶mg darb XoemMo Zmd ho bjmV KoVm ¶oB©b H$s, nm{H$ñVmZ hr EH$
XoʶmMo EH$m n§Om~r ‘wñbr‘ {dÚm϶m©Zo 1933 Am{U ¶moOZm Amho, g‘OʶmÀ¶m nbrH$S>Mr Jmoï> Amho.
N
1935 ‘ܶo H$a nÌmV {bhrbo, Am{U BÀN>m 춺$ ‘wñbr‘ AmJ«h H$arV am{hbo H$s, ˶m§À¶m ¶moOZoMm
LA
Ho$br, nmH$sñVmZbm doJù¶m amï´>mMm XOm« {‘imdm. {dQ>ma ìhmdm. {~«Q>re H$moU˶mM àH$mao EH$m
ho EH$m ‘wbmMo ñdßZ ‘mÌ Ago ‘wñbr‘ brJÀ¶m AmH«$m‘H$ ~hþg»§ ¶ qhXÿZm gVm ñWm{nV H$aʶmMm
Zo˶m§Zr ‘mUwZ ‘wñbr‘ brJ d ˶m§À¶m Zo˶m§Zr Am{U dmag ~ZʶmMm A{YH$ma XoD$ eH$V Zmhr.
TE
R>amd åhUwZ AmoiIbm Jobm. brJZo CMbboë¶m {dîm¶m§da bmoH$m§Zr {dMma Ho$bm Am{U AZoH$
n¶m©¶ g‘moa R>odbo, nm{H$ñVmZ EH$ ZdrZ amï´> ìhmdm hm EH$ n¶m©¶ hmoVm. Ogo doJù¶m
nm{H$ñVmZÀ¶m {Z‘uVrgmR>r MMm© gwé Pmbr. V|ìhm nm{H$ñVmZ amï´> ~Zbo nm{hOo Ago bmoH$m§Mo ‘V
~Zb.
1940 Vo 1946 À¶m H$mimV ‘wñbr‘m§Mm brS>a Agbobm E‘.E OrÝhm ˶mMo åhUZo ñdrH$ma
H$aUo ho H$m§J«ogbm nU H${R>U hmoVo. doJù¶m XoemMr JaO Am{U ’$m¶Xo H$go AmhoV ho ‘wñbr‘
bmoH$m§Zm g‘O{dʶmg brJ g‘W© hmoVm. eoVH$è¶m§Zm dmQ>bo Zì¶m àm§VmV Amnë¶mbm qhXþ
O{‘ZXma d ì¶mOmZo n¡go XoUmao Amnbm N>i H$aUma ZmhrV, ì¶mnmar d Zm¡H$ar {‘i{dʶmMr
Anojm R>do Umè¶m§Zm dmQ>b,o Amnë¶mbm {VWo qhXÿ ì¶mnmè¶m§Mr Zm¡H$ar H$arVm gw{ejrV ~oH$mè¶m§Mr
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 203
>bmoH$ ‘wñbr‘ brJÀ¶m amOH$maUmnmgwZ ñnYm© Zgob, {VWo ˶m§Zm g§nwU© Ym{‘©H$ ñdmV§Í¶ Agob,
hmoUmè¶m ’$m¶ÚmMo H$go ‘wë¶m§H$Z Ogo ˶m§Zm nm{hOo Agob Vgo gaH$ma ~ZdʶmMo ñdmVͶ
H$aVrb? ˶m§À¶m H$S>o H$m§hr e§H$m Agob, 1942 Vo 1945 ¶m H$mimV OmñVrV OmñV
AmhoV H$m? H$moU˶m àH$maMo àíZ H$m§J«gMo ZoVo Oob‘ܶo Agë¶mZo brJZo ˶mMm Cn¶moJ
˶m§À¶mH$S>o AmhoV? MMm© H$am. doJù¶m nm{H$ñVmZgmR>r OZmYma {‘i{dʶmH$arVm Ho$bm.
{~« Q >rem§ g ^maV gmo S >ʶmg H$mo U r ^mJ nmS>bo ?
1941À¶m doir OnmZZo X{jU nwd© Am{e¶m‘ܶo Amnbm {dñVma H$aʶmg gwédmV Ho$bobr
hmoVr. Voìhm ^ma{V¶ gr‘og XoIrb ˶m§Mm YmoH$m hmoVm. {~«Q>rem§Zm OnmZÀ¶m {damoYmV ^ma{V¶m§Zm
A
nwÝhm bT>dm¶Mo hmoVo. 1942 À¶m dg§VFw$Vy‘ܶo àYmZ‘§Ìr MMubbm g‘O{dʶmV Ambo H$s,
˶m§À¶m EH$m ‘§Í¶mbm ga ñQ>°’$moS© {H«$ßgbm ^maVmV nmR>dm d Jm§YrOrer d H$m§J«og Zo˶m§er
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VS>OmoS> H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ H$am. ho ~mobUo {Zî’$i am{hbo.Varhr H$m§J«ogZo AmJ«h Ho$bm H$s,
amOà{VZrYr dm¶gam¶Zm H$m¶©H$mar ‘§S>imgmR>r ^maVr¶ ajm g^mgX åhUwZ Zo‘UwH$ Ho$br
nm{hOo.
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{H«$ßgMo YmoaU An¶er R>aë¶mZ§Va Jm§YrOrZo {~«Q>rem§À¶m {damoYmV Amnbo {Vgao ‘moR>o
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Am§XmobZ gwé H$am¶Mo R>a{dbo, Vo Midi åhUOo ^maV N>moS>mo hr hmoVr. Vr Am°JñQ> 1942 ‘ܶo
gwé Pmbr. Oar Jm§YrOtZm Oob‘ܶo Q>mH$bo. Var VéU H$m¶©H$˶mªZr Am§XmobZ Mmbw R>odbo, d
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Xoe^amV Ominmoi, VmoO’$moO H$aʶmV Ambr. VéUm§Zr H$mboOo gmoS>w Z {Xbr. d Oobbm Omʶmg
V¶ma Pmbo. O¶àH$me Zmam¶U ho EH$ H$m§J«gMo gm‘m{OH$ H$m¶«H$V} hmoVo. ˶m§Zr ñdV…À¶m
TE
ñVamda à{VH$ma Mmbw R>odbm. AZoH$ {OëømV Ogo npíM‘ ^mJmV gmVmam d nwd© ^mJmV
‘o{XZrnwa ¶m {R>H$mUr ñdVͶ gaH$maMr KmofUr {d«Q>rem§Zr ¶mMm nwU© eº$ser {damoY Ho$bm. Var
¶m ~§S>mg Xm~wZ Q>mH$ʶmgmR>r ˶m§Zm EH$m dfm©nojm OmñV doi bmJbm.
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YmoH$m H$‘r H$aʶm H$arVm {~«Q>rem§Zr ˶m ¶wÕmg bmoH$m§Mo ¶wÕ Ago Zmd {Xbo. ˶mÀ¶m {damoYmV
Jm§YrOtZm dmQ>bo.>{~«Q>remZo ^maVmg gmoS>bo Va ^maV Xoe ñdV… OmnmZbm hmVmiob.
SC
A
nU g¡Ý¶mV ^mJ KoVbm. ˶mV
‘{hbmnU hmo˶m. ~mogÀ¶m ¶m
AN
¶moOZoer Jm§YrOr gh‘V ZìhVo. ˶m§Zm {MÌ 14.3 : gw^mf M§Ð ~mog
OmnmZ ^maVmbm ñdmV§Í¶ XoUmao XmVm Agw
eH$V Zmhr Ago dmQ>bo. nU ~mogZo Amnë¶m OmnmZZo H¡$X Ho$boë¶m g¡Ý¶mbm ~mogÀ¶m g¡Ý¶m‘ܶo
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{ZdS>boë¶m H$m¶m©da bj H|${ÐV Ho$bo d gVV ^Vu hmoʶmH$arVm ˶m§Zr ~mogbm H$er nadmZJr
N {Xbr?
VrZ df© Amnë¶m g¡Ý¶mMo ZoVË¥ d H$aV OmnmZÀ¶m
^ma{V¶ amï´>r¶ g¡Ý¶mV (INA) ^maVr¶ g¡Ý¶ H$m
à^mdr g¡Ý¶m ~amo~a {~«Q>rem§À¶m {damoYmV
LA
gm‘rb Pmbr?
bT>m {Xbm.
$¶wÕmVrb nam^dmMr Am{U {~Q>ZÀ¶m hmVr
>IamoIaM Vo doi YmS>er, ZmQ>{H$¶ d gmnS>ʶmMr ^rVr ^ma{V¶ g¡Ý¶mg H$m dmQ>br
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H${R>U hmoVm. EHm doiog Ago dmQ>bo, AbmBS> Zmhr? {~«Q>rem§Zr ˶m§À¶m gmo~V H$m¶ Ho$bo AgVo.
(g¡Ý¶) eº$s ¶wÕ hmaUma hmoVr. ñQ>mbrZ
J«§S>‘ܶo ZmPr eº$sbm {‘imboë¶m O~aXñV {dO¶mMo a{e¶mZo n[aerbZ Ho$bo. g¡Ý¶meº$sZo
¶wÕmda {Z¶§ÌU {‘i{dbo d eodQ>r Xþgao ‘hm¶wÕ qOH$bo. gw^mf M§Ð~mogÀ¶m ^ma{V¶ g¡Ý¶mMm
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{~«Q>rem§HSw>Z nam^d Pmbm, ˶m KQ>ZoZ§Va gw^mf M§Ð ~mog Zmhrgo Pmbo, H$m ‘aU nmdbo ho
ER
A
{~«Q>rem§H$Sw>Z H$m¶©dmhr H$aV AgVm§Zm, ’$m§gr
[H$‘VrÀ¶m {damoYmV aoëdoMo S>mH${d^mJmMo BVa gaH$mar
XoV AgVmZm ^maVr¶m§Zm H$m¶ dmQ>bo Agob?
AN
H$‘©Mmar ¶m§Mr YaZm H$aʶmMr ¶moOZm hmoVr.
{~«Q>re A{YH$mè¶m§À¶m dmJUwH$sÀ¶m d Iam~ OodU XoʶmÀ¶m {damoYmVM 18 ’o$~«dw mar 1946
‘ܶo ‘w~§ B©‘ܶo am¶b B§{S>¶Z ZodrÀ¶m Zm{dH$m§Zr CnmofU gwé Ho$bo. ‘w~§ B©À¶m {H$Zmarda Agboë¶m
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Zm{dH$Xb Am{U ^maVmVrb gd©M Ob goZmÀ¶m {R>H$mUr ¶m hS>Vmimbm bdH$aM ’$ma à^md
nS>bm. ~§S> H$aUmè¶m bmoHm§Zr {Va§Jr P|S>m, M§ÐH$ma Agboë¶m d hVmoS>m d {dù¶m§Mo {MÝh
N
Agboë¶m P|S>çmMo ~°Za OhmOmÀ¶m I§ã¶mbm bmdbo. Eg.Eg. ImZ ¶m§À¶m AܶjoVo Imbr H$o{ж
ZmdrH$ YaZm g‘rVr Zo‘ʶmV Ambr. CÎm‘ XOm©Mo OodU Xoʶm H$arVm Jmoè¶m, {~«Q>re g¡{ZH$m§Zm
LA
d ^ma{V¶ g¡{ZH$m§Zm g‘mZ doVZ, ^maVr¶ amï´>r¶ g¡{ZH$mÀ¶m g¡Ý¶mZm d BVa amO{H$¶ H¡$qXZm
gmoS>ʶm~m~V Am{U B§S>moZo{e¶mVwZ ^maVr¶ g¡{ZH$m§Zm ‘wº$ H$aʶm~m~V ¶m g‘rVrZo ‘mJUr
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Ho$br hmoVr.
78 OhmOm, 20 {H$Zma‘¶ nÅ>¶m§Mr ñWmnZm 20,000
g¡{ZH$m§Zr ¶mYaʶmV ^mJ KoVbm. {h§Xþ Am{U ‘wñbr‘ ¶mn¡¡H$s
T
A
eoVH$è¶m§Mr Xþgar ‘moR>r eó H«$m§Vr KS>br.
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‘w ñ br‘ brJ Am{U H$§ m J« o g - gÎVm nardV© Z mgmR> r MMm©
1945 ‘ܶo brJ Am{U H$m§Jo«gÀ¶m ‘w»¶ Zo˶m§‘ܶo nwÝhm MMm© gwé Pmbr. g§nwU© ñdmVͶ
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Xoʶmnwdu dm¶gam¶, goZmnVr ¶m§À¶m ì¶{V[aº ^ma{V¶ bmoH$m§n¡H$s H$m¶©H$mar ‘§S>imMr {Z‘uVr
H$aʶmgmR>r {~«Q>ZZo V¶mar Xe©{dbr ¶m H$m¶©H$mar ‘§S>imV ‘wñbr‘m§Zmhr nwaogo à{VZrYrËd
N
{‘imdo åhUwZ {OÝhmZo hÅ> Yabm. ¶m‘wio amÁ¶H$ma^ma ~Xbm {df¶rÀ¶m MMm© An¶er R>aë¶m.
¶m~m~V AZoH$m§Zr ‘ܶñVr H$aʶmMo à¶ËZ Ho$bo. amï´>dmXr ‘wñbr‘m§Mm nmR>t~m H$m§J«ogbm Va
LA
n§Om~‘ܶo H$m§hr nj§mMm nmR>t~m ‘wñbr‘m§Zm hmoVm. Vo gXñ¶ åhUwZ hmoVo. ¶m XmoÝhr njm§Zr
‘wñbr‘ brJÀ¶m ‘mJUrbm g‘W©Z {Xobo Zmhr. ¶mMdoir H$m§J.«o njmMo Aܶj nX ‘m¡bmZm AmPmX
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ñdV…Mr ‘O~yV nmQ>u ñWmnZ Ho$br. ˶m njmMr ^maVr¶ ‘wñbr‘m§Mo ñnï> dº$m ~ZʶmMr
dmQ>Mmb gwé hmoVr. ˶m§Zm EHw$U ‘wñbr‘ ‘wñbr‘ brJMr H$moUVr ‘mJUr hmoVr, Or H$m§Jgo« bm
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‘Vm§À¶m 86 Q>¸o$ nojm OmñV ‘V {‘imbo ñdmH$m¶© ZìhVr? Vwåhr H$m§Jg« Ào ¶m H$maUm§Zr gh‘V
hmoV.o 1946 ‘ܶo H$m§Jgo« bm gmYmaU ‘VXma AmhmV H$m?
H|$ÐmV ^anwa ‘moR>m {dO¶ {‘imbm. ‘wñbr‘ Vw‘À¶m ‘Vo 1946 À¶m {ZdS>UwH$mMm {ZH$mb
SC
A{Varº$ H$m§J«obm 91 grQ>m {‘imë¶m. bmoH$m§À¶m ‘ZñWrVr ~Ôb H$m¶ gwMrV H$aVmo?
A
nm[H$ñVmZm {‘i{dʶmH$arVm
AN
brJZo “à˶j H$m¶©dmhr”
Fig 14.5 : Jawaharlal Nehru at Independence declaration (Direct Action) Mr ¶moOZm
~Zdbr, d ˶m§Zr 16 Am°JñQ> 1946 ¶m {Xdgmbm à˶j H$m¶©dmhrMm {Xdg KmofrV Ho$bm. ¶mM
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{Xder H$bH$˶m‘ܶo X§Jo gwé Pmbo. ho X§Jo ~aoM {Xdg am{hbo. ˶mV hOmamo bmoH$ ‘aU nmdbo,
‘mM© 1947 n¶ªV CÎma ^maVmÀ¶m AZoH$ ^mJmV qhgm ngabr.
N
‘mM© 1947bm Pmboë¶m gd©ì¶mnr {h§goMr nmíd©^y‘r bjmV KoD$Z H$m§J«og hm¶H$‘m§S>Zo
n§Om~Mm XmoZ ^mJ H$aʶmg gh‘Vr XmIdbr. n§Om~Mm EH$ AYm© ^mJ ‘wñbr‘m§Mm hmoVm d Xþgam
LA
qhXw {gIm§Mm hmoUma hmoVm. ~§JmbMohr n§Om~à‘mUo {d^mOZ H$aʶmMo H$m§J«ogZo ñdrH$mabo.
’o$~«wdmar 1947 ‘ܶo dmdobÀ¶m {R>H$mUr ‘mC§Q>~oQ>Z dm¶gam¶ åhUwZ Ambo. nwT>o OmʶmÀ¶m
TE
ÑîQ>rZo ‘mC§Q>~oQ>oZZo nm{H$ñVmZ {df¶r ~mobʶmgmR>r AIoaMm Q>ßnm ~mobmdbm. Ooìhm ¶m JmoîQ>r
{ZîH$f© ahrV R>aë¶m ˶mZo KmofZm Ho$br H$s, {~«Q>re ^maVmbm ñdV§Ì H$aVrb nU {d^mOZ hr
hmoB©b. n§Om~Mm ‘wñbr‘ ~hyg§»¶ Agbobm àm§V, CÎma-npíM‘ g‘moa Agbobm n§Om~ (NWFP)
qgY, ~bw{MñVmZ Am{U nwd© ~§Jmb ¶m àm§Vm~amo~a nm[H$ñVmZ EH$ ZdrZ Xoe ~Z{dbm
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Am°JñQ> 1947 bm d ^maV Xoemg 15 Am°JñQ> 1947 bm gÎmm gmon{dbr. X§Jo g‘má H$aʶmH$arVm
aº$ H«$m§Vr, Ûof, {VañH$ma ¶m‘wio bmoH$ ‘aV hmoVo. B˶mXrZm Wm§~{dʶm H$arVm ñdV§Ì amï´>
~{Z{dUo EH$ ‘mÌ Cnm¶ Amho.
SC
{MÌ 14.6 : ^maVmVrb VËH$mbrZ d¥ÎmnÌm‘ܶo ^ma{V¶ ñdmV§Í¶mMr ~mV‘r. H$moUH$moUVo BVa
KQ>H$ Vwåhr AmoiIw eH$Vm H$m? MMm© H$am.
A
(LIFE n{ÌHo$V) hr N>m¶m{MÌo àH$merV Ho$br.
AN
N>m¶m{MÌH$ma…‘mJ©aoQ> ~mA°H©$-dmBQ>
G
N
LA
TE
T
ER
SC
A
AJmoXa ˶m§Mm Ord KoʶmMm A¶eñdr à¶ËZ Ho$bm Jobm, 28 OmZodmar 1948 {Xder Jm§YrOr åhUmbo, “Oa ‘bm
EImÚm nmJb ‘mUgmÀ¶m JmoirZoM ‘aZo AgobM, Va ‘r hgV-hgV ‘aob, ˶m H$arVm ‘m¶m ‘ZmV ˶mÀ¶m
AN
{df¶r WmoS>m nU amJ dmQ>Uma Zmhr, Bída ‘m¶m ôX¶mV d hmoR> m§da AgbmM nm{hOo.”
eodQ>r Xoemg ñdmV§Í¶ Amë¶mZ§Va 6 ‘{hݶmÀ¶m AmV 30 OmZodmar 1948 ˶m {Xder gd© Y‘© g^oÀ¶m àmW©Zgo
OmV AgVm§Zm amï´>{nVm VrZ Jmoù¶m§Mm {eH$ma
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Pmbo. d ˶m§Mm Ord Omʶm AJmoXa ˶m§Zr ho
am‘& Ago CX²Jma H$mT>bo, ˶m§Zm ‘maUmam
ZÏWwam‘ JmoS>go VoWwZ ’$ama Pmbm, d ˶mg
N
LA
‘w§~B©V nH$S>ʶmV Ambo. Vmo EHo$H$mir qhXÿ
‘hmg^oMm gXñ¶ hmoVm. ˶m‘wio ˶m g§KQ>Zdo a
{damoY {Z‘m©U hmodw bmJbm. ¶mMmM n[aUm‘
TE
^maVmV ˶mdoir Odi-Odi 550 bhmZ d¡^dembr amÁ¶ AgwZ ñdmV§Í¶ gmd©^m¡‘ amÁ¶ AgʶmMm
˶m§Zr AmZ§X KoVbm. na§Vw ˶m gd© amÁ¶m§da {~«Q>rem§Mr gÎmm hmoVr. Ogo {Q´>Q>re ^maVmVwZ {ZKwZ OmVrb,
ho d¡^dembr amÁ¶ ñdV§Ì hmoVrb ˶m§Zr {dMmaʶmV Ambo, ^maVmV qH$dm nm{H$ñVmZmV {‘gim¶Mo Amho,
AWdm doJio ñdV§Ì amh¶Mo Amho. bmoH$m§Zr ‘§S>i MidirV ^mJ KoVë¶mZo gmYmaU bmoH$m§Zm Oo d¡^dembr
amÁ¶mV amhVmV. bm|H$emhrÀ¶m A{YH$mamMo ‘wë¶ ‘m{hV Pmbo, ˶m§Zm amOmÀ¶m Hw$Qw>~§ r¶m§Zr amÁ¶ H$é Z¶o
Ago dmQ>b.o ÌmdUH$moa d h¡Ðm~mX‘ܶo bhmZ eoVH$è¶m§Zr emgrV O{‘Xmam§À¶m {damoYmV eó CMbwZ H«$m§Vr
Ho$br.
H$m§Jo«gZo d¡^dembr amO KaʶmÀ¶m àm§VmV amhUmè¶m bmoH$mÀ¶m Am§XmobZmg ‘XV Ho$br. d KmofUm
Ho$br H$s, Amnë¶m XoemMr amÁ¶KQ>Zm ~Z{dʶmH$arVm ˶m§Zr ^maVmV {‘gibo nm{hOo. Owb¡ 1947 ‘ܶo
bhmZ amÁ¶mg EH$Ì H$aʶmÀ¶m CÔoemZo gaXma nQ>obbm A{YH$ma {Xbm. ˶m§Zr amOm§er, amHw$‘mam§er
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 211
XoemV {‘giʶmMm àñVmdmda MMm© gwé Ho$br. ˶mZo Agohr ñnï> Ho$bo H$s. Oa Vo {‘giʶmg V¶ma Zgob
Va XoemÀ¶m EH$ÌrH$aUmgmR>r g¡Ý¶mbm nmR>{dbo OmB©b. H$mí‘ra, h¡ÐmdmX, OwZmJT> EodOr BVa gd© amÁ¶
15 Am°JñQ> 1947 n¶ªV ^maVmV {‘giʶmg V¶ma Pmbo hmoVo. ¶m VrZ àm§Vmg XoIrb ¶oUmè¶m XmoZ dfm©V
^maVmV {‘giʶmg ^mJ nmS>bo.
amOm§Mo, amOHw$‘mam§Mo emgZ H$mTw>Z Q>mH$bo d amOHw$‘mam§Zm ˶m§À¶m ñdV…À¶m IMm©gmR>r {Zd¥Îmr doVZ
XoʶmV Ambo. ˶mbmM (‘mZYZ amOmMm IM©) Agohr åhUVmV. gr‘m§Zm {‘giwZ ZdrZ àemgZmMo
R>am{dH$ gr‘m V¶ma H$aʶmV Ambo. ZdrZ àm§V V¶ma {Z‘m©U H$aʶmMm n{hbm Q>ßnm 1956 n¶ªV Mmbbm.
‘Ooera Jmoï> åhUOo 1971 ‘ܶo ^maVr¶ gaH$maZo amOmMm IM© ~§X Ho$bo. AJmoXaÀ¶m amOHw$‘mamÀ¶m
Hw$Qw>§~r¶m§Hw$Sw>Z Cn¶moJmV AmUbo OmUmao erf©H$mda ~§YZ AmUbo.
AmYw{ZH$ ^maV Aem nÕVrZo ApñVËdmV Ambm. 1947 ‘ܶo Vo EH$ Jar~ Xoe AgwZ bmoH$m§Mm
A
{dH$mg H$‘r Pmbobm hmoVm. d Iam~ g§KQ>ZmË‘H$ {dH$mgmMr gw{dYm hmoVr. XmoZ eVH$mV dgmhVdmXmZo
AN
XoemMm {dH$mg Wm§~bobm hmoVm d ˶mZo ˶m§À¶m bmoH$m§Mm AmË‘{dídmg Zï> H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ Ho$bm hmoVm.
AmYw{ZH$ ñdmdb§~r Am{U ݶm¶¶mo½¶ ^maV Xoe ~ZdrUo ho AmìhmhZ hr hmoVo, d Ver g§Yr hr hmoVr.
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‘hËdmMo eãX
ñdgÎmmH$ amÁ¶
N
’$moS>m Am{U amÁ¶ H$am doJio ‘VXma g§K
LA
Vw ‘ À¶m Aä¶mgmMr nw Z amd¥ Î mr H$am
1. ^maVmVrb doJdoJù¶m bmoH$m§Zr Xþgè¶m ‘hm¶wXYmbm H$gm à{VgmX {Xbm, H$moU˶m àH$maÀ¶m
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ñWrVrbm ˶m§Zm gm‘moa Omdo bmJbo? ¶m ~Ôb gmaUr dZdm ˶mV ‘m{hVr XmIdm?
2. Á¶y d BVa g‘mOmbm O‘©Zr‘ܶo Hw«$a dmJUwH$ {Xbr, Z¡{VH$nUo O‘©Zr Am{U OmnmZbm nmR>t~m
XoUo, Vwåhmbm ¶mo½¶ Amho, Ago dmQ>Vo H$m?
T
4. {d^mOZ hmoʶm AJmoXa H$moUH$moUVo doJio ‘mJ© AmhoV, ˶m‘ܶo doJdoJù¶m g‘wXm¶mV gÎmm
dmQ>nmMo g§KQ>Z H$aʶmV Ambo.
5. ^maVm‘ܶo {~«Q>re gaH$maZo ’w$Q> nmS>m Am{U amÁ¶ H$am, ¶mMm gamd Ho$bm? Vo ZmB{Oar¶m g§~Y§ r
SC
Á¶m {df¶mMm Vwåhr Aä¶mg Ho$bobm Amho. ˶mV H$moUVo gmå¶ Am{U ^oX AmhoV.
6. {d^mOZ hmoʶm AJmoXa H$moUVo doJio ‘mJ© hmoVo, OoWo amOH$maUmV Y‘m©Mm Cn¶moJ Ho$bm?
7. ñdmV§Í¶ bT>çmÀ¶m eodQ>À¶m dfu eoVH$ar d H$m‘Jma H$í¶màH$mao EH${ÌV Ambo hmoVo?
8. gmYmaU bmoH$m§À¶m OrdZmda {d^mOUmMm H$gm à^md nS>bm? {d^mOZmZ§Va Pmboë¶m ì¶mnH$
ñWbm§Vamg amO{H$¶ à{VgmX H$gm hmoVm?
9. {d{Y d¡^dembr amOm§Mo ZdrZ ^maVr¶ amï´>m‘ܶo EH$ÌrH$aU H$aUo ho AmìhmZmË‘H$ hmoVo H$m?
10. ^maVmÀ`m amOH$s` ZH$memV Imcrc ñWio XmIdm?
A) H$í_ra ~) h¡Ðm~mX H$) OwZmJS> S>) ~§Jmc B) Voc§JmZm
11. gw^mfM§Ð ~mog `m§À`mVrc H$moUVo JwU Vwåhmg AmdS>co? H$m?
212 gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z ^maVr¶ amï´>r¶ Midi ’$miUr Am{U ñdmV§Í¶
YS> m ñdV§Ì ^maVmÀ`m g§§{dYmZmMr
15 {Z{_©Vr
( The Making of Independent India’s Constitution )
n{hco AmR>ì`m dJm©Vrc gm_m{OH$ AÜ``ZmÀ`m nmR>ç nwñVH$mVrc (13) Voamdm nmR>dmMwZ
A
^maVr` g§{dYmer g§~§YrV Imcrc H$m`© nwU© H$am.
^maVr` g§{dYmg _hËdnwU© `moJXmZ
AN
___________;
___________; ___________; ___________
^maVr` g§{dYmZmÀ`m àñVmdZoV H$moU H$moUË`m _wë`dmZ AmX©emÀ`m {dMma Ho$cm
Jocm Amho?
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^maVr` g§{dYmZmÀ`m àñVmdZo gh Imcr {Xcoë`m XomZ XoemÀ`m àñVmdZm dmMwZ
N
Ë`m§À`mVrc g_mZVm, ^oX AmoiIm.Amnë`m XoemÀ`m {Z_uVrg H$maUr^wV amOH$s`
KQ>ZmMm {dMma g§{dYmZmV Ho$cm OmVmo ho cúmmV ¿`m. g§{dYmZmV Z_wX Ho$coë`m
LA
A§emda amOH$s` KS>m_moS>rMm n[aUm_ hmoVmo.
{~«Q>re amOdQ>rÀ¶m eodQ>À¶m H$mimV Á¶m KS>m‘moS>r Pmë¶m ¶mVyZ amOH$s¶ ‘hËdH$m§jm
TE
~imdë¶m d ˶m§Zr doJio diU KoVbo. ¶mVyZM ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmMo ñdén gmH$mabo. Bg 1936
Z§Va ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr ¶m§Zr amOH$maUmVrb bj H$mTy>Z KoVbo hmoVo. d ñdV…g Amlm‘mV ~§XrñV
H$éZ KoVbo; na§Vw {d{eï> àg§Jr Vo gëbm (ì¶ñV) XoV AgV.
T
1936-37 nmgyZ {ZdS>UyH$m§Mo amOH$maU gwé Pmbo. d 1946 ‘ܶo Pmboë¶m {ZdS>UyH$m§ Ûmao
ER
g§{dYmZ g{‘VrVrb C‘oXdmamÀ¶m {ZdS>r ~amo~a Vo g§nbo. g§{dYmZ g{‘Vr {ZdSy>Z Amboë¶m
C‘oXdmam§Zr g§{dYmZ {bhrbo ¶mVrb H$m±J«og hm à^mdr amOH$s¶ nj hmoZm Á¶mZo EH$g§K
amï´>r`Ëd d g‘mOmVrb {d{dY {d^mJ ¶m§Zm KoCZ Vi R>moH$bm d XmoÝhr {ZdS>UyH$m§ ‘ܶo ~hþ‘V
SC
àmá Ho$bo.
hm EH$ {dfoe ‘hËdnyU (d¡{eîQ>çnyU©) H$mi Amho. H$maU; {ZdS>UyH$sÀ¶m H$mbI§S>mV
Ym{‘©H$ ; qhXÿ Am{U ‘wñbr‘ Á¶m {dMmaYmam§Mm OÝ‘ H$m§hr H$mimnydu Pmbm hmoVm. Vo amOH$s¶
e{º$ åhUyZ ~iH$Q> Pmbm. qhXÿ ‘hmg^m d ‘wpñb‘ brJ XmoKm§Zrhr {ZdS>UyH$m bT>dë¶m. ¶mV
Ym{‘©H$ g§H$ënZm§`m {dMma Ymam åhUyZ àMma Ho$bm. amOH$s¶ {dMma gaUr¶m {Vgam àdmh
AgUmam eoVH$ar (H¥$fH$ amï´>r¶Vm) H$å¶w{Zï> njmÀ¶m Ûmao {~«Q>re d amOH$ݶoÀ¶m {damoYmV C^m
amhrbm Vm‘ri XoemVrb am‘ñdm‘r Z¡H$a ¶m§À¶m ZoVË¥ dm Imbr (ñd A{^‘mZ) ñdm{^‘mZ (Self
respect) Midi C^r am{hbr Va ^mñH$amd OmYd ¶m§À¶m ZoV¥ËdmImbr ‘hmamï´>mV ~«÷UoVa
A
doJdoJim g§KQ>Zm n§Om~ d ~§Jmb àm§VmV Pmë`m. (1) XodimV àodemg ~§Xr hr Midi hmVr
AN
KoVbr. VgoM Añn¥í¶ À¶m {Zdmg ñWmZmcm ^oQ> XoUo Ago CnH«$‘ ¶m Midir A§VJ©V am~dbo.
¶m n[apñWVrMm {dMma H$aVm amï´>r¶ Midi åhUOo EH$ {~«Q>rerH$Sy>Z ñdV§ÌVm Zìho Va
g‘mOmV EH$mË‘Vm AmUUo VgoM amï´>r¶ amOH$maUmV g‘mOmVrb ImbÀ¶m ñVamMm g‘mdoe H$éZ
G
g‘H$mbrZ H$aUo hmo¶.
darb ܶo¶mZo àoarV hmoCZ S>m° Am§~So >H$am§Zr 1942 ‘ܶo All India Scheduled Caste Federation
N
hm nj ñWmnrV Ho$bm. ho núm H$m±Jo«g gaH$ma `m ’o$S>aoeZ ‘ܶo g‘m{dï> Pmë¶m ‘wio ‘hmË‘m
LA
Jm§YrMo {ZH$Q>dVu Agbob M.C.Rajah ZmamO Pmbo Va gw^mf M§Ð ~mof ¶m§Mo ~§Yy eaX M§Ð ~mof
¶m§Zr Wm ’o$S>aeo Zbm nmqT>~m {Xbm. ¶m déZ ho ñdï> hmoVo H$s, S>m° Am§~So >H$a ho Oar amï´>r¶ nwT>mar
TE
Agbo Var "OmVr¶dmX' hm àíZ ‘hËdnyU© Amho åhUyZ Am§~So >H$am§Zr _mJmgdJ© ¶m§Zo à{V{ZYrËd
Ho$bo.
‘mJmgd{J©¶m§Mm ‘wÚm hm ‘wpñb‘m§Mm àíZmnojm ‘hËdmMm R>abm - S>m.° Am§~So >H$a hoM (‘mJmX
T
d{J©¶ OmVr O‘mVrMo) d¡Y à{V{ZYr AmhoV ho {~«Q>re gaH$maZo d g§~§{YV A{YH$mè¶m§Zr
ER
AmoiIbo.
Abmhm~mX BWo 1942 gmbr ‘mJmg d{J©¶ OmVr O‘mVtMr g^m Pmbr Á¶mV S>m°.Am§~oS>H$a
Ag§ åhUbo H$s; ""^maV hm Xoe ZjÌm§Mm g‘wh Amho.'' ˶m§Zr {~«Q>re gaH$mabm d amï´>r¶
SC
H$m±J«og. Xmohm|Zm ~OmD$Z gm§{JVbo H$s, ‘mJmgdJu¶ OmVr O‘mVrMr ñdV…Mr Aer AmoiI
Amho. ñdV…À¶m amOH$s¶ A{Yð>mZmMo ~{bXmZ Z XoVm XoemVrb à‘wI darð> Zo˶m§ ~amo~a MMm©
H$aUo, ñdV…Mo ‘V-nQ>dyZ-XoUo ho H$g~ S>m°.Am§~oS>H$amZm AdJV Pmbo hmoVo ¶m gd© MMm© dmX
{ddmXmVyZ 1943 gmbr ¶m§Zr S>m°.Am§~oS>H$am§Zm amï´>r¶ ZoV¥Ëd ~hmb Ho$bo. ˶m doir ‘mJmg
dJu¶m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aʶm gmR>r S>m°.Am§~oS>H$a hoM gw¶mo½¶ ZoVm AmhoV Ago Omhra Ho$bo. 1944
gmbr VoO ~hmYwa gàw ¶m§À¶m AܶjVo Imbr Pmbr. amÁ¶ KQ>ZoVrb ‘wb^yV KQ>H$ H$moUVo
AgVrb amÁ¶ KQ>ZMo o ñdén H$m¶ Agob ¶m g§~Y§ r MMm© H$aʶmV Ambr. ˶m doir S>m.° Am§~So >H$am§Zm
A
Ho$br. g‘mOmVrb àdmhmÀ`m {damoYr {XeoZo g§Kfm©Mo EH$ nmD$b CMbbo. g_mOmMo {d^mOZ g‘mOmVrc
EH$‘od ZoVm Á¶mZo amï´>r¶ amOH$mUmbm doJio did {Xbo d {d{dY gm‘m{OH$ JQ>m§ H$Sy>Z nmR>r~m
AN
{‘im{dbm. "ñdmV§Í¶' hm ËdarV ‘wÚm AgyZ amï´> ho ñdmV§Í¶ {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m V¶marV hmoVo. S>m°.Am§~oS>H$a
XoIrc {~«Q>tem§ gmo~V VgoM amï´>r¶ ZoË`m ~amo~a MMm© H$arV hmoVo. ¶m Aem n[apñWVrV XoIrb "qhXÿ
G
‘hmg^m' d "‘wñbr‘ brJ' ¶m§Zr ˶m§À¶m§er g§dmX gmYbm- øm amOH$s¶ diUmMm ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZmÀ¶m
{Z{‘©Vr (da à^md nS>bm) /Mm n[aUm‘ Pmbm. N
¶m gd© n[apñWVrMm A§XmO-KoCZ {~«Q>rem§Zr "g§{dYmZ g{‘Vr' d "‘gwXm g{‘Vr' ¶mg ‘mݶVm
LA
{Xbr. g§{dYmZ g{‘VrVrb gXñ¶m§Mr {ZdS> Aà˶j {ZdS>UHy $m§Ûmao Pmbr. ‘¶m©{XV ‘Vm{YH$ma Agboë¶m
bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z ho gXñ¶ {ZdS>bo Jobo Oyb¡ 1946 ‘ܶo KQ>Zm g{‘VrMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. ¶mV {d{dY àm§VmVrb
TE
EHy$U 296 à{V{ZYr hmoVo. 296 OmJmn¡H$s 208 OmJm H$m°§J«ogZo qOH$ë¶m`m AmYr åhUOo 1945 gmbr
Pmboë¶m {Z~S>UyH$m§‘ܶo H$m±J«ogbm g§nyU© {dO¶ àmá Pmbm hmoVm. H$m±J«ogMr ^w{‘H$m ñnï> H$aVmZm; n§{S>V
Odmhabmb Zohê$ ¶m§Mr ¶mbm ""XoemMm Amagm'' Ago g§~moYbo H$m±J«og ‘Yrb n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$,
T
gaXma ~ëb^ ^mB© nQ>ob d ‘m¡bmZm A~wb H$bm_ AmPmX ho g§{dYmZmÀ`m {Z{‘©VrVrb à‘wI ZoVo hmoVo.
ER
g§{dYmZ g{‘VrVrb {dYm¶H$ (H$m¶Xoera) ~m§~rda bj XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar Amëbm Xr H$߶y aMm‘r
Aæ`a nZ Jmonmb ñdm_r A涧‘ma Am{U ~r.Ama.Am§~oS>H$a ¶m§À¶mda gmon{dbr hmoVr. S>m°.Am§~oS>H$a ñdV:
SC
AW©Vk, B{Vhmg, Vk Am{U ZXera ~m§~rMo gIomc Aä`mgH$ (à{dÊ`) Agë¶m‘wio ˶m§Zm H$m¶am, BVa
XoemÀ¶m amÁ¶KQ>Zm§Mm Amä¶mg ¶m à‘wI Jmoð>rV bú¶ XobmZm H$m¶Xm Pmbm. ¶m {edm¶ "gm‘m{OH$ ݶm¶'
hr à‘wI {dMma àdmhmMo Agë¶m‘wio gmMo~§X H$m±J«ogÀ¶m Zo˶m§À¶m Vo nwT>o Jobo. d ¶m gJù¶mV ‘hËdmMo
åhUOo. gm‘m{OH$ ݶm¶ hr ~m~ ˶m§Zr amï´>r¶ËdmgI OmoS>br ¶m‘wio ‘gwXm g{‘VrMo Aܶj åhUyZ Vo
gw¶mo½¶ ì¶{º$ R>abo.amÁ¶ KQ>ZVo rb ‘wb^yV KQ>H$ H$moUVo AgVrb amÁ¶ KQ>ZMo o ñdén H$m¶ Agob ¶m g§~Y§ r
MMm© H$aʶmV Ambr. ˶m doir S>m°.Am§~oS>H$am§Zm Am‘§{ÌV Ho$bo d ˶m§Zm BVa g{‘VrVrb gXñ¶m§À¶m
~amo~arZo Cng{‘˶m ‘ܶo ˶m§Mo à{V{ZYr nmR>dmdoV Ago gm§JÊ`mV Ambo.
A
H$éZ gwÕm ~§Jmb àm§VmVwZ d Z§Va ‘w§~B© {d^mJmVyZ Am§~oS>H$am§Zr KQ>Zm g{‘VrV àdoe KoVbm.
AN
àñWm{nV KQ>Zm g{‘VrMr XmoZ C{Ôï>o hmoVr ‘wº$Vm, ñdmV§Í¶ (~«rQ>rem§nmgyZ ‘wº$mVm d
ñdmV§Í¶ hr XmoÝhr C{Ôï>o g{‘VrZo ‘mݶ Ho$br hmoVr ˶mM ~amo~a gm‘m{OH$ H«$m§Vr CXm. gd©
àH$maÀ¶m gm‘m{OH$ N>im nmgyZ g‘mO ‘yº$ Pmcr nmhrOo ho hr C{Ôï>o hmoV.o gm‘m{OH$ Am{W©H$
G
ñdmV§Í¶ Ano{jV hmoVo.
N
S>m°.amYmH¥$îUZ ¶m§Zr H«$m§Vr (g§H«$‘U) Ano{jV Amho d ^maVmbm àmMrZ Am{X‘, J«m‘rU
AW©ì¶dñWoH$Sy>Z emór¶ nÕVrMm dmna H$éZ H¥$fr d H$maImZo, CÚmoJY§Xo ¶m joÌmV {dH$mg ho
LA
C{Ôï>o gm§{JVbo J«m‘rU eoVH$ar, J«m‘rU hñVH$bm ì¶dgm¶, ¶mda AmYmabobr AW©ì¶dñWm
S>moù¶m g‘moa R>odyZ amÁ¶ nmVirdarb {ZdS>UyH$m VgoM g§gXoVrc {ZdS>UyH$m$ ¶mV IoS>¶m§Mm
TE
gh¶moJ ¶mda KQ>Zm g{‘Vrb MMm© Pmbr. AmYy{ZH$ V§ÌkmZ, ˶mda AmYm[aV CÚmoJY§Xo,
H$maImZo hr AW©ì¶dñWm, VgoM [~«Q>rem§gmaIm amOH$s¶ njm§da AmYm[aV {ZdS>UyH$m d g§gXr¶
nÕV A§{JH$mamdr Ago KQ>Zm g{‘VrZo ‘mݶ Ho$bo. ^maV EH$g§K amï´> Agoc$ Á¶m Xoembm EH$M
T
^maVr¶ amÁ¶ KQ>ZoVrc ܶo¶ Am{U C{Ôï>`o hr ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZm§Mo à‘wI R>iH$ {d{eîQ>ço
R>abr ‘mJrb H$m§hr dfm©À¶m AZw^dmVyZ n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ ¶m {ZU©¶m àV nmohMmbo H$s
"^maV {Z‘m©U' ¶m gmR>r XoemMr JaO AmoiIwZ {d{dY joÌmVrb AZw^dr g‘whmZo {‘iyZ ^maV
SC
^maV XoemMr amÁ`KQ>Zm (g§{dYmZ) KQ>Zm g{_VrZo V`ma H$éZ _mÝ` Ho$co. {~«Q>re
dgmhVr emgH$m§À`m {déÜX ñdmV§Í`gmR>r ^maVr` OZVoÀ`m gw{XK© g§Kfm©Mo \$i hmo`. ^maV
Xoemcm ñdm§VÍ` Úmdo. {~«Q>re emgZmZo R>a{dë`m_wio Amnco AmnUM emgZ H$ma^ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r
^{dî`mVrc {XK©H$mcrZ CÔoemÀ`m nwVugmR>r ^maVr` OZVocm Z{dZ g§{dYmZ (amÁ`KQ>ZoMr)
JaO nS>cr.
`mgmR>r 1946 _Ü`o amÁ`mVrc {dYmZg^oÀ`m {ZdS>UHw $m Pmë`mZ§Va KQ>Zmg{_VrZo {ZdS>UHw $m
A
H$aVrc `mMr ImÌr H$éZ KoVcr. amÁ`mÀ`m
{dYmZ g^o À `m {ZdS> U w H $m Pmë`m.
