ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

P2-S

COMPULSORY GRAMMAR PACK

Spring 2024
CDO
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 CONTENTS
WEEK 1
• Question Forms
(p/3-5)
WEEK 4 • Special Uses of Relative Clauses
(p/6-15) • Reduction of Relative Clauses
• Verb Patterns - Gerunds and Infinitives
WEEK 7
• Passive Infinitives and Gerunds
(p/16-25)
• Verb Patterns - Reporting Verbs
WEEK 8 • Noun Clauses with -ever Words
(p/26-30) • Reduction of Noun Clauses
WEEK 10
• Present and Past Modals of Deduction
(p/31-34)
WEEK 13 • Causatives
(p/35-43) • Participles

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 WEEK 1 - QUESTION FORMS

1. YES/NO QUESTIONS AND TENSES IN ENGLISH

PRESENT SIMPLE QUESTIONS

Use simple present questions to ask about regular or Do you easily make friends?
habitual actions and general truths or states. Use the Does she work on Saturdays?
auxiliary verb do/does. Don’t you work at a bank?

In questions with the verb to be (am/is/are) and with Is he the best person for the job?
modal verbs, put the verb before the subject. Can you take me to the airport tomorrow?
Should I look for a new job?
Aren’t you happy with the results?
PAST SIMPLE QUESTIONS
Use past simple questions to ask about a past action. To Did you talk to your boss about a pay-rise?
form questions in the simple past tense, use the auxiliary Did you have a lot of friends at school?
verb did. Didn’t she help you with the project?

In questions with the verb to be (was/were) put the Was she pleased with the gift that you gave her?
verb before the subject. Were they aware of their mistakes?
Were you an ambitious student?
Weren’t they at school yesterday?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS QUESTIONS

Use present continuous questions to ask about an action Is he talking to the candidates at the moment?
happening at the moment or around the time of Are they planning to move to another town?
speaking or about a changing situation. Form this Aren’t you taking Chemistry this semester?
question by putting the verb to be (am/is/are) before
the subject.

PAST CONTINUOUS QUESTIONS

Use past continuous questions to ask about an action in Were you cleaning when he arrived?
progress in the past. Form this question by putting the Was he talking about me when I entered the room?
verb to be (was/were) before the subject. Wasn’t it raining when you left home this morning?

PRESENT PERFECT QUESTIONS

Use this question to ask about the recent past or an Have you heard from them recently?
event at an unknown time. Form this question by Has he ever been rude to you?
putting the auxiliary verb have/has before the subject. Haven’t they offered you the position?

FUTURE QUESTIONS (WILL FUTURE)

Use this question to ask about actions in the future or to Will you join us later?
make requests. Form this question by putting the Won’t you drink something with the cake?
auxiliary verb will before the subject. Will you leave as soon as the meeting ends?
Will you help me with these shopping bags?

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 2. SUBJECT AND OBJECT QUESTIONS

OBJECT QUESTIONS
These questions ask about the object of a sentence. The What did John give you?
most common word order for object questions is as Who do you live with?
follows: How many jackets do you have?
Wh- word + auxiliary verb + subject + verb What kind of music does she enjoy?
Wh- word + modal verb + subject + verb What can you tell me about your new boss?
What should I do to improve my English?

SUBJECT QUESTIONS
These questions ask about the subject of a sentence. In Who designed the White House?
this question type, the question word is the subject of James Hoban designed the White House.
the sentence. The most common word order for subject
questions is as follows: Who annoys you most?
Wh- word (who/which/what) + verb + object Rude people annoy me the most.

DO NOT use the auxiliary verb in subject questions.
Subject questions are formed in the singular form. The
answer may be singular or plural.
Which student should get the highest grade?
Timmy should get the highest grade.
What happened on the motorway?
An accident happened.

Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks to form questions.

1. A: __________ he the right person for the job?
B: Yes, definitely.
2. A: __________ you feel better about taking the test?
B: Yes, I am less nervous now that I’ve had the chance to revise.
3. A: __________ he work well in a team?
B: Yes, he’s good with other people.
4. A: What exactly __________ she tell you?
B: She said she was running late for the meeting.
5. A: __________ they completed all their work?
B: Yes, they have.
6. A: What __________ you working on at the moment?
B: I’m working on a proposal for a film.
7. A: __________ we ask you a few questions?
B: Yes, of course.
8. A: When __________ your youngest sister born?
B: In 2012.
9. A: What __________ you study at university?
B: Medicine, from 2001 to 2007.
10. A: __________ she taken her final exam yet?
B: Yes. She took it last week.

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Exercise 2. Ask questions for the underlined parts in the sentences.
1. The school organized a writing competition last week.
________________________________________________________________________________?
2. Yes, French sculptor Auguste Bartholdi designed the Eiffel Tower.
________________________________________________________________________________?
3. Jenny will go to the concert with her cousins.
________________________________________________________________________________?
4. Tim usually works on Saturdays.
________________________________________________________________________________?
5. No, I don’t have an Instagram account.
________________________________________________________________________________?
6. This café closes at 20:30 on weekdays.
________________________________________________________________________________?
7. Julia generally wakes up late, goes for a run, and then relaxes at home at weekends.
________________________________________________________________________________?
8. I am disappointed with myself because I failed my driver’s license. Again!
________________________________________________________________________________?
9. In Amsterdam, most people go to work by bike.
________________________________________________________________________________?
10. She has lived in Toledo – a small town near Madrid – for the last ten years.
________________________________________________________________________________?
11. That red jacket on the sofa is Phillip’s.
________________________________________________________________________________?
12. Sandra will help me with my homework.
________________________________________________________________________________?
13. Eating well, exercising regularly, and sleeping enough make us healthy.
________________________________________________________________________________?
14. Spiders and heights scare me.
________________________________________________________________________________?
15. The Williams family live in the house up the hill.
________________________________________________________________________________?
16. Those pink gloves belong to Michael.
________________________________________________________________________________?

Exercise 3. SPEAKING ACTIVITY

Put the words in order to make questions. Then work with a partner to ask and answer the questions
you formed.
1. you / worried / do / get / ever __________________________________________________________
2. confident / you / person / are / a ________________________________________________________
3. easily / you / friends / do / make ________________________________________________________
4. happy / what / you / makes ____________________________________________________________
5. who / you / worried / you / call / do / are / when ___________________________________________
6. in / who / the / person / most / life / important / is / your ____________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7. worries / the / you / what / most ________________________________________________________
8. best / you / the / gives / who / advice ____________________________________________________

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 WEEK 4 - SPECIAL USES OF RELATIVE CLAUSES

Introduction: Read the following paragraph. Pay attention to the relative clauses in bold.

Many cities around the world are facing important

environmental challenges, some of which result from rapid
urbanization and industrialization. Often, these problems
are the results of poor infrastructure and insufficient
planning. For example, in developing countries, a few of
whose cities have experienced rapid growth, ineffective
waste management systems have caused significant
pollution and health problems. In some cases, this has
resulted in big economic costs while cities try to deal with
these environmental problems. Despite these challenges,
there are individuals, many of whom are developing innovative solutions to these complex problems. To
solve these problems, it is crucial to take a holistic approach to urban planning, which should consider
the needs of both current and future generations. By doing so, we can build more sustainable and liveable
cities for all, to whom sustainable urban development will bring great benefits.

