GROUP 1

STATISTICS

Concepts &
Variables
Scope of
Presentation

1. Definition of Statistics
2. Difference between Descriptive &
Inferential Statistics
3. Importance of Statistics
4. Purposes of Employing Statistics
5. Division of Statistics & Levels of
Measurement
6. Statistical Variable
Ronald Fisher
Father of Statistics
Definition of Statistics
STATISTICS 40

30

science concerned with developing 20

and studying methods for collecting, 10

analyzing, interpreting and presenting 0
data. Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 Item 5

is about using small sample size

groups, and observing their behavior
to derive accurate conclusions about
larger groups and general
occurrences.
 Difference between
Decriptive and Inferential
Statistics
DESCRIPTIVE
STATISTICS 25
use to report or describe the features or
characteristics of data. They summarize a
20
particular numerical data set, or multiple
sets, and deliver quantitative insights about
that data through numerical or graphical 15
representation.
10

0
Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 Item 5
INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS
use to make conclusions, or inferences,
based on the available data from a smaller
sample population. This is often done by
analyzing a random sampling from a much
broader data set, like a larger population.
Conclusions drawn from this sample are
applied across the entire population.
KEY
DIFFERENCE
The key difference between descriptive and inferential statistics is
descriptive statistics aren’t used to make an inference about a broader
population, whereas inferential statistics are used for this purpose. Rather
than being used to report on the data set itself, inferential statistics are
used to generate insights across vast data sets that would be difficult or
impossible to analyze.
Importance of
Statistics
◦ The field of statistics is the science of learning from data.
Statistical knowledge helps you use the proper methods to
collect the data, employ the correct analyses, and effectively
present the results.

Statistics is a crucial process behind how we make discoveries in

science, make decisions based on data, and make predictions.
Statistics allows you to understand a subject much more deeply.
Illustration of a bell curve to symbolize the importance of statistics.
There are two main reasons why studying the field of statistics is crucial in modern
society.

First, statisticians are guides for learning from data and navigating common
problems that can lead you to incorrect conclusions.

Second, given the growing importance of decisions and opinions based on data, it’s
crucial that you can critically assess the quality of analysis that others present to
you.
Purposes of Employing
Statistics

KATRINA BIANCA AGCAOILI-LAO

 Statistics play a crucial role in understanding and
analyzing data. By employing statistics, we can achieve
Brief two main objectives: describing the characteristics of a
Overview population or phenomenon, and predicting future
outcomes or behaviors based on available data.

Two Main Purposes of Employing Statistics

01 02

DESCRIPTION PREDICTION
DESCRIPTION

Understanding the current state

or characteristics of a population
or phenomenon.

Variables are used to represent

these characteristics.
PREDICTION

Estimating future outcomes or

behaviors based on available data.

Based on the concept of

generalizability and is probabilistic
in nature.
 DESCRIPTIVE
DESCRIPTION
STATISTICS

INFERENTIAL
PREDICTION
STATISTICS
Division of Statistics &
Levels of Measurement
 DIVISION OF STATISTICS

Descriptive Inferential
Statistics Statistics
 DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
-use to reveal "patterns"

• Frequency Counts
• Rangers (High and Low Scores or Values)
• Means
• Modes
• Median Scores
• Standard Deviations

Concepts:
• Variables (Levels of Measurement)
• Distributions
 INFERENTIAL Draw Conclusion - explanation based on available
STATISTICS data (Facts/Verified Data)

-use to DRAW CONCLUSIONS Make Predictions - tentative/probable explanations of

AND MAKE PREDICTION phenomena which are not proven truths but can be
tested (Hypothesis)

Concepts: Probability, Populations, and Sampling

 Statistics are used to explore
numerical data/observations
1. Nominal recorded that varies according
Variables 2. Ordinal to certain factors/reasons.
(Categorical) Variables
(Order/Rank) In statistics, these
FACTORS/REASONS are
3. Interval
Variables
4. Ratio called variables.
Scales

Variables are divided in four

basic categories:
01
Nominal Variables (Categorical) - classify data into categories.
This process involves LABELING CATEGORIES AND THEN COUNTING
FREQUENCIES OF OCCURRENCE.

- lowest level and the weakest form of measurement

- not numerical in nature/categorical
- non-continuous data
- variables are unranked and has no ordering/no direction/no natural order
- there is no equal distance between variables
- absolute zero doesn’t exist
- no mathematical computations can be made at this level/cannot perform
meaningful mathematical operations on this data
02Ordinal Variables – ORDER/RANK data in terms of degree.
They indicate that one data point is RANKED HIGHER OR LOWER
THAN ANOTHER.

- 2nd level/higher level of measurement

- not numerical in nature/categorical
- non-continuous data
- variables are ranked and has ordering/has direction/has natural order
- there is no equal distance between variables. The “distance” or “difference”
between the numbers has no meaning
- absolute zero doesn’t exist
- no mathematical computations can be made at this level/cannot perform
meaningful mathematical operations on this data
03 Interval Variables - SCORE DATA.

- 3rd level/3rd higher level of measurement

- numerical in nature/metric variable
- continuous data
- variables are ranked and has ordering/has direction/has natural order. The
order of data is known
- there is equal distance between variables. The “distance” or “difference”
between the numbers has meaning. There is the existence of precise numeric
distance between data points called “interval”
- absolute zero doesn’t exist. Zero is an arbitrary point/not a complete absence
of the variable
- mathematical computations can be made at this level/can perform
meaningful mathematical operations on this data
04 Ratio Scales – 4th level/highest level of measurement

- numerical in nature/metric variable

- continuous data
- variables are ranked and has ordering/has direction/has natural order. The
order of data is known
- there is equal distance between variables. The “distance” or “difference”
between the numbers has meaning. There is the existence of precise numeric
distance between data points called “interval”
- absolute zero exist. Zero means the complete absence of the variable
- mathematical computations can be made at this level/can perform
meaningful mathematical operations on this data
Statistical
Variables
THANK
YOU