AN
g§ñWmZm{Vc à{V{ZYr Mr {ZdS> AmoiI,
g§nH©$ gmYZmìXmao {ZdS>co. `mV EHw$U 9
_{hcm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm. Ë`m 69% OmJoda
G
^maVr` amï´>r` H$m°J«og gdm©V _moR>m núm
N
{MÌ. 15.1 We the people of India..... Ë`m ImcomImc OmJoda _wñcr_m§gmR>r amIrd
OmJoda, _wñcr_ {cJ núm hmoVm. n{hë`m§Xm
LA
gives ourselves this Constitution.
{~«Q>re -B§{S>`m À`m gd© àm§VmVrc,
amÁ`mVrc gXñ` hmoVo. Z§Va 1947 Am°JñQ> 14 cm nm{H$ñVmZ, ^maVXoe H$er {d^mJUr
Pmë`mZ§Va nm{H$ñVmer g§~§YrV gXñ`m§Mr nm{H$ñVmZÀ`m amÁ`KQ>Zm g{_Vr V`ma Ho$cr.
TE
KQ>Zm g{_Vrcm Mr {ZdS> gd© àm¡T> cmoH$m§g AgUmè`m ñdV§Ì _VXmZmÀ`m A{YH$mamìXmao
{ZdS> Pmcr Zmhr, ho Vwåhr nm{hcoV. `mgmR>r {ZdS>UHw $ AàË`úmnUo Pmcr, åhUOo ^maVr` gd©
g_mOrVrc gd© dJ© OmVrÀ`m cmoH$m§Mo à{V{ZËd H$aV Zmhr. Voìhm cmoH$g§»`oVrc 10 %
T
A{YH$ma {Xcm hmoVm. VodT>oM ZgwZ g§ñWmZmV {ZdSUwH$m Pmë`mM Zmhr. g§~§YrV g§ñWmZmV
MM}ìXmao Ë`m§Mr {ZdS> Ho$cr. g§ñWm{ZH$m§À¶m amÁ¶mV ho ‘VXmZ Pmbo Zmhr, g§~§YrV g§ñWm§Zr
MM}Ûmao ˶§mMr {ZdS> Ho$br hm {ZU©¶ KoʶmMo H$maU amO{H$¶ KS>m‘moS>r d bmoH$m§Vrb g§Kf©m‘wio
SC
‘Justice’
VZmd nwU© n[apñWVr {Z‘m©U hmoʶmMr
e³¶Vm hmoVr. g§ñWm{ZH$ amOo AÚmn
^maVr¶ ñdmV§Í¶mV {d{bZ hmoʶmg V¶ma
ZìhVo ˶mVrb ~è¶mM OUm§Zm Agohr
dmQ>V hmoVo H$s, Amnë¶mbm ñdV§Ì g§ñWmZ
hdo Amho åhUwZ gwédmVrg ˶m§À¶m
àVr{ZYtZm Ag|~br‘ܶo g‘m{dï>
H$aʶmV Ambo. n{hë`m§Xm _wpñc_ {cJer
{MÌ 15.2 : `m {MÌmV XmI{dcoë`m g_Vm, Ý`m` `m g§~Y§ rV gXñ` g^ocm CnpñWV Pmco Zmhr.
{df`mda MMm© H$am. Ë`mZ§Va Vo CnpñWV Pmco.
‘Equality’ Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 217
amÁ` KQ> Z m g_rVrZo Jw á e
à{V{ZYrËd pñdH$maco Zmhr. Ë`mV {MÌ 15.3 Mhoedecornuinstry
t
nal
Natioabove
gdmªMr H$miOr KoVcr. gdmªMo ck
to
my t y
uni a l l
ba ion Autono g
Go radit tes B r i n lity
à{V{ZËd H$aÊ`mgmR>r gd© àH$maÀ`m t o f S t a
Jo
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e qua
ve l l
Gi a
cmo H $mÀ`m A{^àm`m§ M r XIc
KoÊ`mgmR>r {deof lÜXm H$miOr
KoVcr. A{^àm`, dV©_mZ n{ÌHo$Vrc
co I d BVa {d{dY ñWamVrc
A
cmoH$mÀ`m {dMma _m§S>y eH$Vrc Aer
AN
Amnë`m H$m`© nÜXVrMm gd©Ì àgma
Ho$cm. 1946 {S>g§o~a 13 cm g^oV
ZohéZr ho {deof Om{ha Ho$co.
G
“ ^maV Xoemg Amnë`mcm nm{hOo Vo ^{df` EImÚm JQ>mg qH$dm dJm©g qH$dm EImXo amÁ`
N
{ZYm©arV H$é eH$V Zmhr. ho XemoVrc 40 H$moQ>r cmoH$g§»`oer g§~§YrV .....`oWo ZgUmè`mMr
AmR>dU R>odUo Amnco H$V©ì` Amho, `oWo AmnU EImÚm númmgmR>r qH$dm EImÚm JQ>mgmR>r H$m_
LA
H$aV Zmhr. g§nU w © Xoem§Mm {dMma H$amdm bmJob. ^maV XoemVrc 40 H$moQ>r cmoH$§ mÀ`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r,
^co H$aUo ÑîQ>rg R>odwZ..... Amnë`m ñdmWm©nmgwZ, núm {ddmXm nmgwZ gmÜ` hmoB©c VodT>o Xþa
TE
amhþZ Amnë`m g_moarc _w»` g_ñ`o{df`r gImoc, {dñV¥V ghZ{ec à^m{dV nÜXVrZo {dMma
H$éZ R>a{dÊ`mMo V`ma H$aÊ`mMo g§nwU© XoemVrc cmoH$m§Zm g_Ooc Ago Agmdo. ho {deof
_hËdmMo d O~m~XmarÀ`m H$m`© Amåhr ghmgmZo d Om~m~Xmar nwU© H$é Á¶em‘wio Am‘Mr
OJmV AmoiI {Z‘m©U hmoD$b.
T
A
_mZZr` S>m°. ~r.Ama. Am§~oS>H$a ... AÜ`úm _gwXm g{_VrZo V`ma Ho$cocm _gwXm
AN
g§{dYmZ amÁ`KQ>Zm Vw_À`m g_moa R>odcr Amho. Ë`mMm {dMma H$amdm Ago gw{MV H$arV AmhmoV.
KQ>Zm g{_VrZo KoVcoë`m AZoH$ {ZU©`mZwgma, H|$Ðr` A{YH$ma Am`moJ, H|$Ðr` KQ>Zm
g{_Vr, amÁ` KQ>Zm g{_Vr, àmW{_H$ A{YH$ma, Aëng§»`mH$ dJ©, Am{Xdmgr ^mJm {df`r
G
KQ>Zm g{_VrZo V`ma Ho$coë`m g„m g{_VrÀ`m {Zdo{XHo$À`m _m{hVr AmYmao amÁ`KQ>Zm g§{dYmZ
N
V`ma H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar KQ>Zm g{_Vrda gmon{dcr. H$mhr {df`mV ^maV gaH$ma Mm
LA
H$m`Xm, 1935 _Yrc KQ>H$m§emÀ`m _m{hVrMo AZwH$aU H$amdo Ago KQ>Zm g{_VrZo {ZX}{eV Ho$co
.... _r Amem H$aVmo H$s, Amåhmcm {Xcoë`m AmXoemMo _gwXm g{_VrZo Amkmnwd©H$ nmcZ Ho$co
Amho, ho nmhm.
TE
KQ>Zm g{_Vr nm{hco____ , ____ ,Am{U____gma»`m _moR>r amÁ`KQ>Zm AgUmam AOwZ Xþgam
ER
{deof _hËdm¿`m KQ>H$m§da {deof g{_Ë`m Zo_ë`m. Xoe Zmhr. ho _mÝ` H$amdo cmJVo. `m
`m g{_VrMo à{VnmXZ S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§À`m AÜ`úmVoImcr _gwXm amÁ` KQ>Zocm AmR> _{hÝ`mn`ªV
AgUmè`m ____ MMm© H$éZ `mo½` Vo {ZU©` KoVco. cmoH$m§ g_moa R>odʶmV Ambo. Ë`mVrc
SC
{~«Q>re gaH$maZo nm[aV Ho$coco ____ KQ>H$m§da gwÜXm KQ>H$m§ d a Ë`m§ M r à{V{H« $ `m
_gwÚmV KoVco. ì`º$H$aÊ`mgmR>r {_Ìm§ Z m, {Q>H$m
`mda gwMZm, {Q>H$m, à{VH«$s`m gmR>r Ë`mcm ____ H$aUmè`m§Zm gwMZm XoUmè`m§Zm nm{hOo Vmo
_{hUoÊ`m n`ªV cmoH$m§À`m g_moa R>odë`m Joco. doi {_imcm.
_gwXm amÁ`KQ>ZoV ____ H$c_ EŠQ> ...... AZwÀN>oX
amOH$s` ì`dñWoMr g§~§YrV BVa
Amho.
XoemÀ`m AZw^dmg Amnë`m amÁ`KQ>Zo
g§{dYmZmÀ`m _gwÚm_Ü`o ____ H$c_ Am{U ____ AZwÀN>Xo
hmoV.o H$em àH$mao J«hZ Ho$co Vo nmhþ `m. `m
^mfUmV AÜ`úm S>m°. Am§~oS>H$am§Zr BVa
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 219
XoemÀ`m amÁ`KQ>ZVo rc AË`V _hËdmÀ`m ^maVmÀ`m amï´ > n VrMo A{YH$ma ______ À`m
nÜXVr à{H«$`o {df`r gm§JV Amho. ho ~amo~a______noúmm ______~amo~a ______{Xco.
dmMVm§Zm H«$_em _gwÚmV cmoH$emhr
emgZmg {Xcoë`m g§ñWmZmË_ {Z_uVrMm ^maVmMo amï´>nVr ______gë`mMo nmcZ H$aUo.
AmamIS>m cúmmV ¿`m. ^maV Xoemg ñdmV§Ì amÁ`KQ>ZoV {c{hco Amho. {~«Q>ZMm amOm ^maVmMo
Amë`mZ§Va EH$m dfm©Zr ^mfU {Xco ho amîQ´>nVr `m§À`m nXmñWmZmVrc \$aH$ H$m`?
cúmmV ¿`m.
g§gXoMr ì`dñWm (Parliamentary
A
system)
AN
“ amÁ`KQ>Zm hmVr {XcrVa H$m`ÚmÀ`m Aä`mg H$aUmam H$moUVmhr {dÚmWu Agmo XmoZ àíZ
{dMmaco n{hcm {Z{_©V emgZ ì`dñWoMr énaofm H$er V`ma hmoVo? Xþgam, amÁ`KQ>ZoMo ñdén
H$go Amho? .... _r n{hë`m àíZmnmgwZ gwédmV H$aVmo.
G
amÁ`KQ>ZoÀ`m _wgmÚmV g§nwU© ^maV XoemMm à_wI ì`º$s amï´>nVr(AÜ`úm) hmM AgVmo. ho
N
Zmd A_oarHo$Vrc amï´>AÜ`múmm§Mr AmT>dU H$aVo. \$º$ Zm__mÌ AmoiIr ì`º$s[aº$ A_oarHo$Vrc
emgZì`dñWoVrc _gwXm amÁ`KQ>ZoV à{VnmXrV emgZmMr Ë`m§Mm H$mhrM g§~§Y ~amo~ar Zmhr.
LA
A_oarHo$À`m emgZ àUmcrg AÜ`úmr` emgZì`dñWm åhUVmV. _gwXm amÁ`KQ>ZoV g§gXr`
emgZ ì`dñWoMo à{VnmXZ {e\$mag Ho$cr Amho. `m XmoKm§V _wc^wV \$aH$ Amho.
TE
Zmhr. Vmo XoemMo à{V{ZYrËd H$aVmV. na§Vw XoemMo àemg H$arV Zmhr. Vo XoemMo à{VJ
ER
àemgZmV Ë`mMo ñWmZ Zm__mÌ, Ë`mÀ`m ghr {e¸$m XoemÀ`m {ZU©` ì`º$
H$aVo. A_oarHo$À`m g§{dYmZmZwgma AÜ`úmÀ`m AmYrZ Imcrc {d{dY
{d^mJmMr O~m~Xmar KoV H$m_ H$aUmao g{Md AgVmV. Ë`mM à_mUo
SC
A
Xþhoar amO{ZVr àUmcr V`ma H$aVo. Xþhoar nÜXVrMm amÁ`µH$ma^ma H|$Ð gaH$ma d amÁ` gaH$ma
AN
AgVo. g§{dYmZmZwgma {Xcoco H$m`©úmoÌmV Ë`m§Zm amOgÎmoMo gd© loð> A{YH$ma AgVo.
`m Xwhoar amÁ`H$ma^mamÀ`m nÜXVr, A_oarHo$À`m amÁ`KQ>ZoV gmaIr AgVo. A_oarHo$À`m
G
amÁ`H$ma^ma gwÜXm Xþhoar amÁ`H$ma^mamM Ë`mV EH$ g§KemgZ åhUwZ Xþgao amÁ` emgZ H$m`©aV
AgVo. A_oarHo$À`m g§{dYmZmZwgma g§K emgZ \$º$ amÁ`mMr `wVrM Zmhr, Ë`mM à_mUo amÁ`mMm
N
amÁ`H$ma^mamMr _hËdmMo {d^mJ H|Ð emgZmÀ`m A{YH$ma úmoÌmV ZgVo. Ë`mM à_mUo _gwXm,
LA
amÁ`KQ>ZoV Z_wX Ho$coë`m H|$Ð emgZmMr emIm A{YH$ma {d^mJ Zìho. ^maV Xoe, A_oarHo$À`m
amÁ`KQ>Zo_Ü`o gmå` `oWo g_má hmoVo. `m XmoKm§Vrc gmå` noúmm \$aH$ \$ma ñnï> Amho.
TE
______ ñVamda Amho. ______ Vwåhr ______ ZmJarH$Ëd ZgVo. H$moUË`mhr ^maVr` ZmJarH$
ER
amÁ`mMo XoemMo AmhmV. H$moUË`mhr amÁ`mV amhV Agcm Var EH$ gmaIo
H$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m g§{dYmZmV amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc H|$Ð ZmJarH$Ëd d A{YH$ma {_imcoco AgVo.
emgZmg OmñV A{YH$ma AgVmV?
SC
A
OmUmè`m ZJmarH$m§Zm ghZ H$arV Zmhr , Vo ZmJarH$ EH$m amÁ`mV H$m`Xo{ea n¸o$ Xþgè`m amÁ`mV
AN
Zmhr ho g_OVo. ^maV Xoe g§KamÁ` ì`dñWm AgwZ Ë`mM doir ^maV XoemÀ`m EH$VoMo aúmU
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Ë`m gd© _wc^wV KQ>H$m§V EH$énVm, gmå` AgUmè`m nÜXVr V`ma
G
H$aÊ`mgmR>r _gwXm amÁ`KQ>ZoZo à`ËZ Ho$co. Ë`mcmM _gwXm amÁ` KQ>ZoV VrZ nÜXVrMm Adc§~
Ho$cm.
(1) EHo$ar Ý`m`ì`dñWm (a single judiciary)
N
LA
(2) g_mZVm- ZmJarH$Vm, _wc^wV, H$m`Xo, JwÝho BË`mXr
(3) à_wI nXmV H$m`©úmoÌmV Zo_UwH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r AIrc ^maVr` ZmJar godm gdm©g g_mZ
TE
“ g§KamÁ`mV Xþhoar amÁ`H$ma^mamZo Xþhoar Ý`m` ì`dñWm Xþhoar Ý`m`gwÌ Xþhoar ZmJar godm
Amdí`H$ {hVH$mar AgVmV. A_oH$arHo$V g§KH|$Ð Ý`m` ì`dñWm, amÁ`Ý`m` ì`dñWm XomZ
T
doJdoJù`m Ë`m ñdV§Ì AgVmV. ^maV g§KamÁ`mV Xþhoar amÁ`H$ma^ma Agco Var, Xþhoar Ý`m`
ER
ì`dñWm Zmhr. CƒÝ`m`mc`, gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc` EH$mM g§nUw © Ý`m` ì`dñWoVrc ^mJM g§{dYmZmVrc
H$m`Xo ZmJar H$m`Xo, JwÝhoJmar H$m`ÚmImcr g§nwU© {df`m g§~§Yr `m§Mo A{YH$ma úmoÌ AgwZ Ý`m`
SC
{_idw eH$Vmo. Ý`m` {_i{dÊ`mÀ`m nÜXVrV {d{dYVm ZgwZ H$amdo åhUwZ Ago Ho$co. Ë`mcm
H°$ZS>m Xoe EH$M Odirc A{YH$ gmå`mV Agcocm Xoe Amho. AmñQ´>ocr`mMm hr nÜXVrV EH$
gmaIr {XgVo na§Vw EH$ Zmhr. (H$mhr g§KamÁ` ì`dñWoÀ`m XoemV amÁ`mÀ`m g§~§YrV H$m`ÚmV
amÁ`m H$moQ>m©Zr {Xcoë`m Ý`m`rH$ {ZU©` gdm©oƒ Ý`m`mc`V ~Xcdw eH$V Zmhr. n§aVw ^maV XoemV
Imcrc H$moQ>m©Zr {Xcoë`m H$moUË`mhr {ZU©`mcm gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mV {dMma H$éZ Ë`mda {ZU©`
gm§Jw eH$Vo.)
ZmJar ì`mnma {OdZm§er g§~§YrV AgUmè`m H$m`ÚmV {^ÞVm amhþ Z`o åhUwZ H$miOr
KoVcr. ZmJarHm`Úm g§hrV {eúmoÀ`m H$m`ÚmMr g§{hVm (Codes) gma»`m ZmJar JwÝhoJmar
222 gm_m{OH$ AÜ`m`Z ñdV§Ì ^maVmÀ`m g§§{dYmZmMr {Z{_©Vr
H$m`ÚmÀ`m g§ { hVm
(H$moS>) gm{úmXmamMm
H$m`Xm g§nÎmr~XcrMm
H$m`Xm, {ddmh
H$m`Xm, KQ>ñ\$moQ>mMm
H$m`Xm, dmagmh¸$m
g§~§Yr H$m`Xo C^`
`mXrV ({H§dm H|$Ðr`
A
`mXrV) g_m{dð> H$éZ
AN
g§ K amÁ` nÜXVrcm
Pi nmohMdwZ XoVm `m
{MÌ 17.5 : 1950 À`m JUV§Ì {XZmÀ`m CËgdmÀ`m {MÌ H$m`ÚmMr Jar_m
G
g§^mdcr. ({ddaU: H$m`XoH$aÊ`mÀ`m KQ>H$mcm H|$Ð, `mXrV amÁ`mÀ`m `mXrV qH$dm C^`Vm
N
XomÝhr `mXrV `m§Mo {d^mOZ Ho$co Amho.H|$Ð `mXrVrc KQ>H$m§da H|$Ð gaH$maM \$º$ H$m`Xo H$é
LA
eH$VmV. amÁ`mÀ`m `mXrVrc KQ>H$m§da amÁ`mcm H$m`Xm H$é eH$VmV. C^` XmoÝhr `mXrVrc
H$m`Xo H|$Ð d amÁ` gaH$ma H$é eH$VmV. H|$Ð gaH$ma Zo Ho$coë`m H$m`ÚmÀ`m {damoYmV amÁ`mZo
H$m`Xo Ho$co Va H|$Ð gaH$maZo Ho$coco H$m`XoM J«mø d ~§YZ H$maH$ R>aVmV.)
TE
“g§KamÁ` ì`dñWoVrc Xþhoar amÁ`H$ma^mamÀ`m gd© XoemV Xþhoar godm nÜXVr àUmcrMm
Adc§~ Ho$cm Amho. gd© g§KamÁ`mÀ`m ì`dñWoV g§K ZmJar godm, amÁ` ZmJargodm Amho. ^maV
XoemV Xþhoar amÁ`H$ma^ma AgVm§Zmhr EImXm AndmX Va Xþhoar godm ì`dñWm AgVo. àË`oH$
T
XoemV àemgZmÀ`m `mo½` ì¶dñWoVrb H$m§hr _wë`mMo aúmUm§À`m Ñï>rH$moZmVwZ àemgZ ì`dñWoMm
ER
XOm© amIʶmgmR>r H$m§hr nXo AgVmV. gdm}ƒ n[anwU© àemgH$s` Vm§{ÌH$ ì`dñWoV `m gma»`m
nXñWmZmcm AmoiIUo H${R>UM åhUwZ `m gma»`m _hËdmÀ`m nXñWmZmda {Z`wº$ Ho$coë`m
SC
^maVmÀ`m g§KamÁ` ì`dñWog, A_oarH$m g§KamÁ` ì`dñWo_Ü`o _w»` \$aH$ H$moUVo H$moUVo
AmhoV Vo gm§Jm?
amÁ` Ë`mMo ñdVm:Mo ZmJar godm A{YH$mè`m§Zm AgUmè`m A{YH$mam§Zm ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm
XoVo H$m?
EH$m amÁ`mVrc gd© A{YH$mar amÁ` cmoH$godm Am`moJ ìXmaoM Zo_co Joco H$m?
A_oarHo$Vrc H|$Ð, amÁ` Ý`m`ì`dñWm g§nwU© Ý`m` ì`dñWoVrc ^mJ `m {df`mMo dU©Z H$am?
A
AN
_gwXm amÁ`KQ>Zoda AZoH$ {Q>H$m Pmë`m AmhoV. _m¡cmZm hgaV _mohUr gma»`m§Zr hr KQ>Zm
1935 À`m H$m`ÚmMr ZH$cM åhUwZ Amamon Ho$co. ñdmV§Í`g§J«m_mÀ`m doir ^maV Xoemg H°$[~ZoQ>
_reZ H|$Ðr` Am`moJ Amë`mZ§Va ^maV amï´>r` H$m°J«og (INC) gma»`m amOH$s` númm§Zr àm¡T>
G
ì`º$sg _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma nm{hOo åhUwZ 1935 _Ü`o H$m`Úm§À`m {damoY Pmcm `m {df`rMr
AmR>dU Ho$cr. Xm_moYa ñdén goR> (Damodar Swarup Seth) gma»`m g_mOdmXr cmoH$m§Zr
N
Ë`mM H$mimVrc amÁ`KQ>ZoVwZ ho KoVco. CXm. gmo{dB©Q> `w{Z`Z (Soviet Union) nmgwZ _gwXm
LA
amÁ`KQ>ZoV H$mhrM KoVco Zmhr åhUwZ ^maVmÀ`m nmíd©^w_rdarc Amdí`H$Ë`m Jmdm§Mo {dñ_aU
Pmco åhUwZ {Q>H$m Ho$cr. amÁ`KQ>Zm g{_VrÀ`m gXñ`m§Mr {ZdS> àm¢T> cmoH$m§À`m _VXmZmgmR>r
TE
Pmcr Zmhr. åhþUZ ~mocw cmJco. {Q>H$m H$é cmJco. Ë`m {Q>H$m nmhþ `m.
{S>.Eg. goR>: “ lr_mZ, Amnë`m ^maVr` JUV§ÌmV ñdm`Îmm àmá chmZ chmZ g§KamÁ`
am{hco nm{hOo.... `m à_mUo Amnë`m XoemV {Z_m©U Pmcoco g§KamÁ`mMo H|$Ðr`H$aUm da S>m°.
T
Am§~oS>H$am§Zr {deof ^a {Xcm. Ë`mMr EH$T>r JaO ZìhVr. H|$Ðr`H$aU Mm§JcoM H$Yr H$Yr
Cn`moJr nS>UmaoM. na§Vw AmnU _hmË_m Jm§YrZr Ë`m§À`m g§nwU© {OdZmV Ho$ë`mgmaIo A{YH$mam§Zm
ER
A
“Añn¥í`Vm H$moUË`mhr énmV nm{hcr Var Var VrMm {ZfoY H$arV AmhmoV. AnmÌ cmXUo,
AN
^oX^md H$aUo Xo{Ic JwÝhm hmoD$ eH$Vmo. ”
OmVr` ì`dñWm Zï> Z H$aVm Añn¥í`Vm H$er g_wi Zï> H$amc ho _cm H$iV Zmhr.
Añn¥í`Vm hr OmVrì`dñWm `m aomJmMo cúmUM AmnU OmVr ì`dñWm g_wi {Z_w©cZ Ho$ë`m
G
{edm` Añn¥í`Vm Xþa H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ago da da CnMma H$aÊ`mV H$mhrM \$m`Xm Zmhr.
N
Eg.gr. ~oZOu : (S. C. Banerjee): AÜ`úm _hmoX`, Añn¥í`Vm `m eãXmÀ`m AmYr _m{hVr Úm.
LA
Joë`m 25 dfm©nmgwZ `m eãXmMm AmnU Cn`moJ H$arV Amhmo. na§Vw AmOn`ªV Ë`mVwZ H$m` gw{MV hmoVo
ho H$iV Zgë`m_wio _moR>çm Jm§YimV nS>cmo Amhmo. H$mhr g§X^m©V EH$ ½cmg nmUr KoU,o H$mhr doim
harOZ (‘Harijans’) _§{XamMm àdoe {_idwZ XoUo `m AWm©Zo dmnaVmV. H$mhr doim Vo gd© OmVrÀ`m
TE
cmoH$§ mZr {_iwZ OodU H$aUo. EdT>Mo cúmmV `oV.o H$mhr doim OmVr ~mhoa {ddmh hmoVmV. Añn¥í`Vo
{df`r _hmË_m Jm§YrZo nwîH$i à`ËZ Ho$co. Jm§YrOrZr `m ~Ôc doJdoJù`m àH$mao, doJdoJù`m g§X^m©V
doJdoJio AW© gm§JrVco. åhUwZ AmnU Añn¥í`Vm `m eãXmMm Cn`moJ H$aVm§Zm Ë`m§Mm AW© H$m` ho
T
Añn¥í`Vm d OmVr` ^oX^mdmV `mV \$aH$ XmIdw Z`o. lr R>mHw$a `§mZr gm§JrVë`m à_mUo
Añn¥í`Vm ho \$º$ cúmU, Ë`m§Mo _wi H$maU OmVr` ^oX^md åhUwZ _wiH$maU åhUOo OmVr`
^oX^md Xþa Pmë`m{edm` Añn¥í`Vm H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m ñdénmV MmcVM amhVo. ^maV Xoe
SC
ñdV§Ì Pmë`m Z§Va AmnU gd©OZ g_mZ gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVrMm AZw^d, Cn`moJ KoD$ Aer
Amnoúmm R>odw.
lr.amohrUr Hw$_ma Mm¡Yar :... Añn¥í`VoMr ì`m»`m H$aVm§Zm Ago åhUmdo Y_©, OmVr qH$dm
H$m`Xoera amoOJmamÀ`m AmYmao ^oX^md H$aUmar H$moUVrhr H$m`©dmhr åhUOo Añn¥í`Vm hmo`.
lr. Ho$.E_. _w§er :. lr_mZ, `m KQ>ZVoVrc gwYmaUoMm _r {damoY H$aVmo. _mPr ì`m»`mZ
Ho$co Va OÝ_ Jmd, OmVr qH$dm qcJmÀ`m AmYmao ^oX^md H$aUo gwÜXm Añn¥í`Vm g_Ocr
nm{hOo.
{MÌ 17.6 : 26 OmZodmar 1950 À`m dV©_mZnÌmÀ`m `m nmZmda `m{df`r AmnU H$moUVr _m{hVr dmMcr?
226 gm_m{OH$ AÜ`m`Z ñdV§Ì ^maVmÀ`m g§§{dYmZmMr {Z{_©Vr
darc MM}V H$moUVo _V^oX ì`º$ Pmco? lr Yra|ÐZmW XÎmm : _hmoX`, lr amohUr
`m MM}V gh^mJr hmoÊ`mMr g§Yr Vwåhmcm {_imcr Hw$_ma Mm¡Yar Zo {Xcoë`m {ñdH$maVm qH$dm
Va Vwwåhr H$moUVm {ZdS>m gwMdmc? Zmhr ho _m{hV Zmhr na§Vw H$mhr Var EH$
{ef©H$ amhmdo hm _mPm A{^àm` Amho.
`m eãXmcm amÁ`KQ>ZVo ì`m»`m Z H$aVm g_m{dð>
Añn¥í`eVm H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrV g_wi Zï>
H$aUo EH$ Mm§Jcm {dMma Amho Ago Vwåhmcm
Pmcr nm{hOo hoM gm§Jm`oM Amho. JwÝømMr
dmQ>Vo H$m? Vw_À`m CÎmamMr H$maUo gm§Jm?
nS>VmiUr H$aUmao Ý`m`m{Ye qH$dm Ý`m`_wVu
Ho$di Añn¥í`VmM ZgwZ amÁ`KQ>ZZo o OmVr ì`dñWo {ef©H$mVwZ nmhm`Mo Añn¥í` g_Oco Va Xþgam
g§~§YrÀ`m AZoH$ {df`mda WmoS>Š`mV gm§Jmdo `m
A
{deof {df`mcm Añn¥í` g_Oco \$cl¥V `m
{df`mer Vwåhr gh_V AmhmV H$m? ho H$em JwÝømMo dV©Z H$aUmam Ý`m`m{Yem§À`m _Ü`o
AN
àH$mao Agco nm{hOo hmoVo Ago Vwåhmcm dmQ>Vo EH$gwÌm amhV Zmhr. `m IQ>ë`mÀ`m {ZdS>çmV
H$m? Ý`m` XoUo Ý`m`mYrem§Zm gwÜXm H${R>U hmoB©c.
G
VodT>oM ZgwZ Añn¥í`Vm åhUOo doJdoJù`m ^mJmV doJ doJim AW© Amho. ~§Jmc _Ü`o
Añn¥í`Vm åhUOo EH$ doJimM AW© amhþZ Cd©arV amÁ`mV Ë`mÀ`m noúmm {^Þ AW© Amho.
N
AÜ`úm` _hmoX`, Ý`m`mc`o `mo½` {eúmm XoD$ eH$Vo Añn¥í`Vm `m eãXmcm H|$ÐemgZ g^m
LA
{Zd©MZ gm§JVrc Aer Anoúmm H$aVmo.
(eodQ>r amÁ`KQ>ZVo Añn¥í`Vog XoD$ Z`o ^{dî`H$mimV Amdí`H$Vo H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar
TE
Aݶm¶, Xþ~©bVm, dgmhVdmXr Xoem§Mr Jwbm‘r ¶m‘wio ^maVr¶ AW©ì¶dñWm {Ii{Iir Pmbobr
ER
Amho åhUwZ g§{dYmZmV gm‘m{OH$ ~Xb d {dH$mgmbm ‘hËd {Xbo nm{hOo. n§. Odmhabmb Zohé
Ago åhUVmV, ^maVr¶ g§{dYmZ Aem Xoem§Mo à{V{Z{YËd H$aVo Omo ‘mJrb amO{H$¶ d gm‘m{OH$
A§JaIm ’o$Hy$Z XoD$Z ñdV…gmR>r EH$ ZdrZ nmoemI ˶m§Zr ñdV…M V¶ma Ho$bm Amho d Vo Vmo
SC
A
H$m`ÚmV g§{dYmZmVrc H$c_mV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {Xcr. g§gXoV AÜ`m© noúmm OmñV cmoH$m§Mr
AN
_mÝ`Vm Agoc VaM H$m`Xo H$aVm `oVo. na§Vw
g§{dYmZmVrc H$c_mV gwYmaUm _mÌ cmoH$g^oVM
H$amdr. VodT>oM ZmhrVa cmoH$g^oV d amÁ`g^oV
G
2/3 gXñ`m§Mr _mÝ`Vm Amdí`H$ AgVo. H$mhr
H$c_mV {dYmZ g^oZo _mÝ` Ho$ë`mZ§VaM gwYmaUm N
H$é eH$VmV. VodT>oM Zmhr Va Va H$m`Úm à_mUo
LA
Z{dZ gwYmaUog XoemÀ`m amï´>nVrMr gwÜXm _mÝ`Vm
nm{hOo.
g§{dYmZmV {deof ~Xc 1970 _Ü`o Pmcm.
TE
A
_gwXm amÁ`KQ>ZoV Amho VgoM R>odco.
AN
XoemÀ`m emgZZo gmR>r KQ>Zm VËdo, {gÜXm§V, ì`dñWm Ho$cr Amho.
2. MwH$ AgUmè`m dmŠ`m§Zm ~amo~a H$am.
KQ>Zm g{_VrVrc MM}V H$mhr KQ>H$m§da gdmªZr EH$_V ì`º$ H$oco.
G
g§{dYmZ {Z_m©Vo XoemVrc H$mhr amÁ`mMo à{V{ZYrËd H$oco.
N
amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc H$c_mV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {Xcr Amho.
amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc _wc^wV KQH$m§À`m ñdénm_Ü`o gwYmaUm H$é eH$Vmo Ago gdm©oƒ Ý`m`mc`mZo
LA
gm§JrVco Amho.
3. KQ>Zm g{_VrÀ`m MM}VwZ ^maV gaH$maÀ`m EH$mÎ_, g§KamÁ`mÀ`m VËdm§Mo dU©Z H$am?
TE
4. Ë`m H$mimVrc amOH$s` KS>m_moS>rMo à{Vq~~ amÁ`KQ>Zoda H$go nS>co? ñdmV§Í` g§J«_m cT>çm
g§~§Yr `m AmYrÀ`m nmR>mMo AdcmoH$Z H$am?
5. KQ>Zm g{_VrMr {ZdS> gmd©{ÌH$ àm¡T>_V A{YH$mamZo Pmcr Agcr Va amÁ` KQ>Zm {Z_uVrda
T
hr {ZdS>UHy $ à{H«$¶m bmoH$emhrbm Amdí¶H$ Amho H$m? ¶m nmR>mV AmnU {ZdS>UHy $ à{H«$¶oVrb Vm§ÌrH$
~mOw d {ZdS>UwH$ à{H«$¶m H$er nwU© Ho$br OmVo. ¶m ~Ôb ‘m{hVr {‘iy ¶m. ¶mgmR>r bmJUmar H$m¶ eº$s
A{YH$ma ì¶dñWm ¶m doimodi o r KoVbr OmUmar H$mù¶m EdT>M o Zìho Va ñWmnZ {ZdS>UHy $ bmoH$emhr nÓVrZo
gwairV {ZînjnmVr H$er nma nmS>br OmVo, ˶mgmR>r H$m¶ doirdoir H$m¶ ‘mnX§S> R>adbo OmVmV. Am{U
A
˶mÀ¶m ~amo~a {ZdS>UwH$ Am¶moJm§Mo ¶moJXmZ {ZdS>UwH$s¨Mo Am¶moOZ H$aUma. Vgo gܶm {ñWVrV {ZdS>UyH$
nÕVrV ZdrZ ~Xb H$aUo Ano{jV Amho H$m? Á¶m‘wio bmoH$emhrÀ¶m à{Vð>m dmT>bo.
AN
G
N
LA
TE
darb dV©‘mZ nÌmVrb {ZdS>UHy $ H$mimVrb {ef©H$ dmMm Á¶mÀ¶m Amoir‘YyZ H$moUmÀ¶m A{YH$mamH$S>o
T
A
{dYmZ n[afX, amï´>nVr, Cnamï´>nVr
AN
¶m gd© nXm§gmR>r {ZdS>UwH$m KS>dwZ
AmUVo. Fig 16.2: Office of the Election
Commission, India
G
25 OmZodmar 2010 ^maVr¶ {ZdS>UwH$ Am¶moJmbm 60 df© nwU© Pmbo. åhUwZ {haH$
N
‘hmoËgd (Diamond Jubilee) gmOam Ho$bm d 25 OmZodmar hm {Xdg ‘VXmam§Mm {Xdg
åhUwZ gmOam H$aʶmV ¶oB©b Ago Omhra Ho$bo.
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à‘mU 67 H$amoS> Ago Amho. EImÚm ‘moR>çm XoemV {ZdS>UHw $sMo Am¶moOZ H$aʶmgmR>r {ZdS>UHw $
ER
A
gmYmaUV… ^maVr¶ ZmJar godm (Indian civil services)
AN
‘YyZ Ambobr AgVmV. ¶mMm H$mbmdYr 6 df©
qH$dm d¶mÀ¶m 65 dfm©n¶ªV AmYr Agbobr Collect the information of other
AgVmo. autonomous bodies in India.
G
nwdu ^maVr¶ {ZdS>UwH$ Am¶moJmV Ho$di
N There is no difference among the Chief
EH$M {ZdS>UwH$ Am¶wº$ AgV. 1993 nmgwZ Election Commissioner and other Election
LA
¶mV VrZ g^mgX AgwZ ¶mVrb EH$ Mr’$ Bbo³eZ Commissioners as to their salary, privileges/
designation and powers are concerned.
Am°’$sga ‘w»¶ {ZdS>UyH$ Am¶wº$ AgVmV.
Usually, the decisions are taken unanimously
TE
* EH$m C‘oXdmambm XmoZ nojm OmñV ‘VXma g§KmVwZ {ZdS>UyH$ bT>dVm ¶oUma Zmhr.
* {ZdS>UwH$ bT>dʶmMm C‘oXdmamg Oa XmoZ dfm©Mr gOm Pmbobr Agob Va ˶mbm nwT>rb ghm df©
{ZdS>UwH$ bT>dVm ¶oUma Zmhr.
* {ZdS>UwH$ bT>dUmam C‘oXdmamMm ‘¥Ë¶w Pmbm Va {ZdS>UwH$ nwT>o T>H$bʶmV ¶oB©b Vr aÔ Ho$br OmV
Zmhr.
* {ZdS>UwH$ àMma H$aʶmMr ‘wXV g§në¶mZ§Va 48 Vmgmn¶ªV ‘Ú (Xmé) Mr XþH$mZo ~§X amhVrb.
A
do i o V {ZdS> U w H $m§ M o do i mnÌH$ R> a dVo .
AN
C‘o X dmamMo AO© ˶mMm nmhUr H$go
{ZdS>UHw $mMr VmarI R>adVmo. amOH$s¶ njmV
‘mݶVm {Xbo. d ˶m§Zm {MÝh XoUo {ZdS>UwH$
G
’$imV AmMma g§{hVm R>adVmo. nmbrMo OmVo.
nmiZ gd© amOH$s¶ njmH$Sw>Z Ho$bo OmVo. N
yû
VH«$ma {ZdmaUmImbr VgoM {ZdS>UHw $ H$mimJ¡a
LA
ì¶dhma KoD$ Z¶o åhUwZ A{YH$mè¶m§Mr {Z¶wº$s
H$aUo B. H$m‘o H$amdr bmJVmV.
bmoH$g^m, amÁ¶g^m, {dYmZg^m {ZdS>UwH$sbm C^m Agbobm à{V{ZYr Agob Va ¶m
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g§~§Yr amï´>nVr qH$dm VËg‘ amÁ¶mVrb amÁ¶nmbmbm {ZdS>UwH$ Am¶moJ g„m XoD$ eH$Vo ¶m‘wio
nmQ>uVrb ‘V^oXH$ ‘r H$éZ {ZdS>UwH$ Am¶moJ EH$ ݶm¶mb¶rZ A{YH$mè¶m (Quasi Judicial
Authority) Mo H$m‘ H$aVo.
T
^maVr¶ {ZdS>UwH$ Am¶moJmÛmao {Xboë¶m ‘mJ©Xe©H$ AmXoemZwgma 1 OmZodmar nwdu 18 df©o nwU©
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Agbobo gd© ‘VXma ˶mV qbJ, Y‘©, ^mfm H$gbmhr ’$aH$ Z H$aVm Amnbo Zmd ‘VXma ¶mXrV
Zm|Xda eH$Vm. ‘VXmamMm h¸$ åhUOoM Universal Adult Franchise. ‘VXmamMr ¶mXr ¶mbmM
‘VXma gwMr Agohr åhUVmV.
SC
amO{H$¶ nj d {ZdS>UwH$m
¶m H$c‘mZwgma Hw$R>bmhr amOH$s¶ nj {Z‘m©U hmoVm§Zm EH$ njmMm {b{IV OmhraZm‘m
V¶ma H$aVmV. hm OmhraZm‘m {ZdS>UwH$ Am¶moJmH$S>o ho ~m~V bmJVmo. njmMo {ZdS>UyH$ {MÝh
{ZdS>UyH$ Am¶moJm H$Sw>Z {Xbo OmVo. {ZdS>UwH$m§‘ܶo ho {MÝh ~§YZH$maH$ Amnbo {ZdS>UwH$
Am¶moJmH$Sw>Z njmMr Zmdo Omhra Ho$bo OmVmV. ‘J Vmo nj amO{H$¶ Agob {H§$dm amÁ¶m nwaVm
‘¶m©XrV Agob. amÁ¶mV EImÚm njmZo 3% à‘mU d¡Y ‘Vm§Mm 3 {dYmZ g^oVrb OmJm
{‘i{dë¶m Va Vmo nj amÁ¶mVrb amO{H$¶ nj amï´>r¶ Am{U amÁ¶ñVar¶, amOH$s¶
åhUwZ Omhra Ho$bm OmVmo. EH$mnojm OmñV OmJm njm§Mo H$m§hr {MÝh Jmoim H$am.
amÁ¶mV hm nj åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. EImÚm
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 233
njmZo Oa amÁ¶mVwZ 6 % nojm OmñV à‘mUmV * Find out if any disciplinary action was taken
‘Vo {‘idbr qH$dm 11bmoH$g^oMm E‘.nr. against any candidate for violating the code of
OmJm hmoVm§À¶m Va Vo amO{H$¶ nj amï´>r¶ conduct.
nj åhUwZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. * Find out if any candidate was found guilty by
Elections - The code of conduct the judiciary and disqualified from the elections
or any political portfolio.
{ZdS>UHw $ Am¶moJ {ZdS>UHw $m§Mo doimnÌH$
Omhra H$aVo d hr AmMma g§{hVm bmJy
Ho$br OmVo. gd© {ZdS>UwH$ bT>dʶmMm C‘oXdmam§Zr ¶m AmMmag§{hVmMo nmbZ H$aUo ~§YZH$maH$
Amho. ¶m {Z¶‘m§Mo C„§KZ H$aUo åhUOo {ZdS>UwH$sg J¡a ì¶dhma H$aUo Agm JwÝhm g‘Obm
A
OmVmo, ¶m {déÕ Amdí¶H$ Vr H$m¶©dmhr Ho$br OmVo.
AN
1. {ZdS>UwH$ C‘oXdma qH$dm amOH$s¶ nj BVa njm§da Q>rH$m H$aVmV. ¶m§Zr OmVrdmMH$ OmV,
Y‘©, g§àXm¶ B. da H$gbrhr {dYmZ H$é Z¶o.
2. amO{H$¶ qH$dm amOH$maUmer g§~§{YV Zgbobo, ì¶{º$JV Amamon qH$dm ì¶{º$Ëd H$é Z¶o.
G
3. OmV, Y‘© B. bm bj R>adyZ Hw$R>bohr amO{H$¶ KmofUm H$é Z¶o.
4. àmW©Zm ñWio CXm. ‘§Xra, ‘pñOX, MM©, JwéÛmam, emim, H$m°boO BWo amO{H$¶ njmMm nMma
N
H$é Z¶o.
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5. ‘VXmam§Zm Hw$R>brhr ‘Xram qH$dm a¸$‘oMo Am{‘f XmIdy Z¶o.
6. ‘VXmam§Zr ñdV…Mr doJir AmoiI XmIdyZ nwÝhm ‘VXmZ H$é Z¶o.
7. ‘VXmZ H|$ÐmnmgwZ 100 {‘Q>a n¶ªVÀ¶m n[agamV àMma H$é Z¶o.
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8. àMma ‘wXV gwé hmoʶm AmYr qH$dm àMma ‘wXV g§në¶mZ§Va Hw$R>ë¶mhr àH$mao àMma H$aVm
¶oUma Zmhr.