1. Quantifiers in Relative Clauses

In non-defining relative clauses, we can use the relative pronouns “which/whom/whose” with the
quantity words like many of, some of, most of, a few of, all of, none of, two of, half of, both of, neither
of, each of, etc.
Quantifier + of + which / whom / whose

EXAMPLES
1. Mary has three brothers, one of whom is a very talented artist.
2. Venezuela has Andean Mountains, many of which rise to over 4,500 meters.
3. Mr. Smith, both of whose sisters live in Canada, is going to help us with the project.

Exercise 1. Join the following sentences using a relative pronoun.

1. I've collected a variety of vintage records over the years. Most of them hold sentimental value from
special moments in my life.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. In the library, there are numerous books on diverse subjects. Many of them provide valuable
information on different aspects of history and science.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Among the group of travellers, there were several experienced hikers. All of them had suitable gear for
the challenging mountain terrain.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. I interviewed many candidates for the position. None of their qualifications fully matched our
requirements.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. I invited two friends to the party. Neither of them could make it due to prior commitments.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

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2. Relative Pronoun “which” to refer to a sentence/clause
We can use which to refer to the sentence or clause that comes before it, not just the word before it. Look
at the examples below:

The books which are in the blue bag belong to Jack. I am going to take them to his room later.
• The relative pronoun “which” refers to the word “books”.
She has lied to me several times, which makes it impossible for me to trust her again.
• The relative pronoun “which” refers to the sentence before it.
which = she has lied to me several times

Tina got very good marks in the exam, which pleased all her teachers.
The fact that Tina got very good marks in the exam made her teachers happy.

They invited me to their wedding, which I appreciated very much.

I appreciated the fact that they invited me to their wedding.

They got divorced only two months after they got married, which came as a shock to everybody who
knows the couple.
They got divorced only two months after they got married. This/That/It/This situation came as
a shock to everybody who knows the couple.

My sister takes my clothes without asking for my permission, which drives me mad.
The fact that my sister takes my clothes without asking for my permission drives me mad.

Exercise 2. Join the following sentences using which.

1. We won’t be able to catch the train. This will cause us to be late for the wedding ceremony.

2. He didn’t offer to help his parents. That was a little selfish of him.

3. She is rather bad-tempered. This makes her a difficult person to work with.

4. I am having a few days off next week. I am really looking forward to that.

5. Inflation rates are at an all-time high in the country. That gives rise to public unrest.

6. Quitting a job and pursuing a new career is highly challenging. This leads many people to stay at jobs
that they are unhappy with.

7. The new boss has high expectations from the sales team. This puts a lot of stress on the employees and
causes frustration among them.

8. Istanbul offers a variety of job opportunities to its citizens. This causes many people to move to the
city.

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3. Prepositions in Relative Clauses

Both in defining and non-defining relative clauses, prepositions are vital to the meaning of your clauses
and sentences as a whole. When the relative pronoun is the object of a preposition in a sentence, there
are a number of ways that these sentences can be built. Read the examples below and pay attention to
how the underlined prepositions are used in each relative clause.

The music is quite interesting. Julie is listening to the music at the moment.
• The music which Julie is listening to at the moment is quite interesting. (defining relative clause)
• The music to which Julie is listening at the moment is quite interesting. (more formal)
• The music Julie is listening to at the moment is quite interesting. (relative pronoun omitted)

Is this the article? You are interested in it.

• Is this the article which you are interested in? (defining relative clause)
• Is this the article in which you are interested? (more formal)
• Is this the article you are interested in? (relative pronoun omitted)

Bus 56 always runs late. I’ve been waiting for it.

• Bus 56, which I’ve been waiting for, always runs late. (non-defining relative clause)
• Bus 56, for which I’ve been waiting, always runs late. (more formal)

WATCH OUT!

We CANNOT omit the relative pronoun in non-defining relative clauses.

Bus 56, I’ve been waiting for, always runs late. (INCORRECT)

WATCH OUT!
We CANNOT put a preposition before the relative pronoun “who”.

Rachel Dawson manages the company accounts. The boss is talking to her right now.

Rachel Dawson, to who the boss is talking right now, manages the company accounts. (INCORRECT)
Rachel Dawson, who/whom the boss is talking to right now, manages the company accounts. (CORRECT)
Rachel Dawson, to whom the boss is talking right now, manages the company accounts. (FORMAL)

REMEMBER!
Rachel Dawson, the boss is talking to right now, manages the company accounts.
The sentence above is also INCORRECT as we CANNOT omit the relative pronoun in
non-defining relative clauses.

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Exercise 3. For each sentence given below, write the other alternatives.
1. What’s the name of the restaurant to which you normally go?
a. __________________________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________________________
2. Electronics is a subject which I know very little about.
a. __________________________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________________________
3. The sales manager is the person from whom I obtained the yearly figures.
a. __________________________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________________________
4. This is the letter I have been looking for.
a. __________________________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________________________

WATCH OUT!

We cannot put a preposition before the relative pronouns “that” or “who”.

CORRECT: Fashion is a subject about which she enjoys talking.

INCORRECT: Fashion is a subject about that she enjoys talking.

CORRECT: The secretary was the person from whom I got the news.
INCORRECT: The secretary was the person from who I got the news.

Exercise 4. Match the phrases and write the definitions. Put the preposition at the end of the relative
clause and omit the relative pronoun. The first one is given as an example.

COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN C

a kitchen a cupboard you hit nails with it
a hammer the person you keep valuable things in it
your destination a piece of furniture you cook in it
a safe the place you can either sit or sleep on it
your opponent a room you’re going to it
a sofa bed a tool you’re playing against them

1. A kitchen is a room you cook in.

2. _______________________________________________________________
3. _______________________________________________________________
4. _______________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________
6. _______________________________________________________________

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 WEEK 4 - REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
Introduction - PART A. Read the following text. Pay attention to the phrases in bold.

MILLENNIALS IN THE WORKFORCE

Millennials, also known as Generation Y, are people born in the
1980s and 1990s. There are over 70 million of them in the United
States alone, where they are now the fastest-growing group in the
workplace. It is hard to generalize about such a large group, but
these young workers often share certain positive and negative traits.

This group has high opinions and expectations of themselves. Bruce

Tulgan, a Generation Y expert, believes this is the result of the way
they were raised. They were raised at a time when parents and teachers believed in a lot of praising and
rewarding. For example, everyone playing a game was often given a reward, not just the members of the
winning team.

Generation Y is the first generation to grow up in the digital world of 20th century. Millennials, raised in
the era of computers, cell phones, and the Internet, understand technology very well. They are also
multitasking experts. They can text, listen to music, and chat online at the same time. Their experience
with technology usually makes them good at technology-based jobs. These are the traits helping them
succeed in workplaces around the world.

PART B. Read the sentences below. What words could you add to the phrases in bold to make them
relative clauses?

1. Millennials are people born in the 1980s and 1990s.

2. Bruce Tulgan, a Generation Y expert, believes this is the result of the way they were raised.
3. For example, everyone playing a game was often given a prize, not just the members of the winning
team.
4. Generation Y is the first generation to grow up in digital world of 20th century.

REDUCING RELATIVE CLAUSES

We sometimes shorten adjective clauses to adjective phrases with the same meaning. However, we can
only make reduced relative clauses when the relative pronoun is the subject of the relative clause.

The woman who lives upstairs is very noisy. (relative pronoun in subject position)
The woman living upstairs is very noisy. (reduced relative clause)

You should securely store the boxes which contain important documents. (subject position)
You should securely store the boxes containing important documents. (reduced relative clause)

The money which was stolen from the bank has been recovered. (subject position)
The money stolen from the bank has been recovered. (reduced relative clause)

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 RULES FOR MAKING REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES
RULE 1: Tenses in the active form are replaced with a PRESENT PARTICIPLE (Ving).

