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However, with the rapid development and impressive advantages of organic light-emitting displays
(OLEDs), there is some competition emerging. This work is focused on calamitic, thermotropic
liquid crystals. Copyright (2003) The American Association for the Advancement of Science. ( e ) A
schematic illustration of the aligning LC molecules by a CNT film. ( f ) The SEM images of the CNT
alignment film on a glass substrate. In general, the synthetic routes can be summarized into two
groups: two-step crosslinking and one-step crosslinking. The hologram efficiency is highest when
illuminated by circularly polarized light matching the helix structure, and lowest for the circular
polarization with opposite handedness. These lyotropic LC materials have intriguing physical
properties and can be applied to various functional devices. Cellulose LCs have attracted much
interest due to their mechanical and optical properties. Photothermal-Driven Liquid Crystal
Elastomers: Materials, Alignment and Applications. Molecules. 2022; 27(14):4330. Such anisotropic
absorption not only exists in the visible region, but also in ultraviolet and infrared regions. Copyright
(2012) John Wiley and Sons and (2017) National Academy of Sciences. Verder kun je kiezen voor
persoonlijke advertenties buiten bol.com. A typical lyotropic LC phase diagram of amphiphilic
molecules dissolved in a solvent. This multi-wavelength modulation enhances the flexibility of LCE
soft robot locomotion and make it possible to drive like a car. The powerful photothermal effect
provides a new approach for photothermally driven LCE. MVGR College of Engineering Bond
Orientational order: It describes a line joining the centers of the nearest molecules without requiring
a regular spacing along that line. However, ultra-fast response speed and great strain are still
challenges. When the positive-order actuator responds slowly, the negative-order one actuates
quickly, and vice versa. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. Our
machines don’t reproduce, develop, heal or regulate intercourse with their environment with
anything approaching the sophistication of biology. At last, this review will conclude with a
discussion of issues that need resolving and potential applications. 2. LCE and LCE-Based
Composite Material 2.1. LCE Since Finkelmann et al. For example, when the alignment varies in a
linear fashion along one direction, the reflected light is deflected to an angle that depends on the
patterning pitch. This method, also known as the Finkelmann method, is widely used because of its
simple operation and excellent orientation effect. Next Article in Journal Fabrication and Analysis of
a Ti6Al4V Implant for Cranial Restoration. Theoretical calculations and experiments have verified
that the phase of Bragg reflected light (optical phase) varies depending on the phase of the helix
(structural phase), and that a full-wave (0-2. The findings, he said, bring a bit more of order to the
chaotic world of fluids. LCLCs are an emerging class of liquid crystals that have shown profound
connections to biological systems in two aspects. Other orientation methods, such as surface-induced
orientation, allow LCEs to generate complex alignment in three-dimensional space for adapting to
various applications in optical devices, soft robots, and actuators. When the LCE is oriented by an
applied electric field, the electric field strength of its aligned region must be higher than the
threshold field strength. The thiol-Michael addition reaction can be applied to chain extension to
form oligomers ( Figure 2 c).
Copyright (2003) The American Association for the Advancement of Science. ( e ) A schematic
illustration of the aligning LC molecules by a CNT film. ( f ) The SEM images of the CNT alignment
film on a glass substrate. The frequency of this oscillator was determined by the polarization of light.
LCs hold great potential for enabling effective manipulation over the optic characteristics of
plasmonic architectures due to their large refractive index anisotropy, real-time response to the
external stimuli and the unique ability to act as dynamic templates for the self-assembly of
nanomaterials. Due to the strong cooling capacity of water, the tail fin bent relatively slowly under
NIR light and recovered quickly after the light was turned off. Perspectives in Liquid-Crystal-Aided
Nanotechnology and Nanoscience. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 2512. In the presence of a platinum catalyst,
linear polysiloxane chains are mixed and reacted with vinyl liquid crystal monomers and
multifunctional vinyl crosslinkers ( Figure 2 a). Projectors of higher cost and performance may use
three separate LCD panels, forming separate red, green, and blue images that combine to form a
colored image on the screen. Apart from that, the presence of gold nanoparticles also promoted the
reorientational motion of LC molecules by applying an electric field. In this section, we will provide
an overview of representative applications such as optical devices, soft robots, and actuators. 4.1.