9. Hw$R>ë¶mhr amO{H$¶ njmZo ‘VXmam§Zm ‘VXmZ H|$Ðmda Amnbo gmoS>bo. ¶oʶmg ^mJ nS>bo. ¶mMo
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10. nadmZJr {edm¶ à˶oH$mbm em§VVm‘¶ OrdZ OJʶmMm A{YH$ma Amho. bmoH$dñVrVyZ
qH$dm {‘adUwH$ H$mT>Vm§Zm {Z¶‘m {déÕ OmD$ Z¶o.
11. Kam§da nÌHo$ {MH$Q>dUo, q^Vrda KmofUm {bhUo, nmQ>uMo ÜdO OmJmoOmJr bmdUo, Jmoï>r H$é Z¶o.
SC
H$m§hr bmoH$ qH$dm JQ> AmMma g§{hVoÀ¶m ~m~V ݶm¶mb¶mH$S>o Joë¶m AmhoV.
g^m ^adUo - {‘adUwH$m H$mT>Uo
1. njmMr g^m ^adʶmgmR>r nmobrgm§Mr nadmZJr
KoUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. ˶m§Zm g^m {OWo ¿¶md¶mMr
Amho Vo ñWmZ d doi B. Vnerb nmobrgm§Zm H$i{dUo
JaOoMo Amho. Ago Ho$bo Va nmobrgm§Zm H$m¶Xm d
gwì¶dñWm ajUmgmR>r ¶mo½¶ Vr ì¶dñWm H$aVm ¶oB©b.
Am{U dmhVwH$ ì¶dñWog gwairV R>odVm ¶oB©b.
234 gm_m{OH$ AÜ`m`Z ^maVmVrb {ZdS>UwH$ à{H«$¶m
2. {ZdS>UyH$ C‘oXdma Á¶m ñWir g^m KoUma AmhoV, ˶m {R>H$mUr Amdí¶H$ Vr
gwajm ì¶dñWm {Xbr OmV Amho Should political parties campaign through
H$m? ¶mMr ‘m{hVr {‘idrVmo. public meetings and rallies only or are there any
other ways?
3. g^o‘ܶo bmCS>ñnrH$g© dmnaʶm
nwdu ˶m§Zm nadmZJr ¿¶mdr bmJVo. EImÚmZo g§¶moOZ AS>Wim AmUm¶Mm Agob Va à˶j
{damoY Z H$aVm nmobrgm§H$S>o VH«$ma H$amdr.
$‘VXmZmÀ¶m {Xder
A
1. ‘VXmZ H|$ÐmVrb A{YH$mè¶m§Zm ‘VXmZ à{H«$¶m
bmo H $emhr d em§ V Vm‘¶ ‘mJm© Z o nma
AN
nmS>ʶmgmR>r ¶mo½¶ Vr I~aXmar d nwd© V¶mar
H$amdr.
G
2. gd© ‘VXmZ H|$ÐmVrb A{YH$mè¶m§Zm H$m¶©
gwairV nma nmS>ʶmgmR>r gd© amO{H$¶ nXm§Zr
N
naV ‘XV H$amdr.
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3. ‘VXmZ H|$Ðmdarb doJdoJù¶m amO{H$¶ njmMo
à{V{ZYr {Xboë¶m AmoiInÌmda ˶mMo Zmd, Fig 16.8: Voters in Queue
TE
5. {ZdS>UyH$ bT>dUmam C‘oXdma qH$dm nmR>t~m XoUmam amO{H$¶ njmVrb bmoH$m§Zr ‘VXmZ H|$Ðm
Odi O‘mdmZo, JQ>mZo EH$Ì ¶oD$ Z¶o.
ER
6. ‘VXmZ H|$Ðmda H$moU˶mhr njmMo nmoñQ>g©, P|S>m {MÝh B. {XgVm H$m‘m Z Z¶o.
{ZdS>UyH$m - ݶm¶mb¶rZ {ZH$mb…
SC
* 2013 gmbr S>m°. gw~«‘ʶZ‘ ñdm‘r ¶m§À¶m Ho$g ~m~V gdm}ƒ ݶm¶mb¶mZo gm§{JVbo H$s, dmoQ>tJ
‘erZMr nmhUr, ñnmoQ>g© Z H$aVm ¶oB©b. ˶m§Mo ‘VXmZ ¶mo½¶ [aVrZo Pmbo Amho H$s Zmhr ho ˶m§Zr
nS>VmiwZ nmhVm ¶oBb© . (VVPAT)
* 2013 gmbr {nnëg ¶w{Z¶Z {gpìhb {b~aQ>uO ¶m ~m~V {ZU©¶ XoVm§Zm gdm}ƒ ݶm¶mb¶mZo gm§{JVbo
H$r, ‘VXmambm ñdV…Mo ‘V XoʶmMo ñdmV§Í¶ AgwZ ... Agboë¶m gd© C‘oXdmam§Zm ‘VXmZ H$aVm ¶oB©b
{ZdS>UyH$ bT>dʶmMm ¶m ݶm¶mb¶rZ {ZH$mbMo nmbZ H$aÊgmgmR>r ^maVr¶ {ZdS>UyH$ Am¶moJmZo
“None of the above” hm ^mJ gå‘rbrV Ho$bm.
* 2013 ‘ܶo Peoples Union of Civil Liberties, ¶mÀ¶m g§X^m©V {ZH$mb XoVm§Zm gdm}ƒ ݶm¶mb¶mZo
gm§{JVbo H$s, {ZdS>UyH$ C‘oXdma (bmoH$g^m qH$dm {dYmZg^m) ¶m§Zr ˶mÀ¶m C‘oXdmamMr ¶mXr {df¶r
Omhra H$amdo/bmJob Ho$bo. Imbrb Jmoï>r Vmo/{VÀ¶m {déÕ JwÝhm Zmhr. nVr/nËZrMo Zmd, ‘wbm/
‘wbtMo Zmdo, ‘mb‘Îmm, e¡j{UH$ nmÌVm
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 235
{ZdS>UwH$m d gÎmmYmarnj
gÎmmYmar nj {ZdS>UyH$ à{H«$¶oV T>dimT>di H$aUo. gÎmoMm J¡a dmna H$é eH$Vmo. ¶mgmR>r ¶mda
{Z¶§ÌU R>odʶmgmR>r {ZdS>UwH$ Am¶moJmZo H$m§hr {Z¶‘, ~§YUo bmXbr AmhoV.
1. gÎmmYmar njmZo gÎmoMm J¡a dmna H$é Z¶o. ˶m§À¶m A{YH$mamVrb Zm¡H$aemhrMm dmna {ZdS>UyH$m§gmR>r
H$é Z¶o.
2. H$m¶m©b¶rZ H$m‘mgmR>r ^oQ>r d amO{H$¶ njm g§~§YrV ^oQ>r EH$Ì Voters’ pledge
we the citizens of India,
H$é Z¶o. having abiding faith in
3. njmÀ¶m àMmamgmR>r gaH$mar dmhZo dmné Z¶oV. democracy, here by pledge
A
4. {ZdS>UHw $ àMma H$mimV VrZ nojm OmñV gwajm dmhZo dmnabr Va to uphold the democratic
traditions of our country and
AN
¶mMm IM© {ZdS>UwH$ IMm©V XmIdʶmV ¶oB©b. the dignity of free and fair
5. {ZdS>UyH$m§Mr VmarI Omhra Pmbm nmgyZ {ZdS>UyH$ AmMma peaceful elections, and to
vote in every elections,
g§{hVm ¶mMo ñdê$n ñnï> hmoVo d Vr bmJy Ho$br OmVo. fearlessly and without being
G
6. gaH$mar B‘maVr, H$m¶m©b¶o, B. Mm dmna Hw$R>ë¶mhr njmMm àMma influenced by
N considerations of religion,
H$aʶmgmR>r dmné Z¶o. race, caste, community,
7. H$moU˶mhr àH$maMr OmhramV nÌHo$, qH$dm Bbo³Q´>m{ZH$ ‘mܶ‘m§Mm language or any inducement.
LA
dmna H$é Z¶o.
8. {Q>.ìhr da gaH$mar ¶moOZm§Mm OmhramV H$aʶmnwdu {ZdS>UwH$ Am¶moJmMr nadmZJr hmoUo Amdí¶H$
TE
Amho.
9. {ZdS>UwH$m Omhra Pmë¶mZ§Va gÎmmYmar nj H$moUVrhr {ZYr, ^Îmo, Z{dZ ¶moOZm bmJy H$aVm ¶oV
ZmhrV. Hw$R>bohr ZdrZ àH$ën qH$dm ¶moOZm, EImXo dMZ XoVm ¶oUma Zmhr.
T
amÁ¶ gaH$maer {dMma {d{Z¶‘ H$adZo, ‘w»¶ {ZdS>UwH$ A{YH$mar ¶m§Mr {ZdS> {ZdS>UwH$
Am¶moJmÛmao Ho$br OmVo. ¶mbm Ag§d¡Ym{ZH$ XOm© ZgVmo. gmYmaUV… Cƒ nXmg nXñW IAS Officer Mr
SC
Zo‘UyH$Mm nXr Ho$br OmVo. bmoH$g^oMm qH$dm {dYmZ g^oÀ¶m {ZdS>UyH$m ¶m§À¶m XoIaoIrImbr nma nmS>ë¶m
OmVmV. {Oëhm nmVirda {Oëhm{YH$mar ho ‘w»¶ {ZdS>UyH$ A{YH$mar åhUyZ H$m‘ H$aVmV.
{ZdS>UyH$m KS>dyZ AmUmdo, à˶oH$ ‘VXma g§Kmda 9 n¶©dojH$ XoIaoI H$aVo. ¶mgmR>r [aQ>Z©Zr>>±J
Am°’$sga ¶m§Mr {Z¶wº$s Ho$br OmVo. ‘VXma ¶mXrV ¶m§À¶m ZmdmMr Zm|X Amho. Ago H$moU˶mhr 춺$s
¶mnXmgmR>r Amnbo Zmd XoD$ eH$Vmo. ¶m§Zm bmoH$ à{V{ZYr hmoʶmMr BÀN>m Amho. ¶m Zmdmbm registered
elector of the constituency. ˶mÀ¶m ‘VXma g§KmÀ¶m ¶mXrVrb Zm|X Agboë¶m C‘oXdmamMo AZw‘moXZ
bmJVo. EImÚm njmZo ˶m C‘oXdmamMo Zmd Omhra Ho$bo Va Vmo ˶m njmMm C‘oXdma AgVmo. BVa C‘oXdma
ñdV§Ì g^mgX åhUyZ {ZdS>UyH$ bT>{dVmV.
A
¶mXr Omhra H$aVmV. {d{dY Fig 16.9: Control Unit, Ballot Unit
AN
‘VXma g§KmVbo Q>ßnmMm amOH$s¶
njm§À¶m gXñ¶m§Zm ˶m§À¶m njmMo Oo {MÝh Agob Vo XoʶmV ¶oUo Va ñdV§Í¶, C‘oXdmam§Zm Oo {MÝh
CnbãY Agob Vo XoʶmV ¶oVo. ¶mZ§Va C‘oXdmamMr Zmdo d {MÝh EVM ‘ܶo g‘m{dï> Ho$br
G
OmVm. hrM nÕV bmoH$g^m, {dYmZg^m qH$dm ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ¶ g§ñWm (J«m‘n§Mm¶V) n¶ªV
dmnabr OmVo.
Voting Mechanism
N
LA
‘VXmZ à{H«$¶oMo V§Ì ‘w»¶ {ZdS>UwH$ A{YH$mar {Oëhm ñVamda ’$ma ‘moR>r ì¶dñWm
{ZdS>UwH$ KoʶmgmR>r H$aVmV. àdºo$, nmobtJ Am°’$sga, àmogm¶qS>J Am°’$sga, ‘VXmZ H|$Ðmda
TE
à˶oH$s Zo‘Uya H$aVmV. {ZUS>UyH$ Am¶moJmbm {eH$m¶ H$m§hr n¶©dojH$m§Mr {Z¶wº$s H$aVmV. Oo
{ZdS>UyH$ à{H«$¶m gwairV Mmby Amho H$s Zmhr ho ~KVmV. {ZdS>UyH$ ‘VXmZmÀ¶m {Xder
{ZdS>UyH$ AmXrVrb gd© nmÌ ‘VXmam§Zm ‘VXmZ H$aVm ¶mdo. nmobtJ EO|Q²>g, ‘VXmam§Mr AmoiI
T
nQ>dyZ Xoʶmg {ZdS>UyH$ A{YH$mè¶m§Zm ‘XV H$aVmV. ‘VXmZ H$aVm§Zm ‘VXmamÀ¶m S>mì¶m
ER
hmVmÀ¶m d ˶m ~moQ>mbm Indelible Ink emB© bmdVmV. EVM ‘erZ Agob Va (1) Mo {MÝh
Agbobm ñQ>°ån {Xbm OmVmo Vmo
~°boQ> nonada ‘méZ ‘VXma
SC
A
AVdm ñdmV§Í¶mMo à{VH$ Amho. 2013 ‘ܶo {X„r ¶oWrb
AN
amÁ¶ {dYmZ g^oÀ¶m {ZdS>UyH$sÀ¶m doiog àW‘ ¶mMm
dmna Pmbm. NOTA ¶mMr EH$ n¶m©¶ åhUwZ g‘moa
Ambm. NOTA hm EH$ EopÀN>H$ n¶m©¶ Amho. hm C‘oXdmam§Mo
G
qOH$Uo qH$dm hma nojmMr j‘Vm ¶mda hm H$m§hr H$arV
Zmhr. Oa OmñVrV OmñV OZg§»¶m NOTA bm {‘imbr. N
Var Xþgè¶m Z§~ada AgUmam C‘oXdma {dO¶r C‘oXdma
LA
åhUyZ Omhra Ho$bm OmVmo.
Fig 16.11: NOTA Symbol
{ZdS>UyH$ à{H«$¶oV ~Xb H$aʶmMr JaO The
need for Electoral reforms
TE
^maV ho EH$ bmoH$g§»¶oÀ¶m Ñï>rZo OJmVrb Xþgè¶m H«$‘m§H$mda Agbobo amï´> ˶m‘wio
^maVmg‘moa Am¶moOZ g’$bVmnwd©H$ {ZdS>UyH$m nma nmS>bo ho ’$ma ‘moR>o AmìhmZ Amho. à˶oH$
amO{H$¶ nj CÎm‘ gaH$ma, Am{W©H$ g‘mZVm, Jar~r Xþa H$aʶmgmRr dMZ~Õ AgVo. na§Vw
T
H$m§hr amO{H$¶ Ywa§Ya Oo .......... AgVmV. ˶m§À¶m JwÝhoJmar nmíd©^y‘rVwZ Ambobo AgVmV.
~o H$m¶Xoera AZ¡{VH$ ‘mJm©Mm Adb§~ H$aVm§Zm ‘VXmam§Mr ‘wi H$aVmV. ¶m Aem àH$mam§‘wio
ER
A
Zdr {X„r… {ZdS>UyH$ Am¶moJmÀ¶m B{VhmgmV n{hë¶m§Xm nwdu Omhra Ho$bobr {ZdS>UyH$
AN
ZmoQ>rg aÔ H$amdr bmJbr. {ZdS>UyH$ Am¶moJmZo AadHw$éMr, V§Omdwa ‘VXma g§K V{‘iZmSw>‘Yrb nmoQ>
{ZdS>UyH$m aÔ Ho$ë¶m H$maU Iwn ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV n¡gm ~mQ>ë¶m Q>moim {ZdS>UyH$ Am¶moJmZo 16 ‘o 2016
amoOr hmoʶmMr {ZdS>UyH$ nwT>o T>H$bobr Jobr.
G
‘hËdmMo eãX
N
LA
1) ‘V 2) AmMma g§{hVm 3) EVM 4) ‘VXma g§K 5) NOTA
TE
6) Vw‘À¶m ^mJmV Vwåhmbm {ZdS>UyH$m§‘Yrb J¡aàH$ma AmT>ibo AmhoV H$m? AmMma g§{hVoMr
H$moU˶m ‘yë¶mda A{VH«$‘U Pmbo.
7) {ZdS>UyH$m à{H«$¶oVrb XimMr JaO hm n[aÀN>oX dmMm d Vw‘Mo ‘V {bhm?
8) ‘VXmZmMo ‘hËd {dfX H$aUmao EH$ nÌH$ V¶ma H$am?
àH$ën H$m¶©
Collect the information of ideal politicians who have sacrificed their life for the
nation? What do we learn from their lives?
Collect the information, create a table and analyse the results of Loksabha elections
held recently.
A
_VXmZ, EH$ _VXmZ EH$M _wë` `m gwÌmMr AmoiI hmoV.o Va gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ {OdZmV
Amncr gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ ì`dñWo_wio EH$ ì`º$s- EH$ _wë` `m gwÌmMm ZH$maM XoVmo.
AN
d¡{dÜ`VoZo _wº$ `m {OdZmg {H$Vr H$mimn`ªV ghZ H$é `m? {H$VrH$mi AmnU Amnë`m
gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ {OdZmer g_mZVm gmÜ` H$é eH$V Zmhr? AgoM {XK©H$mi MmcV
G
am{hco Va Amncr amOH$s` cmoH$emhr {dZmemÀ`m Amhmar OmB©c `m d¡{dÜ`VoMo cdH$aM
{ZamH$aU H$amdo. ZmhrVa Ag_mZVoÀ`m ~ir OmUmè`m§Zr `m amÁ`KQ>Zm _ohZVrZo ~Zdcoë`m
N
cmoH$emhr amOH$s` ì`dñWm _moSw>Z Q>mH$VmV.
LA
- S>m°.~r.Ama. Am§~oS>H$a
TE
`m AmYr 15 ìµ `m nmR>mV ^maVr` amÁ`KQ>Zm H$er ~Zdcr ho AmnU nm{hcmoV. EH$mM doir
AZoH$ CÔrï>mZ§ m gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`KQ>ZM
o o lo` KoVco. cmoH$emhr ì`dñWoMr C^maUr, Xoem§V
EoŠ`Vm {Z_m©U H$éZ EH$M amOH$s` YmoaU ~ZdUo, _moR>çm à_mUmV gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ ~Xc
KS>dwZ AmUUo. ^maV ¶m Xoemda 200 dfm©hÿZ OmñV {dXoer bmoH$m§Zr amÁ¶ Ho$bo ˶m XoemV
T
VwbZmË‘H$ ÑîQ²> çm H$‘r doimV amï´>r¶ C{Ôï> R>adUo, ho gmܶ H$aUo ¶mgmR>r {d{eï> YmoaUmMm
ER
EH$Vm d AI§S>Vm H$m¶ R>odbr. gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ ~Xc KS>dwZ AmUUo, cmoH$emhr ì`dñWm
gwairV MmcV Amho H$s, Zmhr Vo nmhUo, XoemÀ`m ZoË`mg_moa Agcocm _hËdmMo AmdhmZ `m
AS>MUrV EH$ Xþgè`m§er g§~§Y AgwZ g_Vmoc {~KSw> Z`o `mMr H$miOr ¿`mdr cmJcr. CXm.
cmoH$emhrnUmg cmdwZ {dH${gV C{Ôð>m§Zm XoemMr AI§S>Vm nUmbm bmdwZ MmbUma Zmhr. `m
nmR>mV EH$_oH$m§er OwiwZ AgUmè`m `m gm_m{OH$ g_mZVm {_imcr Ago Vwåhmcm dmQ>Vo
VrZ ~m~t~amo~a amÁ`KQ>Zm, cmoH$emhr H$m? gm_m{OH$ g_mZVm Am{U {df_Vm XmI{dUmao
H$em àH$mao Mmccr, amï´>r` {Z_uVrg Vwåhmcm _m{hV Agcoco CXmhaUm§Zm gm§Jm?
_hËdmÀ`m ~m~tZm ^maVmZo H$er Vm|S> {Xco
Vo nmhy `m.
240 gm_m{OH$ AÜ`m`Z ñdV§Ì ^maV Xoe - I
n{hë`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$m (First General Elections)
Z{dZ g§{dYmZmImcr KoVcoë`m n{hë`m gmd©O{ZH$ {ZdS>UwH$m ^maVr` cmoH$emhrgmR>r Iwn
_hËdmMo Amho. {~«Q>re gaH$maH$Sw>Z ñdmV§Ì {_imë`mZ§Va cmoH$emhr _mJ© Adc§~{dÊ`mgmR>r
^maV Xoe gcJ AgVmo. ho gwMdVo nmíMmË` Xoemà_mUoM AJmoXa g§nÎmr AgUmè`m Z§Va
gm_m{OH$ dJmªZm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma _V^oXmZwgma Z XoVm ^maVmV gd© d`ñH$am§Zm EH$XmM
_VXmZ Q>mH$Ê`mMm A{YH$ma {Xcm. CXm. pñdOac§S> _Yrc _qhc§mZm _VXmZmMm h¸$ 1971
_Ü`o {_imcm.
{MÌ 18.1 : n{hë`m gmd©{ÌH$ {ZdS>UwH$mV _VXmZ
Q>mH$Vm§Zm _{hcm. gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr_wio gwÜXm n{hë`m
{ZdS>UHw $m AdKS> Pmë`m cmoH$g§»`oVrc OmñV
A
cmoH$m§Zm dmMUo - {c{hUo `oV Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr
AN
Ë`mÀ`m {ZdS>rg H$go ì`º$ H$aVmV? XoemVrc
H$mhr ^mJmVrc _{hcm§Zm Ë`mÀ`m dS>rc qH$dm
nVrÀ`m ZmdmZo AmoiIVmV. Ë`m§Zm doJir {deof
G
AmoiI Zgm`Mr _{hcm§Zm g_mZ h¸$ AgwZ
NXo e mg AOw Z gm_m{OH$ g_mZËdo H $S>o
didÊ`mgmR>r `mV ~Xc hdm hmoVm. _VXmam§Mr
LA
`mXr H$er V`ma H$amdr? Xoe^amV {ZdS>UHw $m
MmcdÊ`mgmR>r O~m~Xmar gmon{dÊ`mgmR>r
TE
_VXmZmMm h¸$mMm Cn`moJ H$éZ KoÊ`mgmR>r Z{dZ {dMma g_moa Amcm. `m g¥OZmË_H$
{ZaúmaVoMm H$gm à^md nS>Vmo. `m g_ñ`oMr Z{dZ à`moJm_wio gw{XK© AmoiIrMr Amdí`H$Vm
gmoS>dUwH$ H$er H$amc? ZgwZ {MÌmg AmoiIco Va nwao {hM nÜXV
SC
cmoH$m§Zm _VXmZmMm A{YH$ma Zgoc Va Amncm AmVm nU Mmcw Amho. `mg AOwZ gwc^
cmoH$emhr Xoe Amho åhUwZ g§mJw eH$Vmo H$m? H$aÊ`mgmR>r n{hë`m {ZdS>UwH$sg àË`oH$
_{hcm§_Ü`o gmúmaVm H$_r Agcoë`m _mJm©_wio gXñ`m§gmR>r ~mhoaÀ`m ~mOwZo Ë`m§À`m AmoiInÌ
Ë`m§Zm _VXmZmMm h¸$ Z XoVm Vo Amnë`mcm cmdcoco doJdoJio ~°coQ> noQ>r XoÊ`mV Amë`m.
YmoaUm§da H$moUVm à^md nS>ë`m AgVrc? Ë`m§Zr {ZdS>cëo `m gXñ`m§g ~°cQo > noQ>rV _VXam§Zo
ZMwH$Vm {ZdS>UwH$m KoUo åhUOo cmoH$emhr À`m Ë`mÀ`m _VXmZmg Q>mH$mdo. {ZdS>UwH$m Amë`m
C^maUrMo ñnï> g§Ho$V Amho. `m ì`m»`mer Ë`m doir _VXmZ Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r cmoH$m§Zm
Vwåhr gh_V AmhmV H$m? H$maU gm§Jm? àmoËgmhrV H$aÊ`mgmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmV àMma
Ho$cm.
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 241
{ZdS>UwH$rMr _m{hVr (dU©Z) (Description of Elections )
nS>Xm ì`dñWog {ZpíMVM nmiUmè`m {OëømV gmYmaUnUo \$º$ ót`mÀ`m A{YH$mamImcr
{deof qó`m nomctJ, _V_moOUr A{YH$mè`mImcr {deof ót`m _V_moOUr H|$Ð ~Zdco.
AO_oa `oWrc EH$ amOnwV _{hcm _V Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r nwU© A§J PmHw$Z Amcr hmoVr. VrWo nwU©
eara docdoQ> dómZo Jw§S>miwZ hmoVo. nwÝhm _V Q>mHw$ Z`o åhUwZ S>mì`m ~moQ>mÀ`m Xe©Zr ~moQ>mda Z
{ZKUmam emB©Mm S>mJ cmdÊ`mgmR>r Omo earamMm ^mJ Amho. VodT>m gmoSw>Z cmoH$m§Zm {VÀ`m
earamMm Xwgam ^mJ XmI{dcm Zmhr.
H$mhr Jm§dmZr {_iwZ _VXmZ Q>mH$co. Amgmo_ `oWwZ Amcoë`m {ZdoXrH$m à_mUo EH$m
Am{Xdmgr JmdmVrc cmoH$ _VXmZ Q>mH$Ê`mgmR>r EH$ {Xdg AJmoXaM {VWo `oD$Z nmohmoMVmV.
Ë`m {Xder amÌ^a Omi H$éZ Ë`mÀ`m ^modVmcr JmUo, Ioi IoiV, OmJaU H$aV. gH$mi
A
Pmë`mZ§Va nomctJ H|$ÐmÀ`m {R>H$mUr EH$m a§mJoV {epñVZo _V Q>mH$Ê`mg OmV AgV.
AN
noßgw (PEPSU) `oWrc JmdmVrc cmoH$ H$moUmcm _VXmZ Q>mH$mdo ho R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m
gXñ`mn¡H$s VéU à{V{ZYrn¡H$s Hw$ñVrMr ñnYm© cmdwZ Ë`mV qOH$Umè`m gXñ`m§Zm _VXmZ
Q>mH$mdo. åhUwZ R>adë`m OmV.
G
_VXmZ H|Ðm§Zm XoÊ`mgmR>r {H$Ë`oH$ dñVw AmUV. ~°coQ> noQ>r CKS>cr AgVm Ë`m§Mm {dígZr`
{dMma gm§JÊ`mgmR>r EH$oH$mdoir AÞYmÝ` H$mnS>o Úm åhUwZ {dZ§Vrnwd©H$ nÌ Agm`Mo.
ñd§VÌ ^maVmV 1952, 1957 Am{U 1962 _Ü`o Pmcoë`m gwédmVrÀ`m VrZ gmd©{ÌH$
{ZdS>UwH$m_Ü`o BVa gXñ`m§Zm Zm__mÌ ñWmZ XoD$Z ^maVr` amï´>r` H$m°J«og {d`O {_idco.
^maVmg n{hco àYmZ_§Ìr Odmhacmc Zohé ~Zco. BVa númmV H$moUË`mhr EH$m númmcm gwÜXm
T
11% noúmm H$_r _V {_imco Zmhr. nwU© _V_moOUr _VXmZmV 45% H$m°J«og 70% noúmm OmñV
Om§Jm_Ü`o H$m°J«ogM qOH$co. BVa H$moUmVM núm H$m°J«ogÀ`m Odinmghr ZìhVr.
ER
H$m°J«og númmZo AZoH$ amÁ`mV gwÜXm gaH$ma ~Z{dco. `m_wio H$mhrOZ {Z[aúmH$mZr`wº$
H$m°Jgo« ì`dñWm ~Zdcr. Odinmg gJù`mM ~m~VrV emgZnúmr` AgUmam H$m°Jgo« _Ü`o d BVa
SC
20
37
29
A
361
364
AN
G
amOH$s` númm§Mr X{e©H$m(\$º$ nmM noúmm OmñV ñWmZo {_idcoco)
^maVr` amï´>r` JUV§Ì n[afX I^maVr` amï´>r` ñdV§Ì núm Ð{dS> _wZÐo _ H$OH$_
H$m°Jgo«
Anúm
gmoecrñQ> núm
{H$gmZ _OXþa
àOm núm
BVa
N
H$m°Jgo«
^maVr` H$å`w{ZñQ> OZg§K gmoecrñQ> núm
LA
^maVr` H$å`w{ZñQ> nmQ>u
nmQ>u {nnwëg S>_o moH$o« Q>rH$ \§$S> Anúm cmoH$ gm_m{OH$ nmQ>u BVa
TE
åhUwZ hr n[apñWVr BVa amOH$s` núm ZgUmar cmoH$emhr n[apñWVr Zìho. BVa núm§mZr
gh^mJr hmoD$Z ñnYm© Hoo$cr. nU H$m°J«ogcm g_moao OmÊ`m EdT>çm g§»`oV OmJm qOH$ë`m ZmhrV.
BVa amOH$s` núm ~iH$Q> hmoD$Z XomZ XeH$mÀ`m H$mcmdYrV A{YH$marH$ ñnY©oH$ åhUwZ dmT>co.
hm H$mi {deof H$éZ gwédmVrÀ`m dfm©V cmoH$emhr Mm ~Mmd H$éZ ñdV§Ì, ~{hJ©V ñnY}da
T
amOH$s` ì`dñWoV H$m°Jgo« À`m A{YnmË`mg doir ñdV§Ì Pmcocm B§S>moZo{e`m, nm{H$ñVmZ, {MZ,
_XV H$aUmar Ho$mUVr H$maUo AmhoV. Zm`Ooar`m gma»`m ñWmZmVarV XoemÀ`m AZw^dmnoúmm
g{dñVa dU©Z H$am? ^mVamMm AZw^d Iwn doJim Amho.
amÁ`mMo nwZ©ì`dpñWH$aU (Demand for State Reorganisation )
Z{dZ CX²^dcoë`m Xoem§Zm gm_moao OmUmè`m n{hë`m àíZm§n¡H$s ^mfoMr AS>MU AgUmè`m
amÁ`m§Zm nwZ©ì`dpñWH$aU H$aÊ`mMr EH$ _mJUr {~«Q>remÀ`m H$mimV XoemMo Presidencies
(H$cH$Îmm, _Ðmg Am{U ~må~o) (Calcutta, Madras and Bombay) åhUwZ g|Q´>c àmo{dÝgog
Am{U ~oaa (Central Provinces and Berar) gma»`m _moR>çm amÁ`mV {d^mJUr Pmcr ZgVr.
A
Q´>mdoZHw$a- H$moƒrV g§ñWmZmMr {dcZVm {eIm§Zm n§Om~
AN
amÁ` `mdo Ago dmQ>V homVo. `m _mJÊ`m pñdH$maë`m_wio
XoemMr EoH$Vm dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r _XV Pmcr qH$dm ^mfoÀ`m
à{VnmXZoV XoemV {d^mJUr AmUw eH$Vo H$m hm _hËdmMm
G
{df` ~Zcm. {MÌ18.2 : 1950 À`m gwédmVrg agË`mMm
N
Y_m©Zgw ma XoemMr {d^mJUr Pmë`m_wio ZoË`m§À`m _ZmV nm`m KmcVm§Zm Odmhmacmc Zohé
LA
^maVmMr g§aúmU, gwpñWaVoda e§H$m, q^Vr {Z_m©U Pmcr.
^mfm n«{VnmXZo amÁ`m§Zm nwZì© `dñWrH$aU Ho$co Va XoemMo VwH$S>o homVrc `mMr {^Vr dmQw> cmJcr.
H$m°J«og núm ^mfoÀ`m n«{VnmXZoda g§KQ>rV Agco Var Ë`m AmYmao oXoemg nwZ©g§KQ>rV H$aVmo åhUwZ
TE
A
gXñ` AmhoV. ^mfmdma àm§V aMZm ~Zdcoë`m ~m~tMo [Z[aúmU H$aÊ`mgmR>r `m g§KQ>Zog H$m_
AN
gmondco. `m g§KQ>ZoZo {Zdo{XHo$À`m AmYmao 1956 _Ü`o g§gXoÀ`m amÁ`mMr nwZ©ì`dpñWH$aU
H$m`Úmg AZw_moXZ {Xco. `m AmYmao 14 amÁ`o, 6 H|ÐemgrV n«mV ~Z{dco. ^mfm à{VnmXZ
amÁ`mMr ñWmnZm H$aVodoiog Jm|S>r Am{U g§Wmcr qH$dm AmoamdZ gma»`m Am{Xdmgr ^mfm§Zm
G
Ñï>rg KoVco Zmhr EH$ ~hþg§»¶ ^mfm ~mocUmè`m§Zm V_ri Am{U VocJwgM J¥hrV Yabo.
N ^mfmdma àm§V aMZm qH$dm amÁ¶ {Z{‘©Vr
^mfm{df`H$ amÁ` {Z_m©U Pmco ZgVo Va XoemÀ`m
hr JmoîQ> H$er bmoH$[චPmbr, amO{H$¶
EoŠ`Vog OmñV \$m`Xm Pmco AgVo H$m? H$maU?
LA
Zo˶m§Zr g§ñWm{ZH$m§nmgwZ ñdV…Mr H$er
Ë`mdoir Am{Xdmgr ^m§fmH$S>o H$m Xþc©úm Ho$ë`m
Joco? gmoS>dUyH$ H$éZ KoVbr? ¶mMo CXm. KoVm§Zm
^maVmV gÜ`m {H$Vr amÁ`o, {H$Vr Ho$§ÐemgrV ‘mJo diwZ ~{KVbo Va ^mfmda amÁ¶ aMZm
TE
amÁ`KQ>Zm {Z_m©U Pmë¶mZ§Va g§KQ>Zm àUmcrH$m ~Zdcr. àUmcrHo$À`m aMZog Zohé `m§Zr
Mm§Jë`m Am{W©H$ nÜXVr` ZmhrVa Mm§Jë`m amOH$s` nÜXVr gwÜXm aMë`m. àUmcrV ~ÜX
gwYmaUoìXmao Y_©, OmV, àm§V§ gma»`m {d^mJUrMo YmoaU H$_r hmoD$Z ^maV ~cdmZ AmYw{ZH$ Xoe
åhUwZ dmT>rg cmJoc Ago Ë`mMr {dMma hmoVo.
n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV eoVrda cúm H|$ÐrV H$éZ AÞYmÝ` Mo CËnmXZ dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r
dmhVwH$ àgma úmoÌo dmT>rgmR>r, gm_m{OH$ godoÀ`m {dMmamg _hËd {Xco. ^maV eŠ`Vmoda
cdH$aM Am¡Úm{JH$aU CÞVrgmR>r gwÜXm Ë`m§Zr cúm {Xco. AÞYmÝ` _wc^wV JaO AgwZ
AÞYmÝ`mMo CËnÞ dmT>{dÊ`mH$S>o EH$_V Pmco nU `mg H$go gmÜ` H$aVm `oB©c `mda EH${dMma
Pmcm Zmhr. amOH$s` {dMma XmoZ àíZm§da doJim Pmcm. {dñV¥V gwYmaUm YmoaUmV eoVrg H$moUVo
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 245
Fig 17.3 Bhakra Dam under
construction during 1960. This was
one among the first dams India built
after Independnece. (below) Image of
an adult literacy class from early
decades. Discuss how different ideas
of development or changes in society
are reflected with these projects.
A
ñWmZ Úmdo ? eo V r Am{U
AN
CÚmoJm_Ü`o gmYZo H$er Úmdr?
eoVr úmoÌmVrc ~Xc ZohéZo
G
\$º$ AmYw{ZH$ KQ>H$ åhUwZ nm{hco
Zmhr. Ë`mcm J«m{_Z úmoÌmVrc
N amOH$s` gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$
~Xc åhUwZ AmoiIÊ`mV Amcm.
LA
ZohéZo XmI{dë`mn«_mUo YmoaU
AmIbo Jobo. `mV VrZ _w»`
TE
KQ>H$ AmhoV. Vo Ago, ^w g§ñH$aUo, eoVr ghH$ma g§K, ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ¶ g§ñWm VrZ àH$maMo
^wg§ñH$aUmMo à{VnmXZ Ho$co O_rZrXmar ì`dñWm aÔ, V{gc {dYmZ g§ñH$aU, ^w n[a_rVr{dYmZ
`m gdm©Mo _w»`CÔoe H$gob ˶mMr O{‘Z {_imdr ho nmhþZ AmUIr OmñV eoVrMo CËnmXZ
T
ñWm{ZH$ gaH$mao ^w gwYmaUm Am_cmV AmUUo, J«m_rU gmd©O{UH$ hmH$m§Zm AZwgéZ ghH$ma g§K
MmcVrc Ago nmhmdo.
SC
na§Vw g§nU
w © ^maVXoemV ^w g§ñH$aU(land reforms) (gwYmaUm) åhUmdo Vgoo Am_cmV Amë`m
ZmhrV. O_rZXmar nÜXV (Zamindari system)aÔ Ho$cr. na§Vw O_rZ ZgUmè`m§Zm O{_ZrMm dmQ>n
Ho$cm Zmhr. J«m_rU àm§VmV Y{ZH$ eº$sdmZ cmoH$ O_rZrVrc A{YH$ ^mJmda {Z`§ÌU Mmc{dV
AmhoV. XcrV cmoH$ AmUIr gwÜXm ^w{_{hZ AmhoV. na§Vw doQ>{~Jmar {Z_w©cZ Am{U Añn¥í`VoÀ`m
{ZfoY(abolition of untouchability) Ho$ë`m _wio XcrVm§Zm WmoS>ogo à`moOZ {_imco Amho.
n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ àUmcrH$m_Ü`o _moR> _moR>o YaU ~m§YZw {dÚwV CËnÎmr (produce electricity)
nmUr nwadR>m Aem H$ë`mUH$mar `moOZm ìXmao ì`dgm`mMr d¥ÜXr H$aÊ`mda ^a XmI{dcr Amho.
YaUm_wio ì`dgm`V Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ úmoÌo XomÝhtZm \$m`Xm Pmcm. ì`dgm` CËnÎmr dmT>cr
Varhr Vr gd© cmoH$m§Zm nwaoer Zmhr Amho.
A
B{Oá, BJmoñco`m Aem Xoemgmo~V hmV {_idUr Ho$cr. ho gd© OZ {_iwZ AmcrádmXr YmoaU
AN
(Non Aligned Movement) A§JrH$maco.
Vwåhr J«m_rU àm§VmV {Zdmg H$arV Agmc Va eoOmar amï´>mer EH$_oH$§ mÀ`m A§VJ©V ì`dhmamV
1970 À`m AmJmoXa ghH$mar g§ñWm§Mr ñWmnZm XIc KoD$ Z`o åhUwZ ZohéOrZo n§M{ec
Pmcr qH$dm Zmhr `mMr _m{hVr {_idm? Ë`mV gwÌm§Mo (Panchsheel policy) {Z_uVr Ho$co
G
gXñ` H$moUH$moU hmoVo ho _m{hV H$am? `mM H$mimV ^maV XoemVmcm XomZ `wÜXmer
^maVXoem_Ü`o Ho$coë`m ^w g§ñH$aUm gmo~V {MZ Vm|S> Úmdo cmJco. n{hco `wÜX 1948 _Ü`o
N
Am{U {d`ËZm_ _Ü`o Ho$coë`m ^w g§ñH$aUmMr H$í_ra {df`mda nmH$sñVmZ gmo~V Am{U
LA
VwcZm H$am? Xþgao `wÜX 1962 _Ü`o {MZ gmo~V Pmco
^maV Xoe `m `wÜXm§Zm àm_w»`mZo 1962 _Ü`o
Pmcoë`m `wÜXmÀ`m nwd© V`mar ZìhVr. `m_wio _moR>çm à_mUmV àmUhmZr Pmcr Am{U Am{W©H$
TE
ZwH$gmZ Pmco.
Zohé Z§VaMo (AZwH«$_mZo) (The Succession)
1964 _Ü`o Zohé {ZYZmZ§Va cmoH$emhr {Q>Ho$c qH$dm Zmhr. BVa Xoemà_mUo cmoH$emhr ZîQ>
T
hmoV hmoVr. Ë`mà_mUoM Amnë`m XoemVrc cmoH$emhr gwÜXm Zï> hmoVr H$s H$m` Ago AZoH$ àíZ
CËnÞ homV hmoV.o na§Vw gaH$mar ZoVm(leader in government) åhUwZ
ER
A
gw{dYm Om[ha Ho$ë`m. Ë`mVrc H$mhr àË`oH$ amÁ`mcm Ë`mMr ^mfm dmnaÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Amho. Vr
AN
àm§Vr` ^mfm gwÜXm Agw eH$Vo. qH$dm B§JO« r amhþ eH$Vo. H$moUË`mhr ì`dhamV B§JO« r, AZwdmX n«mV§ r`
^mfoV Agw eH$Vo. H|$Ð amÁ` _Ü`o ì`dhmarH$ ^mfm åhUwZ B§JO« rMm Cn`moJ ZmJargodm n[aúmm Ho$di
qhXr ^mfoVM Zmhr Va B§JO « r^mfoV gwÜXm KoVë`m OmD$ eH$Vo.
G
`m à{gÜX gm_m{OH$ Am§XmocZm_wio emgZcm Ë`mÀ`m A{YH$mamMr nwZ: g{_úmm H$amdr
N
cmJcr. Am§XmocZ H$aUmè`m§er gh_V Pmco qH$dm Zmhr. `m XomÝhr g§X^m©V àYmZ_§Ìr hr
n[apñWVr hmVm~mhoa OmD$ Z`o åhUwZ Amnë`m
LA
A{YH$mam úmoÌmÀ`m ~mhoa OmD$Z {dídmgmV XoemMr EoŠ`Vm d A§IS>Vog ^mfm nÜXVr H$er
Cn`moJr nS>cr?
KoU.o ñdV: Ë`m ~mOwZo ZgVm§Zmhr ñdVm:À`m
amï´>r` ^mfoMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho H$m?
TE
àmXo{eH$ núm Am{UàmXo{eH$ MidirMm CX` Rise of Regional parties and Regional movements
ER
^maV XoemÀ`m B{VhmgmV 1967 À`m {ZdS>UwH$m \$ma _hËdmÀ`m R>aë`m. {ZdS>UwH$scm
cmoH$ J§^raVoZo KoV Amho. Amnco ApñVËd Ë`mV Amho. ho {ZdS>UwH$mZr XmI{dco. `m Am{W©H$
{dH$mgmÀ`m H$m`©H«$_m_wio cm^mÝdrV Pmcoco, ZwH$gmZ Pmcoco gwÜXm `mV Agë`m_wio amOH$s`
SC
ñnYm© nÜXVrV gwÜXm ~Xc Amcm. H$m°J«og nmQ>uZo Ë`mAmYr H$YrM Z nm{hcocm {ZH$mcmMr
éMr, \$cl¥Vr nmhmdr cmJcr. ñdmV§Í`mÀ`m Z§Va H$_r ~hþ_Vm§Zr (284) OmJm {_i{dë`m.
{~hma, CÎma àXoe, amOñWmZ, n§Om~, npíM_~§Jmc, Amoargm, _Ðmg, Ho$ai {dYmZ g^oV
H$m°J«og númmMm nam^d Pmcm. Odinmg 30 dfm© n`ªV {Za§Va gÎmoV AgUmè`m nmQ>ucm `m
àíZm§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo cmJco. na§Vw nam^yV Pmcoë`m amOH$s` núm gÎmocm YéZ cm§§o~H$mimV am{hco
Zmhr. {ZdS>UwH$sV {dO`r Pmcoë`m númm§Zm gaH$ma ñWmnZ H$é {Xco. XoemV cmoH$emhrMr _wio
ngacr ho Xe©{dVo. ~hþc amOH$s` núm nÜXVrZo ñnY}À`m {XeoZo OmV Amho.