Delete the relative pronoun and change the verb to its -ing form. This can be done only when “who,
which, or that” is in the subject position. When you make reduced non-defining relative clauses, keep
the comma(s).
Note that the present participle (Ving) can replace various active tenses, not only the present continuous.

EXAMPLES
1. We stood on the bridge which connects the two halves of the city.
We stood on the bridge connecting the two halves of the city.

2. He was the actor who played the king.

He was the actor playing the king.

3. Avatar, which stars Sam Worthington, is the top-earning film of the year 2009.
Avatar, starring Sam Worthington, is the top-earning film of the year 2009.

4. The children who were playing in the rain seemed very happy.
The children playing in the rain seemed very happy.

Exercise 1. Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases.

1. The woman who is sitting at the corner table seems familiar to me.
_______________________________________________________________________
2. The students who participated in the school play designed their own costumes.
_______________________________________________________________________
3. I prefer to buy a house which overlooks the sea rather than the mountains.
_______________________________________________________________________

RULE 2: Passive simple forms are replaced by the PAST PARTICIPLE (V3).

In passive simple forms, delete the relative pronoun and “be” of the passive structure. In non-defining
relative clauses, keep the comma(s).

EXAMPLES
The information which is given in the brochure is wrong.
The information given in the brochure is wrong.

The boy who was attacked by a dog was taken to hospital.

The boy attacked by a dog was taken to hospital.

The Maldives, which is visited by lots of honeymooners, consists of 1192 coral islands.
The Maldives, visited by lots of honeymooners, consists of 1192 coral islands.
Visited by lots of honeymooners, the Maldives consists of 1192 coral islands.

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RULE 3: Passive Continuous forms are replaced by BEING + PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)

In passive continuous forms (present or past), delete the relative pronoun and “be” of the passive
structure. Keep “being” and “V3”. In non-defining relative clauses, keep the comma(s).

EXAMPLES
1. The innovative skyscraper “The Peak”, which is being built by Green-Tech Construction, is a sustainable
architectural achievement.
The innovative skyscraper “The Peak”, being built by Green-Tech Construction, is a sustainable
architectural achievement.
Being built by Green-Tech Construction, the innovative skyscraper “The Peak” is a sustainable
architectural achievement.

2. The issues which are being discussed at the board meeting need urgent solutions.
The issues being discussed at the board meeting need urgent solutions.

3. Everybody was amazed by the song which was being played so beautifully by the orchestra.
Everybody was amazed by the song being played so beautifully by the orchestra.

Exercise 2. Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases.

1. His first book, which was published in 1975, didn’t get as much praise as he expected.
_______________________________________________________________________
2. None of the models that have been inspected so far have passed the test.
______________________________________________________________________
3. The saplings which are being planted today will one day grow into huge trees.
_______________________________________________________________________
4. The driver who was stopped by the police was three times over the legal limit.
_______________________________________________________________________

RULE 4: Use the form “to + infinitive verb” with superlatives, ordinal numbers, and modals.

Relative clauses with phrases like “the last, the next, the only” can also be reduced in this way.

EXAMPLES
1. Tom is the most handsome boy who came to this school.
Tom is the most handsome boy to come to this school.

2. The first athlete who finishes the race gets the prize.
The first athlete to finish the race gets the prize.

3. Madam Curie is the only female scientist who won the Nobel Prize twice.
Madam Curie is the only female scientist to win the Nobel Prize twice.

4. There are a lot of healthy snacks that you can eat when you are on a diet.
There are a lot of healthy snacks to eat when you are on a diet.

5. She is the most qualified candidate who has applied for the position.
She is the most qualified candidate to apply for the position.

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Exercise 3. Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases.
1. China is the cheapest country which produces such interesting goods.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. There are many exciting places that you can visit during your summer vacation.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Yesterday I was the last person who left the office.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. The only man who told the truth about the misconducts of the company was Robert Black.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

RULE 5: Use the word “with” to reduce relative clauses with the verb “have”.
When the verb “have” in a relative clause means possession, we can delete the relative pronoun and
the verb, and replace them with the word “with”. In negative sentences, the reduced relative clause
can be formed by using the word “without”. This rule also applies to the verb “own”.

EXAMPLES
1. Students who do not have an ID will not be admitted into the building.
Students without an ID will not be admitted into the building.

2. People who have sleeping disorders should seek professional help.

People with sleeping disorders should seek professional help.

3. Individuals who do not have a valid coupon at the checkout will not receive the discount.
Individuals without a valid coupon at the checkout will not receive the discount.

RULE 6: The verb “wear” in a relative clause can be replaced with the preposition “in”.
EXAMPLES
1. The players who are wearing the orange jerseys are from our school.
The players in the orange jerseys are from our school.

2. Some men who were wearing black suits came to the office to talk to the manager.
Some men in black suits came to the office to talk to the manager.

3. Participants who are wearing workout gear are welcome to join the fitness class.
Participants in workout gear are welcome to join the fitness class.

Exercise 4. Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases.

1. The musicians who are wearing the red uniforms are part of the marching band.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. People who own electric vehicles contribute to a cleaner environment by reducing their carbon
footprint.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Anyone who has the required experience should apply for this job. It is a great opportunity.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

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RULE 7: Delete "relative pronoun + to be" if "to be" is used after a relative pronoun. Keep the
comma(s) in non-defining relative clauses.

EXAMPLES
1. The books which are on the top shelf are difficult to reach.
The books on the top shelf are difficult to reach.

2. Anyone who is interested in animals can join our club.

Anyone interested in animals can join our club.

3. Mr. Bazile, who is the owner of the company, is a very strict man.
Mr. Bazile, the owner of the company, is a very strict man.
The owner of the company, Mr. Bazile is a very strict man.

NOTE THAT you can also omit the -ing form when it is followed by a prepositional phrase.
• The people who were sitting at the back couldn't hear.
• The people sitting at the back couldn't hear.
• The people at the back couldn't hear.

Exercise 5. Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases.

1. Tom White, who is the oldest man in town, is healthier than most of his younger neighbours.
____________________________________________________________________________
2. The article which is above is too long for the school newspaper.
____________________________________________________________________________
3. Mr. Davies, who is the headmaster of our school, is a very friendly man.
____________________________________________________________________________
4. I need a bag which is big enough to put in all my essentials for travel.
____________________________________________________________________________

WATCH OUT!
Omitting the relative pronoun is something different from reduction.
If the relative pronoun is the object of the verb in a defining relative clause, then it can be omitted:

• This is the skirt that I bought in the sales.

• This is the skirt which I bought in the sales.
• This is the skirt I bought in the sales.

In this sentence ‘skirt’ is the object of the verb (buy). ‘I’ is the subject. When the relative pronoun is the
object, it can be omitted.
Note that if the relative pronoun is the subject of the verb, then it cannot be omitted.