Optical Devices The main characteristic of photothermal-driven LCE is that it can generate reversible
large deformation under light stimulation, which can change lattice parameters and order degree in a
photonic crystal structure. This work is focused on calamitic, thermotropic liquid crystals. Copyright
(2010), (2012), (2014), (2016) Springer Nature. ( b ) Colour change observed when a dried CNC film
is immersed in water and the corresponding spectrum. Next Article in Special Issue Light-
Responsive Hexagonal Assemblies of Triangular Azo Dyes. The realization of macroscopic ordered
assemblies of CNTs is significant for the development of electronics, new materials and energy
storage devices. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. Continuous
release is critical for active ingredients that may irritate the body if the concentration is too high or
when a prolonged period of drug transport time is desired, whereas transient release will be helpful
to improve the penetration of drugs. Anisotropic interactions between LCLCs and bacteria lead to
fascinating phenomena such as the deformation of LCLCs with a characteristic wavelength
determined by the elasticity of the LCLCs and the activity of the bacteria, orientationally controlled
trajectories of bacteria and visualization of 24 nm flagella motion. Photothermal-Driven Liquid
Crystal Elastomers: Materials, Alignment and Applications. They poured LC blends into
poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) molds with the desired microstructure and heated the LC mixtures
above T NI. MVGR College of Engineering Bond Orientational order: It describes a line joining the
centers of the nearest molecules without requiring a regular spacing along that line. At very high
concentrations, the inverse phases are located. Thirdly, gold nanoparticles are compatible with
biological systems, which will be quite important for investigations and in vivo analysis. Journal of
Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK). Depending on how the cut was made, a variety of
shape changing behavior could be realized, showing that the system can function as a soft “actuator,”
effectively an artificial muscle. This improved electro-optical performance can be attributed to the
higher dielectric anisotropy of the suspension, due to the extremely high permittivity and anisotropy
of CNT inclusions as well as the ion-trapping effect of CNTs reducing the free ionic concentration
of the solvent, which leads to an increase in the effective applied cell voltage (a reduction of electric
field shielding). For example, when the alignment varies in a linear fashion along one direction, the
reflected light is deflected to an angle that depends on the patterning pitch. Journal of
Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI). Copyright (2011) American Chemistry Society. ( c )
Schematic illustration of GO LC membrane in protic ionic liquid for nanofiltration. Figure 1: Rod-
like (calamitic) molecules representing molecular arrangement of thermotropic liquid crystalline
phase transitions. These self-assembled nanostructures are spontaneously formed by biocompatible
amphiphilic lipids, such as phospholipids, monoglycerides, glycolipids and urea-based lipids, mainly
in water, and contained in a thin shell of amphiphilic block co-polymer ( Figure 19 ). The key idea of
this study is using a nematic LC film with a specific alignment, either homogeneous or homeotropic,
at an interface with an aqueous phase.
However, ultra-fast response speed and great strain are still challenges. MVGR College of
Engineering MVGR College of Engineering Optical Imaging An application of liquid crystals that is
only now being explored is optical imaging and recording. To thoroughly understand the influence of
nanoparticle doping on the physical properties of LCs, further systematic investigations are required.
Such nanoparticle LCs are particularly interesting and hold great potential in industrial applications
such as thin films, fibres and various multifunctional composites. This is much more attractive than
trying to directly control the size and arrangement of the liquid crystals' defects. They also used this
fiber to simulate the process of lifting a heavy object like the human arm ( Figure 15 b),
demonstrating that it could perform very similarly to human muscle. Due to the limitation of the
anchoring force, LCEs fabricated by this alignment method are thin, and the LCE precursor is
required to have a low viscosity. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP).
External field-induced alignment is attractive because it can affect liquid crystal alignment in a non-
contact way, which is accomplished by programming the field strength and direction. 3.2.1. Electric
Field Mesogens will deflect when in an appropriate electric field. However, the methods for
controlling the orientation of the helix axis are still limited. From smartphones in your pockets to
large screen TVs, LCs are everywhere, as this special state of matter has been found in colorful soap
bubbles as well as certain living tissues. Different methods can be employed to achieve patterned
alignment such as micro-rubbing, micro-structural alignment, or photo-induced alignment and should
be chosen to satisfy the throughput and patterning resolution requirements. The self-organization-
assisted nanoparticle assembly within the disclination lines will effectively eliminate high-energy
volume areas and reduce the elastic-free energy density of the LC system. Wild, can be found at the
Engineering and Technology History Wiki. As the temperature rises, a typical thermotropic LC
passes through higher ordered phases, also called soft crystals, the hexatic smectic phases with
positional order as well as bond orientational order, through the fluid smectic phases (SmC and
SmA), which exhibit both positional and orientational order, and finally to the nematic phase (N)
with purely orientational order, into the isotropic phase. Thermotropic behaviour means the
compounds are liquid crystalline within a defined temperature range, below this range compounds
are crystalline and above it compounds are isotropic liquids (figure 1). Copyright (2010)
ELSEVIER. ( g ) Winding drums with collected fibres. ( h ) SEM images of corresponding CNT
fibres. At last, this review will conclude with a discussion of issues that need resolving and potential
applications. 2. LCE and LCE-Based Composite Material 2.1. LCE Since Finkelmann et al.