H$m°J«og númmMm _moR>m nam^d V{_cZmSw>, Ho$ai amÁ`mV Pmcm. V{_cZmSw>V DMK
A
nS>cr. g§¶wº$ {dYm`H$ Xc (Samyukta Vidhayak Dal (SVD) Mo emgZ gËVoda Amco. ho
AN
H$m°Jgo« cm {damoYmVrc {dYm`H$ - OZg§K, gmog{cñQ>, ñdV§Ìm Am{U H$m°Jgo« Mo Xc (Jan Sangh,
Socialists, Swatantra, and Congress) ñWm{ZH$ nmQ>uÀ`m {dYm`H$m§Zr V`ma Hococo g§H$sU©
emgZ ho cmoH$emhr À`m ~§S>mcm Xe©{dVo. _Ü`_dJu` OmVr, `m O{_ZrÀ`m gwYmaUm H$m`m©_wio
G
\$m`Xm hmoD$Z Am{W©H$ Ñï>r`m Xþ~©c cmoH$m§Zm cm^ Pmcm. n{hë`m§Xm amOH$s` A{YH$ma
{_i{dcm. `m OmVr - har`mUm, CÎma àXoemVrc OmR>, {~hma _Yrc Hw$_u H$mo`mQ>r,
N
_Ü`àXoemVrc cmoWo, `m amÁ`mV `mXd, Am§Y«n«Xoe _Ü`o aoÈ>r, H$å_m, H$Zm©Q>H$mV Amo¸$qcJm,
LA
V{_cZmSw>V-do„c `m OmVr Ë`m Ë`m amÁ`mV dM©ñd JmO{dUmè`m OmVr AgwZ Ë`m§Mr cmoH$g§»`m
gwÜXm A{YH$ g§»`oV AmhoV. BVa (_mJmgdJu`) OmVrMo cmoH$ gÎmoV `oÊ`mgmR>r DMK nmQ>uMo
TE
gwÜXm àmXoerH$ núm, amï´>r` núm Ë`m {hemo~ S>mùo `mg_moa R>Do $ZM A§XmO cmdV AgVmV.
ER
AmOÀ`m H$mimV gwÜXm XoemVrc {d{dY àXoemV hr ^mdZm nwÝhm C§MdwZ da `oV Amho.
Am§Yà« Xoe_Ü`o doJù`m VocJ§ mZmMr _mJUr Mmcw Amho. `m Am§XmocZmgmR>r Cñ_m{Z`m {dÚm{nR>mÀ`m
{dÚmÏ`mªZr ZoV¥Ëd Ho$co. {dH$mgmMr \$io d \$m`Xm H$mhr cmoH§$mZmM {_iV Amho. Agm Ë`m§À`m
SC
A
Vmo H$ï>H$miM hmoVm. amOH$s` ~Xc VoìhmM hmoD$Z Z{dZ
{MÌ 18.5 : B§Xram Jm§Yr
AN
ZoV¥Ëd OmJm KoV hmoVo. amOH$s` M¡VÝ`mg dmT>, BÀN>m,
ì`º$H$aÊ`mÀ`m H$maUm_wio dmT>Vm X~md ghZ H$aÊ`mMr úm_Vm
Z{dZ ZoV¥Ëdm_Ü`o nm{hOo VodT>r ZìhVr.
G
1967 À`m {ZdS>UwH$s Z§Va S>mdonúmmÀ`m nÜXVr YmoaUmH$S>o AmH${f©V hmoD$ cmJë`m_wio
~mhoéZ númmVwZ `oUmè`m AmìhmZmg B§{Xam Jm§YrZo Vm|S> {Xco. Jar~, _mJgcoco VimJmimVrc
N
{XZ XcrV cmoH$m§Zm KoD$Z Ë`m§À` {dH$mgmVhr Z{dZ gm_m{OH$ AmYmamMm nmR>§t~m KodwZ núm
LA
ñdV:Mr AmoiI XoÊ`mg à`ËZ XþYmar emómgmaIo Cn`moJr nS>cm. gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ àJVrer
g§~§YrV {Xcoco AmídmgZ AOwZ nwU© Pmco ZìhVo. 1967 À`m {dZS>UwH$sV H$m°J«og númmÀ`m
TE
nam^dmMo ho EH$ _w»` H$maU hmoVo. VarnU B§{Xam Jm§YrZr AOwZ Z{dZ AmídmgZ {Xco.
Xhmdfm©À`m H$mcmdYrV cmoH$m§À`m AmH$m§úmm dmT>V hmoË`m. {Zamem, {Zñn¥ehË`o_i
w Am{U~m{UMr
n[apñWrVr {Z_m©U Pmcr.
T
^maV g§KamÁ`mV BVa g§ñWmZm gmaIo Oå_w Am{U H$í_raMo {dcrH$aU H$aÊ`mMr
n[apñWVr doJir hmoVr. BVa emgH$mgmaIo ZgwZ amOm harqgJ {VH$S>o nm{H$ñVmZer,
BH$S>o ^maVmer {dcrZ Z H$aVm Oå_w Am{U H$í_ra cm ñdV§Ì amÁ` åhUwZ KmofrV H$amdo
SC
Aer _mJUr H$é cmJcm hmoVm. `m amÁ`mV _wpñc_ cmoH$m§Mr g§»`m A{YH$ Amho. amOm
qhXþ, ^maV Xoemcm EH$ ñdmV§Ì Amë`m nmgwZ VoWo A{Ic Oå_w Am{U H$í_ra _wñcr_
H$m°Ý\$aog (All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim conference) `m ZmdmZo cmoH§$mMr
Midi Mmcw hmoVr. Ë`mMo ZoV¥Ëd eoI _mohå_X AmãXþ„m H$aV hmoVo. emgH$s` godo_Ü`o
_wñcr_m§Zm A{YH$ _hËd emgZmV à{V{ZYrËd `m gma»`m _mJÊ`mgmR>r hr Midi
Mmcw hmoVr. `m Midircm Z§Va Z°ecZ H$m°Ý\$aoÝg åhUwZ AmoiIcr OmD$ cmJcr. Ë`mV
{eI d qhXþ cmoH$ gXñ` homVo. ZoeZc H$m°Ý\$aÝg gwÜXm H$m°J«og gmaIr Y_©{Zanoúm
g_mOdmXr gc¾ homVr.
250 gm_m{OH$ AÜ`m`Z ñdV§Ì ^maV Xoe - I
1947 À`m eodQ>r npíM_r gahÔrH$S>À`m nm{H$ñVmZÀ`m _XVrZo aOmH$am§Mo h„o gwé
Pmco. h„o H$aUmao lrZJa Odi `oD$ cmJë`m_wio H$í_raÀ`m amOmZo ^maVr` g¡Ý`mMr _XV
_mJrVco. Voìhm Oå_w Am{U H$í_ra ^maVmV {dcrZ Pmë`m daM Am_Mo g¡Ý` Vwåhmcm {_iw
eHo$c Ago ^maVmÀ`m Jìh©Za OZac Zo gm§JrVco. Voìhm Ë`m ^mJmV XoemÀ`m ^{dî`m g§~§Yr
ñdm`Îmm XoÊ`m ~m~V gw{XK© MMm© Pmcr.
1948 OmZodmar _Ü`o hm {df` g§`wº$ amï´> g{_Vr (United Nations) g_moa R>docm. `m
{df`mg `mo½` {ddaU Z Ho$ë`m_wio ho ^maV Xoe - nm{H$ñVmZMr g_ñ`m ~ZwZ ~gcm. Ë`mM
doir eoI AãXþ„m {X„r H$ama åhUwZ AmoiIë`m OmUmè`m H$amamMm pñdH$ma Ho$cm. Ë`mZwgma
A
H$í_ra ^maV XoemMo ZmJarH$Mm Pmcm Ë`mMo doir BVa amÁ`mcm VwcZoV `m amÁ`mcm A{YH$
AN
ñdm`§Vm A{YH$ma {_imco. amÁ`mÀ`m _wc^wV ñdénmMo aúmU H$aÊ`mgmR>r CÔoenwd©H$ `m
H$amamV AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe amÁ`KQ>ZoVrc 370 ì`m H$c_mV Zm|X{dcr Amho.
Ë`mMdoir amÁ`mVrc Am{W©H$ dmQ>nmV \$aH$ OmVr` dmXmMm a§J ngacm. amÁ`mVrc
G
O{_ZgwYmaUm H$m`Úm_wio O{_ZrXmamÀ`m A{YH$ O{_Z {gctJ (ceiling limits) _Ü`o
N
Joë`m. O_rZr Jocoë`m O{_ZXma _Ü`o A{YH$Îma {h§Xþ O{_ZXma d O{_Z {dVaUmc O{_Zr
{_imcoco _wñcr_ cm^mpÝdV Pmco. 1950-1990 À`m H$mimV `m amÁ`mMr ñdm`Îmm H$_r
LA
H$éZ BVa amÁ`mÀ`m ~amo~a H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$ÐgaH$maZo AZoH$ doim à`ËZ Ho$cm. Ë`mcm
H$pí_ar cmoH$m§Zr {Vd« {damoY Ho$cm. Ë`m AmYmamdaM 1990 _Ü`| ñdV§Ì H$í_ra nm{hOo
TE
åhUwZ Midir gwé Pmë`m. `mM H$mimV H$pí_a Imoè`mVrc AZoH$ qhXþ Hw$§ Qw>~§ mZm BVa n«mV§ mV
ñWcm§VarV ìhmdo cmJco.
T
1970 À`m eVH$mVrc nwd© nm{H$ñVmZ (gÜ`mMm ~m§JcmXoe) _Ü`o AZoH$ Am§XmocZo Pmcr.
npíM_ nm{H$ñVmZ Ë`m§À`m ~amo~a gmdÌnUmMm ì`dhma H$aV Amho. Ë`m {déÜX Ë`m§Zr AZoH$
SC
{dfoY, àXe©Zo homD$ cmJcr. Ë`m§À`m ~§Jmcr ApñVËd {Q>H$dwZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r Am§XmocZ gwé Pmcr.
gmYmaU {ZdS>UwH$sV _wOr~wa aho_mZÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmVrc nmQ>u núm {dO`r Pmcm. na§Vw Ë`m§Zm H¡$Xr
H$éZ npíM_ nm{H$ñVmZ _Ü`o KoD$Z Joco. nwd© nm{H$ñVmZ _Ü`o g¡Ý`m§Mm X~md Omoa Owcw_ gwé
Pmcm. cmImocmoH$ eaUmWu ^maVmÀ`m {e{~amV `oD$Z amhþ cmJco. Ë`mM doigo ~mJcm XoemÀ`m
ñdmV§Í`mgmR>r Am§XmocZo gwé Pmco. Ë`mgmR>r ^maV XoemMr gmhmæ`Vm _mJw cmJc|. 1971 cm
^maV Xoe d nm{H$ñVmZ _Ü`o `wÜX gwé Pmco. ^maVXoemZr {dMma H$éZ `mV hñVúomn Ho$cm. d
~m§JcmXoe ñdV§Ì Pmcm, ñdV§Ì Xoe åhUwZ CX`mg `oÊ`mg gmhmæ` Ho$co. ^maV XoemZo Ë`mÀ`m
A
cmoH$ {à`Vm A{YH$ dmT>cr. {damoYr núm Odinmg Zgë`m gmaImM Pmcm. VrMr {Q>H$m
H$aUmè`m§Mo Vm|S> ~§X Pmco. Vr cmoH§$mMr qà` ZoVm Pmcr. Ë`m Z§Va 1972 _Ü`o Pmcoë`m
AN
{dYmZg^m {ZdS>UwH$sV B§{XamJm§YrÀ`m cmoH${à`VoÀ`m AmYmamda H$m°J«og númmZo Mm§Jcm {dO`
{_idwZ cm^mpÝdV Pmcm. Voìhm {VMo númmda, g§gXoda {Z`ÌU n«ñWm{nV Pmco. A{YH$mamV
G
gÎmoV Amë`mZ§Va {VH$S>o númmVrc d BH$S>o emgZmVrc gd©M A{YH$mam§Mo gwÌmMo H|$ÐH¥$V H$oco.
Ë`mdoir gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ ~Xc KS>dwZ AmUÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo AZoH$ ImOJr ~°H$oMo
N
amï´>r`H$aU H$aÊ`mMm H$m`Xm, amÁ`mÀ`m nmcZ nmofUmMm IM© H$aÊ`mMm H$`Xm Ho$cm. ho
LA
{deof `m XmoZ H$m`Úm§Zm Ý`m`mc`mV AmdmhmZ Ho$co. Ë`m_wio amOH$s` CÔoe nwVuV Ý`m`mc`o
hñVúmon H$aV Amho ho Xe©{dco.
TE
Ë`m YmoaUo nÜXVr, H$m`©H«$_m nÜXVr g§~§Yr Ý`m`ì`dñWoMo _V doJio Amho. gm_m{OH$,
Am{W©H$ ~Xc `m ZmdmZo g§{dYmZmV CJmM ~Xc gwYmaUm H$arV Amho. g§{dYmZmMo _wi ñdén
~XcVo {d{dY g§ñWmJV ì`dñWoV
g§VwcZ {~KS>Vo. åhUwZ gdm©oƒ
T
à_mUmV ~§ Y Z cmdë`m Jo c o .
Ë`mÀ`m {Z`ÌUmV ZgUmè`m
KQ>Zm_wio B§{XamJm§Yr AZoH$ g_ñ`oV
AS>H$crVrZo {Xcoë`m dMZmcm nmiUo
H${R>U Pmco. {VÀ`m emgZmcm J§^ra
gm_m{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ n[apñWMm
gm_Zm H$amdm cmJcm. 1973 cm
Aa~ Bgam`cr(Arab-Israeli) `m
{MÌ18.6 : H$mocH$ÎmmVrc H§w§$Qw>~ {Z`moOZMm XdmImZm
A
em§VrÀ`m aúmUmÀ`m ZmdmImcr `m Am§XmocZmÀ`m CÎmamY© ZmJarH$m§À`m A{YH$mam§Zm ^§J
AN
H$aÊ`m gmaIo emgZmZo AZoH$ J§^ra H$m`Xo Ho$co. emgZmg ì`º$sJVnUo àYmZ_§Ìr An`moJ H$éZ
KoV Amho, Ago {damoYr númmZo {Q>H$m Ho$cr. `mVM 1971 À`m {ZdS>UwH$sV cmoH$ à{V{ZYr
H$m`ÚmVrc KQ>H$m§da A{VH«$_U H$oco åhUwZ cmoH$g^oVrc B§{Xam Jm§Yr {ZdSw>wZ Acmhm~mX
G
Ý`m`mc`mZo aÔ Ho$cr. Ë`mda VrZo gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mc`mVwZ ñQ>o AmS>©a (got a stay) Wm§~{dÊ`mMm
Am§Xoe KoD$Z Amcr. N
H$mhr {XdgmZ§Va OonrMo A§mXomcZ AOwZ {Vd« Pmco. Ë`m_wio H|$Ð gaH$maZo Am{U~m{U
LA
KmofrV Ho$cr. cmoH$emhrcm dmMdÊ`mgmR>r emVr, gwaúmm {Q>H$D$Z R>do Ê`mgmR>r XoemMr gmd©^m¡{_H$Vm,
AI§S>Vm {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ ~Xc KS>{dÊ`mgmR>r ho Amdí`H$ hmoVo Ago
TE
H|$ÐemgZmZo `mMo g_W©Z Ho$co. Ë`m_wio cmoH$emhr Zmhr Ago Pmco. XoemV em§Vr, gwaúmm
Amdí`H$ Amho. åhUwZ emgZmZo X~mdmMo YmoaU H$m`©dmhrcm gwé Ho$cr. ZmJarH$m§Mo n«mW{_H$
A{YH$mam§da ~§Xr AmUcr. H$moUË`mhr n«H$maMo H$maU ZgVm§Zm ~§Xr ~Z{dUo , H¡$Xr H$aUo, AZoH$
T
g§KQ>Zm KS>ë`m. `mM H$mimV dñVwÀ`m qH$_VrV {Z`ÌU, H$mim~mOma,doR>{~Jmar {déÜX AZoH$
Am§XmocZmg cmoH$m§Zr nmR>t~m {Xcm. Ë`mM H$mimV Hoco Jococo PmonS>nQ>çm {Z_w©cZ cmoH$g§»`m
ER
{Z`̧U À`m ZmdmZo ~iO~arZo Hw§$Qw>§~ {Z`ÌU H$adrZo. `m gmaIo H$m`©H«$_ cmoH$m§À`m amJmcm
H$ma^r^wV Pmco. ZmJar A{YH$ma Zgë`m_wio cmoH$m§H$S>o Ag§Vwï>Vm ì`º$ H$aÊ`mMo _mJ© ZìhVo.
SC
A
g§{dYmZmZo ZmJarH$m§Zm A{YH$mamM {Xco Zmhr Va Ë`mÀ`m aúmUmgmR>r g§ñWmJV ì`dñWm {Z_m©U
AN
Pmcr.
Ý`m`ì`dñWm (judiciary) {ZdSUwH$ Am`moJ (Election Commission), gmd©O{UH$
AW©ì`dñWm A{YH$mar (Controller and Auditor General) Am{U {hemo~ VmgUrg gma»`m
G
ñdV§Ì n«^mdr g§ñWmJV g§ñWmMr ñWmnZm Ho$cr. ^maV XoemZo nmaXe©H$ g§ñWmMm AmamIS>m V`ma
N
Ho$cm. nmcZm A{YH$mè`mMo {ZnúmnUo VQ>ñV dmJUwH$ hr gwÜXm _moR>m {dO` hmo` ho gwÜXm gm§Jw
eH$Vmo. g¡{ZH$ Xcmda ZmJar{Z`§ÌU àñWm{nV H$aUo gwÜXm EH$ _w»` {dO`M Amho. Amnë`m
LA
eoOmarM AgUmam Xoe nm{H$ñVmZer VwcZm Ho$cr Va cmoH$emhr g§ñWmÀ`m {Z_uVrV ^maVXoe
{H$Vr Var nwT>o Amho.
TE
EH$Vm d AI§S>VoMo aúmU {Q>H$dwZ R>odÊ`mg ^maV Xoe {dO`r Pmcm. XoemVrc {d{dYoVoÀ`m
H$maUm_wio VwH$S>o hmoÊ`mg gwc^ Xoe åhUwZ gd©OZ {dMma H$arV hmoVo. Vgo Pmco Zmhr, hoo BVa
Xoem§Zm EH$ Mm§JcmM nmR> åhUwZ Cn`omJr nS>oc.
T
Am{W©H$ CÔoemÀ`m àmárgmR>r àUmcrH$m g§ñWm§Mr C^maUr Ho$cr. g_m§Va n«mXoerH$ {dH$mgmMm
ER
CÔoe R>odwZM gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$VoZo gm_m{OH$VoZo _mJmg dJu`m à{V Iar lÜXm R>odcr Jocr.
AÞYmÝ`mgmR>r BVam§da Adc§~Zw Z amhÊ`mÀ`m pñWVrVwZ H$mcmZwH$« _o AÞYmÝ`mMr ñd§`gm_Ï`©Vm
SC
àmá H$aÊ`mÀ`m n[apñWVrV Xoe nmohMcm. hrM Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmMr _wh©V_oT> R>acr.
àXoem§_Ü`o g§VwcrV g_mZ àJVr {dH$mg Z hmoVm H$mhr àXoe àm§V BVa n«mV§mZnoúmm A{YH$ àJV
{dH${gV Pmco. Ë`mMà_mUo amoOJmamÀ`m g§YrV dmT>mdrVer dmT> Pmcr Zmhr.
àmW{_H$ {eúmU, cmoH$m§Mo Amamo½`mcm H$_r _hËd XoUo hr _moR>r H$_VaVm åhUwZ {Zg§Xoh
g§mJw eH$Vmo. ho \$ma H$mi n`©V Xoemcm ÌmgXm`H$ R>aco. Ë`mM doir Z{dZ eVH$mÀ`m Ama§^r
{MZ, H$moar`m Xoemer VwcZm Ho$cr Va `m XomZ KQ>H$m§g Ë`m§Zr Iwn àJVr gmYcr Amho.
OmVr` ì`dñWoVrc, Añn¥í`Vm (untouchability) gma»`m ~m~r H$mT>ë`m Z§Vahr ^oX^md
AOwZ _moR>çm n«_mUmda hmoV Amho. qcJ ^oX (Gender discrimination) gwÜXm hmoV Amho.
A
2. EH$m númmMo dM©ñd åhUOo H$m`? Vo {ZdS>UwH$sV dM©ñd [H§$dm VËd {gÜXm§VmV {dMma nÜXVrV
dM©ñd Vw_Mr H$maUo gm§JwZ MMm© H$am?
AN
3. EH$Vm gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r qH$dm {d^mOZmg ^maV XoemÀ`m amOH$maUmV AZoH$ doim ^mfm
H|$Ð{~§Xþ R>acr. `m H$mhr KQ>Zm AmR>dm d dU©Z H$am.
1967 À`m {ZdS>UwH$s Z§Va amOH$s` ì`dñWoV Amcocm _w»` ~Xc H$moUVm?
G
4.
5. amÁ`mMr {Z_uVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r AOwZ Xþgam _mJ© Amho H$m`? ^mfoÀ`m AmYmao amÁ` nwZ©:JR>Z H$em
N
àH$mao M§mJco Pmco AgVo?
LA
6. B§{Xam Jm§YrZo KoVcoë`m H$moUË`m H$m`©dmhr_wio ˶m S>mì¶m númmÀ¶m YmoaUmH$S>o dië¶m ˶m
AmYrÀ¶m Xhm dfm©Vrc nÜXVrer VwcZm Ho$cr Va ho YmoaU H$go doJio Amho Ago Vwåhmcm dmQ>Vo?
AW©emñÌmVrc nmR>mVrc ‘m{hVrÀ¶m AmYmao VwcZm H$am?
TE
Joë`m YS>çmV MMm© Ho$coë`m ^maV XoemVrc ñdV§Ì amOH$s` KQ>Zm {df`r g§{úmá {ddaU
{chm?
`m nmR>mV ^maV XoemÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ g‘H$mbrZ amO{H$` KQ>Zm {df`r g{dñVa _m{hVr KoD$
A
`m. nmR>mVrb amO{H$¶ KS>m‘m|S>r‘Yrb ~è¶mMí¶m àg§JmMo Vrd« {d^mOZ hmoVo. Á¶m‘wio XoemÀ¶m
amO[H$¶ AmboImbm VS>m OmVmo. (Vmo nm§Jim hmoVmo) amO{H$¶ nj ì¶dñWoV ~Xb Pmë¶m‘wio
AN
ñnYm©Ë‘H$ ~hþ{dY nj {Z‘m©U Pmbo. H$moU˶mhr EH$m njmbm ñdV…À¶m nj ~imda gaH$ma
ñWmnZ H$aZo e³¶ ZìhVo ˶m‘wio BVa njm§Mr ‘XV KoD$Z g§H$sU© g§¶wº$ AmKmS>r gaH$ma
G
~Zdë¶mMo AZoH$ CXm. Zo gmnS>VmV. Am{W©H$ AmKmS>rda ‘mÌ ¶m H$mimV {dH$mgmË‘H$ Ymoaʶm
~Xb KSw>Z Ambo. AmWuH$ ~mOmanoR>, amOH$maU ¶m§À¶mV VZmd {Z‘m©U Pmbm d ¶m§À¶mV ñnYm©
N
bmJbr. d ¶mM doir OwwZo Ym{‘©H$ OmVr¶dmXmgmaIo àíZ nwT>o Ambo.
LA
`m H$mimVrb KQ>Zm§da {dÚmÏ`mªZm d {eúmH$m§Zm ‘V Agob Amnë`m ñdVmÀ`m {dídmgmZwgma
Amnco {dMma ì`º$ H$amʶmMo ˶m§Zm ñdmV§Í¶ nU BWo Ago gwMdmdo Ago dmQ>Vo H$s, BVam§Mo
{dMmam§ M m nU AmXa
TE
H$amdm. Xþgè`mMo _Z AË`mAdga n[apñWVrMr g_már d _moamaOr XogmB© d MQaU qgJ `m§À`m ZoV¥ËdmV gaH$maMr ñWmnZm
B§ { Xam Jm§ Y r Zo V ¥ Ë dmg H$m° J « o g gaH$maMr ñWmnZm
XþIoc Ago AmnU Amnco
{dMma ì`º$ H$é Z`o. TDP númmMr ñWmnZm
T
Xþgè¶m§À¶m ‘Vm§Mm Iwë¶m Am° n ao e Z ãcw ñQ>ma Am{U B§ { Xam Jm§ Y rMr hË`m
ER
‘ZmZo AmXa H$amdm `m n§Om~da HS cm°~~modmc Am{U Agm_ da AASU er amOrd Jm§YrMm H$amaZm_m
YS>çmV MMm© Ho $ ë`m {_Pmo Zo e Zc \« § $ Q>er H$amZm_m
Jo c o ë `m n[aUm_mg lrc§ H $mer H$amaZm_m
SC
A
H$s, AZoH$ XoemV AmT>iwZ ¶oVo. ñnY}À¶m A{Zdm¶©VoVyZ bmoH$m§Zm ‘VXmam§Zm, ¶mo½¶ C‘oXdma
{ZdS>ʶmMr g§Yr {‘imbr. `m _wio amÁ¶nmVirda amï´>r` amOH$maUmV {d{^Þ amO{H$` njm§Zm
AN
d OmVr dJu` ZoË`m§Zm OmVrMm \$m`Xm H$éZ KoÊ`mMr g§Yr àmá Pmcr. gmoem{cñQ,> {h§Xþ
amï´>r`dmX, H$å`w{ZñQ> (Socialists, Hindu
nationalists, Communists) gma»`m H$mhr númm§Mr cmoH$emhrer VwcZm Ho$cr
G
amOH$s` Ymo a UrH$S> o eo V H$ar, XcrV, Va EH$ núm cmoH$emhr `mo½` Agw eHVo
_mJmgdJu` OmV, àm{V` dJ© n U N H$m?
\$m`ÚmgmR>r g_moa `oD$Z Amnë`m h¸$mgmR>r Ag§Vmof d ~Xcm g§~YrV gm_m{OH$
LA
Am§XmocZ H$é cmJco. `mM doiog n`m©daU Mdidirg H$maUr^wV R>acoë`m n[apñWVrg
Am§XmocZ {ó`m§Mo Am§XmocZ, ZmJarH$ h¸$mgmR>r H$mhr nmQ>u`m H$em O~m~Xma AmhoV?
Am§XmocZ gm{hË` Am§XmocZm gmaIo AZoH$
TE
amO{H$`oVa Am§XmocZ gwédmV hmoD$Z gm_m{OH$ ~XcmgmR>r OmoaXma eº$sV `mMo énm§Va Pmco.
`mVrcM H$mhr KQ>H$ g{dñVa nUo AmnU nmhþ `m.
1977 À`m {ZdS>UwH$m d Am{U~mUr n[apñWVrMr g_már (1977 Elections and the
T
End of Emergency)
ER
1977 OmZodmar _{hÝ`mV {ZdS>UwH$sMr KmofUm Pmë`m ~aom~a gdmªZm AmíM`© dmQ>co.
{ZdS>UHw $m hmoVmV Ago Hw$Umcmhr dmQ>V ZìhVo. amOH$s` H¡$Úm§Zm B§{XamJm§YrZo _wº$ H$éZ ñdoÀN>m
hcMmc àgma Am§XmocZo, g^m ^a{dUo d Ë`mÀ`m§da AgUmUo nwU© {Z`̧U ~§YZo goÝgmamg H$mTw>Z
SC
Q>mH$Ê`mV Amco. H$m°Jgo« À`m {damoYmV gd© _w»` {damoYr núm d nmQ>u`m {_iwZ {ZdS>UHw $m cT>mì`m
Agm {ZU©` KoÊ`mV Amcm. H$m°J«og (O), ñd§VÌ nmQ>u, ^maVr` OU g§K, ^maVr` cmoH$ Xc,
gmoe{cñQ> nmQ>u `m nmQ>uZm EH$Ì H$éZ OZVm nmQ>u Aer nmQ>u {Z_m©U H$amdr åhUwZ {ZU©`
KoÊ`mV Amcm. OJ{OdZ am_ gmaIo _w»` H$m°Jgo« Mo ZoVo Ë`m nmQ>ug gmoS>w Z H$m°Jgo« {daomYr _§Mmda
Vo OmD$Z {_gico.BVa _w»` núm DMK, SAD ,CPI (M) gma»`m nmQ>u`m Amncr n«{Vð>m
H$m`_Mr {Z`_rV Mmcw R>odmdr åhUwZ à`ËZ H$aV, Va H$m°J«og {damoYr _§Mmda OZVm nmQ>ug
_XV XoÊ`mMm {ZU©` KoÊ`mV Amcm. H$m°J«g {damoYr H$m°J«og {damoYr Am{U~m{U H$mimV {damoYr
númm§À`m nwU© EH$Ì `oD$Z `oUmè`m {ZdS>UwH$sV {ZdS>UwH$m cT>ë`m_wio O`àH$me Zmam`U,
AmMm`© Oo.~r. H¥$nmcmUr gmaIo d[að> ZoË`m§Zr _w»` ^w{_H$m {Z^mdcr.
A
eodQ> Pmbm d g§¶ºw $ AmKmS>rMo gaH$ma qH$dm Z{dZ emg{H$¶
AN
YmoaUm§Zwgma gaH$ma ñWmnZ H$aUo ¶m amO{H$¶ B{VhmgmMm
àma§^ Pmbm. ‘hmZ amO[H$¶ VËdk, ˶m§Mo Cƒ {dMma,
˶m§Mo g‘mOmVrb ñWmZ {dMmamV KoD$Z gaH$mar H$m¶m©b¶mV
G
àmYmݶ Úmdo, ¶m Z{dZ {dMmam‘wio Owݶm njr¶ amOH$maUmV
{MÌ 19.1 : ^maVXoemMo 6 do amï´>nVr
~Xb KSw>Z Ambm. {Zb‘ g§Ord aoÈ>rÀ¶m H$mimV lr N {Zc_ g§{Od aoÈ>r
‘moamaOr XogmB©, lr MaU qgh, lr‘Vr B§{Xam Jm§Yr. ¶m
LA
VrZ n§VàYmZ gaH$mamV ¶m§À¶m H$m‘ Ho$bo.
{ZdS>UwH$sV {dO` àmá Ho$coë`m 1970 _Yrc H$mhr {damoYr amOH$s` núm
TE
g^oV ~hþ_V AgUmè`m amÁ` gaH$mam§Zm Congress (O) – B§{Xam Jm§YrÀ`m `moOZocm {damoY H$aUmam
Ë`m númm§Zm g§gXoV {ZdS>UwH$sV ~hþ_V H$m°J«og _Yrc gmàXm`dmXr dJ© hmo`.
ER
Z {_imë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr hma Pmë`m_wio CPI (M) – Communist Party of India (Marxist) –
H|$Ð gaH$ma Ë`m§Zm H$mTw>Z Q>mH$Uo ho {H$VnV amï´>r` nmVirda AgUmar nmQ>u a°S>rH$c ^w g§ñH$aU H$m_Jma
`mo½` Amho? H$m°J«og Zo cmoH§$mMm {dídmg g§KQ>Zm, gmoem{cñQ>À`m nÜXVr Zwgma H$m`© H$aUmar nmQ>u
SC
J_dcm Vo haco åhUwZ Ë`m§Zm amÁ`mV DMK – Dravida Munnetra Kazagam – _w»`Vm
emgZ H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma Zmhr. `mg V_rcZmSw>V AgUmar nmQ>u amÁ`m§Zm OmñV A{YH$ma d
ñd§ÌVmgmR>r _mJUr H$aUmam núm
OZVm nmQ>u Zo g_W©Z Ho$co. Ë`m amÁ`mV
Jan Sangh – hr {h§Xþ amï´>r` dmXr núm hr _w»`Vm CÎma
nwÝhm {ZdS>UwH$m Pmë`mZ§Va CÎma àX|e, amÁ`m nwaVrM _`m©XrV Amho.
_Ü` àXoe, ~§Jcm _Ü`o CPI (M) d SAD – Shiromani Akali Dal – hm núm n§Om~ nwVu
Vm_rcZmSw> _Ü`o DMK {ZdSw>Z Amë`m_wio _`m©XrV AgwZ {eH$m§À`m h¸$mgmR>r cT>Umar nmQ>u Amho.
Ë`m númmMm {ZU©` hm H$m§hr à_mUmV JwéìXmamÀ`m AmYmamZo hr g§KQ>rV Amho. Ë`m_wio `mg H$mhr
`mo½` ~amo~a hmoVm Ago dmQ>Vo. à_mUmV _V ñd^md Amho. hr nU amÁ`mV OmñV h¸$ d
ñdV§Ì _mJUr H$aUmam núm Amho.
258 gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z ~XbVo amO{H$¶ àdmh- 1977 Vo 2000
OZVm nj O|ìhm gÎmoda Ambm ˶mdoir bmoH$emhrMo nwZ©{Z‘m©U,
bmoH$emhr ‘O~yV H$é Aer AmídmgZo ˶m§Zr {Xbr , na§Vw A§VJ©V
~§S>m_wio Ë`mÀ`m emgZmV {dñH$irVnUm Amcm. ¶m§Mm hm H$mi
AV§J©V Ag§_OgnUm _wio ~XcwZ OmÊ`mg `m gaH$maMo Zmd H$m`_
amhþZ Joco. nmQ>u AV§J©V ^oX^md XþOm^md _wio VrZ dfm©VM gaH$ma
nSw>Z Joco d 1980 _Ü`o nwÝhm hmoUmè`m {ZdS>UwH$m Mr n[apñWVr
{Z_m©U Pmcr.
1980 _Ü`o H$m°J«og nj nwÝhm ~hþ_V àmá H$éZ A{YH$mamV
Amcm. cdH$aM ZD$ amÁ`mVrc H$m°J«ogoÎma OZVm nmQ>uÀ`m g§ñH$mam§Zm
A
aÔ H$éZ åhUOo OZVm nmQ>uÀ`m Ho$ë`m n«_mUoM H$m°J«ogZohr VgoM
Ho$co. V_rcZmSw> d npíM_ ~§Jmccm dJiwZ Cd©arV nwU© amÁ`mV
AN
{MÌ 19.1 : àW_ H$m°Jgo« Îo ma H$m°J«ogZo {d`O àmá Ho$cm.
àYmZ_§Ì _moamaOr XogmB© H$m§J«og d OZVm nj ¶m§Zr Ho$boë¶m H¥$Vr‘wio (amÁ¶ gaH$mao
G
~Im©ñV H$aUo) g§K amÁ¶ eº$s H$‘Omoa Pmë¶m
amï´>nVr emgZ (President’s Rule) d H|$Ð gaH$ma OmñV à^mdr R>abo. H|$Ðmbm
N
amÁ`KQ>ZVo rc 356 H$c_o àH$mao amÁ` gaH$ma amÁ`KQ>Zo àmYmݶ Xoʶm‘wio H|$Ð gaH$mabm H$em§hr J§^ra
àH$mao amÁ`m§Zr Z MmcdÊ`mg d amÁ` gaH$ma àemgZ àíZm§Zm (g‘ñ¶m§Zm) gm‘moa Omdo bmJbo,
LA
MmcdÊ`mg Ag_W© R>aco Ago amÁ`nmcmg dmQ>ë`mg amÁ` XoemMr EH$Vm d AI§S>Vm ¶mbm ~mYm nmohMob
gaH$macm ~Im©ñV H$aÊ`mMm qH$dm amï´>nVr emgZ cmJw H$s H$m¶? AZoH$ amÁ¶mVrb bmoH$m§Zm,
TE
H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag amÁ`nmc, amîQ´>nVrg H$é eH$Vmo. amÁ¶gaH$mam§Zr {ZU©¶ KoʶmMo A{YH$ma,
Ë`m doigo n§VàYmZmMr {dMma {d_©e H$éZ amÁ` gaH$mÀ`m Am{W©H$ ñdmV§Í¶mMr ‘mJUr Ho$br. H$m§hrZr
emgZmg ~Im©ñV H$éZ amÁ`nmc emgZ nmhÊ`mg amï´>nVr Va ^maVmnmgwZ doJù¶m amï´>mMr ‘mJUr Ho$br.
gm§Jw eH$Vmo. H$m§hr H$m§Jo«g a{hV nj (SAD ,DMK ) ¶m
T
`m g§~§YrV ñnï> _mJ©Xe©Z amÁ`KQ>ZoV Zgë`m_wio H$mimV EH$Ì Ambo. ¶m§Zr amÁ¶gaH$maÀ¶m
ER
AZoH$ H|$Ð gaH$ma OmñV à_mUmV 356 ì`m H$c_oZwgma H$m¶©joÌmV hñVjon ZH$mo, amÁ¶nmbm§À¶m
amÁ`mV A{YH$mamda Agcoë`m gaH$macm qH$dm {damoYr A{YH$mam§Mm J¡a dmna, ‘OuZwgma amï´>nVr
amOdQ> B. KQ>Zm§Zm g‘moa R>oD$Z (SAD, DMK )
númmcm gaH$maMr H$éZ ~Im©ñV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo.
SC
A
(Q>r.S>r.nr.) ñWmnZm H$aʶmV Ambr. VobwJy bmoH$m§À¶m
AN
AmË‘ Jm¡admgmR>r Q>rS>rnr H$m¶© H$aVo Ago Vmo bmoHm§Zm gm§Jw
bmJbm. amÁ¶mg H$m§J«og nmQ>u ImbÀ¶m XOm©Zo nmhUo, ho
VobwJy bmoH$ ghZ H$aUma ZmhrV Ago Vmo R>m‘ {dMma ‘m§Sw> {MÌ 9.2 : N T am‘m amd
bmJbm. Jar~ bmoH$m§Zm 2 é. {H$bmo Vm§Xþi d gaH$mar
G
emioV XþnmaMo ^moOZmMr ¶moOZm, ‘ÚnmZ {ZfoY Aem gma»¶m Jar~mgmR>r H$ë¶mUH$mar
N
¶moOZm§Mr ˶mZo KomfZm Ho$br. ¶m OZmH$f©U ¶moOZm§‘wio 1982 À¶m {ZdS>UwH$sV Q>rS>rnr Mm
OmoaXma {dO¶ Pmbm. Va ˶mZo 1984 ‘ܶo eó {MH$sËgmH$arVm A‘o[aHo$g Joë¶m doiog
LA
Jìh©ZaZo ˶mÀ¶m gaH$mamg aÔ Ho$ë¶m Jobo, Q>rS>rnr nmgwZ H$m§J«og nmQ>uer {‘giwZ KoD$Z
EZ.^mñH$a amd ¶m§Zm Jìh©ZaZo ‘w»¶‘§Ìr nXmgmR>r Am‘§ÌU {Xbo. A‘o[aH$mVwZw dmng Amë¶mZ§Va
EZ.Q>r.Ama (Z§X‘war VmaH$ am‘mamd)Zo Jìh©Za H$m¶©dmhrg gdmb H$éZ emgZ g^oV ‘bmM
TE
~hþ‘V gXñ¶m§Mr ‘XV Amho ho {gÕ H$éZ XmIdbo. EH$ ‘{hݶmÀ¶m bmoH$m§À¶m OmoaXma
Am§XmobZm‘wio H|$Ð gaH$amZo ZdrZ Jìh©ZaMr NTR amO{H$¶mVrb Imbrb ‘hËdmVÀ¶m KQ>Zm§da
{Z¶wº$s Ho$br d ˶mZo Am§Y«àXoeÀ¶m ‘w»¶§Ìr MMm© H$am.
nXmda EZ.Q>r.am‘mamdmg nwÝhm {Z¶wº$ H$obo.
T
i. A{^ZoVm Agë¶mZo
‘m¶m gaH$mabm {dZmH$maU aÔ Ho$ë¶m‘wi Ho$ë¶m
ER
Agm‘ Am§ X mo b Z
ñdoÀN>m d ñdmV§Í¶m gmaIoM nU AmUIr eº$sembr Am§XmobZ Amgm‘‘ܶo hmoV hmoVo.
Agm‘‘ܶo Amgm‘r ^mfm gmoSw>Z ~§Jmbr ^mfmnU OmñV bmoH$ ~mobVmV, {~«Q>re emgZmnmgwZ
amÁ¶emgZm n¶ªV ‘ܶ‘ nmVirdarb Zm¡H$è¶mV ~§Jmbr bmoH$M AgV. ~§Jmbr A{YH$mar
Amåhmg g‘Ñï>rZo Z nmhVm {ÛVr¶ dJ© ZmJ[aH$ Aem [aVrZo nmhVmV. Ago Agm‘r¶m§Zm dmQ>V
Ago. ñdmV§Í¶mZ§Va ~§Jmbr ~mobUmao bmoH$ ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV Agm‘mV ñWm¶r Pmbo AmhoV. ho gd©
gr‘m ^mJ ~§JbmXoe‘YwZ nwîH$i ñWbm§VarV Pmbo. eoOmar amÁ¶mVrb amO{H$¶ AñWraVm d
àH¥$Vr g§H$Q> {Z‘m©U Pmbo V|ìhm hOmamo bmoH$ ¶m amÁ¶mV ñWbm§Va hmoD$Z ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Zm Ìmg
XoD$ bmJbo. ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Zm AmnU Amnbo ‘hËd J‘mdVmoV, EdT>oM Zmhr Va ‘~mho[ab
260 gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z ~XbVo amO{H$¶ àdmh- 1977 Vo 2000
bmoH$m§Mr’ g§»¶m OmñV dmT>ob d Amnbr g§»¶m H$‘r nS>ob, Aer ^rVr ˶m§Zm dmQw> bmJbr.
bmoH$mV AgUmè¶m ¶m Ag§VmofmMo 1970 ‘ܶo gm‘m{OH$ Am§XmobZmV énm§Va Pmbo. gd©
Agm‘ {dÚmWu g§K (AASU) ho ¶m Am§XmobZmV gdm©V nwT>o hmoVo. hr g§KQ>Zm nwU© amÁ¶^a ngabr
{deof H$éZ ¶wdm‘ܶo ¶mg OmñV AmXa àmoËgmhZ {‘imbo. Am‘Mr ‘mJUr åhUOo ‘w»¶V…
~mhoarb bmoH$m§Mr hH$mbnÅ>r H$aʶmÀ¶m ‘mJUr déZ H|$Ð gaH$maÀ¶m {damoYmV nwîH$i g§n
Am§XmobZo nmX¶mÌm H$aʶmV Ambr.
g§ñH¥Vr d bmoH$m§Mm KQ>H$M Zmhr Va ¶m Am§XmobZmg gwédmV hmoʶmgmR>r Am{W©H$ KQ>H$ nU
H$maUr^wV AmhoV. ì¶mnma d BVa g§ñWm ¶m Amgm‘oVa bmoH$m§À¶m hmVmV AgV. amÁ¶mVrb ‘w»¶
g§nVr Mhm d Vobm‘wio ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Zm ¶mMm ’$m¶Xm hmoV ZìhVm. MhmMr H$maImZo ‘w»¶V…
H$bH$Îmm‘ܶo AmhoV. VobmMr H$maImZo gaH$mar {Z¶§ÌUmV AgwZ gwÕm ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$§mVrb I ‹ nw M
A
H$‘r bmoH$ ˶mV hmoVo. EdT>oM Zmhr Va Vobm§Zm amÁ¶mVwZ BVa {R>H$mUr ZoD$Z ewÕ Ho$ë¶m OmV
AN
AgV. ¶m gdmªMo gmam§e Ago Vo åhUOo Amgm‘bm A§VJ©V {dXoer àm§V åhUwZ g‘Oë¶m OmV
Amho. d ¶mg Wm§~dʶmgmR>r bmoH$m§Zr Am§XmobZo Ho$br. H$m‘mV ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Zm OmñV àmYmݶ
XoUo d “~mho[ab bmoH$m§Zm” H$mTw>Z Q>mH$Uo, n¶m©daU g§nÎmrg ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§À¶m {dH$mgmgmR>r
G
dmnaZo ¶m ‘hËMmÀ¶m ‘mJʶm hmo˶m.