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Exercise 6. Rewrite the sentences below, reducing the adjective clauses.
1. The new law which was put in effect last month will benefit the whole country.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
2. Julie Andersen, who is the youngest member of our choir, is going to sing “Silent Night”.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
3. The boxes which are under the stairs have to go to storage as soon as possible.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
4. The students who are involved in cheating should get severe punishments.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
5. The woman who has been chosen to play Juliet is a famous Australian actor.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
6. The woman who was being interviewed by reporters pointed out some serious issues about local
elections.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
7. For a balanced diet, you should eat vegetables which contain high amounts of vitamins and fibre.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
8. Passengers who wanted to go to Liverpool had to change in Manchester.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
9. The students that adopt good study habits and know how to plan their time efficiently will definitely be
successful.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
10. As you drive down the coast, you come upon small towns which have wonderful cafés and colourful
houses.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
11. In our town, Tech-Now is the only store which sells the newest iPhone.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
12. I don’t know much about the games which are being played by children nowadays.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
13. A man who has a full beard is much easier to spot than one who does not have a beard.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
14. Mr. Charles Demsey, who is the delegate from New Zealand, did not take part in the final vote.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
15. People who own smartphones enjoy easy access to information and convenient communication at
their fingertips.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
16. One of the houses that overlook the park is for sale.
_________________________________________________________________________________.
17. Paris, which is the capital of France, is a lively city with grand hotels.
_________________________________________________________________________________.

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 WEEK 7 - GERUNDS and INFINITIVES –(Assignment p/16-21)
Introduction – PART A. Think about the following questions.
1. Do you like dancing? Are you interested in learning to dance?
How does dance make you feel?
2. How important is dancing in your country?
3. What are some health benefits of dancing?
4. Why do we dance?

PART B. Now, watch the video in the link. Write down the purposes of dancing you hear.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kClzsIO7G1k
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
PART C. Read the text and underline the ideas either you have mentioned while discussing the
questions above or you have heard while watching the video.

Dance Like Nobody’s Watching, Science Says.

It's Good for You

If you have never considered adding dance into your lifestyle, reading this article will be a milestone in your life.
Dancing is fun, exciting, and creative; and recently, research shows that it has unique health benefits as well. Like
most sports, dancing improves heart and lung functions, muscular strength, and weight management. Dancing also
increases bone strength, flexibility, coordination, and balance.

If you're not motivated by the physical benefits of dancing, consider this: new research suggests that just five minutes
of dancing can enhance cognitive functions. In a study by the Universities of York and Sheffield, participants who
chose to dance displayed improved problem-solving skills and increased mood levels compared to participants who
only listened to music or exercised on a stationary bike during the experiment.

While most forms of exercise stimulate endorphins, dancing seems to release more endorphins than typical aerobic
movement. Dancing is also effective in lowering cortisol levels. Since cortisol is a stress hormone, this is another
reason why dancing can increase feelings of happiness and relaxation. As you dance, you may find that you become
good at expressing your emotions and connecting with the music on a deeper level.

Fitness expert Dr. Matt Roots also explains that dancing gives us an opportunity to free up our bodies by allowing
us to move freely and that in today’s society, we just don’t do that quite enough. He states that modern living often
leaves us feeling disconnected from our bodies because we spend so much time sitting down and without moving.
Dancing makes you feel good because it makes you feel so alive. There is also a social element to dancing, where
we connect to other people through our movement and through the music.

Regardless of your age, background, or gender, dancing has something for everyone. Incorporating dance into your
routine may take some time, but as you keep practicing, you'll discover the great pleasure and satisfaction it brings.
So, put on your favorite music, move to the rhythm, and let the dance floor be your canvas for self-expression and
well-being. Your body, mind, and spirit will thank you.

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PART D. Pay attention to the parts written in bold in the text above to answer the following questions.
1. A gerund can be the subject of a sentence. TRUE / FALSE
2. We use enough + infinitive after an adjective. TRUE / FALSE
3. Many preposition combinations are followed by infinitives. TRUE / FALSE
4. To express purpose, we use a gerund. TRUE / FALSE

GERUNDS (Ving)

RULE
A gerund can be the subject of a sentence. It is
always singular. Use the third-person-singular
form of the verb after gerunds.
Gerunds can be made negative by adding "not".
EXAMPLE
Dancing makes you feel good and alive.
Cheating is not allowed.
Not calling her was a big mistake.
Not sharing your emotions is not healthy.

A gerund can be the object of certain verbs. Use a If you don’t wash your hands after going to the
gerund after these verbs: toilet, you risk catching diseases.
I cannot imagine not needing money to live.
admit, advise, appreciate, enjoy, imagine, mind, Do you mind waiting here for a few minutes?
spend, avoid, consider, deny, fancy, recommend, The job involves traveling to Japan frequently.
involve, practice, keep, risk, suggest, quit, He spent all his time doing research on
suggest, finish, can’t help endangered species.
I can’t help worrying about his health.

Use gerunds after prepositions such as:
about, before, for, on, against, between, in, to,
at, by, of, with, without.
I read this article without looking up any words
in the dictionary.
People from different cultures have different
ways of keeping clean.
I’m against smoking in public.

Use a gerund after expressions with prepositions:
verb + preposition: believe in, apologize for, feel
like, succeed in, worry about, advise against, look
forward to, get used to, be used to…
adjective + preposition: afraid of, interested in,
fed up with, excited about, keen on, sorry for,
opposed to…
After certain expressions such as:
it’s no use, it’s (not) worth, there is no point (in),
can’t stand, have difficulty (in), have trouble, be
busy, etc.
It is difficult for women to succeed in building
careers in a male dominated business world.
I can’t get used to working for such a large
company.
The team were worried about losing in the
second half because their best player had been
injured.
She is busy writing her end-of-term paper.
There is no point in getting angry with him. It’s
not his fault.
It’s no use asking Paul. He won’t be able to help
you.

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 INFINITIVES (TO+VERB)
RULE
Certain verbs are followed directly by an
infinitive. Some of these verbs are:
afford, agree, appear, attempt, choose, decide,
deserve, expect, hesitate, hope, learn, manage,
offer, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend,
volunteer, wish, would like, would love
Infinitives can be made negative by adding "not".
Some verbs, such as the ones below, need an
object before the infinitive:
advise, allow, convince, encourage, expect, force,
invite, persuade, recommend, remind, teach, tell,
warn
We often use the words too and enough before
infinitives.
“To+infinitive” is also used to express purpose.
Certain adjectives can be followed by an
infinitive. These adjectives often express feelings
about the action described in the infinitive. Some
of these adjectives are:
afraid, fortunate, reluctant, sorry, glad, willing,
important, excited, proud
The verbs “let” and “make” are followed by
infinitives without “to”. The verb “help” can be
followed by either “to infinitive” or an infinitive
without “to”.
EXAMPLE
The children promised to play more quietly.
She agreed to give a presentation at the meeting.
She is very talented. She deserves to win the
prize.
He hesitated to tell me what the problem was.
The client demanded to speak to Mr. Harris.
He managed to open the door without the key.
The children promised not to make too much
noise.
After hours of discussion, we decided not to
launch the project.
I warned Stan to make the payments.
He had reminded me to buy the tickets.
We told Nancy to come early.
I finally persuaded her to go out for a drink with
me.
I wouldn’t recommend you to walk home alone.
We are too tired to do any work today.
Mia ran fast enough to win the race.
She does yoga every morning to improve her
flexibility.
Martin is reluctant to tell us what happened.
Helen was fortunate to get a job.
I am sorry to interrupt you, but I have to clarify a
point here.
They made me sing in front of a large number of
people.
I let her win because she really cared about it.
I helped her (to) get out of the car.
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WATCH OUT!
The verbs “like, dislike, love, hate, prefer, start, continue, begin” are followed either by a full infinitive
or by a gerund with almost no difference in meaning. Look at the examples below:

They continued to study for the exam after midnight.

They continued studying for the exam after midnight.

I hate to wait for others.

I hate waiting for others.