Elementary science classes advertise three “states of matter”—solid, liquid and gas—but that barely
scratches the surface of what’s out there. Schematic of direct ink writing (DIW) using shear stress
aligned LCE. International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP). As in solid
crystals, however, they arrange themselves in recognizably ordered patterns. Previous Article in
Journal Molecular Specific and Sensitive Detection of Pyrazinamide and Its Metabolite Pyrazinoic
Acid by Means of Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Employing In Situ Prepared Colloids.
Copyright (2010) ELSEVIER. ( g ) Winding drums with collected fibres. ( h ) SEM images of
corresponding CNT fibres. The structural design of this soft robot combined multi-directional
movement and transportation functions together for the first time, which further improved
locomotion mobility and opened the door for the practical application of crawling liquid crystal
polymer soft robots. 4.2.3. Rolling Soft Robots Rolling is a very common form of motion due to its
low friction. By introducing some “impurity” molecules into the aqueous phase, the alignment of the
LC molecules at the interface will be altered due to the binding between the biomolecules and the
doped impurity, thus leading to a texture transition ( Figure 17 ). At very high concentrations, the
inverse phases are located. The optical characteristics of gold nanoparticles in visible and near-
infrared (NIR) wavelength ranges are mainly determined by the collective response of electrons. In
addition, by mounting LCE strips in parallel with a mouse cardiac trabecula, they showed that it was
effective in helping the heart contract, developing a contractile force three times higher than that of
human myocardium. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected
without javascript enabled.
The micro-structure of the hair’s surface provided different friction coefficients in different
directions, allowing the soft robot to move along the hair in a single direction when stimulated by a
manual scanning light beam. Among the light-sensitive materials, azobenzene dyes are widely used
due to their high photochemical reaction rate and strong alignment retention. A special kind of two-
dimensional liquid crystal, closed up into sphere-like surfaces, forms the membranes that define the
boundaries of cells and of functional units within cells. Liquid crystals make it possible to accurately
gauge temperature just by looking at the color of the thermometer. When the dielectric anisotropy is
positive, the dielectric constant of the liquid crystal along the long axis. This type of monitor is an
improvement over the older cathode ray tube (CRT) monitors, which used a vacuum tube to emit
electrons onto the fluorescent panel. Such a system allows the feasible tunability of the SPR peaks
from the NIR to the visible spectral range. Solid particles have an orderly arrangement in which
molecules are fixed in position and orientation Liquid particles are free to move around randomly
and change their orientation. Their unique size- and shape-dependent electro-optic characteristics
made QDs the focal point of research in various fields including photonics, sensors, medicine,
information storage, etc. The intrinsic optical properties of nanoparticles can be effectively modified
by a LC medium, leading to a variety of multifunctional photonic applications. As electricity is
applied, the liquid crystals line up along the “twist” that produces, and the light starts to follow that
twist and pass through the display. A group of Muslim-Americans have put up a blunt billboard.
Copyright (2003) The American Association for the Advancement of Science. ( e ) A schematic
illustration of the aligning LC molecules by a CNT film. ( f ) The SEM images of the CNT alignment
film on a glass substrate. Copyright (2007) Springer Nature. ( d ) A sequence of dark-field images
showing a gold-nanorod moving into a topological singularity near the microsphere ( I ) and
polarizing, bright-field, dark-field microscopy images and a schematic diagram showing chains of
microsphere-gold nanoparticle dimers aligned along the director ( II ). Observation between parallel
polarizers ( right ) provides evidence that the dispersed particles are collected in the topological
defects. ( b, c ) Permittivity components. Kirigami has received extensive attention in the field of
soft robot research in the last few years. Because the helix forms spontaneously, the local alignment
of the liquid crystal on a substrate defines the relative phase of the helical structure at that point.