¶m AemàH$maÀ¶m ‘mJʶmVwZ bmoH$mV ^oX^md OmVrdmX {Z‘m©U Pmbm. H$m åhUOo Xþgè¶m
N
eoOmar XoemVwZ Amboë¶m bmoH$mV OmñV bmoH$ ‘wñbr‘ hmoVo. Am§XmobZ ~§Jmbr¶m§À¶m {damoYmV
dm‘njmÀ¶m ì¶{VaoH$ (n.~§Jmb‘ܶo dm‘nj gaH$ma A{YH$mamV hmoVo) Amgm‘oVa bmoH$m§gmo~V
LA
{damoY d eodQ>r Mm¶m n[aUm‘ ^maV XoemMm {damoY H$aʶmEdT>r n[añWrVr {Z‘m©U Pmbr d Vr
AmQ>mo³¶m ~mhoa Jobr. qhgm, bwQ>‘ma, VmoS>‘moS> ho Vrd« énmV hmoD$ bmJë¶m‘wio ¶mda bj H|$ÐrV
TE
H$amdo bmJbo. Am§XmobZH$ma d gaH$ma‘ܶo VrZ dfm©n¶ªV Mmbboë¶m MMm© EH$m A§{V‘ {ZU©.¶mda
Amë¶m 1984 ‘ܶo amOrd Jm§YrÀ¶m hñVjonm‘wio H|$Ð gaH$maZo AASU ¶m H$amaZmå¶mda
hñVmja H$aʶmV Ambo d nwÝhm gd©gmYmaU n[añWrVr {Z‘m©U hmoʶmgmR>r amÁ¶mVrb H$m§Jo«g
gaH$mar ho Amnbm nXdr H$mi {e„H$ AgwZgwÕm gaH$ma Mmbdʶmg ZH$ma {Xë¶mZo {ZdS>UHw $mMr
T
{XdgmnmgwZ ¶oD$Z ñWra Pmboë¶m ~§Jmbr¶m§Zm d EdT>çmV Amboë¶m ~§Jmbr¶m§Zm AmoiIUo H${R>U
Pmbo. {dXoemVwZ Amboë¶m§Zm dmng nmR>{dUo e³¶ Pmbo Zmhr. ¶mM doiog A{ñVËd gma»¶m
~m~tZm OmñV ‘hËd {Xë¶m‘wio Amgm‘ ‘ܶo OmoS>mo d Imgr,{‘Omo d H$Ou gma»¶m OmVrda
{damoYr à^md nS>bm, d ho nU AZoH$ bmoH$ Amåhm§g nU ñdÀN> d ñdV§Ì nm{hOo Aer ‘m{hVr
H$é bmJbo. Vo Amnë¶m h¸$m§Mr ‘mJʶmMr ‘mJUr H$éZ {dXoer¶m§Mr hH$mbnÅ>r H$amdr Ago Vo
‘mJUr H$é bmJbo ¶m‘wio Amgm‘mVrb H$m§hr ^mJmVrb Aëng§»¶§mH$ bmoH$m§Zm O~aXñVrZo Imbr
H$aʶmgmR>r ‘mJUr Hé bmJbo EH$m OmVrÀ¶m {h§gmË‘H$ H¥$˶mg gm‘moao OmʶmgmR>r Xþgè¶m
OmVrÀ¶m bmoH$m§Zm ^S>H$mdrZo qH$dm Jmoim ~méX gma»¶m dñVw nwadT>m H$aʶmV Amë¶m.
A
~§Jmbr d Amgm‘r ‘ܶo gwédmV Pmbobr hr g‘ñ¶m g§doXZerb V¶ma Pmbr d hr
AN
Jw§VmJ§wVrMr d eodQ>r OmVr¶ Kf©UmMr n[añWrVr {Z‘m©U Pmbr. amï´>r¶ AñWraVm d OmVr¶
g‘ñ¶m gma»¶m g§Hw$MrV Ñï>r gËda n[aîH$ma Z hmoVm ˶mg XþaÑï>rZo nmhʶmMr Amdí¶H$Vm
Amho.
G
N
Am§Yà« XoemV Z§X‘war VmaH$ am‘mamd (EZQ>rAma) Am§XmobZmVrb d Agm‘ Am§XmobZmVrb gmå¶ d
^oX gm§Jm?
LA
¶m KQ>Zm§da Vw‘À¶m dJm©V MMm© H$am.
EH$m ^mJmV EH$mM g‘whmMr bmoH$ AgmdoV. gd© Zm¡H$è¶m, nwU© ì¶mnma hm ˶m g‘whmVÀ¶m
TE
OmVrVrb bmoH$m§À¶m hmVmV Agmdm [H$dm ^maV XoemVrb gd© bmoH$ EH$m àm§VmVrb bmoH$mZm
ñdoÀN>m àXmZ H$amì¶mV AmnU {ZdS>boë¶m ^mJmV ñWra nS>ʶmgmR>r, H$m‘ H$aʶmgmR>r g§Yr
Agmdr.
bmoH$m§À¶m ñdoÀN>oZo dmdaʶmMr nÕV Agë¶mg ~mhoéZ Ambobo Y{ZH$ eº$sgmbr AgUmao Vo d
T
^w‘r d g§nÎmr nwU© {dH$V KoD$Z ˶m àm§VmVrb Jar~ bmoH$m§Zm ~oH$ma H$aVmV H$m?
ER
n§Om~ Am§XmobZ
^maV Xoemg d XþgarH$S>o n§Om~ amÁ¶mV ñdoÀN>m d ñdmV§Í¶mgmR>r AmUIr EH$m Am§XmobZmg
SC
gwédmV Pmbr ¶m {R>H$mUr nU OmñV à‘mUmV bmoH$m§Mr ^mfm d ‘V ¶m AmYmao bmoH$m§Mm {hem|~
H$aʶmV Ambm ¶m {R>H$mUr nU XoemÀ¶m {dH$mgmV amÁ¶mÀ¶m ^ww‘rH|$Zm H|$Ð {dgaV Amho Ago
n§Om~Mo åhUZo hmoVo. amÁ¶mMr {Z‘u©Vr Pmbr V|ìhm ˶m§À¶m da Aݶm¶ Pmbm Ago ˶m§Zm dmQw>
bmJbo. amOYmZr ZJa AgUmao M§T>rJT> ho H|$ÐnmbrV àm§V Z R>do Vm Am‘À¶m amÁ¶mV ˶mg R>do mdo
Aer ˶m§Mr ‘mJUr hmoVr. ^mH$am-Zm§Jb YaUmnmgwZ OmñV nmUr {‘imdo d g¡Ý¶mV OmñV
à‘mUmV {gIm§Zm g§Yr Úmdr Ago Vo ‘mJUr H$é bmJbo.
H|$XmV OZVm nmQ>u gaH$ma AgVm§Zm 1978 ‘ܶo AH$mbr XbmZo H$m§hr {ZU©¶ KoD$Z ˶mg
A‘b H$aʶmgmR>r H|$Ð gaH$mabm gwMZm {Xë¶m amÁ¶ KQ>ZVo ~Xb AmUwZ A{YH$mam§Mo {dH|$ÐrH$aU
H$éZ amÁ¶m§Zm OmñV A{YH$ma ÚmdoV hr ˶m§Mr ‘w»¶ ‘mJUr, ho ˶m§À¶m H$amaZmå¶mV gm§JʶmV
Ambo AmhoV.
262 gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z ~XbVo amO{H$¶ àdmh- 1977 Vo 2000
{d^rÞ ^mfm d gm§ñH¥$VrH$ dJ©, ‘Vm§Zwgma Aëng§»¶§mH$ dJ©, bmImo bmoH$m§À¶m ‘mJʶm§Zm
OZVm gaH$mZo {dMmamV KoD$Z Xoe EH$Vm d g‘J«Vog H$moU˶mhr àH$maMr R>og, Y¸$m Z nmoMVm
Ho$ë¶m Joboë¶m Iè¶m AW©d§V EH$Vm gwÌmÀ¶m AmYmao Xoe amÁ¶KQ>Zm ~XbʶmgmR>r {‹eamo‘Ur
AH$mbr Xb ‘mJUr H$arV Ago. EdT>oM Zmhr Va ¶m‘wio amÁ¶m§Zm AmnAmnë¶m àm§VmV Amnë¶m
A{YH$ma§mMm Cn¶moJ H$éZ ^maVr¶m§À¶m àJVr d gm¡^m½¶d§V AW©d§V nmÌ {Z^dVmV.
{eamo‘Ur AH$mbr Xb d H$m§J«og‘ܶo {ZdS>UwH$m ñnYm© dmT>ë¶m‘wio n[añWrVrV AmUIr
OmñV {~JmS> Pmbm. 1980 ‘ܶo AH$mbr gaH$mabm aÔ H$éZ nwÝhm H$m§J«og Amë¶m‘wio {gI
¶m§À¶mer ^oX^md hmoV Amho. Aer ^mdZm ˶m§À¶mM {Z‘m©U Pmbr d g§doXZerb dmVmdaUmg
Vrd« én Ambo d ˶m‘wio ˶mVwZ AZoH$ A{චKQ>Zm KS>ë¶m‘wio {gI d Ho$§Ð gaH$ma‘ܶo A§Va
A
d J¡ag‘mO dmT>bm, AmV§H$s {gI g‘whmMm Zm¶H$ q~ÐoZdmbm ¶m§Zr doanmQ> dmXmMm àMma HéZ
AN
{gIm§Zm à˶oH$ Xoe IbrñVmZMr ‘mJUr ˶m§Zr Ho$br. ¶mH$mimV amÁ¶mV Vrd« à‘mUmV JS>~S>
gwédmV Pmbr. AmV§H$s {gImdaM Zmhr Va n§Om~mVrb BVa ‘VmÀ¶m bmoH$m§da nU gm§àXm¶
Mm§XgdmX OrdZ nÕVrg A‘b H$aʶmgmR>r ˶mZo à¶ËZ Ho$bm ¶m Kf©Um‘wio ‘VmZwgma VZmd
G
[Z‘m©U Pmbm {gI ‘VmÀ¶m bmoH$m§da h„o H$aʶmV Ambo, ¶mgdmªMm à^md {gIm§À¶m {Z‘m©U
N
Pmboë¶m JQ>mda VMog {gIm§Mo n{dÌ ñWi gwdU© ‘§{Xa (JmoëS>Z Q>|nb) bm H$ãOm Ho$boë¶m
‘§[XamVwZ ˶m§Zm hmH$mbwZ XoʶmgmR>r, ‘§{Xa Imbr H$aʶmgmR>r g¡Ý¶mMm hñVjon H$amdm ¶m‘wio
LA
Am‘Mo n{dÌ nwʶ ñWi An{dÌ Pmbo Ago {gIm§Zm dmQw> bmJbo d ˶m§À¶mV OmVr ^mdZm
AmUIr OmñV Vrd« Pmbr.
TE
T
ER
SC
{MÌ 18.4 : ^maV Xoe 1970 Am{U 1980 ‘ܶo gm§Ho${VH$ ghH$mar g§K ¶mgma»¶mV {H$˶oH$ {dO¶
àmá H$obm. lrh[aH$moQ>çmnmgwZ CnJ«h AdH$me gmoS>Uo d A‘yb ghH$ma g§K gma»¶m§ H$m§hrda AmhoV.
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 263
¶m gd© H$maUm‘wio 1984 ‘ܶo B§{Xam Jm§Yr n§VàYmZ nXmda AgVm§Zm ˶m§Mr h˶m Pmbr.
¶mZ§Va Iwn X§Jo hmoD$Z {X„rV hOmamo {gImda h„m H$éZ ˶m§À¶m g§nÎmrZm Üd§g H$éZ ˶m§À¶mda
h„o H$aʶmV Ambo. ¶m KQ>Zm§Zm Wm§d{dʶmgmR>r H|$Ð gaH$maZo hñVjon Ho$ë¶mgmaIo Hw$R>ho r {XgwZ
¶oV Zmhr. d ˶mZ§Va ~è¶mM dfmªZrhr XmoftZm nH$S>ʶmV Ambo Zmhr.d H$m¶ÚmZwgma ˶m§Zm
{ejm XoʶmV Ambr Zmhr.
amOrd Jm§Yr àYmZ‘§Ìr Pmë¶mZ§Va SAD er MMm© H$éZ SAD Aܶj g§V bm§Jmodmber
H$amaZm‘m H$aʶmV Ambm n§Om~‘ܶo VmOm {ZdS>UwH$m KoB©Z SAD Mm {dO¶ Pmë¶m Z§Va hr
Vrd« dmÚm§Zr bm§JmodmbMr h˶m Ho$ë¶m‘wio em§Vr OmñV H$mi {Q>Hw$Z amhþ eH$br Zmhr.
A
1986 E[àb‘ܶo AH$bVº$ Odirb g‘mdoemV IbrñVmZMr ñdV§Ì Xoe åhUwZ KmofUm
H$aʶmV Ambr ñdV§Ì XoemgmR>r Am§XmobZo H$arV AmhomV Ago åhUUmè¶m AZoH$ g‘whm§Mo énm§Va
AN
geó XbmV hmoD$Z Vrd«dmX H¥$˶ H$é bmJbo ¶mgeó g¡{ZH$mg nm{H$ñVmZ ‘XV XoV Amho Agm
^maV gaH$maMm Amamon hmoVm,. n§Om~‘ܶo EH$m XemãXr H$mimn¶ªV {h§gm. Kf©Uo MmbwM hmoVr
G
¶m {damoYr MidirVrb H$mimV {gI Vrd«dmXr Amo{S>gmgmo~V d BVa ‘V g‘whmgmo~V ‘wH$m~bm
H$é bmJbo, Vrd«dmXmÀ¶m àd¥Îmrg {damoY H$aUmao nÌH$ma, amO{H$¶ ZoVo d H$m¶©H$˶mªMr h˶m
N
H$aʶmV Ambr. ZmJ[aH$m§Zm àmU Zï> H$aʶmgmR>r ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV h„o H$é bmJbo, aoëdoÀ¶m
LA
nQ>ar Üd§g H$aZo, ~mOma, aoñQ>moa|Q>, n§Om~-{X„r ‘ܶo OmñV ZmJ[aH$ AgUmè¶m ^mJmV {dñ’$omQ>
H$aʶmMo H$m‘ Vo H$é bmJbo. EH$m 1991 ¶m dfm©VM EH$ hOma bmoH$ ‘¥Ë¶w nmdbo , M§Xm O‘m
H$aʶmgmR>r ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV AnhaU, O~aXñVrZo M§Xm dgwb H$aUo Aer H¥Ë¶o Vo H$é bmJbo. ¶m
TE
Aem KQ>Zm§‘wio Vrd« dmXr {gIm§nmgwZ d n§Om~r bmoH$m§nmgwZ Xþa hmoD$ bmJbo. H$mimZwgma
nmobrgm§À¶m Vrd«dmXr H¥$˶m§darb H$m¶©dmhrg WHw$Z OmD$Z d àOonmgwZ ghmZw^Vy r J‘mdë¶m‘wio
1990 eodQ>r n§Om~‘ܶo em§Vr {Z‘m©U Pmbr.
T
Va n§Om~‘ܶo Vrd«dmÚm§Mm A§V H$aʶmgmR>r gaH$maZo Vrd« nÕVrMm dmna Ho$bm ¶m‘wio
ER
AZoH$ ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Am‘À¶m àmW{‘H$ h¸$m§Mm ^§J hmoV Amho Ago dmQw> bmJbo Vrd« dmÚmÀ¶m
H¥$˶m‘wio amÁ¶mÀ¶m àemgZ nÕVrg, YmoH$m {Z‘m©U hmoʶmMr e³¶Vm Agë¶m‘wio Aem
n[añWrVrV amÁ¶KQ>ZoMo C„§KZ hr gd© gmYmaU {gIm§Mm doanmQ hm Vrd«dmXmg àarV Ho$ë¶m‘wio
SC
{df¶ Amho Ago nwîH$i Vk bmoH$m§Zm dmQw> 1984 ‘ܶo {X„rV {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m {gI
bmJbo.Vrd«dmÚm {damoYr {ZH$mb {Xbm Va {damoYr X§½¶mMr H$m¶ ^w{‘H$m hmoVr?>
Am‘À¶mda nU h„m Ho$ë¶m OmVmo Ago ݶm¶dmÚm§Zm Amgm‘, n§Om~ Am§XmobZm‘ܶo gmå¶ d ^oX
dmQw> bmJbo. d ^¶^rV hmoD$Z BVa Vk bmoH$ gm§Jm Amnë¶m amO{H$¶ ì¶dñWog Vo H$emàH$mao
gaH$ma eº$sMm Cn¶moXJ H$aUo eº$rMm Cn¶moJ {Z‘m©U H$aVmV?
H$aUo {R>H$ Zmhr ho ^{dî¶mV {XK© H$mimV ¶m XmoÝhr g‘ñ¶mV gaH$maZo dmnabobr nÕV
amÁ¶KQ>Zm {damoYr bmoH$emhr H$‘Omoa H$aʶmg Amnë¶m bmoH$emhr amOV§Ìmg ‘O~yV H$aVo
H$maUr^yV hmoVo Ago ˶m§Zm dmQw> bmJbo. H$m H$‘Omoa H$aVo?
A
g¡Ý¶ nmR>{dbo, Va ¶m ñWrVrV V{‘i Am{U
{MÌ 19.4 : amOrd Jm§Yr lrb§H$m gaH$maZo ‘mݶ Ho$bo Zmhr. ho EH$ Xþñgmhg
AN
H$m¶© åhUë¶m Jobo d eodQ>r ^maVmZo g¡Ý¶mg
1989 ‘ܶo ‘mKma KoVbo.
XoemV {dH$mgmda ÑîQ>r H|$ÐrV Ho$ë¶mdahr
G
{VMm ’$m¶Xm Iè¶m Jar~ Cn^mo³¶Ë¶m§Zm hmoV
N Zmhr Ago amOrd Jm§YrÀ¶m Ñï>rg Ambo, à{gÕ
Pmboë¶m EH$m H$mX§~arV Jar~mgmR>r IM© Ho$ë¶m
LA
OmUmè¶m à˶oH$ én¶mn¡H$s 15 n¡go nU ^«ï>mMma
d BVa H$maUm§‘yio Jar~m§n¶ªV nmohMV Zmhr
TE
A
AN
OmVr¶dmX d ^« ï > m MmamV dmT>
XoemÀ¶m {d^mJUrÀ¶m ^¶mdh n[a{ñWVr bjmV KoVm, amOH$maUmg, Y‘©mnmgwZ Xþa R>do ʶmMm
à¶ËZ H$aʶmV Ambm. na§Vw hm H$mi amO{H$¶ ~XbmMm H$mi Á¶m‘ܶo OmVr¶dmX, Y‘m©Mo
G
amOH$maU, amO{H$¶ hoVy gmܶ H$aʶmgmR>r OmVr Y‘m©Mm Cn¶moJ H$aʶmV ¶oD$ bmJbm.
gaH$maMo njnmVr YmoaU ¶mg H$maUr^wV R>aVo. ˶m‘wio XoemMr EH$Vm d AI§S>Vm ¶mda àíZ
N
{MÝh {Z‘m©U Pmbo.
LA
n§ V àYmZmMr j‘m
amÁ¶g^oV S>m°.‘Z‘mohZ qgJm§Mr KmofUm
TE
... 1984 ‘ܶo Pmboë¶m ¶m ‘hm amï´>r¶ {dnÎmrV Mma hOma bmoH$ ‘maë¶m Jobo EH$mM
XoemV {‘iwZ H$m‘ H$arV Agë¶m‘wio Aem àH$maÀ¶m Kmoa n[añWrVr d OrdZ hmUr XoemV
nw Ý hm H$Yrhr nw Z amd¥ Î m hmo D $ Z¶o åhUw Z ZdrZ ‘mJ© emo Y ʶmMm à¶ËZ H$amdm... ’$º$
T
EH$m {gI bmoH$m§ZmM Zmhr Va nwU© ^maV Xoemg ‘r j‘r ‘mJrV Amho, H$m åhUOo 1984
ER
‘ܶo Pmboë¶m Amnë¶m amÁ¶ KQ>ZoV ˶mg Z‘moX Ho$ë¶m Jobo, OmV Aem ^mdZog nwU©nUo
{damoY Pmbm. ‘m¶m gaH$maV’©o$ d gd© bmoH$mV’} Aem àH$maÀ¶m KQ>Zm KS>ë¶m‘wio ‘bm
nU bmO dmQ>Vo d bmOoZo ‘mPr ‘mZ PwH$V Amho, Va Xoe ì¶dhmamV MT>-CVma ¶oVM
SC
AgVmV. nwdu H$m¶ KS>bo, ˶mg AmVm H$m§hr H$aVm ¶oUma Zmhr nU EH$ ‘mZd ¶m ZmVo
Amnë¶m gdmªZm CÎm‘ ^{dî¶ KS>{dʶmMr ÑT> eº$s Amnë¶m Odi Amho...
(pmindia.nic.in/RS%20speech.pdf) 11 Aug 2005.
¶m ^mfZmVwZ àYmZ‘§ÌrMm H$m¶ g§Xoe Amho?
¶m^mfZmVwZ H$moUVo g§Ho$V {‘iVmV?
àYmZ‘§Ìr Ago ^mfU XoʶmMo H$m¶ ‘hËd Amho?
Zdè¶mnmgwZ KQ>ñnmoQ> KoVbobr emh ~mZmo ¶m ‘{hbmZo JwÝhm Zm|X{dbm, ˶m JwÝømV 1985
‘ܶo gdm}ƒ ݶm¶mb¶mZo {VÀ¶m ‘mOr Zdè¶mg Vrbm nmbZ-nmofUmMm IM© XoʶmMm {ZU©¶
266 gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z ~XbVo amO{H$¶ àdmh- 1977 Vo 2000
XoʶmV Ambm {dH$mg d àJVr Pmboë¶m ‘wñbr‘m§Zr ¶m gwZmdUrMo ñdmJV Ho$bo. Va BVamV ¶m
gwZmdUr‘wio Bñbm‘rH$ H$m¶ÚmV hñVjon Ho$bm OmD$ eH$Vmo, ¶mg nadmZJr {Xë¶mg Am‘À¶m
OrdZmVrb hñVjonmV dmT> hmoV,o åhUwZ àXe©Zo H$é bmJbo. Zdè¶mer KQ>ñnmoQ XoD$Z Aݶm¶mMm
{eH$ma hmoUmè¶m ‘{hbmg d hmoV Agboë¶m Aݶm¶mg ho àmoËgmhrV H$aVo. åhUwZ ‘{hbm g§K
Zm{¶H$m, ‘wñbr‘ g‘mOmV g§ñH$aUmMr ‘mJUr H$aUmao gXñ¶m§Mo åhUZo hmoV.o Mm§XgdmX dJm©À¶m
X~mdmV Ambobo gaH$ma 1986 ‘ܶo ZdrZ H$m¶Xm H$aʶmV Ambm, ¶màH$mao ‘wñbr‘ Zdè¶m§Zm,
nwéfm§Zm H$moU˶m àHmaMr O~m~Xmar ZgVm§Zm Ho$bobm KQ>ñnmoQ> KoVboë¶m ‘{hbm§Zm VrZ ‘{hݶmn¶ªV
‘wñbr‘ ‘Vg§ñWm nmbZ-nmofZ IM© {Xë¶mg Vo nwaogo hmoVo, hr H$m¶© ‘wñbr‘ ‘{hbm§ {hVmgmR>r
ZmhrV, ‘V Mm§XgdmXmg‘moa PwH$ë¶mgmaIo Amho. Ago ~è¶mM bmoH$m§Zm dmQw> bmJbo. >
A
¶mM doiog A¶moܶm‘ܶo {ddmXmñnX ñWimda ~§mYbr Jobobr ~m~«r ‘pñOX AgUmè¶m
AN
ñWmZmda lram‘ ‘§Xra ~m§Ymdo, Aer ‘mJUr H$aV H$m§hr qhXþ Am§XmobZ H$é bmJbo. Vo lram‘mMo
OÝ‘ ñWi Amho. d ˶m AJmoXa {VWo AgUmè¶m lram‘ ‘§{Xamg nmSw>Z ‘pñOX ~m§Yë¶m Jobr Ago
˶m§Mo åhUZo hmoVo. ~m~«r ‘pñOX {Zdm©XH$ ho Iao Zmhr, ho ‘wñbr‘m§Mo àmW©Zm ñWi Amho, Ago
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åhUw bmJbo. hm {ddmX H$m§hr H$mimnmgwZ MmbV Amho. A§{V‘ {ZU©¶ KoB© n¶ªV dfm©VZw EH$ amoO
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gmoSw>Z ‘pñOXbm ~§X H$éZ R>odmdo Agm ݶm¶mb¶mZo AmXoe {Xbm. 1986 ‘ܶo ݶm¶mb¶mZo {ZU©¶
XoD$Z ‘pñOXbm df©^a CKS>o R>odw eH$VmV, qhXþ§Zm amoOdmar nwOmg ‘§Owar Úmdr Agm AmXoe
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XoʶmV Ambm. H|$Ð gaH$maZo ¶m {ZU©¶mg ‘§Oaw r {Xë¶mZo Ago KSw>Z Ambo Ago ~è¶mM bmoH$m§Mo ‘V
hmoV.o ‘pñOXbm ‘§{Xam‘ܶo ~Xbmdo Ago åhUUmao Vo AmUIr OmñV bmoH$m§Zm EH$Ì H$éZ ‘§{Xamg
TE
{S>Prb, amgmg{ZH$ IVo, {dÚwV gma»¶m CËnmXmda gãgrS>rgmR>r Am§XmobZo H$é bmJbo. CÎmaàXoe,
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h[a¶mUmVrb eoVH$ar ‘h|Ð qgJ {VH$m¶V ZoV¥ËdmV Am§XmobZ H$arV AgVm§Zm ‘hmamï´m>Vrb
eoVH$ar eaX OmoetÀ¶m ZoV¥ËdmV Midir MmbwM R>odë¶m. AZoH$ amÁ¶mV YaUo, ImUrgmaIo
àJVrÀ¶m ¶moOZm§‘wio {Zdm©grV ~oghmam hmoV Agbobo JrarOZ eoVH$ar AZoH$ amÁ¶mV Am§XmobZo
SC
H$é bmJbo. OZmXa J‘mdV Agboë¶m amï>©u¶ njm§Zr {ZdS>UwH$sV ‘XVrgmR>r qhXþ-‘wñbr‘ ‘V
^mdZm§nwT>o PwH$V Amho. Ago n¶©dojH$m§Zm dmQw> bmJbo, Va ¶m‘wio XoemÀ¶m Y‘©{Zanoj ñ’w$Vug
ZwH$gmZ nmohMVo d Z§VaÀ¶m XemãXrV ‘V amO{H$¶mg AdH$me {‘idwZ XoʶmV Ambm.
¶mM doiog ^ma{V¶ g¡Ý¶mg eVKwi nwadR>m Ho$boë¶m ñdrS>re CËnÎmrXmam Ûmao AZoH$ Zo˶mg
à˶j à˶j Aà˶j énmV H$mio YZ {‘imbo, Ago Amamon Ambo. ¶m Amamonm§Zm R>m‘nUo nwamdm
ZgwZ nU ‘§ÌrdJm©V ‘mOr ‘§Ìr AgUmao dr.nr.qgJgma»¶m H$m§hr Zo˶m§Zm OmoaXma Am§XmobZ
Ho$bo, ˶mZ§Va 1989 ‘ܶo Pmboë¶m {ZdS>UwH$mV H$m§Jo«goVa amO[H$¶ eº$sg àemgZ amO{H$¶
^mJmV ^«ï>mMma hm à‘wI àMmamMm KQ>H$ ~Zbm. Amnë¶m ‘Yrb {d^oXm§er g§~§Y R>odVm
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{Z‘m©U Pmbobo gaH$ma nwU© g§H$sU© Aën‘VmV AgUmar gaH$mao hmoV.
AN
H|$ÐmV gaH$ma {Z‘m©U H$aʶmgmR>r AZoH$ amï´>r¶ d amÁ¶ ñVamdarb
njm§Zr amO{H$¶ {gÕmVm§g d H$m¶©H«$‘mg {‘giwZ EH$m H$amaZmå¶mda
˶m§Zm ¶mdo bmJbo. ˶m‘wio H$moU˶mhr EH$m njmg Amnë¶m BÀN>ào ‘mUo
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amhVm ¶oV Zgo. H$m§hr à‘mUmV ˶m§À¶m gdmªÀ¶m ‘VmZwgma amhmdo
bmJV Ago. ¶m‘wio amO{H$¶ nÕVrV AZoH$ ÑîQ>rH$moZmVwZ H|$Ð gaH$mam§Zm
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Iwn ~marH$ Imob {dMma H$éZ ì¶dhma H$amdm bmJV Ago. AemM Fig 19.6 : VP. gtJ
LA
doiog Aem n[añWrVwZ ApñWaVm nU {Z‘m©U hmoV Ago. bhmZ nj nU
AmnUmg {Xbobr ‘XV dmng KoVë¶mg gaH$ma nS>ʶmMr ^rVr AgVo. ˶m‘wio Vo OmñV ’$m¶Xm
HéZ KoʶmÀ¶m à¶ËZmV AgV. {H$˶oH$ doiog ¶m‘wio {dYmZ njnmV nU hmoV Ago. åhUOo
TE
H$moUVo Var EH$ gh^mJr nj ‘XV dmng KoVë¶mg gaH$ma nS>Vo ¶m ^rVrZo ‘hËdmÀ¶m Vrd«
~Xbmg nÕVrb Am‘b~OmdUr H$aʶmgmR>r g§H$sU© gaH$ma ^rV Ago.
n{hbo g§H$sU© gaH$ma IwnM A{ñWa AgwZ Vo nwU© H$mi
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Mmbw eH$bo Zmhr. Z§VaMo g§H$sU© gaH$ma H$‘rV H$‘r g§H$sU© amO{H$¶m‘wio gaH$man
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gmd©O{ZH$ H$m¶©H$« ‘o d g‘Ýd¶ g§KQ>Zm gma»¶m H$m§hr nÕVrÛmao eº$s Pmbo Amho Ago bmoH$m§Zm
gh^mJrXma njm‘ܶo EH$ {dMmaYmam ¶oʶmg Vo ¶ímñdr dmQ>V Ago ˶m‘wio H$moUVrhr EH$
Pmbo . ¶mM n[aUm‘m‘w i o BJP, Zo V ¥ Ë dmV National nmQ>u Amnë¶m ‘XVrg Xoemda Z
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Democratic Alliance Am{U Congress À¶m ZoV¥ËdmV bmXë¶m gmaIo Ago H$m§hr bmoH$m§Zm
United Progressive Alliance UPA g§H$sU© gaH$ma Amnë¶m dmQ>V Ago, ¶mg CXm. ghrV
gaH$maMm H$m¶©H$mi nwU© H$é eH$bo, EdT>oM ZmhrVa ¶w.nr.E MMm© H$am.
gaH$ma nwÝhm {ZdSw>Z Ambo.
n.~§Jmb‘ܶo dm‘nj gaH$ma (The ‘Left Front Government’ in West Bengal)
dm‘nj amO{H$¶ njmV AgUmao ^maV H$å¶w{ZæQ> nmQ>u (CPI), ’‹ $madS>© ãbm°H$, [adwë¶weZar
gmoebrñQ> nmQ>u, ^maV ‘m³g©grñQ> H$å¶w{ZñQ> nmQ>u (CPM) gma»¶m§Zr 1977 ‘ܶo n.~§Jmb
amÁ¶ {ZdS>UwH$sV {dO¶ àmá H$éZ grnrE‘ À¶m Á¶moVr~gw ZoV¥ËdmV gaH$ma {Z‘m©U Ho$bo.
A
VH«$ma Agë¶mg Vo EHw$U KoVë¶m OmV Ago. Voìhm§À¶m V|ìhm ‘ºo$Xmam§Mr Zmdo Zm|X H$éZ ¶mo½¶ Vr
H$m¶ÚmZwgma H$mJXnÌo V¶ma H$éZ VoìhmMo Voìhm dmQ>n H$arV AgV.
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AmnaoeZ ~Jm© n[aUm‘m‘wio ‘ºo$Xmam§Zm O‘rZXma dJ© O~aXñVrZo H$mTw>Z Q>mH$ʶmgmR>r ˶m§Zm
H$mhrM A{YH$ma ZgV. Iao åhUOo ‘ºo$XmamMr h¸$m§Zm na§namJV H$éZ Vo {Z¶‘rV MmbʶmgmR>r
H$miOr KoʶmV Ambr. EdT>oM Zmhr Va {nH$mVrb ݶm{¶H$ dmQ>m (H$ï> gmoSw>Z BVa Jw§VdUwH$
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‘ºo$Xmam§Zr Ho$boë¶m 75 Q>¸o$ d O{‘ZXmam§Zr 50 Q>¸o$) ¶m à‘mUmV ‘ºo$Xmamg {‘imd¶mMo gaH$ma
N
nmhV AgV. EHwU n.~§Jmb‘Yrb J«m‘rU ^mJmVrb Hww$Qw>§~mV AY©o bmoH$ ^wXmZmMm ’$m¶Xm KoVbo
AmhoV.
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n.~§Jmb ‘Yrb ^wXmZ nÕV d {MZ qH$dm Aem àH$maÀ¶m H$m¶©dmhr‘wio n.~§Jmb‘ܶo
{d¶VZm‘‘Yrb ^wXmZ nÕVrMr VwbZm H$am ì¶dgm¶ CËnÎmr 30 à{VeVZr dmT>br. J«m‘rU
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H$m§hr Pmbo Var AmnaoeZ ~Jm©, n§Mm¶V amO nÕVrÀ¶m Am‘b~OmdUr‘wio dm‘njmg J«m‘rU
^mJmVrb bmoH§$mMr nwîH$i ‘XV {‘imbr d 2006 n¶ªV nwU© {ZdS>UwH$mV {dO¶ àmá Pmbm.
amÁ¶mVrb bmoH$m§À¶m JaOm bmoH$emhrZwgma nwVu Ho$ë¶m Joë¶mVrb ho EH$ CXmhaU…
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A
amÁ¶ KQ>ZoÀ¶m gdbVr d {dñVma (Extention of Constitutional Privileges)
AN
‘mJmdJug OmVtZm nU g§Yr {Xë¶mda ˶m§Zm {‘giwZ KoD$Z àJVr H$aʶmH$S>o OZVm
XbZo bj H|$ÐrV Ho$bo. gaH$mar Zm¡H$è¶mV, {dÚm-{ejUmV {‘imd¶mÀ¶m gdbVr BVa
‘mJmgdJu¶ (OBC) nU AmajU Agmdo Agr {g’$mag ‘§S>i H$‘reZÀ¶m AhdmbmV
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hmoVr d ˶mg Z°ebZ ’«§$Q> gaH$maZo COoS>mV AmUbo. ¶m H$‘reZÀ¶m {ZXe©ZmV Ambobo
gm‘m{OH$ {dÚmZwgma ‘mJmgdJu¶ OmVtoZm gaH$mar Zm¡H$è¶mV 27% AmajU XoʶmV
N
¶oʶmÀ¶m Am¶moJmÀ¶m ‘hËdmÀ¶m {g’$maerg Am‘b H$arV AmhomV, Ago dr.nr.gtJ gaH$maZo
LA
KomfrV Ho$bo. ¶m AmXoem‘wio AZoH$ {damoY
{deof H$éZ CÎma ^maV XoemV àXe©Zo H$aʶmV n§ M m¶V amO Am{U 73 dr KQ> Z mXþ é ñVr
Ambr. X{jU ^maVmVrb AZoH$ amÁ¶ ¶m
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AmajUmg, A‘b H$arV Amho V . ñWm{ZH$ ñdàemgZmV amÁ¶KQ>Zm bjmV R>odwZ 1992
dr.nr.gtJÀ¶m gaH$ma‘ܶo AgUmè¶m BVa ¶m dfu nr.dr. Za{gåhm amdÀ¶m gaH$maZo emgZmV
njm§Zr ¶mg {damoY Ho$bm nU AmnU àOoMm amÁ¶KQ>ZoV gwYmaUm H$obr, 73 dr amÁ¶KQ>Zm gwYmaUm
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AmXa J‘mdVmoV ¶m ^rVrZo ˶mdarb {damoY J«m‘ nmVirda ñWm{ZH$ ñdàemgZ gaH$maZo àmá H$éZ
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˶m§Zr ~{hJ©V Ho$bm Zmhr. Joë¶m XmoZ gVmãXrV {Xbr Va 74 dr KQ>Zm XþéñVr hr ehar ZJam§Zm ˶m§À¶m
OBC. AZoH$ bmoH$ g§nÞ amhþZ Amnbo ApñVËd nmVirZwgma gaH$maZo gmd©{ÌH$ d¶moOZ ‘VmÛmao gd©àW‘
gm§^miwZ R>odʶmQMm à¶ËZ H$aZo hoM ¶mMo {ZdS>ë¶m Jobo. EHw$U OmJoda EH$ V¥Vr¶m§e ¶mà‘mUmV
SC
H$aZo. Vo {deof H$éZ ^yXmZ d h[aV H«$m§VrÛmao OmJm ‘m{hbm§Zm XoʶmV Amë¶m, AZwgy{MV OmVr,
˶m§Zm ’$m¶Xm Pmbm. Va {ejUmV d gaH$mar O‘mVrÀ¶m OmJm amIrd H$aʶmV Amë¶m.
Zm¡H$è¶mV d amO{H$¶mghrV Amåhmg hdo amÁ¶ gaH$maÀ¶m {dMmaYmam§Zm AmXa H$éZ ñWm{ZH$
VodT>o ZoV¥Ëd {‘imbo Zmhr Ago ˶m§Zm dmQw> àemgZ gaH$mam§Zm AgUmè¶m {ZYrMm A{YH$ma amÁ¶
bmJbo. ¶m ^mJmV AmVm ˶m§Zr Amnbm dmQ>m
gaH$ma {ZU©¶mda gmoS>ʶmV Ambm. ˶m‘wio Xoe^a H$m‘
Mmbw R>odbm. ‘§S>i Am¶moJmÀ¶m {g’$maerbm
H$aUmao ñWm{ZH$ àemgZmÀ¶m A{YH$mamV ’$aH$ AgVmo.
Am‘b Ho$ë¶m‘wio dr.nr.gr§J gaH$maZo ˶m§À¶m
BÀN>m nwU© Ho$ë¶m. H«$‘mH«$‘mZo emgZ nÕVrV
OmVr g‘ñ¶mg {damoY H$éZ Aëng§»¶m§H$
270 gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z ~XbVo amO{H$¶ àdmh- 1977 Vo 2000
bmoH$ Vo gm‘moao OmUmè¶m g‘ñ¶mg OmñVM ~maH$mB©Zo bj XoʶmV Ambo. XbrVm§À¶m ^ë¶mgmR>r
ZoVË¥ d H$arV AmhomV Ago ~hwOZ nmQ>u dada ¶oUmar Á¶mQ d ¶mXdgmaIo ZoVË¥ d H$aUmè¶m amÁ¶
nj ^maVr¶ amO{H$¶mV ‘h˶mdmÀ¶m ^w{‘H$m {Z^dVmV.>
Y‘© Am{U amOH$maUmMm Cn¶moJ (Use of religion and politics)
bmoH$g§»¶oV OmñV à‘mUmV åhUOo qhXþÀ¶m ‘V ApñVËdmYmao Xoemg {Z‘m©U {H$amdo Aem
amO{H$¶ YmoaUrg ^maVr¶ OZVm nmQ>r© ZoV¥Ëd H$arV AgVo. Y‘©{Zanojm gma»¶m nmíMm˶
^mdm§Zm ho nwU© H$arV Zmhr. nwamVZ ^maVr¶ g§ñH¥$VrnmgwZ AmnU ~aoM H$m§hr {eH$m¶Mo Amho.
¶mda hr nmQ>u {dídmg Y‘© Jwé Mmb{dUmè¶m Y‘m©Zwgma amÁ¶mg ^mOnm {damoY H$aVo.
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Y‘©{Zanoj amÁ¶mV Aëng§»¶m§H$ dJm©g {deof gw{dYm CnbãY Z H$aVm ˶m~am~a XoemVrb
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nwU© bmoH$m§Zm g‘mZ Ñï>rZo nmhþU EH$M ZmJ[aH$ ¶m H$m¶Úmg A‘b H$amdo Aer ^mOnmZo
Y‘©{ZanojdmX MM}Mr gwédmV Ho$br.
1980 n¶ªV ^maV amO{H$¶mV hr YmoaUr Zm‘‘mÌ hmoVr. CXm. 1984 À¶m bmoH$g^m
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{ZdS>UwH$sV ¶m§Zr ’$º$ XmoZ OmJm qOH$ë¶m Va A¶moܶm KQ>Zmg am‘OÝ‘ ñWi åhUwZ ‘{ñOX
AgUmè¶m OmJr ‘§{Xa ~m§YʶmgmR>r Am§XmobZ Ho$ë¶m‘wio ^mOnmMm AmXa ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV
N
dmT>bm. ¶m KQ>Zmg ‘XV åhUwZ ^mOnm ZoVm bmb H¥$îU AmS>dmUr ¶m§Zr 1990 ‘ܶo
LA
JwOamV‘Yrb gmo‘ZmW Vo A¶moܶmn¶ªV aW ¶mÌm H$mT>br. ho Y‘©{Zanoj dmX amO{H$¶
Aëng§»¶m§H$ dJmªZm {deof åhUOo ‘wñbr‘ bmoH$m§Zm g§V¥á H$aʶmMm à¶ËZ H$aʶmV Ambm.
OmñV g§»¶ooZo AgUmè¶m qhXþ§H$S>o Xþ©bj Ho$ë¶m OmV Ago Vo åhUw bmJbo. ¶m Am§XmobZmÀ¶m doiog
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bmoH$ ~è¶mV ^mJmV OmVr Y‘m©Zwgma {d^mJë¶m Jobo. ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV OmVr-Y‘m©Mr X§Jo
Pmbr. {~hma‘ܶo AmS>dmUrg AQ>H$ Ho$ë¶m‘wio hr ¶mÌm BWoM g§nbr. ¶mÀ¶m ‘wH$m~ë¶mV
dr.nr.gtJ gaH$mamg ^mOnmZo {Xobobr Amnbr ‘XV dmng KoD$Z AJmoXaM {ZdS>UwH$m Koʶm¶
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^mJ nmS>b.o
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A{YH$mamV Ambo. Va bmoH$g^oV ^mOnmMo g§»¶m ~i 120 EdTo dmT>b.o am‘‘§{Xa {Z‘m©U àMma
Mmb{dUmam ‘moR>m g‘wh 1992 ‘ܶo Am¶moܶmg nmohMwZ ‘{ñOXog Üd§g H$aʶmV Ambo, ¶m
KQ>Z|Z§Va Vrd« énmV àXe©Zo d Y‘m©Zwgma OmVr¶ X§Jo Pmbr, ‘moR>çm àmUhmZr Pmbr.
gd©gmonr Am{W©H$ nÕV (Economic liberalisation)
1991 ‘ܶo dr.nr.gt§J gaH$ma nS>ë¶mZ§Va ^maVmV Vrd« Am{W©H$ g§H$Q> {Z‘m©U Pmbo, H$O©
naV’o$S> H$aʶmgmR>r, Am¶mVrV dñVwZm n¡gm XoʶmgmR>r, Cn¶moJ KoʶmÀ¶m {dXoer dñVw§Mm
gmR>m Wm§~dʶmV Ambm. åhUOo ZdrZ H$O© {‘imbo Var nU Owݶm H$Om©À¶m {IñVrgmR>r
doioda ^aʶmÀ¶m ñWrVrV ^maV Xoe ZìhVm. 1992 ‘ܶo nr.dr.Za{gåhmamd ZoV¥ËdmV {Z‘m©U
A
B. ^maV XoemV {dXoer XoemV {dXoer JwV§ dUwH H$aUmè¶mda {Z¶§ÌU H$‘r H$aUo. {MÌ 19.7 : P.V. Za{gåhm
B©. Am{W©H$ {d^mJmV AZoH$ {d^mJ (CXm. XþaÜdZr, ~±H$, {d‘mZ
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godm B.) ImOJr Jw§VdUwH$Xmam§Zm g§Yr XoUo (ho ¶mg AJmoXaÀ¶m gaH$mamV JwÎmoJma {Z¶§ÌU
AgV) ¶m H$m¶©dmhr H$maUm§Zo ^maV XoemV {dXoer dñVw Amë¶m‘wio ^maVr¶ H$maImZXma dJmªZm
OJmVrb CËnÎmrXmamer ñ’$Y}V CVaUo MwH$bo Zmhr. ¶m‘wio {dXoer H§$nݶm ^maV XoemV {dXoer
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H§$nݶm gwédmV Pmë¶m. ì¶mnma H$aʶmg gwédmV Pmbr Va gaH$ma bmoH$m§Zm XoUmè¶m gãgrS>rV
N
H$‘r Ho$ë¶m‘wio ñdñV {dXoer dñVwV dmT> Pmë¶m‘wio BWo AZoH$ H$maImZo ~§X nS>ë¶m Jobo. d
˶m‘wio gmYmaU bmoH$m§Zm IwnM Ìmg Pmbm. {dÚm, Amamo½¶ d dmhVwH$ gma»¶m AZoH$ gaH$mar
LA
gw{dYm ImOJr H$aʶmg ^mJ nS>ë¶m‘wio ¶m godm XoUmè¶m ImOJr 춺$sZm bmoH$m§Zm ‘moR>çm
à‘mUmV n¡g| Úmdo bmJw bmJbo.