Exercise 1. Complete the sentences using the verb in brackets in the correct gerund or infinitive form.
Dear Ms Collins,
I am writing 1___________ (express) my interest in the position of Personal Assistant, which was
advertised in the local newspaper last week. I am proficient at 2___________ (type), and I know how to
use most word-processing software. I also have excellent organisational abilities as I used to work for a
very big company as an event planner. I always tend 3___________ (look) forward to new challenges that
can make me 4___________ (grow) in my position. I enjoy 5___________ (work) with people, I am flexible,
and I don't mind 6___________ (work) overtime. As you can see from the attached letters of reference,
my previous employers considered me to be a skilled secretary. I would be pleased 7___________ (extend)
my career by working for a prestigious company like yours.
I look forward to 8___________ (hear) from you.
Yours sincerely,
Jessica Jones

Exercise 2. Fill in the blanks with the gerund or infinitive forms of the verbs in parentheses.
1
___________ (travel) to Mars might become reality sooner than you think. Scientists are planning to send
astronauts 2___________ (explore) Mars in the near future. Even though they know that it may be risky
3
___________ (send) people rather than animals to Mars, they insist on 4___________ (use) people for
this mission. The scientists believe that it’s the only way to find out if there has ever been life on the planet
and if there could ever be. “We think it is important 5___________ (check) the chances of being able
6
___________ (live) on another planet. After all, it doesn’t seem impossible 7___________ (create) Earth-
like conditions on Mars,” says Professor Huxley from Michigan University.

Some other experts in the field, however, do not like this idea. They are trying to stop their colleagues
from 8___________ (send) people up there so soon in the experiment. “We need 9___________ (study)
the planet and the conditions there before we start doing anything like this. There will be many challenges
that we have to consider,” says a group of scientists from the same university.

The argument is likely to continue for a long time, and this might be bad news for those who are looking
forward to 10___________ (start) a completely different life on another planet.

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 VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS or INFINITIVES with a DIFFERENCE in MEANING

The verbs forget, remember, regret, try, stop, mean, and go on can be followed by to-infinitive or the
ing form, but with a change in meaning. Look at the table below to see the changes in meaning.

Gerund (Ving) Infinitive (to V1)

I will never forget visiting Paris. Don’t forget to call me when you land.
Don’t worry! Dan remembers locking I remembered to post the letters on my way
forget the door. back home.
remember (= We refer to something that has (= to remember or not to forget a duty or a
already happened.) responsibility)

I regret shouting at my little sister. I regret to say that I cannot join you tonight.
(= to be sorry for something you did in (= to be sorry to communicate bad news; this
regret the past) form is used as a form of formal apology.)

Try sleeping for a while. It might make
your headache go away.
(= to express that we will do something
try to see if it will work)
I’m very busy, but I’ll try to come to your
house for dinner tonight.
The little kitten tried to climb over the wall,
but couldn’t.
(= to make an effort to do something)

Glen stopped smoking two years ago. Kate stopped to drink a cup of coffee on her
(= not to continue an action or quit doing way home.
stop something) (= to pause in order to do something else, to
take a break from doing something)

Working in Istanbul means leaving home
at 6 am to be on time for work.
(= to express that something involves
mean another thing)
I don’t mean to hurt you by criticizing, but it’s
for your own sake.
(= to express our intention; I didn’t intend to
hurt you; I didn’t want to hurt you; this was
not my intention)

The kids went on laughing even after the Janet attended Edinburg High School and then
teacher told them to stop. went on to study philosophy at Cambridge.
go on (= to continue doing an action, keep on (= to state that we stop one action and start
doing something) another)

20
Exercise 3. Match the pairs with the explanations.
1. Martha stopped eating ice cream. _____
2. Martha stopped to eat ice cream. _____
a. She took a break in order to eat ice cream.
b. She doesn’t eat ice cream anymore.
3. Richard remembered mailing the invitation. _____
4. Richard remembered to mail the invitation. _____
a. First, he remembered. Then he mailed the invitation. He didn’t forget.
b. First, he mailed the invitation. Then he remembered that he did it.
5. Martha forgot meeting Richard. _____
6. Martha forgot to meet Richard. _____
a. Martha met Richard, but afterwards she didn’t remember the event.
b. Martha had plans to meet Richard, but didn’t meet him because she forgot about the plans.
7. He welcomed the new students and went on to explain the college regulations. _____
8. He went on explaining the college regulations even though the students didn’t want to listen. _____
a. He continued talking about the college regulations.
b. He greeted the students and then talked about the college regulations.

Exercise 4. Put the verbs into the correct form.

1. Why don't you try __________________ (cook) it in the microwave? It'll be much quicker.
2. The thief tried _________________ (climb) the wall, but he couldn’t.
3. He was rushing down the road when suddenly he stopped _______________ (buy) some flowers from
a stall.
4. I did not mean _______________ (overhear) your conversation.
5. I will never forget _________________ (see) the Queen.
6. I don't regret ___________________ (tell) her what I thought, even if she is upset.
7. I regret _________________ (inform) you that you are dismissed.
8. The accused said that he regretted ________________ (hit) the old woman.
9. Don’t forget ___________________ (reserve) a seat for me.
10. She just went on ________________ (talk) even though he was clearly asleep.
11. After that boring story, he went on __________ (explain) how he had got his arm trapped in the
door.
12. If you want to catch the 9:30 plane, that means _______________ (get up) at 8:30 at the latest.

Exercise 5. Circle the correct option

1. Mario remembered to give/giving his assignment to his teacher because he had spoken to her about
its length, but she insisted that she had never received it.
2. If you can't find the information at the library, try to look/looking on the Internet.
3. She studied medicine at university and went on to become/becoming a surgeon.
4. I’ll never forget to fall off/falling off that swing when I was a child.
5. I was really nervous about the interview, and although I tried not to worry/not worrying, I was awake
most of the night.
6. It seems that the new system of sending out reminders has worked because this year, 90% of our
members remembered to renew/renewing their membership in time.
7. Economists predict that house prices will go on to rise/rising for at least another year.

21
 WEEK 7 - PASSIVE INFINITIVES and GERUNDS

Introduction: Read the quotes below. Do you agree with the ideas expressed? Why/why not? Discuss
with a partner.

Everyone enjoys being

acknowledged and I like being We know what needs
appreciated. Sometimes challenged. to be done – all
even the simplest act of That’s the only that is missing is
gratitude can change way you grow. the will to do it.
someone’s entire day. NELSON MANDELA
JASON RITTER
ROY BENNETT

Exercise 1. Read the quotes again focusing on the gerund and infinitive forms of verbs and complete
the table below.

To make a passive gerund, you need ___________ + ___________

To make a passive infinitive, you need ___________ + ___________

Analyze the examples below to compare active gerunds and infinitives with the passive ones.

ACTIVE PASSIVE

I expect them to invite me to the I expect to be invited to the wedding.

wedding.
It is awful to criticize people in public. It’s awful to be criticized in public.
to infinitive
I want you to tidy up this place by the I want this place to be tidied up by the
time I get back. time I get back.

Let’s not risk going into prison for Let’s not risk being sent to prison for
spying. spying.
Gerund
Parents enjoy taking their children to Children enjoy being taken to the zoo.
the zoo.

22
 REMEMBER!
We can sometimes use “get” instead of “be” with passive forms.
I don’t expect to get invited to the wedding. (= be invited)
Let’s not risk getting arrested for spying. (= being arrested)

Exercise 2. Use the verbs in parentheses to create a passive gerund or passive infinitive for each
sentence or question.