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER). Zhang, Wei, Yifei Nan,
Zongxuan Wu, Yajing Shen, and Dan Luo. You can see a hint of it in the gooey residue left behind in
your soap-dish. Photothermal-Driven Liquid Crystal Elastomers: Materials, Alignment and
Applications. Molecules. 2022; 27(14):4330. Thirdly, gold nanoparticles are compatible with
biological systems, which will be quite important for investigations and in vivo analysis. By
designing the alignment of LCE mesogens, soft robots with various functions have been developed,
such as bionics, crawling, rolling, and swimming. Deze persoonlijke ervaringen kunnen we bieden
door je interesses te bepalen. Taking advantage of the difference in the reaction rates of the two
different cross-linking agents, the first-step reaction produces weakly cross-linked polymers, and
aligns the polymer chains by mechanical stretching. Restricted by the absorption of heat of LCE in
the water environment, there are few studies on LCE swimming robots. This improved electro-
optical performance can be attributed to the higher dielectric anisotropy of the suspension, due to the
extremely high permittivity and anisotropy of CNT inclusions as well as the ion-trapping effect of
CNTs reducing the free ionic concentration of the solvent, which leads to an increase in the effective
applied cell voltage (a reduction of electric field shielding). This is due to the helical structure of the
cholesteric, which in this particular case has a right-handed helix. (c) Top figure shows a photograph
of a cholesteric DOE placed on an optical mount. These LCE actuators were driven by 980 nm, 808
nm, and 520 nm lasers; thus, the robot could move forward and backward, and turn left and right by
using muti-wavelength light ( Figure 11 b). All these advantages lend LC-based biosensors great
potential for the next generation of high-sensitivity, low-cost and label-free bioassays.
In the third type, mesogens layer themselves perpendicular to each other forming a helix or twist.
Taking advantage of the difference in the reaction rates of the two different cross-linking agents, the
first-step reaction produces weakly cross-linked polymers, and aligns the polymer chains by
mechanical stretching. This is much more attractive than trying to directly control the size and
arrangement of the liquid crystals' defects. Sophisticated structures and intelligent systems enable
creatures to perform their corresponding functions accurately. Multi-directional crawling has also
been explored by researchers. For samples with a low concentration ( 1 wt %), the changes were
relatively small. Je kan het dus bijvoorbeeld aanzetten op je smartphone en uitzetten op je laptop.
Scale bar: 0.2 ?m. Reproduced from Wikimedia Commons, with no author name supplied. ( b ) The
orientational order parameter of the viruses increases as their concentration in the solvent is
increased. Polarization holography combined with photoalignment techniques enable very fine (
Depending on the alignment distribution, various optical functions can be achieved by the DOE.
From a fundamental physics point of view, the physical existence of the previously only theoretically
predicted anti-ordered liquid crystal state opens for many interesting experiments as well as theory
development for the behavior of self-organizing soft matter. They absorb those waves and then
retransmit them in altered forms. The light-responsive properties of LCEs are based on material
chemistry, processing, and alignment. In the presence of a platinum catalyst, linear polysiloxane
chains are mixed and reacted with vinyl liquid crystal monomers and multifunctional vinyl
crosslinkers ( Figure 2 a). Then the researchers at the University of Ljubljana performed the
experiments using this information and theoretical treatments of the underlying materials. The
generation of macroscopic assemblies of nanomaterials with controlled localization and orientation is
necessary for their practical application. Moreover, a tunable helical pitch and a reversible
handedness inversion of cholesteric LCs (CLCs), enabled by the photothermal effect, were
demonstrated by Wang et al. It had four symmetrically distributed legs and a set of arms. The initial
state of these legs and arms was bent, so when they were illuminated by blue light, they straightened
to achieve the stride or release. This strategy decouples the anisotropy of orientation from the
directionality of the structure at the material level, providing the opportunity for a programmable
dynamic equilibrium. These molecules are mixed together to form chiral cholesteric structures. LC
molecules will be oriented vertically according to the direction of the compressive stress. When an
object is located in the right place, light from the optical fibers connected to the center of the LCE
film will be reflected onto the LCE Venus flytrap leaves. On the one hand, the intermolecular force
between the liquid crystal monomers and the alignment layer material is able to induce the alignment
of the liquid crystal molecules. LCs composed of anisotropic molecules possess a long-range
orientational or even positional order and a high susceptibility to various external stimuli. Under
polarizing optical microscopy, the LCs will show a particular texture. Liquid crystal molecules are
endowed by this property with the ability to respond to stimuli from electric and magnetic fields.
External field-induced alignment is attractive because it can affect liquid crystal alignment in a non-
contact way, which is accomplished by programming the field strength and direction. 3.2.1. Electric
Field Mesogens will deflect when in an appropriate electric field. While the bulk of the liquid crystal
remained ordered, the melted spot — several microns in size, just a little smaller than a single red
blood cell—became disorganized. For photothermal-driven liquid crystal elastomers, appropriate
photothermal materials can not only obtain good photothermal conversion efficiency, but also
increase the mechanical properties of LCEs. Perspectives in Liquid-Crystal-Aided Nanotechnology
and Nanoscience. Although most reports have been concerned with azobenzene-based liquid crystal
polymers, self-oscillators based on photothermal effects have also been demonstrated.