20 ì¶m eVmãXrÀ¶m eodQ>r ^maV Xoe OmJ{VH$ ~mOma noR>oV ñWmZ {‘idrbo ¶m XoemV
TE
EH$sH$‹S>bmoH$g§»¶oVrb {d{dY dJ© Amnbm AmdmO gwZmdʶmMo H$m¶© bmoH$emhr‘wyio nma nS>bo. Xþgar H$S>o
bmoH$m§Zm {d^mOZ H$éZ OmOrZwgm amO{H$¶ OwidmOwidr‘wio gm‘m{OH$ em§Vrg YmoH$m {Z‘m©U hmoV
Amho. 50 dfm©hþZ OmñV H$mi n[ajmgmR>r
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A
1. OmoS>çm bmdm (AS1)
AN
gai gmonr Am{W©H$ nÕV {dXoer Am¶Vmdarb H$amda {Z¶§ÌU
BÀN>oZwgma H$mT>Uo H|$Ð gaH$ma Ûmao amÁ¶ gaH$mao
BVam§Zm H$mT>wZ Q>mH$Uo Amnë¶mnojm doJùo AgUmè¶m bmoH$m§Zm
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EH$Vm VÎdo amÁ¶ gaH$mabm OmñV ñdoÀN>m d ñdmV§Í¶
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8. ^maV Xoemg ñdmV§Ì Amë¶mZ§Va àW‘ àUm{bHo$Zwgma {dH$mgmg àmYmݶ XoʶmV Ambo d Xþgè¶m
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MMm© : CJ«dmXr Am{U AmV§H$dmXrMm gm_Zm H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar emgZmMr H$s g_mOmMr?
`m n[ag§dmX Am`moOrV H$am. `mMm à^md _mZdr {OdZmda H$gm am{hc? Vw_Mo AZw^d gm§Jm?
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 273
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a{e`m, nmocm°S>, `wJmoñcrcdmV Amnco cmoH$ g§»`oV
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Pmco. a{e`mV 1700 ehao d 31000 H$maImUo, 70,000
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àJVr Pmcr. Xþgè`m _hm`wÜXmÀ`m doiog A_oarHo$Zo OmñV à_mUmV Zm¡H$è`m d A{YH$ CËnÞ H$é
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A‘o{aH$m - ^m§S>dbemhr amï´>, a{e¶m-gmå¶dmX amï´> hm Xoe ñdV§Ì Pmë`mZ§Va Jw§VdUwH$ nÜXV
- H$å`w{w ZñQ> (Am_oarH$m a{e`m _Ü`o)
{d^m{OV Ho$ë`m Jocëo `m OJmer g_moao {dXoer emgZmnmgwZ _wº$s (decolonisation)
Omdo cmJco . hr Xo e Amnë`m åhUOo H$m`?
n«JVrgmR>r ñdVmMm _mJ© Cn`moJmV XmoZ AJ«amï´>m_Ü`o ñnYm©VZw Z{dZ ñdV§Ì {_imcoco
Z AmUVm H$mo U Ë`mVar EH$m Xoe H$em n«H$mao à^m{dV Pmco?
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g§`wº$ amï´> g§K (United Nations Organisation (UNO)
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doiog Ë`m XoemÀ`m ñdV§Ìmg AmoiI ~m§Ym Z AmUVm em§VVog àmYmݶ XoD$Z ‘mZdr h³H$m§Mo
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Zmhr Ago AmídmgZ XoÊ`mV Amco.
g§`wº$ amï´> g§K {Z_m©U Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`m doiog 51 XoemMo gXñ` hmoVo d gÜ`m (2016) _Ü`o
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193 XoemMo gXñ` AmhoV. Ë`mZ§VaÀ`m eVH$mVrc {dXoer emgH$m eº$s nmgwZ ñdV§Ì {_imcocr
Xoe g§`ºw $ amï´> g{_VrV {_gico. g§¶º w $ amï´> g§K ghm doJdoJù¶m emIm§Ûmao H$m‘ H$aVo. ¶mVrb
à˶oH$ g§ñWoMo d¡{eîQ> H$m‘ Amho. em§VVm d gwajm, {ejUmMm {dH$mg, Amamo½¶ godm, Jar~r d
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hoJo ¶oWo Amho. Am§V©amï´>r¶ Amamo½¶ g§ñWm OoZodm ¶oWo Amho. Va Am§V©amï´>r¶ {ejU ({dkmZ d
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g§ñH$Vr H|$Ð) ¶wZño H$mo (United Nations Scientific & Cultural Organisation)n°arg ¶oWo Amho.
g§¶wº$ amï´> ~mbH$ A˶mdí¶H$ {ZYr g§ñWm-¶w{Zgo’$ (United Nations Childrens Emergency
Fund) Ý`w`mH©$ _Ü`o Amho.
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^w{_H$m d O~m~Xmar {Xë`m gmaIo Pmco.
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H$m?
dmagËd aúmU `m gma»`m {d^mJmV EŠ`
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amÁ` g{_Vr `mo½` Vo {Z`§ÌU R>do Ê`mV `eñdVr {daomYr Ë`m_wio Ë`mg aÔ H$amdo Ago H$mhr
hmoD$ eH$co ZmhrV. OJmV dM©ñdmgmR>r AJ«amï´> N
cmoH$m§Mo åhUUo Amho. Va `m UNO VodT>çm
_Ü`o AgUmè`m ñnY}V Vr h_oem H$arVm Za_nUo H$m_ Ho$co Zmhr Ago H$m§hr cmoH$ åhUVmV.
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Ë`mÀ`m Am{YZ amhrcr. MMm© H$am?
XmoZ {e{~ao Am{U em§Vr `wÜX (1945-1991)
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OmJ{VH$ _hm`wÜXm Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV XomZ _w»` {gÜXm§VrH$$ d amOH$s` {e{~ao {Z_m©U Pmco.
USSR ZoV¥ËdmV H$å`w{ZñQ> (g‘mdmXr JQ>) {e{~a d A_oarH$m ZoV¥ËdmV cmoH$emhr ^m§S>dcXma
Jww§VdUwH$mXma JQ> hr ^mdZm gaH$ma {Z`§ÌU {dH$mg `m {gÜXm§Vm§Zm nwT>o ZoVo> ZoV¥Ëdmg {damoY
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H$aUmè`m§Zm Xm~wZ Q>mH$Ê`mMm à`ËZ a{e`mZo Ho$cm. Xþgar H$S>o H$m§hr númm§Zr cmoH$emhr d
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nwñVH$mV {H$Vr noO cmJVmV `mMm A§XmO H$am. `m ~må~cm Ho$ìhm Var `m {eV`wÜXm_wio A_oarH$m d a{e`m
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Cn`moJmV AmZm`Mo Agë`mg Ë`mMm à^md {n[aUm_ {H$Vr {Vd« AgVmo A§XmO _Ü`o 1945-1991 _Ü`o Pmcoë`m àn§M
cmdm.
KQ>Zm gdm©da `mMm à^md nS>cm.
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hmoV.o åhUOo {dXoer emgZmnmgwZ ~mhoa nS>V Agcocm {d`ËZm_, H$moar`m, Am§Jmocm, A\$Jm{ZñVmZ,
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gmaIo Xoedmgr OJmMr XmoZ {e{~amV {d^mJUr Pmë`m_wio ^m¡{VH$Ñï>`m AmOw~mOwg AgUmao
Xoe, EH$ nÕV AgUmè`m cmoH§$m_Ü`o eÌwËd {Z_m©U Pmco d Ë`m§À`m _Ü`o {dZmeH$mar `wÜX
Pmco.
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{eV`wÜXmÀ`m H$mimV hr XmoZ {e{~ao N>wno `wÜX g¡{ZH$ A§JrH$ma ~må~ ~UdÊ`mÀ`m ñnYm©
Aem àH$maÀ`m YmoaÊ`mMm Adc§~ H$é cmJco.
Nwno `wÜX (namoúm `wÜX) (Proxy War)
gwédmVr nmgwZM ñdV§Í`mgmR>r A§mXmocZ H$arV Agcoco Xoe Amnë`m à^mdmV AmZÊ`mgmR>r
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XomZ {e{~ao à`ËZ H$é cmJco. `mÀ`mV n[a_mUm_wio Ë`m XoemV XmoZ {damoYr g_whm n¡H$s EH$mV
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XomÝhr {e{~ao (N>mdÊ`mV) _XV H$é cmJco. CXmhaUmV 1947 _Ü`o Q>H$s©, J«rH$ XoemV
H$å`w{ZñQ {damoYr eº$s¨Zm A_oarH$m AÜ`úm har Q´>_Z `m§Zr _XV {Xcr. Am{\«$H$mV, ~oëOr`_
{dXoer emgZmA§VJ©V AgUmam H$m§Jmo§(Congo) cm 1960 _Ü`o ñdV§Ì Amco. Ë`mg H$å`w{ZñQ>
ZoVm númmg cw__w ~§ m(Lumumba) `mMr 1961 _Ü`o hË`m H$aÊ`m Amcr. `mV A_oarH$m JwßVMa
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g§ñWm AgUmar CIA Mm hmV hmoVm Ago åhUVmV. nmoVw©Jc nmgwZ A§Jmocm 1975 Zmoìh§o~a _Ü`o
ñdV§Í` Amco. a{e`m, Š`w~mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo A§JmocmVrc H$å`w{ZñQ>dmXr `m§Zr A{YH$mamg hmVmV
KoVco. c°Q>rZ A_oarH$mV {nS>ocH$mñQ>( Fidel Castro) A_oarH$mMr _XV AgUmè`m gaH$maÀ`m
{damoYmV Am§XmocUmg Zm`H$Ëd H$éZ a{e`mÀ`m nÜXVrZwgma gmå`dmX nÜXVrV {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r
à`ËZ Ë`m§Zr Ho$co. `m_wio c°Q>rZ A_oarHo$V AZoH$ Xoe AemM n«H$maÀ`m AmXa AgUmam MoJwdoam
(Che Guevera) ZmdmMm ZoË`m§Mr hË`m H$aÊ`mV Amcr. gmogm{cñQ> ZoV¥ËdmV {ZdSw>Z Amcoco
gaH$m§amZm nU A_oarH$m _XVrZo Ë`m XoemÀ`m goZmnVtZm H$mTw>Z Q>mH$Ê`mV Amco. `mg {Mcr_Ü`o
`g AËgoS>rÀ`m (S Allende) gaH$mamg nmSw>Z Q>mH$Ê`mV Amcoco EH$ CXmhaU AmnU åhUw
eH$Vmo.
a{e`mZo nU Amncr à^md {g_m dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$é cmJcm. CXmhaUmV 1950
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 277
_Ü`o O_©Zr h§Joar PoH$moñcm°dmH$s`m (Hungary and Czechoslovakia) gma»`m XoemV {damoY
{Z_m©U Pmë`mg a{e`m Amnë`m g¡Ý`mg nmR>dwZ Ë`m XoemV Amnë`m AZwHw$c ZgUmè`m
gaH$macm H$mTw>Z Q>mHw$Z Amnë`mer ñZohnwdH© $ amhUmè`m gaH$maMo {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amco. 1960
À`m Z§Va a{e`mMr g§~§Y Xþa H$amdoV Ago {MZZo {ZU©` KoVcm. {MZda X~md AmUÊ`mgmR>r
a{e`mMm {d\$c à`ËZ Pmcm. 1971 _Ü`o A\$JmUrñVmZ da a{e`mZo h„m H$éZ {VWo Amnë`m
AZwHw$c AgUmao gaH$ma {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amco. Ë`m_wio _V {Vd«dmXr AgUmao A\$JmZmV
CR>mdH$aUmè`m§Zm A_oarHo$Zo _XV Ho$cr. `mMm n[aUm_ _wio {XK©H$mi n`©V ZmJarH$ `wÜX Mmcw
am{hco. eodQ>r 1985 _Ü`o A\$Jm{UñVmZ nmgwZ Amnë`m g¡Ý`m§Zm _mKma KoÊ`mMm {ZU©`
a{e`mZo KoVcm. Ë`mZ§Va _V {Vd«dmXr AgUmao Vmcr~mZ A{YH$mamda `oD$Z AmVm A_oarH$m
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{damoYr Vo H$m_ H$arV AmhoV. hr AJ«amï´>mZoo Ioicoë`m IoimV {dXoer emgH$ {Z`§ÌUm nmgwZ
~mhoa nS>mdo Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>V AgVm§Zm {Vgè`m àn§M `wÜXmg d {dÜdgm§g a§J^w_r V`ma Pmcr.
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`wÜXmV a{e`m A_oarH$m g¡{ZH$mM ZmhrVa {Vgè`m à§nMmVrc cmoH$m§Zr ^mJ KoVcm. `mMr
AmR>dU R>do m.
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(Military Alliances)
A_oarH$m a{e`m XomKmOdi nU AUw~må~ AmhoV. Va AUw`Üw X Oa Pmco Va H$moUVmhr Xoe
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{dO`r hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m Xm|Km§Zm _m{hV hmoVo. Ago AgwZ gwÜXm Vo g¡{ZH$ _hËdmMo
A§JrH$ma H$aÊ`mV Amco. 1949 _Ü`o A_oarH$m Amnë`m _°Jrg CÎma AQ>c°Q>rH$ g§Yr ì`dñWm
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(North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)(ZmQ>mo) `m gma»`m Ûmao _O~wV H$éZ KoV hmoVo.
`mÀ`m {damoYmV H$å`w{ZñQ> Xoem§Zr
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d°H$Q>rJZ {gQ>r
ñnoZ
nmo V
Ac~m{Z`m
`m `wVrìXmao AJ«amï´> à^mdmMr {J«g Q>H$s©
{g_m dmTw>Z Ë`mg Imcr Z_wX
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Ho$coco CncãY Pmco.
278 gm_m{OH$ AÜ`m`Z `wÜXmoÎma OJ Am{U ^maV
- Voc, I{ZO gma»`m _hËdmÀ`m g§nÎmr
- Amnë`m CËnÎmrg ~mOma, Amnë`m Jw§VdUwH$sg YmoH$m ZgUmam ^mJ
- Amnë`m g¡{ZH$m§Zm eñÌMm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mgmR>r g¡{ZH$ {e{~ao
- Amnë`m {dMma Ymam
- _moR>çm n«_mUmV g¡{ZH$s IMm©gmR>r Am{W©H$ _XV.
g¡{ZH$ eñÌ Am{U AV[aúm ñnYm© (Arms and Space Race)
eñÌ g§emoYUmda {MZ I§S>mVa úmonUr d {dÜdg H$aUmao AUweñÌ hË`mao gmR>dUwH$s gmR>r
A_oarH$m d a{e`mZo _moR>çm à_mUmV {ZYr IM© H$aV AgV. `m XomZ XoemV EH$mH$m Odi nwU
©OJmg Zï> H$aÊ`mgmaIo AUw hË`mao AmhoV. H$mcH«$_mZo Ë`mMo {_Ì Xoe {~«Q>Z \«$m§g, {MZ Xoe
nU AUw eñÌ V`ma Ho$co AmhoV. JwáMa ì`dñWm Ûmao úmonUr V`mar ~m~V CnJ«h Cn`omJr nS>V
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Agë`m_wio AmVm ñnYm© A§VamimV
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nU dmT>cr Amho. àW_ CnJ¥h hm
ñ\w$Q>{ZH$ (satellite Sputnik)
a{e`mZo `mMm à`moJ Ho$cm. VgoM
§A§VamimV OmUmam àW_ ì`º$s
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`war J§JarZ (Yuri Gagarin) `mg
N a{e`mZo nmR>dco. `m_wio XomZ AJ«
amîQ´ > m _Ü`o CnJ« h mMm à`mo J
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Ho$ë`m_wio ñnYm© gwédmV Pmcr.
{Zc A_rñQ´ > m§ J (Neil
Armstrong) `mg M§Ð`mZ da
TE
{MÌ 20.5 : (S>mdr H$S>o) Yuri Gagarin, (COdrH$S>o) M§Ðmda _mZdàË`mWu {e{~ao {dÜdgm§Mr
eñÌm§Mr gmR>dUrV dmT> H$arV
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Joë`m_yio àn§M ho AUw~må~ nmgwZ hmoUmè`m hmUrMm A§XmO H$éZ {^VrÀ`m X~m~mV amhV
AmhoV. gd© XoemMr cmoH$ `wÜXmÀ`m {^VrV OJV AmhoV. XomZ AJ« amï´>m_Ü`o `wÜX ho A{Zdm`©
Amho Aer n[apñWVr Agë`mdahr amOXþV MM}VwZ H$moUË`mhr n[apñWV `wÜXmV Q>miÊ`mg Vo
SC
`eñdVr Pmco AmhoV. a{e`m Amnë`m XoemVrc A_oarH$mer AgUmao Jwá H¥$Ë`mVwZ {d_mZm§Zm
Üdg H$aUo, nSw>Z Q>mH$Uo, a{e`mV eñÌ gmR>dUrg A_oarH$mZo AmoiIUo, H$moar`m Jë\$ `wÜXmV
gma»`m g§X^m©V ~è`mM doiog àn§M `wÜXmMm A§XmO hmoD$ cmJcm.
VQ>ñV Midi (Non Alignment Movement (NAM)
1950’_Ü`o OJ XomZ n«Ë`mWu {e{~am_Ü`o {Vd« à_mUmV eñÌ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Amco. XmoZ
AJ« amï´>m_Ü`o g¡{ZH$ dM©ñd, {gÜXm§VmMm {damoY, Am{W©H$ dM©ñdmgmR>r Pmcoë`m ñnYm© _wio OJ
XomZ ^mJmV {d^mJë`m Joco. `m XmoZ númmV H$moUË`mhr númmÀ`m ~mOwZo Z amhVm amhÊ`mMm
VQ>ñV amhÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Amcm. AJ« amï´>m_Yrc ñnYm©_wio EH$Vm {dXoer emgZm nmgwZ
ñdV§Ì Pmcoë`m XoemV AgUmè`m g_ñ`m , Jar~r AZmamo½` Ag_mZVm {dXoer dmX gma»`m
g_ñ`m H$moUË`mhr gmoS>dÊ`mV Amë`m ZmhrV.
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 279
Z{dZ ñdV§Ì {_idcoë`m
Xoem§Zm AgwaúmrV n[apñWVrV
gw Y maUm H$éZ gw a úmrV
dmVmdaU Agmdo Ago Vo _mJUr
H$é cmJco. `m CÔoemZo 1955
_Ü`o BÝS>mo{Z{e`mVrc ~m°Sw>§J
_Ü`o EH$ g^m A`mo O rV
H$aÊ`mV Amcr. àW_ A{e`m-
A
Am{\«$H$m g_mdoe `mg 29 Xoe
hOa Pmco. `m g^oV hOa
AN
amhUmao _w»` ZoË`mV ^maVmMo {MÌ 20.6 :1960 _Ü`o Zohé(^maV) ¹$m_o ZH«w$_mh (Ho${Z`m), J_c
n§ S >rV Odmhacmc Zo h é, AmãXoc Zmga (B{Oá) gwH«$mZmo (B§S>moZo{e`m), {Q>Q>mo (`wJmoñcmo{d`m)
G
B{OáMo J_c A~S>oc Zmga, NAM g^oV EH$Ì Amco.
`wJmopñc{d`mMo Omogr\$ {~«O N
{Q>Q>mo(Josip Broz Tito) ho AmhoV. n§S>rV Zohé§Zm Ë`m§Mm A{YH$ma n«{V{ZYr åhUwZ AmoiIÊ`mV
LA
Amco. ho VQ>ñV MidirV n[apñWVr {Z_m©U Pmcr. (Non Aligned Movement (NAM).
Am{e`m, Am{\«$H$m d Ë`m Z§VaÀ`m c°Q>rZ A_oarH$mV Z{dZ ñdV§Ì {_imcoë`m Xoem_Ü`o gm§ñH¥$VrH$
TE
Am{W©H$ ghH$m§amZm àmoËgmhmZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r A§VaOmVr` g§ñWm VQ>ñV Midi {Z_m©U Pmcr.
`mMr n{hcr g^m 1961 gßQ>|~a _Ü`o `wJmoñcmo{d`mVrc ~ocJ«rS> _Ü`o KoÊ`mV Amcr. `mg
25 XoemMo gXñ` hOa Pmco. 2012 `mdfu `mMr gXñ`Mr g§»`m 120 EdT>r Pmcr. `mV 17
T
XmoZ AJ« amï´> ñnYm© H$aV {d{dY Xoem§Zm Amnë`mH$S>o AmoT>Ê`mÀ`m à`ËZÀ`m doiog ^maVm
gmaIo Xoe ñdV§Ì ~mOw _m§S>Ê`mVwZ VQ>ñV Midi H$maUr^wV Pmcr. AJ«amï´> EH$_oH$m§Zm
EH$_oH$m§À`m {damoYr Cn`moJr H$éZ Z{dZ àJVr{ec Xoe AmnUmg Amdí`H$ Vo ghmæ` ñWmU
àmá H$é eH$co. VQ>ñV Midi Xoem_Ü`o AgUmè`m g_ñ`m ^oX^md Xþa H$aÊ`mgmR>r nU H$mhr
à_mUmV ho Cn`omJr nS>co. XomZ AJ« amï´> VQ>ñV MidirH$S>o An_mZmÀ`m Ñï>rZo nmhV AgV.
A§VaOmVr` KQ>Zmda VQ>ñV Midirg a{e`m§Mm nmR>t~m Amho Ago A_oarHo$g dmQw> cmJco.
CXmhaUmV A\$Jm{ZñVmZ da gmo{d`V h„m Ho$ë`m_wio Ë`mda à{VH«$r`m ì`º$ Z H$aUo ho VQ>ñV
MidirÀ`m {Znúm nÜXVrÀ`m {damoYr Amho Agm A_oarH$mZo Amamon Ho$cm. VQ>ñV YmoaUr
MidirVrc AmUIr H$_OmoarnUm Vmo åhUOo gXñ` Xoe Xþgè`m Xoemer hmoV Agcoë`m `wÜX Vo
280 gm_m{OH$ AÜ`m`Z `wÜXmoÎma OJ Am{U ^maV
Wm§~dÊ`mV Ag\$c Pmco. CXmhaUmV- BamU- BamH$ ho Xoe gmV dfm©n`ªV `wÜX H$arV AgVm§Zm
VQ>ñV Xoe H$m§hr H$é eH$co ZmhrV. Aem AQ>r
1955 _Yrc ~m°Sw>J g^m§Mm _w»` CÔoe H$m` {Z`_ AgwZ gwÜXm XomZ AJ« amï´>m_Ü`o AgUmè`m
Amho? {deof A{YH$mam_wio Z{dZ ñdV§Ì Pmcoë`m Xoem§V
VQ>ñV YmoaUmÀ`m gwÌm ~m~V AJ«amï´>mMr H$gr A§VaOmVr` ì`dhmamV ñdV§ÌnUo {ZU©` KoÊ`mgmR>r
à{V{H«$`m homVr?
VQ>ñV YmoaUr Xoem§Zm OJmVrc {Vgao Xoe Ago VQ>ñV MidirMm \$m`Xm Pmcm.
H$m åhUVmV? npíM_ Am{e`m Kf©U (West Asian
Conflicts)
A
`wamon A{e`m _Ü`o ^mJmg npíM_ Am{e`m åhUVmV. àmVm§gM _Ü` n{íM_ Ago nU
AN
åhUVmV. Ama~ d `mXþc _Ü`o {Z_m©U Pmcoco Kf©U `mg npíM_ Am{e`mVrc g§H$Q> åhUVmV.
ho _w»`Vm nmcrñVmZ AH«$_Um g§~§YrV Amho. Ama~ [Zdmg H$arV Agcoco nmcrñVmZ Xþgè`m
OmJVrH$ `wÜXmÀ`m nwdu {~«Q>re {Z`§ÌUmV AgV. {VWo AgUmam µOoégco_da `mXþc, {¼íMZ d
G
_wñcr_ gdm©gmR>r n{dÌ ñWi Amho.
`mXþc, nmcrñVmZmg Amncr dMZ~ÜX ^w_r (Promised Land) Ago g_OVmV. àm{MZ
N
H$mimV {VWwZ Ë`m§Zm {Zdm©{gV Ho$ë`m_wio Vo `wamon, Am{e`m `m gd© ^mJmV ñWcm§Va Pmco. `oew
{¼ñVmg _maÊ`mgmR>r `mXþc `m§À`mda {Oå_oXmar gmondwZ `wamon _Ü`o AgUmè`m {¼íMZm§Zm
LA
N>ië`m OmñV Ago. O_©Zr _Ü`o ZmOr emgZmImcr cm§Imo `mXþc `m§Zm _maUo d Ooc_Ü`o Q>mH$Uo
`mg n[aH$mï>m hmo`.
nwU© OJ^a AgUmè`m `mXþc§mZm EH$Ì H$éZ Amncr _mV¥^w_r nmcrñVmZmg naV hñVJV
TE
H$éZ `mXþc `m§À`m àË`oH$ Xoe {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mXwcer {O`m{ZñQ> Am§XmocZ (Zionist
Movement) gwédmV Ho$cr. 1945 _Ü`o `mg nmíMmË` eº$sMr _XV nU {_imcr. Va Vmo
n`ªV nmcrñVmZdmgr (`mV OmñV cmoH$ Aa~ _wñcr_ ) {VWo amhV AmhoV. `m_wio Ë`m àm§VmgmR>r
T
_Ü` npíM_ {deof H$éZ Aa~ pìXnI§S>mV _moR>çm à_mUmV noQ´>moc VocmMm gmR>mMm emoY
cmJë`m_wio g_ñ`m AmUIr OmñV Jw§VmJwVrMr Pmcr. A_oarH$m, a{e`mZr `m àm§VmV Amnë`m
{Z`ÌUmV KoÊ`mgmR>r n«`ËZ Ho$cm d BVamÀ`m {Z`̧Umg Ë`mZr AS>Wim AmUcm.
1947 _Ü`o g§`wº$ amï´> g§K EH$ {ZU©` KoD$Z Ë`mg _§Owar XoÊ`mV Amcr. Ë`m àH$mao
SC
nmcrñVmZmMo XmoZ ^mJ H$éZ EH$ Ama~cm d Xþgam `mXþcmg gmondÊ`mV Ammcm. 1948 _Ü`o
{~«Q>ZZo Amnë`m g¡Ý`mg nmcrñVmZ nmgwZ H$mTw>Z KoVco. `mXþc H$arVm BO«m`cMr {Z_uVr Pmcr.
Ama~mZr Amnë`m _mV¥^w{_g gmoSw>Z XoÊ`mgmR>r ZmH$maco. BO«m`ccm H$m`ÚmZwgma EH$ Xoe
åhUwZ AmoiIÊ`mgmR>r Ama~mZr ZmH$ma {Xcm. nmcrñVmZm gmo~V BO«m`c Xoe dmnaÊ`mÀ`m
nÜXVr_wio d¡aËd _V^oX ho {Vd« Pmco. Ama~m§Zr Amncr g§nÎmr, Ka gmoSw>Z XoD$Z BVa Aa~
XoemV eaZmWu åhUwZ Ë`m§Zr Aml` KoVcm.
B{OáMo AÜ`úm J_c AmãXoc Zmga (Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-1970) Ama{~`m§Zm
EH$Ì H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mZo à`ËZ Ho$co. BO«m`c _Yrc gmd©O{ZH$ àXoemV ñ\$moQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Ë`mZo AmË_KmVr XcmcmMr {Z_uVr Ë`mZo Ho$cr Vmo {~«Q>Z \«$mÝgÀ`m {damoYmV H${R>U nÜXVrMm
A
Ho$coë`m Am§XmocZmV
B{Oácm, g¡ Ý `,
AN
Jmocm~méXmMm nwadR>m
Ho$coë`m a{e`mÀ`m
_XVrZo Zmga gw`O
G
H$mcì`mg amîQ´ > r `
H$aÊ`mV Amco. (Suez Canal)
N
1956 _Ü`o nmíMmË` XoemÀ`m _XVrZo B{Oá da BO«mEcUo h„m H$aÊ`mV Amcm. `wÜXmg
g_má H$aÊ`mMo A_oarH$m d a{e`mZr gm§JrVco. BO«mBc Amnë`m g¡Ý`mg _mKma KoVco. 1967
LA
_Ü`o Aa~mZr nwÝhm EH$Xm BO«mEc da h„m H$éZ Ë`m§Mm dm`wg¡ZmÀ`m _XVrZo nwU© Üd§g H$aÊ`mV
Amco. EdT>oM ZmhrVa JmOm, JmocmZ, h¡Q>g Am{U dñQ>o ~°H$ (Gaza, Golan Heights and the
West Bank) ^w^mJmg KoÊ`mV Amco. g§`wº$ amï´> g§KmMm {ZU©` KoVë`mghr Vmã`mV KoVcoë`m
TE
^mJmg dmng XoÊ`mgmR>r BO«mEcZo ZmH$ma {Xcm. d \$º$ `wÜX g_márMmM A§JrH$ma H$aÊ`mV
Amcm. hm Vmù`mV KoVcoco ~\$a ^mJ (buffer zones) åhUwZ H$m_ H$arV Ago BO«mEccm dmQw>
cmJco. Ama~mZr `m Am§XmocZmg `m `wÜXmg _mJo KoÊ`mV Amco.
T
EdT>çmV 1964 _Ü`o OmoS>S© >mZo nmcrñVmZm ñdV§Ì g§KQ>Zm (Palestinian Liberation Organisation
(PLO ) Mr {Z_uVr Pmcr. Ama~m§À`m gdmªZr EH$Ì H$éZ ho EH$ Z{dZ én YmaU H$aÊ`mV Amco.
ER
J_mdcoë`m ^w{_g em§VrZo nwÝhm hñVJV H$aUo hm Ë`mMm _w»` CÔoe Va 1967 _Ü`o `mga Aam\$V
ZoVË¥ dmV PLO cm BO«m`cda h„m H$aÊ`mgmR>r Aa~ Xoemda X~md Q>mH$Ê`mV Amcm. `mg Aa~ Xoem§Zr
VodT>m CËgmh XmIdcm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio PLO VwZ EH$ dJ© Aam\$V(Arafat) ZoVË¥ dmV {Mcr {d_mZ
SC
AnhaU, 1972 gßQ>|~a _Ü`o å`w{ZH$ Am°c§nrH$ (Munich Olympics) _Ü`o BO«m`cMm AgUmam
Am°c{§ nH$ JQ>mg AnhaU H$éZ AZoH$ cmoH$ {H«$S>mH$am§Mr hË`m H$aUo `m gma»`m CJ«dmXr H¥$Ë`mg Vo H$é
cmJco. nmcrñVm{Z`Um§Zr `m hë`mMm \$m`Xm KoD$Z BO«m`cdmgr`m§da nwÝhm h„o H$éZ AmnU nwdu
{Xcoë`m dMUmg eãXmg Am_c H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZmH$ma {Xcm.
h„m à{Vhëë`mV hm àm§V nwU© `wÜX dmVmdaUmV d CJ«dmh hëë`mV AgV. PLO nañna
Kf©Umg nS>Umè`m AZoH$ chmZ chmZ dJm©V {d^mJwZ Jocm. eodQ>r Aam\$V CJ«dmXmg gmoSw>Z
XoD$Z BO«mBccm AmoiIë`m _wio em§Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r A§JrH$ma H$aÊ`mV Amcm. {XK©H$mi
`wÜXmg g_má H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo BO«mBcer g§nH©$ gmYwZ nmcrñVmZrÀ`m ñd`emgZmg g§~§YrV
AZoH$ `wVr H$aÊ`mV Amco. doñQ> ~°H$ _YwZ Amnë`m g¡Ý`mg _mKma KoUo EdT>oM ZmhrVa
nmcrñVmZmVrc Aa~ dmgt`mZm AmoQ> h¸$ XoÊ`mgmR>r BO«mBcZo A§JrH$ma Ho$cm. Va BO«mBc
282 gm_m{OH$ AÜ`m`Z `wÜXmoÎma OJ Am{U ^maV
Amnë`mda dMZmg eãXmer R>m_ Z am{hë`mZo H$moUË`m Var EH$m {Z_rË`mZo nm{cñVmZr`mda
h„m MmcwM R>odë`m_wio hm A§JrH$ma {dO`d§V
Aa~r, nmcrñVm{Z`U _Ü`o Kf©Umg H$m` H$maUo Pmcm Zmhr. nmcrñVm{Z` Xoemg PLO Zo H$m`Xm
AmhoV? Zwgma n«{V{ZYrg Aam\$VZo Ë`mg AÜ`úm åhUwZ
Kf©UmV nmcrñVm{Z`m§U B{OáZo H$emgmR>r _XV AmoiIÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ XoemZo _mÝ` Ho$co Aam\$V
Ho$cr? 2004 _Ü`o _¥Ë`w nmdcm. {df Amhma XoD$Z Ë`mg
H$mhr nmcrñVm{Z`U cmoH$ CJ«dmX nÜXVrMr _maÊ`mV Amco Aer e§H$m Amho.
H$m {ZdS> Ë`m§Zr Ho$cr? Ë`mMm H$m` n[aUm_
Pmcm? _Ü`npíM_ _Ü`o amï´ > r `dmX ^mdZo M m
eaZmWu `m§À`m {e{~amV amhþZ {Za§Va `wÜXmMr {dH$mg (The Growth of Nationalism in the
A
{^Vr, Jar{~Zo H$§R>miwZ Jocco o nmcrñVm{Z`UmÀ`m Middle East)
{OdZ n[apñWVr {df`r _m{hVr H$am?
AN
BO«m`c A_oarH$mMr _XV Mmcw Agë`m_wio
nmcrñVm{Z`mÀ`m X`{Z` n[apñWVr_wio `m àm§VmV
A_oarH$m {damoYr ^mdZm \$ma à_mUmV {Z_m©U Pmë`m. AmnUmg AmnU {_Ì Xoem§Zm noQ´>moc Voc
g§nÎmr CncãY AgÊ`mg `m àm§VrVrc J¡acmoH$emhr emgZmZm A_oarH$m _XV {Xcoë`m H$maZm_wio
G
Vo àOoÀ`m ÛofmMm {eH$ma ~Zco. dmid§Q> ^mJmV Xþgè`m H$moUË`m g§nÎmr ZgUmè`m cmoH$m§À`m
H$ë`mUm H$arVm Voc g§nÎmr nmgwZ Amcoë`m CËnÞmg dmna H$éZ ¿`mdm Ago cmoH$m§Zm dmQ>V Ago.
N
1968 _Ü`o BamH$mV {damoYr CR>md H$éZ Aa~ amîQ´>r`dmX d gm_m{OH$dmX Aem Xþhoar {dZmXmZo
gÔm_ hþgoZ A{YH$mamda Amcm gm_m{OH$ dmX åhUOo Ë`m§À`m CÔoemZo VocmÀ`m g§nÎmrMo
LA
amï´>r`H$aU, Voc nmgwZ `oUmè`m CËnÞmg cmoH$m§À`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r gaH$ma IM© H$aUo. 1969 _Ü`o
`mM àH$maMm n[aUm_ {c~r`mV nU Pmcr. (`m~m~V Vwåhr Zdì`m dJm©V 19 ì`m nmR>mV `mMm
Aä`mg Ho$cm Amho.) hr gaH$mao H$ë`mUH$mar `moOZm gh EH$ ì`º$s qH$dm chmZgm JQ> hm EH$
TE
ZoV¥Ëd emgZ H$aVmV. H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm cmoH$emhr {damoY Agmo qH$dm Ag§Vmof Agmo `m§Zm
_§Owar XoÊ`mV Amcr Zmhr.
AZoH$ ^mJmV A_oarH$mg, A_oarH$m _XV {Xcoë`m gaH$mamg {damoY d _VnamZwgma a§J
T
ngacm Jocm g§nÎmr d Ë`mMm Cn`omJmMr g§Yr gdmªZm g_mZ dmQ>n H$amdr. `m {dMmamg
amîQ´>r`dmX eº$s Z {_iVm Ë`m Ë`m XoemV _VMm°Xg dmXr A{YH$mamda `oÊ`mgmR>r _XV Ho$ë`m
ER
Jocr. 1979 _Ü`o BamU _Ü`o Am§XmocZ {Z_m©U hmoD$Z (A_oarH$m _XV {Xcoë`m) BamZ amOmg
~Im©ñV H$éZ {e`m Bñcm_rH$ _V Jwé cmoH$emhrZwgma {ZdS>ë`m Jococo ZoVo {_iwZ MmcdÊ`m
OmUmao Z{dZ emgZmMr {Z_uVr Ë`m§Zr Ho$cr.
SC
gmo{d`V g¡{ZH$ dmng {ZKwZ Joë`mZ§Va A\$Jm{ZñVmV Vmcr~mZ A{YH$mamda `oD$Z {Vd«dmX
Bñcm{_H$ gaH$ma {Z_m©U Ho$co. _VJ«Wm§V AgUmè`m {Z`§_m§Um àOoZo nmcZ H$amdo Aer
Ë`m§À`mda ~iO~ar XoÊ`mV `oV Ago. `m H$maUmZo _{hcmg _VZwgma Aën g§»`mH$ cmoH$m§Zm
_m¡crH$ ñdoÀN>m, g_mZËd {Xë`m OmV Zgo.
21 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m àma§^r Ama~mV A§gVmof dmTw>Z n[aUm_o _Vna CJ«dmX dmT>cm. H$mhr
Ama~ CJ«dmX cmoH$ A_oarH$mMo XomZ {d_mZo AnhaU H$éZ Ë`m§Zm Ý`w`m©H$mVrc àn§M dm{UÁ`
H|$ÐmV (World Trade Centre) {d_mZ Kwgë`m_yio Ë`m B_maVr nSw>Z {H$Ë`oH$ hOma cmoH$
_¥Ë`_wIr nS>co. `m_wio Vmcr~mZmda A_oarH$mZo `wÜX KmofUm Ho$cr d eodQ>r BamH$ da nU `wÜX
Ho$ë`m Joco. EdT>çmVM Pmcoë`m `m KQ>Zm{df`r OmñV _m{hVr dV©_mZn{ÌH$m _YwZ d _m{gHo$
_YwZ _m{hV H$éZ ¿`m.
A
cmJoc. eodQ>r 1985 Vo 1991 _Ü`o AUw n[aúmmda {ZfoY
cmdcm Jocm.
AN
a{e`mV {_IrBc Jmoa~mMod(Mikhail Gorbachev)
A{YH$mamda Amë`m_wio Vo eŠ` d gmø Pmco Ago åhUVm
`oBc
© . a{e`m(USSR) V {Vd« gwYmaUm AmUwZ AmUIr OmñV
G
nmXe©H$Vm H$éZ Ë`mg amOH$s`mer ~Xcr H$aÊ`mgmR>r
N
{_IrB©c Zo à`ËZ Ho$co. Vmo AYmamdmXr VËdmer {_imcm.
Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm nwÝhm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo H$mhr
LA
~Xc H$éZ nmíMmË` Xoemer g§~§YmV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mgmR>r
Ë`mZo à`ËZ Ho$cm `mZo àdoe R>odcoë`m ~Xcmg ½cmgZomñQ>
TE
A
1. EH$mÀ`m gd©gÎmmH$ÎmoÀ`m ^m¡JmocrH$ g_J¥Vog Xþgè`mZo Jm¡ad H$aUo.
2. BVa XoemÀ`m AV§J©V ì`dhmamV hñVúmon Z H$aUo.
AN
3. h„m Z H$aUo, {ddmXmg nañna g_OXmarZo gmoS>dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aUo.
4. A§Va OmVr` g§~YmV nañna Jm¡ad d ghH$m`m©gmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.
5. em§Vr`wJ gh{OdUmg àmoËgmhZ XoUo.
G
BVa Xoemer {deof H$éZ eoOmar Xoe AgUmao {MZ, nm{H$ñVmZ, lrc§H$m d ~m§JcmXoeer
^maV Xoe g§~§Ymg `m gwÌmMm à^md nS>cm. N
eoOmar Xoem_Ü`o ^maV Xoe g§§~§Ym{df`r Imcrc {Xcoco dmMZ H$éZ Vo {H$VnV
`m n§M{ec gwÌmda AmYméZ AmhoV _m{hV H$am.
LA
{MZ ^maV g§~§Y (Sino-Indian relations)
{XK©H$mc A§mXomcZo, {hgm§Ë_H$ H«$m§Vr Z§Va 1949 _Ü`o {MZ H$å`w{ZñQ> JUV§Ì amÁ` Pmco.
TE
{MZ H$å`w{ZñQ> númmg AmoiIë`m Jocoë`m àW_ XoemV ^maV Xoe EH$ Amho. Ë`m nwdu g§`wº$ amï´>
g{_Vr, aúmU g{_VrV {M`m°J Ho$ eoH$ (Chiang Kai Shek) gaH$macm Agcoë`m emídV
ñWmZmg gÜ`mÀ`m {MZmg gmonÊ`mg ^maV XoemZo _XV {Xcr. {gÜXm§Vrc {d^oX AgwZ gwÜXm
T
~m§Sw>J (Bandung) g_mdoemV ^mJ KoÊ`mgmR>r {MZ ^maV XoemZo EH$Xþgè`mg _XV Ho$cr.
n§M{ec A§JrH$mamda XomÝhr Xoem§Zr 1954 E{àc 29 `m amoOr hñVmúma Ho$co. XmoÝhr XoemMo ZoVo
ER
Amnë`m XomÝhr Xoem§Zm ^oQ> {Xcr. _moR>çm g§»`oZo cmoH$m§Zr Ë`mMo ñdmJV Ho$co.
{dXoer emgZ H$mimV XmoZ Xoem_Ü`o gahÔ AgUmar _°H$ _mohZ(Mc Mahon)aofm _maÊ`mV
Amcr. Zohé Jm§YrZo Vo _mÝ` Ho$co. {MZ ^maV Xoem_Ü`o AgUmao {V~oQ> ñdV§Ì hm ~\$a àm§V Ago.