Example: He hates ____being told/to be told____ what to do. (tell)

1. Customers expect ___________________ when they are in the store. (help)
2. They're afraid of ___________________ because the neighborhood is dangerous. (attack)
3. The students don't look forward to ___________________ on their math skills. (test)
4. He doesn't want ___________________ to Afghanistan. (send)
5. Rabbits live in fear of ___________________ alive by a fox or a large bird. (eat)
6. The baby likes ___________________ by her mother. (hold)
7. The new workers need ___________________ how to use the machines. (show)
8. John hopes ___________________ by that company. (hire)
9. ___________________ for a suit is necessary if you want it to fit properly. (measure)
10. Gertrude doesn't like ___________________ around town by her daughter. (drive)

Exercise 3. Rewrite the following sentences using passive gerunds and infinitives.

1. Thanks for taking me to the station.

I appreciate _______________________________________________________________ station.
2. They don’t permit people to take food into the auditorium.
Food _________________________________________________________ into the auditorium.
3. Thanks for praising me in front of all the people.
I appreciate ____________________________________________________ in front of all the people.
4. I hate it when people ask me stupid questions.
I hate ___________________________________________________________ stupid questions.
5. I'm tired of people telling me what to do.
I’m tired of __________________________________________________________________ what to do.
6. I dislike someone interrupting me while I am working.
I ____________________________________________________________ by anyone while I’m working.
7. Susie asked the company to consider her for the role of Queen Victoria in the play.
Susie ______________________________________________ for the role of Queen Victoria in the play.
8. The teacher expects us to hand in our homework on Monday.
The teacher ________________________________________________________ in on Monday.
9. Everybody likes someone giving them a present.
Everybody ______________________________________________________________ a present.
10. As it is dark, I would like someone to accompany her home.
As it is dark, I ____________________________________________________________ home.

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 WEEK 7 - REPORTING VERBS

Introduction: Read a news story called “Chicken Fight” and answer the questions.
CHICKEN FIGHT
by Sam Urban
Two chefs got into a fight last week after Andrew Palmer
1
accused Geoff Lewis of stealing one of his recipes and publishing it
in a local newspaper. Andrew Palmer, 28, claimed that he had
invented the dish of cold chicken with strawberry mayonnaise at his
Kent gastropub, The King's Head. However, restaurant chef Geoff
Lewis, 30, who writes a weekly newspaper column on cooking,
2
denied copying the recipe and said the dish was his own creation.
So, the local newspaper, the Sidcup Echo, 3invited both chefs to prepare the dish at their offices to see
whose recipe it really was. They 4agreed to come, and the cook-off took place yesterday. Newspaper staff
tried both dishes and unanimously declared Andrew's to be the winner. Geoff's dish was said to be “lacking
in flavor”. He later 5admitted seeing the dish on the menu at Andrew's pub, and he 6offered to publish an
apology in the following issue of the Echo. “In any case”, he said later, “I've decided that it works better
with raspberries.”

Exercise 1. Match the phrases in bold (1 – 6) in the text with the direct speech below.
a. “I’ll say sorry.” d. “Would you like to make it for us?”
b. “It’s not true.” e. “OK, we will do it.”
c. “OK. I did see it there.” f. “You stole it.”

REPORTING VERB PATTERNS

***See “Exercise 2” on the next page to fill in the blanks.
1
agree ________
refuse promise
1. to + infinitive 2
(not) to do something
threaten ________

3 4
________ _________
ask remind
convince tell
2. someone + to + infinitive somebody (not) to do something
encourage warn
invite order
beg
insist on regret
accuse sb of blame sb for
recommend suggest
3. -ing form admit deny (not) doing something
apologize (to sb) for
5
__________

24
Exercise 2. Study the table on the previous page. Then look at the sentences and decide where the
underlined reporting verbs should go in the table.
a. He offered to help me type up the report.
b. He persuaded me not to hand in my resignation.
c. He complained about not going on holiday.
d. The doctor advised him to take it easy for a few days.
e. The Ministry of Defense have decided to close down the army base in two years’ time.

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences below with the correct reporting verb in the past tense.
1. “Shall l make some coffee?”
2. “No, I won't go.”
3. “OK, I'll help you.”
4. “I'll call you. Believe me.”
5. “Remember to lock the door!”
6. “You should buy a new car.”
7. “Would you like to have dinner?”
8. “I didn't break the window!”
9. “Yes, it was me. I stole the money.”
10. “I wish I hadn't married Susan.”
11. “Let's go to a club.”
12. “You killed your boss.”
13. “Don’t make noise!”
He _________________ to make some coffee.
He _________________ to go.
He _________________ to help me.
He _________________ to call me.
He _________________ me to lock the door.
She _________________ me to buy a new car.
He _________________ me to have dinner.
He _________________ breaking the window.
He _________________ stealing the money.
He _________________ marrying Susan.
She _________________ going to a club.
The police _________________ him of killing his boss.
Mum __________ me not to make noise.

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences with the gerund or infinitive of the verb in brackets.

1. My mechanic advised me ________________ (buy) a new car.

2. Jamie insisted on ________________ (pay) for the meal.
3. Lauren has agreed ________________ (work) late next week.
4. I warned Jane ________________ (not walk) through the park at night.
5. The man admitted ________________ (steal) the woman’s handbag.
6. The doctor advised Lily ________________ (give up) drinking coffee.
7. Freya accused me of ________________ (try) to steal her boyfriend.
8. The boss persuaded Megan ________________ (not leave) the company.
9. I apologized to Evie for ________________ (not remember) her birthday.
10. Did you convince your parents ________________ (come) tonight instead of tomorrow?
11. My neighbor denies ________________ (damage) my car, but I’m sure it was him.

25
 WEEK 8 - NOUN CLAUSES WITH -EVER WORDS

Introduction: Let’s remember Noun Clauses. Read the text below. Pay attention to noun clauses in
bold.
Why some very good students often fail exams was studied by a
professor of psychology at New York University. Professor Iris
Fodor conducted research on the anxiety of some students before
taking exams. Professor Fodor stated that many students fail
exams because they become extremely nervous and cannot think
logically. Furthermore, although they have studied, they are afraid
of whatever is on the exam. Extremely nervous students forget
everything they have studied, and some of them even become sick
before a test. Dr. Fodor says how a student feels before a test is very important. She worked with fifty
students and taught them how they could reduce their test anxiety and perform well on their exams.
She found out that the students in the program were able to cope with their anxieties better than
others.

NOUN CLAUSES
A noun clause is a type of dependent clause that functions as a noun within a sentence. It can serve various
roles typically performed by nouns, such as the subject or object of a verb, or the object of a preposition.
Noun clauses are introduced by words like that, whether, who, whose, what, which, how, … etc. Noun
clauses are an essential part of constructing varied and expressive sentences in English.

Here are a few examples of noun clauses in sentences. Can you add one more sentence for each group?
Subject of a sentence:
That she didn’t know the answer surprised everyone.
What he said was very rude; he must apologize to her.
Whether they will finish the construction on time or not is still not certain.
Your sentence: _________________________________________________________________________

Object of a sentence:
I believe that she can achieve any goal that she sets for herself.
I know where my mom hides the cookies in the house.
I wonder whether she will arrive on time.
Your sentence: _________________________________________________________________________

Object of a Preposition:
He is responsible for what happened.
They were shocked by the fact that he resigned so soon.
They are concerned about whether the project will be completed on time.
We need to focus on how we can improve efficiency in production.
Your sentence: _________________________________________________________________________

26
 NOUN CLAUSES WITH -EVER WORDS
Noun clauses sometimes begin with -ever words. These -ever words give the idea of "any". Read the
paragraph below. Pay attention to the underlined parts.
Whatever you choose to study at university, whatever career path
you decide to follow, wherever you find yourself working, whatever
challenges you encounter, however difficult the journey may seem,
whoever you meet along the way, and whatever dreams you pursue,
remember that your efforts will shape your future. Wherever life takes you,
whatever obstacles you face, however difficult the road becomes, and
whomever you stand by, your choices and actions will eventually determine
the person you become. Whatever you do, try to be the best version of
yourself, and success will follow – however you may define it.

