bicarbonate

DRUGS ACCORDING TO USE

Functional Modifiers Anti-hypertensive, Antipyretic ALKYLATING AGENTS
Losartan, Captopril, Naproxen, Ibuprofen, Nitrogen Mustards Chlorambucil, Melphalan,
Paracetamol Cyclophosphamide
Replenishers Thyroxine, Hormone (insulin), Vitamins, Triazene Procarbazine
IV fluids Alkyl Sulfonate Busulfan
Diagnostic Agents Tensilon (Edrophonium), Ethyleneimines Thiotepa
Radiopharmaceuticals, Barium sulfate NITROSUREAS
Chemotherapeutic Agents Doxorubicin, Amoxicillin, Ketoconazole,
Carmustine Bis-Chloroethyl nitrosourea (BCNU)
Paclitaxel
Lomustine Chloroethyl-Cyclohexyl nitrosourea
Antibacterial, Antimicrobials (antibiotics,
(CCNU)
antivirals, antifungals), Antineoplastics

CHANNELS/TRANSPORTS
OXIDATION
VOLTAGE GATED SODIUM CHANNEL VOLTAGE GATED CALCIUM CHANNEL
SUB-GROUPS EXAMPLES

IA
Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Local Verapamil, Diltiazem, Ethosuximide,
S-oxidation Chlorpromazine
anesthetics, Tetrodotoxin Trimethadione, Gabapentin, Pregabalin
Desulfuration Thiopental
Conotoxin (N type), Agatoxin (P type)
Dehalogenation Halothane, Chloramphenicol
CARRIER MOLECULES
Oxidation of Alcohols Ethanol, Estradiol
Sodium-Potassium ATPase pump (Na Digoxin
Oxidation of Aldehyde Acetaldehyde, PGE2

GE
K)
Aromatic oxidation Phenytoin
Hydrogen-Potassium ATPase pump (HK) Proton Pump Inhibitor
Aliphatic hydroxylation Phenobarbital
Sodium-potassium-chloride cotransport Furosemide
Olefenic hydroxylation Carbamazepine
(NaK2Cl)
Benzylic hydroxylation Tolbutamide, Imipramine
Sodium-Chloride transporter (NaCl) Thiazides
Allylic hydroxylation Pentazocine, Hexobarbital
ENZYMES
N-alpha to carbonyl hydroxylation Diazepam, Dopamine

Y
Xanthine oxidase Allopurinol
Hydroxylation Phenytoin
Cyclooxygenase NSAID
N-Dealkylation Morphine, Ephedrine
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) ACE inhibitors
N-oxidation
O-Dealkylation
Acetaminophen
Codeine
aH Monoamine oxidase (MAO) MAO inhibitors
Phenelzine, Isocarbozaxid,
O-Demethylation Omeprazole
Tranylcypromine
O-Deamination Amphetamine
Acetylcholinesterase Edrophonium
REDUCTION Catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT) Entacapone, Tolcapone
SUB-GROUPS EXAMPLES
k
Carbonyl Reduction Acetohexamide HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS
Azoreduction Sulfasalazine Type 1 Immediate Allergy IgE
Nitroreduction Chloramphenicol, Clonazepam Ex. Atopy, Anaphylaxis, Asthma
be

HYDROLYSIS Type 2 Cytotoxic/Antibody Dependent IgM or IgG

SUB-GROUPS EXAMPLES Ex.Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia,
Ester Hydrolysis Procaine, Aspirin Thrombocytopenia, Erythroblastosis
Amide Hydrolysis Lidocaine fetalis
Type 3 Immune Complex Disease IgG
PHASE 2/FUNCTIONALIZATION PHASE Ex. Serum sickness, Systemic Lupus
Re

Glutathione conjugation
Methyl group, Acetyl group
Glucuronidation/Glucuronic acid
conjugation, Sulfation/Sulfate
conjugation, Glycine conjugation
Glucuronidation/Glucuronic acid
@
Erythematosus
Detoxification, NAPQI
Type 4 Delayed Type Hypersensitivity T-cells
Inactivation
Ex. Contact Dermatitis, Mantoux Test,
Increase solubility
Chronic Transplant, Sclerosis
Type 5 Autoimmune Disease IgM or IgG
Ex. Grave's Disease, Myasthenia Gravis
Phenol, Chloramphenicol, Phenytoin,

conjugation Gray baby, Hyperbilirubinemia

Methylation Catecholamines, Histamine
Acetylation Amines,Isoniazid, Procainamide, Systemic
Lupus Erythematosus
Glycine conjugation Aspirin
Sulfate conjugation Isoniazid, Hepatotoxicity

NON TARGET PROTEIN MECHANISM

Chemical reaction
Chemical reaction-chelation
Chemical reaction-neutralization
Antidotes
Paracetamol poisoning
Protamine sulfate, Sodium nitrite
Deferoxamine, EDTA, penicillamine,
Tetracycline + Milk
Alka seltzer
Calcium carbonate (Tums), Sodium

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