SC
Va EH$mdoir {MZ gm_«mÁ`mV {V~oQ> nam{YZ Xoe Amho Agm C„oI Ho$ë`m Jocm OmD$Z 1950 _Ü`o
{V~oQ>mVrc {MZ `mg AmnUmV {_giwZ KoÊ`mV Amco. `m_wio ^maV - {MZ _YwZ ~\$a àm§V
{ZKwZ Jocm. {V~oQ>mV Pmcoë`m {damoYr CR>mdmg {MZZo Xm~wZ Q>mH$co. XcmB© cm_m ghrV hOmam|
{V~oQ>r `§mZr Amnco AmnUmg MwH$dwZ ^maV XoemV Aml` KoVcm. ^maVmZo XcmB© cm_mg Aml`
{Xcm. `m_wo ^maV-{MZ _Ü`o d¡aËd gwé Pmco. ^maV Xoemg {MZ n«Ë`mWu g_Ow cmJcm. Ë`m
AJmoXa XmoZ Xoem_Ü`o gahÔ {ddmX {Z_m©U Pmcm. cXmI ^mJmVrc AŠgm°`-{MZ(Aksai-chin)
^mJ AéUmMc àXoemVrc ~amM ^mJ Am_Mm Amho Ago {MZ åhUw cmJcm. AZoH$ à`ËZmZo gw{XK©
MMm© Z§Va nU hm {ddmX AmVm n`©V gmoS>dcm Jocm Zmhr.
^maV Xoemgmo~V Ho$coë`m em§Vr A§JrH$aUmcm ^§J H$éZ 1962 AmŠQ>mo~a _Ü`o ^maV Xoemda
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 285
{MZZo h„m Ho$cm `m AMmZH$ hëë`mg ^maV Xoe nwU© V`marV Zgë`m_wio \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmV
ZwH$gmZ Pmco. eodQr {MZZo EH$núm Jmoir~ma g_má KmofUm H$éZ g¡Ý`mg _mKma KoÊ`mV Amco
nwÝhm gmYmaU g§~§Y {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r XemãX H$mim noúmm OmñV doi cmJcm. nwU© nUo
XþVg§~§Y 1976 _Ü`o nU Pmco ZmhrV.
XcmB© cm_m Ë`mMo {V~oQ> AZw`m`r`mg ^maVmZo
gÜ`m XomZ Xoe Am{e`mV eº$semcr hmoV
AmhoV. Am{W©H$ ÑîQ>çm CÞV ñWmZmda Agë`mMo Aml` XoUo `mo½` Amho H$m`?
AmoiIë`m OmV Amho. àn§MmVrc _w»` Am{W©H$ {V~oQ>cm {Z`§ÌrV H$amdo Ago {MZMo åhUUo
amOH$s` eº$s åhUwZ C^maÊ`mMr Amem `m `mo½` Amho H$m`?
XmoÝhr Xoem§Zm Amho. Ë`m_wio ho EH$mg EH$ gahÔr g§~§YrV nwduMo d¡aËd {dgéZ XomÝhr
A
amOH$s`, Am{W©H$ ñnY©H$ åhUwZ nU g_Oë`m Xoem§Zr {H$VnV AW©d§V ghH$m`© {_ÌËd n«má
AN
OmVo. gahÔr Odi chmZ _moR>çm KQ>Zm hmoV
Agë`mVar em§Vr gX²^mdZm amhÊ`mgmR>r XomÝhr H$é eH$VmV Ago Vwåhmg dmQ>Vo H$m?
gaH$mao à`ËZ H$arV AmhoV.
G
nm{H$ñVmZ- ^maV g§~§Y (India’s relation with Pakistan)
N
`m AJmoXaÀ`m YS>çmV gm§JrVë`m à_mUo {~«Q>re ^maVmg {d^mJUr Ho$ë`m_wio nm{H$ñVmZ
^maV XoemVwZ ñdV§Ì Pmcm. \$miUr Z§Va XmoÝhr Xoem_Ü`o {Za§Va Kf©U MmcwM Amho. XmoÝhr
LA
XoemVrc _w»` {ddmX H$í_ra hm Amho.
XomÝhr Xoem_Ü`o n«W_ `wÜX H$mpí_a gmR>r 1947-48 _Ü`o Pmco Va `m g_ñ`mMo {ZdmamgmR>r
Pmcm Zmhr. `wÜXm _wio H$pí_aMo XmoZ ^mJ H$aÊ`mV Amco. nm{H$ñVmZ AmH«$_rV H$í_ra
TE
(Pakistan occupied Kashmir (PoK) d ^maV XoemVrc Oå_w H$í_ra amï´> `m XmoÝhrZm
dmñVd aofm doJir H$aVo. (line of control)
1965 _Ü`o ^maV XoemMo àYmZ_§Ìr cmc ~hmXþa emór hmoVo nm{H$ñVmZ _Ü`o hþHw$_emhr
MmcdÊ`mgmR>r OZac Am`w~ ImZ A{YH$mamda hmoVm. H$í_racm ñd§VÌ H$aUo `m H$arVm ^maV
T
A
nm{H$ñVmZmV Owë\$sH$ma Acr, ~wÅ>mo `m§Zm
AmnU amOH$s` `mMm hñVúmon Hoo$ë`m OmVm `oV Zmhr. ^maV
{dO` {_imcm Va nwd© nm{H$ñVmZmV
AN
XoemV d nm{H$ñVmZm_Ü`o AgUmao \$aH$ hm hmo`. nm{H$ñVmZ
eoI _wOr~a ah_mZ ZoVË¥ dmVrc Amdm_r
Amnco AmnUmg Bñcm{_H$ Xoe åhUV Y_m©g amOH$s` KQ>H$
qcJ Zo {d`O {_idcm Va `m
åhUwZ dmna H$arV Amho. ^maV XoemMo cmoH$ H$moUË`mhr
{ZdS> U w H $sV {ZH$mcmg qH$dm nw d ©
G
Y_m©Mm pñdH$ma H$aVm `oVmo. H$moUË`mhr àH$mao XoemMr AmamYZm
nm{H$ñVmZmg OmñV ñdoÀN>m Am{U ñd§ÌV
H$aVm `oVmo. amOH$s`mg Amë`mZ§Va àË`oH$ OU ^maVr` AmhoV.
N XoÊ`mgmR>r nm{H$ñVmZ gaH$maZo _mÝ` Ho$co
Zmhr. `m§À`m ~Xcmg _wOr~wa ah_mZ `mg H¡$X H$éZ Xm~wZ Q>mH$Ê`mV Amco. nwd© nm{H$ñVmZ _YwZ hOmam|
LA
H$mXr{gI ^maVmV `oD$ cmJco. _wOr~wa ah_mZcm _V H$aUmao _wº$s ~m{hUr ( ‘Mukti Bahini’)
ZmdmZo ñdV§Ì Am§XmocZ H$é cmJco. ^maV XoemMo àYmZ_§Ìr lr_Vr B§{Xam Jm§Yr `mg _XV {Xcr EdT>Mo
TE
Zmhr a Am§VaOmVr` _XV KoÊ`mg nU {VZo à`ËZ Ho$cm. ^maV Xoemer _XVrÀ`m ~mOwZ C^m am{hcoë`m
a{e`m gmo~V _¡Ìr A§JrH$ma nÌmda ^maVmZo hñVmúma Ho$co.
1971 {S>g|~a _Ü`o nm{H$ñVmZer nwU©nUo `wÜX gwé Pmco.nwd© nm{H$ñVmZ ñd§VÌ hmoD$Z
~m§½cmXoe åhUwZ {Z_m©U Pmco `m_wio ^maV XoemZo Jmoir~ma Wm§~dÊ`mMr KmofUm Ho$ë`mZo `wÜXm
T
g_má Pmco. Z§Va Owë\$sH$ma Acr ~wÅ>mo àYmZ _§Ìr B§{Xam Jm§Yr ZoV¥ËdmV XomÝhr Xoem_Ü`o {g_m
ER
A§JrH$ma Pmcm.
1971 `wÜXm Z§Va XomÝhr Xoem_Ü`o Iwco `wÜX H$Yr Pmco Zmhr, nU gahÔrÀ`m ^mJmV AZoH$
doiog Jmoir~ma, Kf©Z dmVmdaU {Z_m©U hmoV Amho. Vwåhr H$maJrc `wÜXm( ‘Kargil War’)
SC
{df`r Vwåhmg _m{hVM Agoc.1999 _Ü`o nm{H$ñVmZ g¢{ZH$mÀ`m _XVrZo ^maVm {damoYr {Vd«
dmXr`m§Zr ^maVmMm ^w^mJmda Vm~m Ho$ë`mZo g¡{ZH$r H$m`©dmhr Ûmao Ë`m§Mr hH$mcnÅ>r H$oco.
^maV Xoe gahÔrV AgUmao amÁ` n§Om~- Oå_w H$mpí_amV nm{H$ñVmZ {Z_m©U Am§XomcZmg
_O~wVr {_iw cmJcr. Aem àH$maÀ`m Am§XmocZmg _XV XoUo EdT>oM Zmhr Va Y_©dmX,
{Vd«dmXr`m§Zm {eúmU XoD$Z ^mVa XoemV g_ñ`m {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r nm{H$ñVmZ gVV à`ËZ H$é
cmJcm. Agm ^maV Aamon H$arV Amho. VæmÀ`m ~XcmV ^maV Xoe Am_À`m XoemV ApñWaVm
{Z_m©U H$arV Amho AUw, eó, Jmoim~mé BVa eó, AñÌmMm gmR>dUr Ûmao g¡{ZH$ H$m`©dmhr Ûmao
Amåhmg gVV ^oS>dV Amho Ago nm{H$ñVmZ Amamon H$arV Amho. `m n[aUm_mHw$io XomÝhr Xoe
EH$mÀ`m {damoYm AmUIr EH$ Jmoim ~méXm§Mr gmR>dU H$aÊ`mgmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmV {ZYr n¡gm
A
YmoH$m Amho.
^maV- ~m§½cmXoe g§~Y (India’s relation with Bangladesh)
AN
1972 _Ü`o ^maVr` g¡{ZH$mÀ`m _XVrZo nm{H$ñVmZ nmgwZ ~m§JcmXoe ñdV§Ì Pmcm Vo ñdV§Ì
{_imë`mg cdH$aM ^maV XoemMr 25 dfm©gmR>r em§Vr A§JrH$ma nÌmda ñdmúmar H$aÊ`mV Amco.
Va ~«åhnwÌ J§Jm ZXrÀ`m nmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>nm gma»`m KQ>Zmda XmoÝhr Xoem_Ü`o _V^oX {Z_m©U
G
Pmco. ~m§½cmXoe nmgwZ cmoH$ _moR>çm à_mUmV J¡aH$m`ÚmZo ^maV XoemV Z `oÊ`mgmR>r H$m§hr
gahÔ àm§Vm_Ü`o `m cmoH$m§Zm AmS>{dÊ`mgmR>r ^maV Xoe gahÔ ^mJmV Hw§w$nZ {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mg
N
~mJcmXoemZo _ZmB© Ho$cr. gahÔ ^mJmV ^maV Xoe _moR>m^mD$ Ago ^w{_H$m {Z^dV Amho Ago
LA
~m§JcmXoemg dmQw> cmJco.
{H$Ë`oH$ _V^oX Agcm Var XomÝhr Xoe AZoH$ a§JmV {deof H$éZ Am{W©H$ ^mJmV ghH$m`©
EH$_oH$m§g H$arV AmhoV. X{úmU Am{e`mV å`mZ_ma ìXmao nwd© Am{e`mer g§~§Y OmoS>Ê`mÀ`m
TE
{MÌ20.8 : (Left) 1958 _Ü`o {MZ {damoYr àXe©Z H$arV Agcocr àOm å`mZ_ma _Ü`o H$å`w{ZñQ> {MZ, {V~oQ> ~mOwZo
OmD$ Z`o Ago Amho. (Right)1971 _Ü`o nwd© nm{H$VñVmZ nmgwZ ^maVm_Ü`o `oV AgUmao {eI
eoOmaMo _moR>o amï´> _moR>çm ^mdmgmaIr dmJUwH$ H$aVmV åhUwZ AZoH$ chmZ Xoe Amamon H$aVm. `m AW© H$m?
^maV d ~mJcmXoemMm ZH$mem nmhm d XmoZ XoemV AgUmè`m ghg§~YmMr H$m` _hËdmMr
^w{_H$m Amho Vo gm§Jm?
A
Aä`mg Ho$cm Amho. Vm{_i {Vd« dmXmÀ`m {damoYmV lrc§H$m gaH$ma nwU© nUo `wÜXmg CÎmaë`m Z§Vahr
^maV XoemoZ Ë`mV hñVúmon H$é Z`o Agm {ZU©` KoÊ`mV Amcm. `m `wÜXmV _mZH$ h¸$mMo C„§KZ d {Vd«
AN
à_mUmV aº$nmV Pmcm `m_wio Amnë`m XoemV lrc§H$mZo g¡{ZH$s Kf©Z Wm§~dco.
~mJcmXoemg ^maVmZo Ho$coë`m _XVrg lrc§H$m Ë`m nmÌmg VwcZm H$am. XmoZ
G
XoemV n[apñWVr EH$M n«H$mao Amho H$m? Ë`mV \$aH$ gm§Jm?
_hËdmMo eãX
N
g¡{ZH$ `wVr, Nw>no `wÜX, eóñnYm©, EH$ Y«wd àn§M, XomZ Y«wd àn§M, {dXoer emgrV Xoem§Zm ñdV§Ì,
{dQ>mo, OmVr^oX^md, n§M{ec
LA
Amnë`m Aä`mgmV gw Y maUm H$am
1. `mo½` CÎmamMr {ZdS> H$am: {eV `wÜXm{df`r Imcr Agcoë`m ì`m»`mV Ho$mUVo A`mo½` Amho?
TE
a) A_oarH$m, a{e`m àË`úm `wÜXmV ^mJ KoU.o b) A_oarH$m Am{U a{e`m _Ü`o {damoY
c) eñÌ ñnYm© H$maU AgUo. d) XomÝhr AJ« amï´>mV {gÜXmVrH$ ñnYm©
2. Imcr {Xocëo `m n¡H$s H$mUo Vo npíM_ Am{e`m g§H$Q>H$mcmV ZìhVm?
a) B{Oá b) B§S>m{o Z{e`m c) {~«Q>Z d) BO«m`c
T
4. OJmV em§Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§`º w $ amï´> g{_VrÀ`m {d{dY nmÌm{df`r _m{hVr {chm?
5. cmoH$emhr ^mdZm g§X^m©V {ZU©` KoÊ`mV H$m§hr XoemZm {deof A{YH$ma AgUo {H$VnV `mo½` Amho Vo gm§Jm?
6. g¡{ZH$ A§JrH$mam_wio AJ«amï´>mZm Ë`mMm H$gm \$m`Xm Pmcm?
7. {eV `wÜXm_wio eó, Jmoim~méX ñnYm© d Jmoim~méX {Z`ÌU H$aUo ho XmoÝhr H$go KSw>Z Amco?
SC
bmoH$m§Zr ‘moR>çm g§»¶oZo ^mJ KoVboë¶m H$m§hr Midir Vwåhr nm{hë¶mM AgVrb. EH$m
g‘ñ¶m§Zm g‘OyZ KoD$Z ˶m‘ܶo ~Xb H$aʶmÀ¶m CÚoemZo Aem Midir {Xë¶m OmVmV. Aem
Midir‘ܶo Vwåhr H|$ìhm Var ^mJ KoVbmM Agob. X¡{ZH$m‘ܶo dmMboë¶m qH$dm Vwåhr ^mJ
KoVboë¶m Midirbm EH$Xm AmR>dU H$éZ ¿¶m. ˶mVrb g‘ñ¶m H$moU˶m? d ˶m‘wio H$moU ~ir
A
nS>bo? ˶mÀ¶m BÀN>m H$m¶ AmhoV? ˶m Midirbm nwT>mar H$moU Amho? Midir‘ܶo ^mJ ¿¶m
AN
åhUwZ bmoH$m§Zm H$go àmoËgmhrV Ho$bo OmVo? Midit‘ܶo H$moUVm Var A{^àm¶ ‘V^oX Amho H$m?
Midi H$er Mmbbr? MidirMo CÕrï>m§Mo Hw$T>n¶mªV gmܶ H$aʶmV Ambo?
nmíd© ^ y ‘ r
G
20 ì¶m eVH$mÀ¶m nwdm©Ym©V OJmVrb ‘hm¶wÕo, amÁ¶H$m«Ë¶m, O‘©ZrVrb ’°$grÁ‘, gmo{d¶V,
N
a{e¶m‘Yrb gmå¶dmX, nmíMm˶m CXmaVmdmX, AZoH$ ñdV§Ìo bT>o ¶m KQ>mZm§Zr ^abobr Amho. na§Vw
1950 n¶ªV Xþgao OmJ{VH$ ‘hm¶wÕ g§nbo hmoVo. ^maV Xoe, {MZ, B§S>moZoer¶m, Zm¶Oo[a¶m,
LA
B{Oágma»¶m dgmhVr VWm AY© dgmhVr XoemMr dmQ>Mmb ñdmV§Í¶mH$S>o Pmbr. ¶m‘wio OJmV EHm
Zì¶m ¶wJmMm Ama§^ Pmbm. AZoH$ XoemÀ¶m ~m~VrV ho AY© eVH$ Am{W©H$, gm§àXm{¶H$ àJVrMo
¶wJ åhUVmV. Ago Agbo Var, {XK©H$mimnmgwZ ‘mZdr h¸$m§Mr ‘mJUr H$aUmao AZoH$ bmoH$ nwT>o
TE
d BVa Midir
Aem MidirV A{YH$ ‘hËdmMr Midi
ER
A
Am{U Jmoè¶m OmVrVrb bmoH$mZm
e§^a dfm©Imbr {d‘wº$s KmofUm nÌmda hñVmja H$aUmè¶m
doJdoJù¶m emim Agë¶m‘wio ‘hm‘mZdmÀ¶m N>m¶oV AmO AmnU C^o AmhmoV, Aݶm¶mÀ¶m
AN
¶m {damoYmV ‘O~wV Midi A¾r‘ܶo OiV Agbo ë ¶m H$mù¶m OmVrVrb bmo H $m§ Z m ho
MmbV hmoVr. 28 Am°JñQ> 1963 Eo { Vhm{gH$ nÌ EH$m Ameo À ¶m {H$aUmgmaIo {Xgbo . na§ V w
amoOr XmoZ bmImÀ¶mda bmoH$m§Zr H$mù¶m OmVrVrb bmoH$m§Zr e§^a df© Pmbr Var ˶m§Zm ñdoÀN>m
G
dmqeJQ>Z ¶oWo ‘moR>m ‘moMm© AmUIr Pmbr {‘imbr Zmhr. ^oX^mdm§À¶m Hw$by§nmUr Am{U
H$mTw>Z ZmJ[aH$ h¸$ H$m¶Xm doJdoJio H$aUmè¶m gmIirZo e§^a df© Pmbr Varhr H$mù¶m
N
H$mT>mdm Aer ‘mJUr H$aʶmV OmVrVrb bmoH$m§Mo OrdZ‘mZ {dñH$irVM Amho...
Ambr. amoOJma hm‘r ¶moOZm, ‘mPo Mma ‘w b o EHo $ H$mir ˶m§ À ¶m H$mVS> r À¶m a§ J mda Zgw Z
LA
˶m§ À ¶m 춺$sËd bjUm§ H $S> o nmhÿ U A§ X mO bmdVrb, Aí¶m
g§nU w © ݶm¶dÕ amoOJma, Mm§Jbo Xoem§‘ܶo OJmVrb Ago ‘mPo EH$ ñdßZ Amho...
dgmhVr, ‘VXmZmMm A{YH$ma S>m°. ‘mQ>uZ byWa qH$J Ow{Z¶a
TE
A
EH$m MidirV doJdoJio AmdmO H$emgmR>r EoH$ʶmg {‘iVmV? ˶mVrb A{^àm¶ ^oXm§Zm
AmoiIm?
AN
gmo{d¶V g§Km‘ܶo ‘mZdm{YH$ma Midi (Human Rights Movements in the USSR)
˶mH$mimV gmo{d¶V g§KmZo Am{U ˶mÀ¶m {‘Ì Xoem§Zr åhUOoM ¶wamonr¶ XoemVhr {ZenjnmVr
G
{ZdS>UwH$m H$moU˶mhr àH$maMo Zgbobm ‘wÐrV àgma ‘mܶ‘o BVa àgma ‘mܶ‘o EdT>oM Zìho Va
eodQ>r gd© gmYmaU ZmJ[aH$m§À¶m ~mobʶmbmhr ~§YZ AmUbo. ¶m gaH$mam§Zm H$moU˶mhr jUr
N
amÁ¶ H$ma^ma gmoS>ʶmgmR>r X~md AmUë¶m OmʶmMr ^rVr dmQ>V Ago. gaH$mar H$m¶m©b¶o Am{U
LA
gmd©O{UH$ H$m¶m©da gaH$maMr ZH$ma Ago, Aí¶m àH$maÀ¶m ~§YmZm§‘wio H§$Q>miboë¶m àOoZo ^md
춺$s ñWbm§VamMr BÀN>m VgoM ñdoÀN>oZo ~mV‘r nÌ qH$dm BVa g‘mMma ‘mܶ‘m§Zm nwaoer OmJm
XoʶmV Ambr, ‘mZdm{YH$mamgmR>r gmo{d¶V g§Km‘Yrb H$m§hr àm§Vm‘ܶo d VgoM nwd© ¶wamon‘ܶo
TE
H$m§hr Midir gwé Pmë¶m. h§Joar, MoH$ñbmodm{H$¶m, nmobm§S>gma»¶m Xoem§‘ܶo gmo{d¶V g§KmÀ¶m
Am‘bmImbrb Xoem§Zr àm~ë¶ H$‘r H$aʶmgmR>r Midir Mmbw am{hë¶m. ¶m Midirn¡H$s
H$mhtZm gmå¶dmX {damoYr A‘o[aH$m, B§½b§S> Aem XoemH$Sw>Z ‘XV gwÕm {‘imbr. ‘mZdr h¸$mÀ¶m
g§ajUmgmR>r AZoH$ YmoaUo AmIʶmV Ambr. H$m§hr YmoaUo gd© gmYmaU àOobm g§nwU© ñdmV§Ì XoD$
T
BÀN>rV hmoVr. Va H$m§hr YmoaUo gmå¶dmXr amOnÕVrZda ìhmdr, Aer hmoVr. gmå¶dmXr YmoaU Zï>
ER
ìhmdo ¶mMm àMma Am{U àgma H$aʶmV à{gÕ boIH$ Abo³gm§S>a gmobPoZrËgZ, AÊdóVk
Am§Ðo¶r gImamod ¶m§Zr Ho$bm. ¶m d BVa
A‘o[aH$m-gmo{d¶V g§K‘Yrb amO{H$¶ MidirVwZM gmo{d¶V g§Km‘ܶo {‘ImB©b
ì¶dñWm‘ܶo g‘mZVm Am{U ’$aH$ AmoiIm. Jmo~m©Mod ¶m§§Mo ZoV¥Ëd CX¶mg Ambo. ˶m§Zr
SC
A
{damoYmV AgUmao A‘o[aH$m, ’«$m§ger VwbZm Ho$br Va {d¶VZm‘ hm Xoe A{Ve¶ Jar~ bhmZ Xoe
Amho. ¶wÕm‘ܶo {d¶VZm‘ ¶m§Zr Jmoar„m ¶wÕ (JUr‘rH$mdm) nÕVrMo Adb§~Z Ho$bo. A‘o[aHo$Zo
AN
amgm¶{ZH$ eómóo Am{U A˶mYw{ZH$ Zmnmb‘ ~§m~Mm Cn¶moJ H$éZ JmdoÀ¶m Jmdo CÜdñV Ho$br.
A‘o[aHo$bm H$moUVmhr YmoH$m ZgUmar ^moir ^m^S>r OZVoda ~m§~ Q>mH$Uo {H$VnV ~amo~a
G
Amho, 1970 À¶m Ama§^m‘ܶo {d¶VZm‘ déZ naV ¶oV Agboë¶m g¡{ZH$m§‘ܶo g§Xoh {Z‘m©U
Pmbm.˶mMdoir {d¶VZm‘‘ܶo Hw$R>oVar MmbV Agboë¶m ¶wÕmbm nmR>{dʶmgmR>r {damoY H$arV
N
hmoV.o Agm {damoY H$aUmè¶m bmoH$m§Mr g§»¶m dmT>V hmoVr. ˶m‘wio A§{V‘V… A‘o[aH$mZo 1975 ‘ܶo
¶wÕ Wm§~dwZ, {d¶VZm‘ gmoS>bo. A‘o[aHo$À¶m {damoYmV {d¶VZm‘mVrb bmoH$ H$arV Agbobr
LA
Midi ¶eñdr Pmbr.
bmoH$m§Zr Ho$bobr Midi g’$b Pmë¶m‘wio g§nU w © OJmV em§Vr‘¶ MiditZm ñ’w$Vu {‘imbr.
TE
Amho. {d¶VZm‘ gmo~V ¶wÕ H$aʶmgmR>r hOmamo ZmJ[aH$mZo g¡Ý¶mV ^Vu hmoʶmgmR>r ZH$ma {Xbm. ¶m
EH$m [VañH$mam{df¶r WmoS>m Aä¶mg H$é ¶m. hmadS>© {H«$‘gZ ZmdmÀ¶m X¡{ZH$mV ho N>mnbo Amho.
ER
“goZoVo ^Vu hmoʶmgmR>r d¶ AV©AmË‘mÀ¶m {damoYmV Amho. ¶m KmofZoda ghr Ho$ë¶m‘wio hoM
AgUmao ¶wdH$ Amåhmbm gaH$ma Agm Amåhr {ZU©¶ Ho$bm Amho. Am‘Mo ‘V g‘OwZ g¡Ý¶mV
SC
{d¶VZm‘‘ܶo nmR>dw eH$Vo, ¶m ˶m‘w i o {d¶VZm‘ gmo ~ V XmIb hmoʶmMo d¶, BVa
¶w Õ mÀ¶m B{VhmgmMm A‘o[aH$m ¶wÕmbm Mmby R>do o n¶ªV ¶wdH$m§Mm nmN>t~mXoV ¶wÔmbm
ñd^mdm§Mm Amåhr Aä¶mg Amåhr g¡ { ZH$ go d o ‘ ܶo Am‘Mr d¶º$sJV ZH$ma Z¡VrH$
Ho$bm Amho, ˶m‘wio Amåhmbm (H$m¶ÚmZwgma gdmªZr Ago ZH$ma hogd© ÑT> amO{H$¶
Ago g‘Obo H$s, ¶m ¶wÕm‘ܶo H$amdo) hmoʶmgmR>r ZH$ma H$moUmVwZ nmhʶmV ¶mdo.”
^mJ Ko U o Am‘À¶m XoʶmMm {ZU©¶ R>m‘ Amho.
¶m§Zm Xoe^º$s Zmhr, Ago H$m§hr OU åhUZo hmoV,o Aݶm¶mgma»¶m ¶wÕm‘ܶo Z ^mJ KoUo ~amo~a
Amho, Ago H$m§hr bmoH$m§Mo ‘V hmoV.o ¶m XmoZ Ñï>r H$moUmbm dJm©V MMm© H$éZ Vw‘À¶m Ñï>rH$moUmVwZ
gmo~V XmoZ ~mOwÀ¶m dmX-{ddmXmda g§jrá {bhm.
A
{MÌ 21.3: a. {d¶VZm‘ ¶wÕmbm [damoY H$aUmam ‘moMm©; b. n|Q>mJZ BWo
g§ajUmgmR>r Agboë¶m g¡{ZH$mbm àXe©ZH$mam‘Yrb EH$ ‘{hbm EH$ ’w$b AUw ¶ w Õ ñnY© o ‘ ܶo
AN
XoV Amho, ¶m {MÌmVrb ^mdZm§Mr MMm© H$am ‘w»¶ Xoe Agbobm
a
A‘o[aH$m, gmo{d¶V
g§ K gmaIo Xo e
G
˶m§À¶m AUw¶wÕmMm
N gmR>m H$‘r
H$aʶmgmR>r MMm©
àma§ ^ Ho $ br. -
LA
(Strategic Arms
Limitation Talks
(SALT) na§Vw MMm©
TE
b
AUw¶wÕemó H$‘r
H$aʶmÀ¶m H$amamda
ER
(Strategic Arms
Reduction Treaty
(START). hñVmjao
SC
Ho $ br. B{VhmgmV
gdm©V ‘moR>o KmVH$
eó {Z¶§ÌU H$ama
hmoVm. hm 2001 ‘ܶo
Am‘bmV Ambm.
V|ìhmnmgwZ ì¶whmË‘H$
AmUw ¶ w Õ m‘ܶo 80
Q> ¸ o $ eómAómZm
H$mTw > U Q> m H$ʶmV
Ambo. H$ama Zmå¶mda hñVmja Ho$ë¶m Z§Va WmoS>çm H$mimVM gmo{d¶V g§K Zï> hmoD$Z ˶mÀ¶m
294 gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z g‘H$mbrZ gm‘m{OH$ Midir
eómórH$aU H$aʶmMo {d{dY g§X^© gm§Jm? OmJoda ZdrZ a{e¶mMo {Z‘m©U Pmbo.
Xoem-XoemVrb amÁ¶H$˶mªMm nañna ¶m ¶m‘wio à{XK© H$mimnmgwZ MmbV Agbobo
nojm MM}VyZ Oo naH$sM YmaU R>adbbo erV ¶wÕ g§nbo. {dÜd§gH$mar OmJ{VH$ ¶wÕ
MM}nojmhr gm‘mݶ bmoH$m§À¶m MMm©, ^oQ>r, H|$ìhm g§^dob hr ^rVr {ZKwZ Jobr. na§Vw
¶wÕm§Mr e³¶Vm H$‘r H$aVmV. ho Vwåhmbm Xoem§‘ܶo ¶wÕo qhgoMm A§V Pmbm Zmhr.
Ago nwd© ¶wamon, BamH$, A’$JmZrñVmZ gma»¶m
‘mݶ AmhoV H$m¶? g‘W©ZmV H$maUo Úm?
àm§Vm‘ܶo Pmbobo {dÜd§gH ¶wÕo à‘mU
AUwà{H«$¶m CÚmoJ, n¶m©daU àXþfU gma»¶m AmhoV.
A
¶moOZm H$em am~dmì¶m ¶m§À¶mer g§~§Y gmo{d¶V g§KmÀ¶m eodQ>À¶m H$mimV
ZgUmè¶m XoemVrb bmoH$ OmJ¥V hmoV
AN
MZm}~o‘Yrb AUwà{H«$¶m Ho§Ðm‘ܶo ‘moR>r
AmhoV. ˶m n[añWrVrMr H$maUo Úm? ˶m XwK©Q>Zm KS>br. ˶m‘wio MoZm}~ob‘ܶo
n{añWrVrMm H$maUo Úm? ˶m n{añWrVrMm H$m‘Jma ‘moR>çm g§»¶oZo o bmoH$ ‘aU nmdbo,
G
gm‘Zm H$gm H$amb? EdT>oM ZgwZ ¶wamon‘Yrb AZoH$ Xoem§gh
N AZoH$ {demb n«m§Vm‘ܶo AUw àXþfU
H$maUr^yV R>abo. ¶m à^mdm‘wio ¶wÕmgmR>r Agmo [H$dm em§Vr¶wº$ à¶moOZmgmR>r Agmo, AUw
LA
eº$sMm dmna Ho$ë¶m‘wio H$em XþKQ© >Zm hmoVmV, ho bmoH$m§À¶m bjmV Ambo. ¶mMmM n[aUm‘ Agm
Pmbm H$s, ¶wÕ {damoYr Midir, n¶m©daU n[ajU Midir gwé Pmë¶m.
TE
OrdZ‘mZ Vrd« à^mdrV Pmbo. AmXrdmgr bmoH$, Jar~ eoVH$ar, ^y‘r ZgUmao H$m‘Jma, ‘{hbm
Aݶì¶dñWrH¥$V joÌmV H$m‘ H$arV Agboë¶m ehar Jar~m§Zm Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$m‘Jma gdm©V OmñV
ER
’$Q>H$m ~gbm. Aem bmoH$m§‘ܶo OmñV ‘mUgm§Zm emioVrb {ejU, g‘Vmob nmofH$ Amhma
XdmImZm ¶mgma»¶m gw{dYm Zìh˶m. ¶m H$maUm‘wio ZdrZ Zm¡H$è¶m Agmo, Mm§Jbo nJmar
AgUmao H$m‘Jma Agmo, H$m¶ÚmZwgma qH$dm ݶm¶~Õ ‘mo~Xbm Agmo, ˶m§Zm {‘imbr Zmhr.
SC
A
¶m ¶moOZo‘wio {Zdm©grV Pmbobo ’$º$ O{‘Z AgUmè¶m
AN
bmoH$m§Zm ZgwZ {VWo AgUmè¶m gd© bmoH$m§Zm ݶm¶mà‘mUo ZwH$gmZm
^anmB©Mm ‘mo~Xbm {‘imbm nm{hOo Ago åhUV hmoVo. EdT>oM
{MÌ. 21.4 ^monmb J°g XþK©Q>ZoMo Zmhr Va YaUm‘wio ~wS>mboë¶m O§JbmMm ~Xë¶mV O§Jbo
G
ñ‘aU dmT>{dʶmgmR>r ‘mo{h‘ Mmbdmdo, Á¶m§À¶m O{‘Zr YaUmV Joë¶m
AmhoV ˶m§Zm O{‘Zr ÚmdoV. gdmªZm nwZamdmg {‘imdm åhUwZ
N
‘mJʶm H$arV hmoVo. na§Vw bdH$aM bmoH$m§Zr XmoZ {df¶m§Zm AmoiIbo, ~wS>rV joÌmV Joboë¶m
O{‘Zr BVH$s O‘rZ ZwH$gmZ ^anmB© XoʶmgmR>r VodT>r O‘rZ Zmhr. {Zdm©grV Pmboë¶m gd©
LA
bmoH$m§Zm nwaogm nwZamdmg {‘iw eH$V Zmhr. EdT>oM ZgwZ ho ZwH$gmZ ^anmB© nwZamdmgm g§~§Yr
g‘ñ¶m Zìho Va hr A{^d¥Õr g§~§Yr AmUr
TE
Map 1
A
dmT>V Amho. ¶m‘wio Y¥dr¶ àXoemVrb ~’$m«©Mo S>m|Ja {dViwZ O{‘Zrdarb nmʶmMr nmVir dmT>V
AN
Amho. hm ~’©$ {dViwZ g‘wÐm‘ܶo {‘imë¶m‘wio ‘hmg‘wÐ,o g‘wÐmMr nmʶmMr nmVir dmT>V AgVo.
¶m‘wio g§nwU© OJmVrb {H$Zmar àm§Vm§Zm ~wS>rV joÌmV ¶oV Amho. g‘wÐ {H$Zmè¶m§ Odi ~m§½bmXoe,
lrb§H$m, ‘marerg, ^maVXoe, B§S>moZo{e¶m gma»¶m Xoem§‘ܶo A{YH$ g§»¶m§‘ܶo ahmV Agbobo
G
bm|H$m§Zm dmXio , ~wS>rV joÌmV Vrd« g‘ñ¶m§Zm Vm§oS> Úmdo bmJVo. OJmMo CîUVm‘mZ dmT>ë¶m‘wio
nmD$g‘mZmV ’$aH$ (dmXir nmD$g, OmñVrMm nmD$g, Hw$T>o XþîH$mi) Aer n[añWrVr {Z‘m©U hmoV
N
Amho. {nHo$ Zï> Pmë¶m‘wio g‘wÐ {H$Zmè¶mnmgwZ Xwa Agbobo bmoH$hr g§H$Q>mV gmnS>bo AmhoV.
LA
AmUIr EH$m eãXmV gm§Jm¶Mo Va dmVmdaUmVrb ~Xbm‘wio eoVr AmYmarV Xoe Am{U àOoda
{dnarV n[aUm‘ Pmbm.
dmVmdaUmVrb ~Xbmda H$m§hr Xoem§‘ܶo J«rZnrg ‘mo{h‘ Mmbw Ho$br. {H$˶oH$ àH$maMr
TE
hr g§ñWm ~miJVo.
^mo n mb J° g Xþ K © Q >Zm g§ ~ § Y rV ‘mo { h‘
ER
1984 ‘ܶo ^monmb ¶oWo g§^dboë¶m ¶m ^¶mZH$ KQZm XþK©Q>Zm {df¶r Vwåhr Aä¶mg Ho$bmM
Agmb ^monmb ‘Yrb ¶w{Z¶Z H$m~m©BS> H§$nZr (Z§Va {Vbm S>m¡d H§$nZrbm {dH$ʶmV Ambo) EHo
SC
amÌr {df dm¶w ~mhoa nS>bm ˶m‘wio hOmamo bmoH$ ‘¥Ë¶w‘wIr nS>bo. ˶mÀ¶m à^mdm‘wio AmOhr
hOmamo bmoH$ ~ir n‹S>bo AmhoV. OJmVrb gdm©V ‘moR>r Am¡Úmo{JH$ XþK©Q>Zm hmo¶. AJmoXa nmgwZ
^monmbMo bmoH$ Mma ‘w»¶ Aem ‘m§JʶmgmR>r bT>V AmhoV.
~ir nS>boë¶m bmoH$m§Zm Amdí¶H$ Vr Amamo½¶ gw{dYm CnbãY ìhmdr, hr H§$nZr ~hþ amï´>r¶
Agë¶m‘wio Am§VaOmVr¶ H$m¶Úm n«‘mUo ZwH$gmZ ^anmB© XoʶmV ¶mdr, ~hþamîQ´>r¶ H§$nmZrÀ¶m
‘mbH$mbm ¶m XþK©Q>ZoMm Xmofr R>admdm. AIoaog Aer XþK©Q>Zm hmoD$ Z¶o åhUwZ nmhmdo.
¶mVrb H$m§hr ‘m§Jʶm§Zm {d¶O {‘imbm Var hr gd© ‘w»¶ ‘mJʶm nwU© hmoʶmgmR>r AmUIr
{H$Vr doi bmJob, gm§JVm ¶oV Zmhr. ^monmb‘ܶo Amamo½¶ godm H$m¶©H«$‘ am~{dʶmgmR>r ‘moR>çm
à‘mUmV YZ IM© Ho$bo. Varhr XþK©Q>Zm à^mdrV ^mJmVrb bmoH$ AmUIr {d{dY amoJm§Zm Vm|S> XoV
AmhoV. ZwH$gmZ ^anmB© AmV§aOmVr¶ à‘mUrH$m àH$mao ^oQ>br Zmhr. ^oQ>bobr WmoS>r aH$‘gwÕm
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 297
à^mdrV bmoH$m§n¶ªV nmohMbr Zmhr. XþK©Q>Zobm H$maUr^yV Agboë¶m H§$nZr ‘mbH$mbm gaH$maZo
{dMmaUm HéZ {ejm {Xbr Zmhr. gܶm gwYmarV H$m¶Xm Amho. Ago åhUOo ~amo~a Amho.
^{dî¶mV Aem àH$maÀ¶m XþK©Q>Zm hmoD$ Z¶o åhUwZ Amnë¶mH$S>o H$moUVohr ñnï> YmoaU [H§$dm nwaoer
{ZnjnmVr gwajm g{‘Vr Zmhr. OoU o o H$éZ Aem XþKQ© >Zm§Zm Wm§~{dʶmg ‘XV hmoBb
© . ¶m XþKZ© mbm
H$maUr^yV Agbobr H§$nZr A‘o[aH$m‘ܶo Agë¶m‘wio ¶m {df¶mV {ZXe©Zo H$aUo OmñV H${R>U
Pmbo, ¶m H§$nZr‘wio {Z‘m©U Pmboë¶m àXþfUm‘wio à^mdrV Pmbobo H$maImʶmVrb H$m‘Jma,
‘{hbm Vm|S> XoV Agboë¶m g‘ñ¶m§Zm bS>ʶmgmR>r Am§VaOmVr¶ H$m¶ÚmMr ‘XV ¿¶mdr bmJVo.
b§S>Z‘ܶo hmoUma Agboë¶m Amob§{nH$ [HS>m§Mo S>m¡ H§$nZr àm¶moOrVH$Ëd H$é Z¶o åhUwZ OJmVrb
AZoH$ g§KQ>Zm nmR> nwamdm H$arV AmhoV. ¶m nÕVrZo AmOn¶§©V gwÕm ¶m {df¶mda S>m¡ H§$nZr‘ܶo
A
AZ¡{VH$ g§~§Ymbm gd© OJmVrb AZoH$ g§ñWm {Q>H$m H$arV AmhoV.
n¶m© d aU ‘mo { h‘
AN
1970 ‘ܶo Amnë¶m XoemV dZ g§nXm§gmR>r AZoH$ ‘mo{h‘r Pmë¶m ˶mn¡H$s J«m‘ nmVirda
Pmboë¶m ‘mo{h‘o{df¶r Vwåhr 12 ì¶m YS>çmV {MnH$mo Midir{df¶r dmMbo AmhoM. Aem AZoH$
G
‘mo{h‘o n¡H$s hr EH$ ‘mo{h‘.
Zԩ X m ZXrda˦m YaUm {damo Y r Midi N
1950 ‘ܶo ^maV Xoe àUm[bH$m~Õ A{^d¥Õr‘ܶo ~hþCÚoer¶ YaU ‘moR>çm YaUm§n¡H$s hm
LA
EH$ ^mJ Amho. Aem ~m§Yʶm‘wio H$mhr ^mH«$m‘§Jb, {hamHw§$S>, ZmJmOw©Z gmJa Aem YaUm§Zm
bmoH$m§Zr AX^yV {Z‘m©U Ho$bo. Vr ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV nmʶmÀ¶m gmRdU H$arV hmoVo Am{U ‘moR>A¶m
à‘mUmV {dÚwV CËnÎmr hmoV hmoVr. dmXio, XþîH$mimda {Z¶§ÌUmgmR>r Agm H$arV AgV, ¶m
TE
àH$ënm‘wio bmoH$m§‘ܶo EdT>r AmYma ^mdZm hmoVr H$s, ~wS>rV joÌmVrb gmnS>boë¶m àm§VmV
gmnS>boë¶m àm§VmVrb bmoH$m§Zm PmS>m§Zm, à«mʶm§Zm ¶m§Mo H$m¶ Pmbo Ago H$moUr {dMmabo Zmhr. ¶m
YaU {Z‘m©Um‘ܶo ~wS>mboë¶m {demb ^w^mJm{df¶r Zï> Pmboë¶m ^mJm§{df¶r àmʶm{df¶r {Zdm©grV
T
bmoH$m§{df¶r H$moUrhr {’$¶m©X KoVbr Zmhr. {Zm©grV Omboë¶m bmoH$m§Zm Hw$R>ohr OmʶmH$arVm OmJm
ER
A
Y{ZH$m§À¶mgmR>r, eº$s dZm§gmR>r
^maVmVrb n¶m© d aU n[añWrVr
AN
{dMma H$aʶmgmaIo Amho. àH¥$Vr‘ܶo
1980 ‘ܶo {dkmZ emó, n¶m©daU H|$X« (CSE) ¶mVr A{Zb ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV hñVjon H$éZ ~m§YV
AJ«dmb ¶m§Zr ñWmnZm Ho$br. ^maV XoemVrb A{^d¥Õr, n¶m©daU Agboë¶m ‘moR> ‘moR>çm YaUm§À¶m
KQ>H$mda Aä¶mg H$éZ ˶mÀ¶m {df¶r ‘m{hVr XoUo ho ˶m§Mo à¶moOZm {df¶r gwÕm gd©OU ho
G
‘w»¶ CÚoe hmo¶. ^maV XoemVrb n¶m©daU ñWrVrda ZmJ[aH$m§Mr MMm© H$aʶmgmaIo Amho. Aem
Om{haZm‘m 1982 ¶m ZmdmZo ໶mV N AmO A{^d¥Õr H$maImZo {Zdm©grV Pmboë¶m
Xoe Vm§oS> XoV Agboë¶m n¶m©daU g‘ñ¶m§Zm g‘J© Agm gwMZm
gmR>r hm Om{haZm‘m Cn¶moJr nS>Vmo. hm H$arV Agbobr H$m‘o bmoH$m§Zm nwaogo Jm¡adnwU© ZwH$gmZ
LA
Am{U Aܶ¶Z Ho$boë¶m g‘ñ¶m§{df¶r AmUIr ‘m{hVrgmR>r øm§Mr ‹^anmB© XoʶmÀ¶m {XeoZo gaH$maZo
(http://www.cseindia.org) nmhm. {dMma H$aʶmgmaIo Ho$bo Amho.