1. WHATEVER
Whatever he complains about disturbs me. (=Anything he complains about disturbs me.)
Whatever complaint he has disturbs me. (=Any complaint he has disturbs me.)
He always says whatever comes to his mind. (=He always says anything that comes to his mind.)

2. WHOEVER / WHOMEVER
Whoever left the door unlocked is responsible for the accident.
(=Anyone who left the door unlocked is responsible for the accident.)
He makes friends easily with who(m)ever he meets.
(=He makes friends easily with anyone who(m) he meets.)
NOTE: “Whomever” is followed by a subject as it represents the object of the noun clause. However,
after “whoever”, there is a verb as it represents the subject of the noun clause.

3. WHICHEVER
There are four good programs on TV at eight o'clock. We can watch whichever program (whichever one)
you prefer. (=We can watch any of the four programs that you prefer.)
4. WHENEVER
You may leave whenever you wish. (=You may leave at any time that you wish.)
5. WHEREVER
She can go wherever she wants to go. (=She can go anyplace that she wants to go.)
6. HOWEVER
The students may dress however they wish. (=The students may dress in any way that they wish.)
You can pay in cash or with credit card – however you wish. (You can pay in any way you wish.)

Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with suitable “-ever” words.

1. You are welcome to come and stay with us __________ you like. We are always free.
2. I would like to speak to __________ is in charge of sales. Please take me to that person.
3. __________ you do, do not forget to call me as soon as you arrive.
4. It comes in three colours; choose ___________ you prefer.

27
5. What do you want to do on Saturday? I do not mind – ___________ you like!
6. He always makes friends quickly _____________ he goes.
7. ____________ borrowed the dictionary should return it as quickly as possible.
8. The teacher says I don’t participate enough, but ____________ I try to speak, someone interrupts me!
9. There is no entrance fee; you give ____________ you can afford.
10. It takes three hours ____________ route you take.

Exercise 2. RESTATEMENT QUESTIONS

1. People should exercise regularly however busy they are.
A) That people are busy shouldn’t prevent them from exercising regularly.
B) It is very important for people to exercise regularly; however, they are busy.
C) How healthy people are depends on how often they exercise.
D) People should exercise regularly; however, if they are busy, they do not.

2. Whatever I suggested was rejected by the committee.

A) The committee accepted only few of my suggestions.
B) I made suggestions, but the committee didn’t accept any of them.
C) Most of my suggestions were rejected by the committee.
D) The committee rejected any suggestion that I made, and that made me angry.

3. Whenever she sees homeless children, she tries to help them in some way.
A) Each time she tried to help homeless children, she found a new way.
B) After she saw homeless children, she decided to do something to help them.
C) She tries to find new ways to help homeless children.
D) She tries to do something to help homeless children each time she sees them.

4. Whenever astronauts are exposed to the environment of space, they have to wear spacesuits.
A) Astronauts must wear spacesuits at whatever time they leave the spacecraft and enter the
environment of space.
B) Astronauts can never wear the spacesuit they want when they are in space.
C) After each time astronauts are exposed to the environment of space, they have to wear spacesuits.
D) That astronauts have to wear spacesuits whenever they are exposed to the environment of space is
well-known.

5. Whenever more fossil fuels are used to produce electricity, more greenhouse gas is created.
A) A greater amount of greenhouse gas may sometimes occur if the use of fossil fuels increases.
B) Producing electricity by burning a greater amount of fossil fuel results in increased greenhouse gases.
C) As soon as fossil fuels replace other sources of fuel for electricity, there will be more greenhouse gas.
D) Whichever fossil fuel is used to generate electricity, it significantly reduces the greenhouse gas produced.

28
 WEEK 8 - REDUCTION OF NOUN CLAUSES

Introduction: Read the text below. Pay attention the to the phrases in bold.

TAKING UP A HOBBY
If you're looking to start a new hobby, there are many options for you.
First, you should think about 1 what to do. Would you like to try
something creative like painting, knitting, or photography? Or perhaps
something more active like hiking, yoga, or dancing? After this decision,
it is 2 important to think about 3 how to get started. Should you take a
class, watch online tutorials, or join a local group? There are many
resources available. Next, you'll need to decide 4 where to go. Are there
any nearby studios, parks, or community centres that offer classes for
your chosen hobby? I am sure you will find so many options. Finally, you'll
have to decide 5 which one to choose. With so many options, it can be
6
difficult to know where to start. However, you should take the time to explore your interests and try
new things because it can lead to an enjoyable hobby.

In the paragraph above, the parts written in bold are reduced noun clauses. You may replace each part
in bold with the phrases below if you want the longer version of the text.

1. what to do = what you would like to do

2. important to think = important that you think
3. how to get started = how you can get started
4. where to go = where you can go
5. which one to choose = which one you should choose
6. where to start = where you need to start

RULES FOR MAKING REDUCED NOUN CLAUSES

RULE 1. Noun clauses that contain modal verbs can be reduced to infinitive phrases. As a rule, the subjects
of the main clause and the noun clause must be the same.

1. I wonder how I can do this homework. → I wonder how to do this homework.

2. We don’t know where we need to go next. → We don’t know where to go next.
3. She can’t decide whether she should stay or go. → She can’t decide whether to stay or go.
4. Could you tell me how I can get to the station? → Could you tell me how to get to the station?
5. We don’t know how John might go there. → We don’t know how to go there. (meaning changes)

RULE 2. Noun clauses that follow adjectives can be reduced to infinitive phrases. As a rule, the subjects
of the main clause and the noun clause must be the same.

1. He is happy that he is here. → He is happy to be here.

2. We are glad that you are here. → We are glad to be here. (meaning changes)

29
RULE 3. That clauses following “it’s important/necessary/essential, etc. (that) somebody (should) do
something” can be reduced to “it’s important/necessary/essential, etc. for somebody to do something”.

1. It is very safe that children swim here. → It is very safe for children to swim here.
2. It is dangerous that people take photos here. → It is dangerous for people to take photos here.

Exercise 1. Reduce the following noun clauses.

1. I watched a YouTube tutorial and learned how I could fix the leak in the sink.
________________________________________________________________________________
2. I really don’t know where I should meet you.
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Don had an excuse for being late for his date, but Sandy didn’t know whether she should believe him
or not.
________________________________________________________________________________
4. It is important that she should stay here.
________________________________________________________________________________
5. Jim found two shirts he liked, but he had trouble deciding which one he should buy.
________________________________________________________________________________
6. She is happy that she is alive after that awful accident.
________________________________________________________________________________
7. I have done everything I can think of to help Andy, and I don’t know what else I can do.
________________________________________________________________________________
8. They wondered whether they should buy an expensive present or a cheap one.
________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2. Read the text below and fill in the blanks with the prompts in the box. Make necessary
changes to the prompts in the box so that you have reduced noun clauses to fill in the blanks.

which ones / choose where / stay

how / say what / do

If you're planning a trip to Paris, there are many things that you need to think about and plan.
Firstly, you'll need to decide 1_____________ during your stay. Do you want to visit famous landmarks
like the Eiffel Tower, the Louvre Museum, or Notre-Dame Cathedral? Or would you prefer to take a boat
trip, watch a cabaret, stroll through beautiful parks, or do some shopping?
You will also need to think about and try to learn 2____________ some things in French. While
many people in Paris speak English, it's always a good idea to learn a few key phrases like "bonjour" (hello),
"merci" (thank you), and "au revoir" (goodbye).
Of course, knowing 3_____________ is also important. Should you stay in the lively city center or
go for a quieter, more residential area? There are plenty of neighborhoods that you can choose from, and
each of them has its own unique character.
Finally, there are countless hotels, restaurants, and cafés in Paris; do you know 4_____________?
With so many options, it can be overwhelming, but doing some research beforehand can help ensure you
have a memorable trip.