TE
{dÚmd§V Agboë¶m AZoH$ bmoH$m§Zr åhQ>bo hmoVo. hr AX^yV OmVr‘Yrb EH$ àH$maMr ‘mH$S>o
ER
Á¶m§Mm ñdén qghmgmaIo Amho. (bm¶Z Q>oëS> ‘H$°H$) ho EH$ hmo¶. H«$‘mH«$‘mZo {ZeãX Xarbm
‘XV åhUwZ YaUmÀ¶m {damoYmV ‘moR>r Midi gwé Pmbr, bmoH$m§§‘ܶo {dkmZ emó àMmamgmR>r,
{dÚmgmR>r H$m‘ H$arV Agboë¶m Ho$abm emó n[afX §g§nwU© amï>m´Vrb
{MÌ. 21.6
SC
{MÌ. 21.6 : BH$S>o O§JbmV PmS>o ZmhrV åhUwZ ho O§Jb {ZeãX AgVmo.
¶m XarMr {d[eï>Vm åhUOo .¶oWrb qghmgmaIo ‘mH$S>o, BVa {H$S>o, new-
njr B˶mXr AmT>iVmV.
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‘wbmH$VrV Z‘©Xm ~MmAmo MidirMr nwTmar ‘oYm nmQ>H$a ˶m§À¶mer KoVboë¶m ‘wbmH$Vr ‘ܶo ˶m
g§ñWm {df¶r ˶m§Zr Ago gm§{JVbo.
Jw O amV gaH$ma Ogo {dMma H$aVo Vgo H$aV Agë¶mZo AmVm gܶm Midirbm Mmbw
R>odʶmV H$mhr AW© Amho H$m?
“Omon¶ªV CÕrï> gmܶ hmoV Zmhr Vmon¶ªV g§Kf© Wm§~V ZgVmo”.
gaH$maZo Om{ha Ho$bobo YmoaU O{‘Zrda Am{U àJVrerb Zmhr, Á¶m§À¶m O{‘Zr àH$ënmV Joë¶m
˶m§À¶m Ord‘mZm{df¶r gaH$maZo H$moUVrhr ImÌr
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{Xbr Zmhr. n¶m©daU g§ajUmÀ¶m ~m~r AmVmn¶ªV
nwU© H$aʶmV Amë¶m ZmhrV. YaUmMr C§Mr
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dmT>{dʶmÀ¶m {ZU©¶m‘wio AZoH$ JwV§ mJwV§ tÀ¶m ~m~tMr
EH$ gmIir {Z‘m©U Pmbr Amho.
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gVV hm gKf© Omar Amho, Vmo ^{dî¶mVhr
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N gm‘m{OH$ MidirZo H$moU˶m YmoJUmMo
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gmÝZrܶmV AZmXrH$mbmnmgw Z amhUmè¶m Adb§~Z Ho$bo.
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Am{U Am{W©H$ JaO Omon¶ªV nwU© hmoV Zmhr
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H$em {XgVmV.
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Fig 21.7
{dH$mg ¶moOZm§Mo ’$i g§~§YrVm§Zm XoʶmMr EZ~rE (Z‘©Xm ~MmAmo Am§XmobZ)Mr ^ww{‘H$m Amho.
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Zdm CXmaVmdmX YmoaZm§Zm {damoYr Midi hmo¶. eharH$aU, YaUo, H$maImZo, IZZ, B˶mXr
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gma»¶m§gmR>r O{‘ZrVr AmoT>VmZ hmoV Amho. ¶m‘wio Amnbr O{‘Z ~Mmd H$aʶmgmR>r eoVH$ar
H$arV Agbobr Midi hmo¶.
gm‘m{OH$ ݶm¶, ‘mZdm{YH$mamgmR> r ‘{hbm§ M r Midi
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{eH$bmo Amho. AmOÀ¶m H$mimV AZoH$ ‘w»¶ Aem gm‘m{OH$ MidirV ‘{hbm nwT>o ¶oV AmhoV.
¶oWo AmnU XmoZ CXm.~Ôb OmñVrMr ‘m{hVr {‘idw ¶m Am§Y«àXoemVrb ‘{hbm§Zr Xmé~§Xr Hobobr
Midi Am{U Bemݶ bmoH$m§da X‘Z ZrVr H$maUm‘wio g¡{ZH$ Xb à˶oH$ A{YH$mè¶m {damoYmV
‘Urnwa ‘{hbm§Zr Ho$bobr Midi B˶mXr.
300 gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z g‘H$mbrZ gm‘m{OH$ Midir
‘{hbm EH$Ow Q > Pmë¶m Va ( Adavallu Ekamaitme)
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Xþ~mJw§Q>m Amho. Amåhr ‘Owar H$éZ OJV AgVmo. Amåhr O{‘ZrVwZ gmoZo CJdV AgVmo. na§Vw
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gan§Mbm gm§{JVbo nU Amåhmbm ˶mÀ¶mV ¶e {‘imbo Zmhr.
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Ho$bo. ˶m‘wio Am‘Mm AmË‘{demdmg dmT>bm. {ejUm‘wio hm {dO¶ {‘imbm åhUwZ Amåhr
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hr KQ>Zm 1992 ‘ܶo Pmbr. na§Vw hr g§KQ>Zm EH$M Zìho hr ~mV‘r EHw$U CÎma JmdmVrb
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Zo„moa {OëhmYrH$marÀ¶m H$m¶m©bmOdi ¶oD$Z dfm©bm EH$ doiog hmoV Agboë¶m Xmé H$ama
{Zbm‘rbm Wm§~dwZ Q>mH$bo. Xmé Zrbm‘rbm {Oëhm{YH$mè¶mZo ghm doigo Wm§~{dbo. AIoag ˶m§Zm
aÔ H$amdo bmJbo.
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Zmhr Ago XþH$mZ ‘mbH$ åhUV AgV ˶m doig ˶m§Zm Koamd H$arV AgV XméMo nmH$sQ> ~mhoa
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AgV. AmOnmgwZ Xmé nrV Zmhr åhUwZ ‘§XramV ZoD$Z ˶mÀ¶m H$Sw>Z enW Koʶmg bmdV AgV.
g§nwU© amï´>mV ‘{hbm H$arV Agboë¶m àXe©Zm, g‘mdoem‘wio A‹Ioa 1995 ‘ܶo g§nwU© Xméda
Am{YH$marH$ {ZfoY bmJw H$aʶmV Ambm.
¶m ‘{hbm XbrV A{Ve Jar~, ˶m§Mo Zdao, ‘mUgo XméÀ¶m Amhmar ~ir nS>ë¶m‘wio ˶m§Zm
Vrd« hmb Anojm gmogmì¶m bmJë¶m ¶m ‘{hbmVrb nwîH$i ‘{hbm àm¡T> {ejU KoD bmJë¶m ˶m
XaamoO ˶m§Zm ¶oV Agboë¶m g‘ñ¶m§{df¶r MMm© H$arV AgV. ¶m àm¡T> {ejUm‘wio ‘{hbm§Zm
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Midi gwé Pmbr V|ìhm ¶mVrb AZw^d ^mjaVm nwñVH$mÛmao amï´>mVrb gd© ‘{hbm§n¶ªV nmohMV
hmoVm. Aem àH$mao g‘mOmVrb A˶§V YZdmZ Am{U ~bdmZ Aem amO{H$¶ hmñV Agboë¶m Xmé
~Z{dUmè¶m§À¶m {damoYmV A{Ve¶ Jar~ Xm[aX²Œ¶ dJm©er g§~§YrV ‘{hbm§Zr ¶eñdr Vm|S> {Xbo.
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AmOMr n[añWrVr nwÝhm ~Xbobr AmOÀ¶m H$mimV n.~§Jmb (Z§XrJ«m‘), Amo{S>gm
XméMm ~mOma nwÝhm Mmbw AmOmbm Amho. ({Z¶‘Jrar), Am§Y«àXoe (nmobmda‘, gmo‘noQ>)
Aem MidirÀ¶m {dO¶ MraH$mb {Q>Hw$Z B˶mXr) ‘ܶo Pmboë¶m ‘mo{h‘o {df¶r AmUIr
amhmdm åhUOo qZa§Va {ZKm, H$m¶©MaU ‘m{hVr {‘idm. ¶m ‘mo{h‘o‘ܶo ‘w»¶ KQ>H$m§Mo
Agmdo, Agm g‘O hmoVmo. dU©Z H$éZ EH$ AmboI V¶ma Ham.
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¶oV Zmhr. geñÌ Xbm§Zm {Xboëæmm A{YH$mam {déXY Bemݶm amï´>mV ݶm¶mb¶mV {’$¶m©X H$aVm
¶oV Zmhr.
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‘mZ{d¶ h¸$mVrb H$m§hr A{YH$ma Imbr {Xbobo AmhoV. ¶m ^mJmMo XmoZXm dmMZ H$am.
n{hë¶m§Xm dmMwZ ‘mZdm§Zm hdo Agboë¶m gd© A{YH$mam§Mr AmR>dU H$am. Xþgè¶m§oXm dmMwZ Imbr
{Xboë¶m ‘mZdr h¸$mMo C„I§Zm ~m~V H$moUVm n[aÀN>oX, H$moUVo dm³¶m Amho, Vo AmoiIm.
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(H$XmMrV à˶oH$ dm³¶mbm CÎma {‘iUma Zgob Aem doiog Vr OmJm [aH$m‘r R>odm)
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H$b‘ 3: à˶oH$m§Zm , OrdZ, ñdoÀN>m, 춺$sJV gwwajoMm hm h¸$ Amho. n[aÀN>oX ____ dm³¶ ____
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H$b‘ 5: Hw$Umbmhr qhgoZo qH$dm H«w$a, A‘mZdr¶, An‘mZH$maH$, ì¶dhma qH$dm {ejm XoD$ Z¶o.
n[aÀN>oX ____ dm³¶ ____
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H$b‘ 7: H$m¶ÚmnwT>o gd© g‘mZ AmhoV. H$moU˶mhr Ag‘mZVobm ~ir Z OmVm gdm©Zm H$m¶ÚmÛmao
g‘mZ g§ajU {‘imdo, ¶mKmofUobm ^§J H$éZ Ag‘mZVobm ~ir Z nS>Vm gdm©Zm g‘mZ g§ajU
{‘imdo. Ag‘mZVoÀ¶m àmoËgmhZmVwZ gwÕm g§ajU {‘imdo. n[aÀN>oX ____ dm³¶ ____
H$b‘ 9: Hw$Ubmhr H$maU ZgVm AQ>H$ H$é Z¶o, ~§XrñV H$é Z¶o, ~{hñH¥$V H$é Z¶o. n[aÀN>oX
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H$b‘ 10: EH$m 춺$sda bmdʶmV Ambobm Amamon Vmo [Vr]. A{YH$ma Odm~XmarZo {ZU©¶mgmR>r
ñdV§Ì, {ZînjnUo {Q´>ã¶wbZ (bdmX) Ûmao Om{ha[a˶m g§nUw © g‘mZVoMm A{YH$ma à˶oH$m§Zm Amho.
n[aÀN>oX ____ dm³¶ ____
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H$b‘ 12: H$moUmbmhr, Hw$UmÀ¶mhr, ImOJr, 춺$sJV, Hw$Qw>§~, narga, ì¶dhma ¶m§‘ܶo XIb
XoʶmMm [H$dm h„m H$aʶmMm H$moUVmhr g§d¡Y{ZH$ A{YH$ma Zmhr. Hw$UmÀ¶mhr à©{Vï>obm Y¸$m
nmohMV Agob Va ˶m {déÕ XmX ‘mJʶmMo A{YH$ma ZmJ[aH$m§Zm XoʶmV Ambobo AmhoV. n[aÀN>Xo
____ dm³¶ ____
H$b‘ 13: (1) XoemÀ¶m gr‘oMo nmbZ H$éZ à˶oH$m§Zm ñdÀN>oZo {’$aʶmMm h¸$ Am{U {Zdmg
~m§YʶmMm h¸$ Amho. [¶oWo {Vbm åhUOo Xoemg]. n[aÀN>oX ____ dm³¶ ____
(2) à˶oH$mbm Amnë¶m Xoemgh H$moU˶mhr Xoem§Zm gmoS>ʶmMm h¸$ Amho. naV Amnë¶m Xoem§Zm
naVݶmMm h¸$ Amho. n[aÀN>oX ____ dm³¶ ____
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gaH$maZo g¡Ý¶mg nmR>{dbo, em§Vr d gwajm amIʶmgmR>r Ho$boë¶m H$m¶Úm‘ܶo EH$ geº$ Ximbm
à˶oH$ A{YH$ma XoʶmV Ambo. hm H$m¶Xm 1958 ‘ܶo Am‘bmV Ambm. XoedrÐmohr H$m¶m©V ^mJ
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KoV Amho Ago g‘Oë¶mg ˶m 춺$sZm AQ>H$ H$aUo [H§$dm Jmoir ‘maUo hm H$m¶Xm gwajm g¡Ý¶mg
XoʶmV Ambm hmoVm. ¶m H$m¶ÚmMo H$m§hr KQ>H Xþén¶moJr PmboV. Am{U gܶm gd©gmYmaU
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ZgwZ geñÌ XimVrb ‘{hbm§Zm bwQ>-‘ma, A˶mMmamg ~ir nS>mdo bmJV Amho Agm Amamon
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b¡{JH$ A˶mMmambm ~ir nS>V AmhoV. b¡{JH$ A˶mMmambm ~ir nS>boë¶m ‘{hbm AmË‘h˶m
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gdm±©Mr Ñï>r ¶mH$S>o AmH${f©V Pmbr. ¶mÀ¶m {damoYmV ‘moR>çm {ZXe©Zo Pmbr.
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Xmé nrD$Z ~mOmamV PJS>m H$é Z¶o, ¶m {ZdmaUmgmR>r ‘¡am n¡~r Midi gwé Pmbr.1980 ‘ܶo
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nmR>{dë¶m‘wio VoWo ‘mZdr h¸$mgmR>r d ajUmgmR>r ‘mo{h‘ gwé H$aʶmV Ambr. ˶mMdoir amï´>bm
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^maVr¶ g¡{ZH$m§Zm ^anwa A{YH$ma XoʶmV Ambo. ¶m‘wio gVV g¡{Zo H$ Midir‘wio ‘mZd h¸$mMo
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C„§IZ hmoV hmoV.o ¶mÀ¶m {damoYmV {ZXe©ZmZo ‘¡am n¡~r bmoH$ Vm~S>Vmo~ à{VKQ>rV Pmbo. ¶m‘wio
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doir H$m§hr ‘{hbm ~marZo nhmam XoV hmo˶m. na§Vw ^rVrXm¶H$ Vrd« dmVmdaU Agm¶Mo. Voìhm
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amO{H$¶ AmH$m§jm H$mhr Zìh˶m, bmoH$m§À¶m gwajoMr O~m~Xmar hmVmV KoUmè¶m ¶m gmYmaU
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geó Xim§Zm {Xboë¶m à˶oH$ A{YH$ma H$m¶Úmbm aÔ H$amdo åhUwZ ‘¡am n¡~r MidirMo
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bmoH$ ‘mJUr H$arV AmhoV. ¶m H$m¶Úm {damoYmV Midirbm H«$‘mH«$‘mZo ~i {‘imbo, {ZdS>UHw $sda
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‘mOr g¡{ZH$ A{YH$mamVrb H$m§hr bmoH$ ¶m àm§Vm‘Yrb VZmdm{df¶r g{dñVa ‘m{hVr {bhVmV,
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˶m§Mm dmX-{ddmX ¶m {d{dY gwÌmnmgwZ OÝ‘ Pmbm. ‘hmbr¶m Am{U byWaqH$J ¶m§Zr
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ho Vw‘À¶m bjmV ¶oVo. H$m§hr g§X^m©‘ܶo ˶m§À¶mda bmXboë¶m ~Xbm§Zm ¶mgma»¶m MidirV
hmUwZ nmS>ʶmV Amë¶m AmhoV. ‘mQ>uZ byWa {H$§J, ‘¡am n¡~rgma»¶m H$m§hr MidirZo ~XbmMr
Anojm Ho$br. gm‘m{OH$ Midir gmYmaUV… amO{H$¶ njm§nmgwZ Xya amhþZ EH$m Ame¶mgmR>r
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H$m§hr bmoH$m§À¶m njmnmVmZo Aí¶m gd© gmYmaU bmoH$m§À¶m ‘mJʶm nwU© Zmhr Pmë¶m Voìhm qH$dm
bS>ʶmgmaIo A§e AgVrb Va gm‘m{OH$ MidirMr gwédmV hmoV AgVo.
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MidirVrb ‘w»¶ KQ>H$, Hw$R>o Pmbo, ‘w»¶ ‘mJʶm, {ZXe©Zo H$aʶmÀ¶m nÕVr, ‘w»¶ nwT>mar,
gaH$maZo XmIdbobr nÕV, g‘mOmda hmoV Agbobm n«^md…
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2. H$Þ¶m, aå¶m Am{U gb‘m øm [VKo EH$m {df¶mda MMm© H$arV AmhoV, ˶m§À¶m ‘mJʶm doJù¶m
AmhoV, ‘mZd h¸$mÀ¶m Ñï>rH$moUmVwZ nm{hbo Va Vwåhr H$moUmer EH$‘V ìhmb, ho gm§JwZ H$maUo
{bhm… bmoH$m§Zr Jar~r‘ܶo ~wSy>Z amhþ Z¶o Ago nmhmdo, ˶mgmR>r Amdí¶H$ Agboë¶m d¥Îm nÌ,
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ñdmV§ÌVm, Aem H$m§hr A§embm {Z¶§ÌrV H$amdo, Ago aå¶mbm dmQ>Vo. Amhma EH$M ZgwZ MmbV
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Zmhr, d¥ÎmnÌ ñdoÀN>mgwÕm ‘w»¶ Amho, Zgob Va XoemVrb {d{dY àm§Vm‘ܶo ‘mZd h¸$mMo Hw$R>o
C„§KZ hmoV Amho H$m, ho ‘m{hV H$aʶmMm ‘mJ© amhV Zmhr. Ago gb‘mMo åhUZo Amho. d¥ÎmnÌo
LA
YZdmZ, eº$sdmZ bmoH$m§À¶m hmVmV AgVrb Va à¶moOZ H$moUVo? Vo gmYmaU bmoH$m§À¶m g§~Y§ rV
d ˶m§À¶m KQ>H$m§Zm Vo bmoH$ H$í¶mgmR>r N>mnVrb Ago H$Þ¶mMo åhUZo Amho.
3. gm‘m{OH$ MidirVrb ‘m¡{bH$ KQ>H$ H$moUVo?
TE
4. darb {Xboë¶m CXm. ‘ܶo gmYmaU bmoH$m§Mo nmÌ H$go gm§{JVbo Amho?
5. A‘o[aHo$VVrb H$mù¶m OmVrVrb
Midi Am{U ‘¡am n¡~r Midi
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A
AN
Vwåhr [H§$dm Vw_À`m H§w$Qw>§~mVrc gXñ`m§Zr `m Midir d Am§XmocZo nm{hcr Agmc qH$dm
Ë`mV gh^mJr Pmcoco Agmc Voìhm Vw_Mo AZw^d dJm©V gm§Jm. doJim Voc§JmZm amÁ` _mJUr
_mJo AgUmar à_wI H$maUo H$moUVr AgVrb Ago Vwåhmcm dmQ>Vo?
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VocJ§ mZm amÁ` {Z_uVr {deof, à_wI ^w{_H$m ~OmdUmè`mÀ`m ZmdmMr `mXr Vw_À`m AmB©dS>rc
d {eúmH$m§À`m ghH$m`m©Zo V`ma H$am. Ë`mÀ`m ^w{_H$m {dfX H$aUmao Om{hamV, q^VrnÌ
N
V`ma H$éZ Vw_À`m dJm©V XmIdm qH$dm àX{e©V H$am.
LA
^maV XoemV h¡Ðm~mX amÁ`mMo {dcrZrH$aU
^maV Xoem§Mr ñdmV§Í`mgmR>rMr Midi eodQ>À`m Q>ßn`mV AgVm§Zm h¡Ðm~mX amÁ` qH$dm
TE
{ZOm_ g§ñWmZmZo gdm©Mr Ñï>r AmH${f©V Ho$cr. ^maV Xoemcm B§J«Om§Zr amÁ` H$V} gmoSw>Z
Joë`mZ§Va ñdV§Ì amÁ` {Z_uVrgmR>r {ZOm_mZo S>moH$oda H$mT>co. h¡Ðm~mX _Yrc amï´>r`dmXr
OZVoZr Ë`m§Zm {damoY Ho$cm. h¡Ðm~mX amÁ`mVrc 16 {Oëô¶m§n¡H$s VocwJw ^mfrH$ AmR> {Oëho
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AmhoV, VgoM VocwJw ^mfm AdJV AgUmao Am{Xdmgr cmoH$g§»`m A{YH$ AmhoV. `m àmVm§g
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Voc§JmZm åhUwZ AmoiIë`m OmVmo. h¡Ðm~mX_Yrc amï´>r`dmXr cmoH$ JmdmoJmdr OmD$Z VocwJw
^mfoV {eúmUmgmR>r cmoH$emhr
emgZmgmR>r, gm_m{OH$ g_VogmR>r
SC
VocwJw ^mfm ~mocUmao VrZ {^Þ àm§V Amho, Vo Voc§JmZm, H$moñVm, VQ>r` Am§Y«m, am`c{g_m
A
`m VrZ àm§VmV ~mocë`m OmUmè`m VocJw w ^mfoV \$aH$ ZgwZ {^Þ g§ñH¥$Vr, ApñWËd AmoiI gwÜXm
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Amho. Voc§JmZm ^mfm Am{Xdmgr ^mfogh cmoH$ g§ñH¥$Vr d g§àXm`mer VgoM CXþ©, H$ÞS> Am{U
_amR>r ^mfogmo~V g§c¾ Amho. VQ>r` Am§Y«mVrc VocwJw^mfoda g§ñH$¥V^mfoMr g§~§YrV ^mfoMm
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à^md A{YH$ Amho. _wpñc_, XcrV, hñVCÚmoJr, Am{Xdmgr, ñWcm§VarV OmVr g_wXm`mH$Sw>Z
KoVcocr g§_rl g§ñH¥$Vr VocJ§ mZmMr Amho. BVa àm§Vmnoúmm _wpñc_, _mJmgdJu` OmVr, Am{Xcdmgr
N
cmoH$ A{YH$ g§»`oV Agë`m_wio Voc§JmZmMo gm_m{OH$ {MÌ doJioM hmoVo. Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ñï>`m
LA
`m Imcrc KQ>H$m§em déZ VocJ§ mZmMo d¡{eï>o VocJ§ mZm noúmm VQ>r` Am§Ym« àm§Vmda g§ñH¥$V g§ñH¥$VrMm
gm§Jm. à^md A{YH$ hmoVm. Ho$mñVm àm§V, VQ>r` àXoe
i. Z¡g{J©H$ ^m¡Jmo{cH$ KQ>H$ {~« Q > r em§ À `m emgZmImcr ho m Vm. 19 ì`m
TE
Pmcm. Ë`m {déÜX n[apñWVrV {ZOm_ n«emgZmVrc Voc§JmZmV {eúmUmMr ^mfm CXþ© A_cmV
hmoVr. Ë`m_wio AmYw{ZH$ {eúmUmcm àmoËghmZ VodT>o {_imco Zmhr. 1948 ‘ܶo Voc§JmZm
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ì`dñWm g_¥ÜX nmUr nwadR>mg `mo½` nR>ma ^w^mJmVrc Voc§JmZm àm§V nmdgmÀ`m nmÊ`mda
AmYmarV eoVrda, newnmcZmda O§JcmVrc {eH$ma Amhma dñVw JmoimH$aÊ`mda AmYmacocm
Amho. H$moaS>dmhþ, H${R>U O_rZrMm ^mJ AgUmè`m `m àm§VmV àXoemV Vio ~m§YwZ Ë`m nmÊ`mMm
Cn`moJ {d{dY qnH$mÀ`m cmJdS>rgmR>r H$aV AgV. {~«Q>reH$mimV eoVr, ì`mnma, CÚmoJmMm
H$moñVm Am§Y«mMm {dH$mg Pmcm Amho. VgoM à_wI ZÚm§Mm àdmh {dñVrU© I{ZO g§nXm, O§Jco,
dZ^w_r_wio Voc§JmUmMm {dH$mg hmoÊ`mMr g§Yr Amho. `m H$maUm_wio Voc§JmZmVrc I{ZO g§nÎmr
{ZgJ© g§nÎmr gmYZmMm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am§Y«m àm§VmVrc g§nÞ Jw§VdUwH$Xma cmoH$m§Zr {Vd«
BÀN>m ì`º$ Ho$cr. Ë`m_wio Am§Y« àm§VmnmgwZ {demcmAm§Üm«m Aer AmH$m§úmm g_moa Amcr.
Voc§JmZm emgZmìXmao _mo\$V {dVaU 2020-21 307
^maV XoemV {dcrZ Pmë`mZ§Va h¡Ðm~mX amÁ` 1952 _Ü`o cmoH$emhr emgZ àUmcr Imcr
Amho. h¡Ðm~mX amÁ`mMr {ZdS>UwH$sV {ZdS>wU Amcoco n{hco _w»`_§Ìr ~wéJwcm am_{H«$îUmamd ho
homVo. _Ðmg ào{gS>oÝgr nmgwZ 1953 _Ü`o Am§Y« àm§V doJim Pmë`m_wio Q>§JwQw>ar àH$mem_ _w»`_§Ìr
Pmco. Voìhmg VocwJw ^mfm ~mocUmè`m àm§VmZm EH$Ì H$aÊ`mgmR>r Midi gwé Pmcr.
{dcrUrH$aUmgmRr Am§Y«emgZ g^oZo EH$_VmZo R>amd nmg H$aVmM, h¡Ðm~mX amÁ` emgZ
g^oVrc A{YH$m§e gXñ`m§Zr {dcrUrH$aUmg {Vd« Amúmon ì`º$ Ho$cm. H$moñVm (VQ>r`) Am§Ym« Vrc
g§nÞ, {dH${gV dJ© Z{dZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m amÁ`mV daMñd ñWmnZ H$aVrc åhUwZ ZmamOr ì`º$
H$é cmJco. H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm \$m`Xm ZgVm§Zm Voc§JmUmVrc cmoH$ Amncr Z¡g{J©H$ I{ZO
A
g§nÎmr d gmYmZ J_mdwZ ~gw åhUwZ ^`^rV Pmco. H$moñVm(VQ>r`) àm§VmV B§p½ce {eúmU
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{eH$cocm `wdm dJ© _moR>çm g§»`oZo Agë`m_wio Amnë`m `wdmdJm©Vrc cmoH$m§Zm {eúmU, amoOJmaÀ`m
g§Yr {df`r gwÜXm Vo ZmamOJr ì`º$ H$é cmJco. H|$Ð emgZmÀ`m _Ü`ñVrZo XmoÝhr àm§VmVrc ZoVo
{X„rÀ`m g^oV g§_ocrV Pmco. g{dñVa MM}Z§Va 1956 \o$~«wdmar 20 cm lmoVw gä` ì`º$sH$ama
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(OoÝQ>c_°Z A§J«r_oÝQ>) Pmcm. `m H$amamda A§mY«àm§Vm H$Sw>Z ~r. JmonmcaoÈ>r, EZ. g§{Od aoÈ>r,
N
Or.cƒÞm, Eo. gË`Zmam`UmamOw Am{U VocJ§ mZm H$Sw>Z ~r. am_H¥$îUmamd, E_. MoÞmaoÈ>r, Oo.dr.
ZaqgJamd, Ho$.dr.a§JmaoÈ>r `m§Zr ñdmúmar Ho$cr. `m§Zr _wc^wV 14 _m¡crH$ A§emda AmYmarV
LA
H$ama Ho$cm. Ë`m_wio Voc§JmUmVrc OZVm g§V¥ï> Pmcr d XomZ amÁ`mÀ`m {dcrUrH$aUmMm _mJ©
gwJ_ Pmcm. Ë`mZwgma h¡Ðm~mX amOYmZr Am§Y«àXoe ho Z{dZ amÁ` {Z_m©U Pmco.
TE
3. ~mamdfm©nmgwZ VocJ§ mZmV amhUmè`m§ZmM VocJ§ mZmVrc godm, Zm¡H$è`m, {eúmU g§ñWmZm_Ü`o
ER
A
Am§Y«àXoe amÁ¶mVrb
àUmcrHo$Mr aMZm, {dH$mgm g§~§Yr VobJ§ mZm
AN
_hËdme`m n[afXoZo nmhmdo VgoM
Vo c § J mZm àm§ V {d^mJ g§ ~ § Y rÀ`m
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godm^VuMo {Z[aúmU, AdcmoH$Z H$aVrc. Voc§JmZmVrc O_rZr, ^w_r BVa àm§VmVrc cmoH$m§Zm
{dH$Ê`mda {Z`̧U R>odVrc. N
Aem àH$mao hm H$ama emgH$s` gmYZ gm_wJ«rMm g_mZ Cn`moJ Voc§JmZmVrc `wdH$m§Zm
LA
{eúmU, amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr CncãY H$éZ XoÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$co.
WmoS>Š`mV gm§Jm`Mo åhUOo `m H$amamZo Z{dZ {Z_m©U Pmcoë`m Am§Yà« XoemV VocJ§ mUmMo ñnï>
TE
VocJ§ mZm àm§Vr` n[afXoV Vwåhr gXñ` AmhmV d doJio ApñVdmMr AmoiI H$m`_ R>odcr. åhUwZ
Ago g_Om. Voìhm Vwåhr H$moUVr {dH$mgmMr `mcm amÁ`mVrc amÁ` Ago AmoiIë`m Joco.
H$m_o gm§Jmc? Vwåhr {dfoeV: gwM{dcocr
1969 Mo Am§XmocZ
T
A
Amco hmoVo.
AN
G
Fig 21.1
Differeent
N
LA
forms of
protests in
1969
TE
Telangana
agitation
Voc§JmZm Am§XmocZmcm O~m~r H$m`©dmhr åhUwZ {g_m- Am§Y«m àm§VmV 1972 _Ü`o O` Am§Y«m
T
Am§XmocZ gwé Pmco. H$moñVm (VQ>r`) àm§VmVrc {OëømMm AOwZ {dH$mg H$amdm `m _mJUrgh
ER
H$m`_Mo dmñVì` hþÔm g§~§YrMo _wëH$séc H$m`ÚmVrc {Z`_ gwÜXm aÔ H$amdo `m_w»` _mJÊ`m
hmoË`m Amncm amoOJma, godm^Vu À`m g§Yr {hamdë`m OmB©c [H§$dm _maImB©c `m {^VrZo BH$S>o
gwÜXm {dÚmÏ`mª Am§XmocZmV àm_w»`mZo g_rc hmoVo. gaH$mar CÚmoJ, amoOJma d Zm¡H$è`mV godoV
SC
ñWm{ZH$ cmoH$m§Zm àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV `oB©c. gd© àm§VmVrc cmoH$m§Zm {dídmg d h_r XoÊ`mMo 1973
_Ü`o H|$Ð gaH$maZo ghm gwÌr {gÜXm§V V`ma Ho$co. {eúmUmÀ`m g§Yr gd© àm§VmV CncãY H$aUo,
h¡Ðm~mX _Ü`o Ho$| Ðr` {díd{dÚmc` ñWmnZ H$aUo `m gma»`m ~m~r `mV g_m{dð> hmoË`m. Ë`m_wio
Voc§JmZm àm§Vr` g{_Vr d _wëH$séc H$m`Xm ñW{JV H$aÊ`mV Amco. `m à_mUo gä`ì`º$s
H$amamV g_m{dð> H$oë`m Jocëo `m ñdV§Ì ApñWËdmcm VocJ§ mZm àm§VmZo J_mdwZ ~gco. Am§Yà« XoemVrc
gd© àm§VmZm EH$ gmaIo g_mZ g_Oë`m OmD$ cmJco.
Ë`mMdoir gÎmméT> H$m°J«og númmÀ`m H|$ÐemgZmZo H|$Ðr` ZoËd¥ËdmZo dma§dma hñVúmon H$aUo `m
KQ>ZoÀ`m {damoYmV Z{dZ amOH$s` Midi gwé Pmcr. VrM VocwJw Xoe_ númmÀ`m {Z_uVrg
H$ma^r^wV R>acr. àm§Vr` Am§XmocZ VmËnwaVo em§V Pmco.
310 gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z Voc§JmZm amÁ` {Z_uVrMr Midi
Voc§JmZmV dmT>VMmcocm Ag§Vmof
gä` loð> ì`º$s H$ama Ago n`©V àm§Vr` n[afX V`ma H$aUo, gma»`m BVa _hËdmÀ`m
KQ>H$m§emMr àË`úmnUo A_c~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV Amcr Zmhr. Ho$di àm§Vr` g{_Vr V`ma Ho$cr.
Ë`m§À`m {e\$maer A_cmV AmUë`mM nm{hOo ho Amdí`H$ ZìhVo, emgZ Zoh_r Ë`m {dgaV Ago.
1956 Vo 1990 n`ªV `moOZm~Õ {dH$mgmÀ`m H$mimV ‘ܶ àXoe amÁ`mV AZoH$ {dH$mgmMr
H$m_o Pmcr. _moR>_moR>r YaUo ~m§Ycr, eoVrcmnmUr, {dÚwV àH$ënmMr gwédmV Pmcr. _moR>_moR>çm
ImUr, Am¡Úmo{JH$ H|$ÐmMr ñWmnZm Pmcr. eoVrVrc CËnÞmV dmT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r harVH«$m§Vr
A_cmV Amcr. _moR>çm g§»`oV {díd{dÚmc`o, Vm§{ÌH$ g§ñWm§ZmMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Amcr.
A
1990 Z§Va amÁ`mV {deofV h¡Ðm~mXm_Ü`o _m{hVr d V§ÌkmZ hm CÚmoJ CX`mg Amcm.
AN
Voc§JmZmVrc OZVoZo hm {dH$mg IwnM {df_ Amho, `mMm OmñVrV OmñV cm^ Á`m àm§Vmcm
{_im`cm nm{hOo Ë`mcm Z {_iVm BVa àm§Vmcm {_iV Amho Ago dmQw> cmJco. Voc§JmZmVrc
gmYZ d ómoVmMm Cn`moJ ñWm{ZH$ cmoH$m§À`m JaOogmR>r gaH$ma H$arV Zmhr Ago dmQw> cmJco.
G
eoVr ì`dgm`mVrc àJVr EHw$U {nH$m§Mr amÁ`mV {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m Z{dZ amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr
{dñVuUVm dmT> EH$ gwMH$ `§ÌmImcr Amho Ago BVa àm§VmVrc cmoH$m§Zm XoÊ`mV `oV Amho Ago
N
Vwåhmcm dmQ>Vo H$m`? `oWrc `wdmdJm©g dmQw> cmJco.
LA
eoVrg nmUrnwadR>m A{YH$ Va {d{harÀ`m nmÊ`mda Oa AmnU darc gw { MHo Z w g ma g§ n w U ©
Adc§~wZ Agë`m_wio Voc§JmZmVrc eoVH$è`m§Zm AmocrVmImcrc {dñVuUVm `m gw{MHo$cm KoVco
H$moUË`m g_ñ`m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo cmJV Amho? Va EH$m dfm©V {H$Vr ^w{dñVr©VVo {nHo$ KoVcr ho
TE
A
VgoM e¡úm{UH$ úmoÌmV gwÜXm H$moñVmAm§Y« àm§Vmnoúmm Voc§JmZm àm§V _mJo nS>cm Amho. 2001
_Ü`o Voc§JmZmVrc gmúmaVoMo à_mU 53% Va Am§Y«mV 63% homVo. Ë`mM doir Voc§JmZmàm§VmVrc
AN
Jar~ cmoH$ gm_m{OH$ Ñï>`m _mJmgdJu` cmoH$m§V gmúmaVoMo à_mU AOwZ H$_r Amho.`wdm
dJm©Vrc _wcm_wctgmR>r Voc§JmZmàm§VmVrb 159 _hm{dÚmc`o Amho, h¡Ðm~mXcm dJiwZ \$º$
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116 _hm{dÚmc`o AmhoV Va Am§Ym« àm§VmV 181 _hm{dÚmc`o AmhoV. Ë`mM à_mUo _hm{dÚmc`rZ
AZwXmZ 93 H$moQ>r én`o Va Am§Y«m àm§Vmcm 224 H$moQ>r én`o Amho.
N
{dH$mg H$m`m©V {df_VmM Zìho Va Voc§JmZmVrc cmoH$m§er gm§ñH¥$VrH$ ^oX^mdmg AmnU
LA
~ir nS>Vmo AmhmoV ho OmUdw cmJco. XmoÝhr àm§VmÀ`m {dcrUrH$aUmZ§Va H$moñVm Am§Y«m àm§VmVrc
^mfm, g§ñH¥$Vr AmXe©{Z` åhUwZ àMma H$arV Voc§JmZmVrc àm§V ^mfm d g§ñH¥$Vr H$S>o AàJV
åhUwZ Xþc©úm H$arV hmoVo. emco` nmR>çnwñVH$mV Voc§JmZmVrc B{Vhmg, g§ñH¥$Vr, ZoVo `m§Zm
TE
nm{hOo VodT>o àmYmÝ` {_imco Zmhr. Voc§JmZmVrc J«m_XodVm, gUm§H$S>o Xþc©úm H$éZ H$moñVm Am§Y«m
àm§VmVrc gUo, g§ñH¥$Vr, AmMmam§Zm d g_ma§^mZm àmYmÝ` {Xco Omdw cmJco. {gZo_m, {MÌnQ>mV
gwÜXm Voc§JmZmàm§VmVrb cmoH§$mZm _mJmgcoco, Ag§ñH¥$V, An¹$ {M{ÌV H$é cmJco. CXmhaUmW©
lrH¥$îU H$_oQ>r Zo Imcr {Xcoë`m à_mUo {e\$mag Ho$cr.
T
Ë`mM doiog H$moñVm Am§Y«màm§VmVwZ BVa naàm§VmVwZ g§nÞ, YZmQ>ç cmoH$ Voc§JmZmV {deof
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H$éZ h¡Ðm~mX ZJa cJVÀ`m O{_Zr {dH$V KoÊ`mgmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmV n¡em§Mr Jw§VdUwH$ Ho$cr.
Ë`m_wio `m àm§VmV Jw§VdUwH$ hmoD$Z gwÜXm `oWrc {dH$mgmV ñWm{ZH$ cmoH$m§Mm H$moUVmM \$m`Xm
{_imcm Zmhr. VodT>oM ZgwZ [a`cBñQoQ> ì`mnmar dJm©_wio Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m O_rZrdarc A{YH$ma
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A
Voc§JmZmVrc OZVoMr ^mfm g§ñH¥$Vr `m§Mo eoVH$ar {dH$V KoV Agcocr {H$Q>H$ZmeH$o,
AN
amgm`{ZH$ IVo, {dÚwV `m gma»`m CËnmXZmÀ`m
`mo½` {M{ÌH$aU H$aÊ`mV Amcoë`m {MÌnQ>mM§ r
qH$_Vr _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>ë`m. Va XþgarH$S>o
`mXr V`ma H$am?
Am`mV hmoUmè`m eoV_mcm ñnYm© H$amdr cmJcr.
Joë`m {dg dfm©V h¡Ðm~mX Iwn _moR>o g§nÞ
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Voc§JmZmVrc ^wJ^©Oc hr Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZo Zm{hgo
eha åhUwZ {dH${gV Pmco. VargwÜXm Pmë`m_wio AOwZ Imocn`ªV ~moa, {d{har ImoXÊ`mgmR>r
N
Voc§JmZmVrc OZVm Ë`m_wio g§Vwï> H$m Pmcr _moR>çm à_mUmV J§Vw dUwH$ IM© Pmcm. Ë`m_wio eoVH$ar
Zmhr?
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Am{W©H$ AS>MUrV nS>co.
Voc§JmZmVrc eoVH$ar H$mamJra Hw$Q>ra CÚmoJ da C„oIcoë`m `m H$maUm§_i w o VocJ§ mZm àm§VmV
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5) nmUr, eoVr, {eúmU, amoOJma, CncãYVog§~Yr XomÝhr àm§VmVrc ^oX H$moUVm Amho?
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7) XomÝhr àm§VmZr {_iwZ amhmdo Ago dmQ>Umè`m§Zr H$moUVm _wÔm/dmX g_moa AmUcm?
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9) Voc§JmZmÀ`m {Z_uVrV OoEgr Am{U amOH$s` númmÀ`m ^w{_Ho$Mo dU©Z H$am. gd© amOH$s`
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2009 À`m MidirV gh^mJr Pmcoë`m H$mhr OZm§Mr _wcmIV ¿`m. Ë`m§Mo AZw^d OmUwZ
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324
Political map
ICELAND
DENMARK
SC
LANDS
SWEDEN
Asia
NETHER FINLAND
gm‘m{OH$ Aܶ¶Z
ER
NORWAY
ESTOINA
Northern
T RUSSIA
Sea LATVIA
IRELAND
UNITED LITHUANIA
KINGDOM RUSSIA
Atlantic Ocean
TE
POLAND BELARUS
GERMANY
MOL
HUNGARY
N Caspian Sea
DOVA
ROMANIA
PO
G
ITAL
RT
Y
Black Sea
UG
SPAIN
BULGARIA
AL
TURKEY
AN
Mediteranean Sea
TURKEY
SWITZERLAND
A
A
AN
G
N
LA
TE
T
ER
SC
TUNISIA
O
CC
RO
MO
H A RN
ALGERIA LIBIYA
A
RA
S A STE
EGYPT
WE
IA
AN
N
TA
RI
U
A MALI
M NIGER
G
CHAD SUDAN ERITHRIA
SENEGAL DJIBOUTH
BURKINA
GUINEA FASO
NIGERIA
N
CAMEROON
LA
LI AL SOUTH ETHIO-
BE CENTR EP SUDAN PIA
AN R
RI AFRIC IA
A BENIN AL
A M
ND SO
TE
TOGO
A
COAST GHANA DEMO- UG KENYA
IVOIRE EQUATO- RAWANDA
CRATIC REP
RIAL BURUNDI
SIERRA CONGO
GUINEA TANZANIA
T
LEONE GABON
GUINEA MALAWI
ER
BISSAU REP. OF
CONGO AN-
MOZAMBIQUE
THE GOLA
ZAMBIA
R
GAMBIA
SCA
SC
ZIMBABWE
GA
NAMIBIA
DA
BOTSWANA
MA
A
AN
G
N
LA
TE
T
ER
SC
A
AN
G
N
LA
TE
T
ER
SC
N
LA
TE
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ER
SC
A
AN
G
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SC
A
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12. Amo a r`m 13. n§ O m~r
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22. S>moJ«r
Zddo eoS>`wc l 1956 ì`m dfu 1 n{hë`m gwYmaUm XþéñVr ìXmao gm_rc Ho$ë`m Jococo ^wH$ama ^w_r Am_XmZr,
^w_rH$a, aoëdo, CÚmoJm g§~§YrMo H$m`Xo Am{U emgH$s` AmXoe AgUo.( g§nVrMm A{YH$ma
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AmH$amdo eoS>`wc l 1992 `m dfu 73 gwYmaUo ìXmao g_m{dï> Ho$co Jococo n§Mm`VamO ì`dñWm {Z_m©U
~mamdo eoS>`wc 1992 dfu 74 gwYmaUo ìXmao gm_rc ZJa nmcrH$m g§ñWm {Z_m©U Ho$co.
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