30
 WEEK 10 - MODALS FOR DEDUCTION

1. PRESENT MODALS OF DEDUCTION

Somebody is knocking on the door. Who might that be/who is that?

It may / might / could

It must be Jerry. be my nextdoor It can’t be Sarah.
He promised to neigbour Sarah. She She is in Finland
visit me today. sometimes drops by in now.
the afternoons.

Modal verbs are also used to make guesses (deductions) about the present, based on evidence.
Different modal verbs express different levels of certainty.

Must
• We are almost sure that something is true in the It’s getting dark. It must be quite late.
present or in the future. You haven’t eaten all day. You must be hungry.
must + V1 He said he was tired and went into his room. He
must + be Ving must be sleeping.

could/ might/ may

• It is possible that something is true in the If we don’t hurry, we could be late.
present or in the future. (= Perhaps/Maybe we will be late.)
Bill might be at home now.
may/might/could + V1 (= Perhaps/Maybe Bill is at home now.)
may/might/could + be Ving Look! Isn't that Liz walking up the street? Where
may/might/could she be going?
may not /might not + V1 I don't know. She may be going to the
may not /might not + be Ving cinema, or she might/may/could be going
shopping.

can’t / couldn’t
• We are almost sure that something is Your brother says he is very hungry.
impossible in the present or in the future. No, he can't/couldn't be hungry. He ate a
huge meal just half an hour ago.
can’t + V1 Bill says he is short of money.
can’t + be Ving No, he can't/couldn't be broke. I lent him
couldn’t + V1 $150 yesterday.
couldn’t + be Ving Sarah can’t/couldn’t be studying for the English
exam at the moment. The test was two days
ago.

31
Exercise 1. Use the modal verbs “must”, “can’t/couldn’t”, “may/might/could” to write sentences that
make guesses and explain the following situations.
1. That woman drives a very expensive car. I’m sure she has a lot of money.
__________________________________________________________________________________
2. There are some weird lights in the sky tonight; perhaps they are the Aurora Borealis.
__________________________________________________________________________________
3. Why is that man looking around like that? He is definitely lost.
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. You’ve already eaten enough for three people! You are definitely not hungry anymore!
__________________________________________________________________________________
5. Julie certainly doesn’t have much money, or she would buy a new car. Her old one is falling apart.
__________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2. Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.

1. You just ate five large slices of pizza and two pieces of chocolate cake. You __________ still be
hungry.
a. mustn’t b. can’t c. might d. may not
2. Glen's wife is Japanese. There is a picture of a Japanese woman on his desk. That _______ his wife.
a. is b. may be c. must be d. could be
3. I wonder why Mary and Fred are late. They ___________ know how to get here.
a. mustn’t b. might not c. don’t d. may
4. Alex wanted to get the promotion very much, but he didn't. He ________________ disappointed.
a. must be b. might be c. maybe d. can’t be
5. This assignment is far more difficult than I expected it would be. I ______________ finish it on time.
a. may not b. don’t c. mustn’t d. can

Exercise 3. For each of the following sentences, choose the most likely explanation.
1. It’s possible that Sarah is the person responsible for the project’s failure.
a. Sarah may be the person that is accountable for the failure of the project.
b. Sarah must be the person who is responsible for the fact that the project failed.
2. You couldn’t be tired. You’ve been working out for only ten minutes.
a. You were not able to feel tired as you have been working out for a very short time.
b. It is impossible for you to be tired since you have been working out for a very short time.
3. I think there might be a mistake in your tax return. You should check it.
a. I am almost certain that there is a mistake in your tax return. You should check it
b. It is possible that there is a mistake in your tax return. You should check it.
4. I’m almost certain that what Suzan has said is true. She never lies.
a. If Suzan has said that, it must be true. She never lies.
b. If Suzan has said that, it is possible that it is true. She never lies.
5. You must be hungry.
a. I am sure you are hungry.
b. I order you to be hungry.
6. Sorry, but I'm not Connor. You must be confusing me for someone else.
a. Sorry, but I'm not Connor. It is possible that you are confusing me for someone else.
b. Sorry, but I'm not Connor. I’m sure you are confusing me for someone else.

32
2. PAST MODALS OF DEDUCTION

Introduction: Below are some evidence on the Rapa Nui

people and archaeologists’ conclusions based on this
evidence. Read the evidence and conclusions focusing on
the phrases in bold.

Evidence 1: We have found a lot of gold jewelry in their city.

Conclusion 1: The Rapa Nui must have been very rich.

Evidence 2: There are two pictures of a giant fish with a

woman’s head in a temple.
Conclusion 2: They might have believed in a fish goddess.

Evidence 3: The doors into their houses are only 1.4 meters high.
Conclusion 3: They can’t/couldn’t have been very tall.

Evidence 4: We’ve found large bird cages in some Rapa Nui houses.
Conclusion 4: They must have kept birds as pets.

Evidence 5: There is no Rapa Nui writing of any kind on any objects.

Conclusion 5: They can’t/couldn’t have had an alphabet.

Evidence 6: We have found many excellent Rapa Nui boats in the sand near the coast.
Conclusion 6: They must have been good sailors.

Evidence 7: We haven’t found many human bones in their city.

Conclusion 7: They must have put people in the sea after they died.

must have V3
• We are almost sure that something was true in He left two hours ago. It is only a 30-minute drive.
the past. He must have arrived by now.

could/might/may have V3
• It is possible that something was true in the Jenny was late for school yesterday.
past. She might have overslept.
She may have missed the bus.
She could have had an accident on the way.

can’t/couldn’t have V3
• We are almost sure that something was I saw Jack at the party last Friday.
impossible in the past. You can’t have seen Jack. He was out of town on
Friday. It couldn’t have been Jack.

33
Exercise 4. Complete the following sentences using “must have, might have or can’t have” and the
correct form of the verb in brackets.
1. A: James was at the conference in San Francisco.
B: He _____________________ (be) at the conference in San Francisco! He has been in China for the
last six months.
2. You __________________________ (be) pleased when you passed your driving test.
3. Anna wasn't at work yesterday. She __________________________ (take) the day off. I’m almost sure
of it.
4. A: Where's Mike?
B: I'm not sure. He __________________________ (go) home.
5. There was so much traffic, and I heard the siren of an approaching ambulance. There
_____________________ (be) an accident.
6. Janet __________________________ (call) you last night. Her phone isn't working.
7. Gloria has won every game she's played today. She __________________________ (practice) a lot.
8. A: Why was she upset?
B: I don't know. She __________________________ (hear) some bad news.

could have V3

We use could have V3 to show we had the ability or the opportunity to do something in the past, but
we didn’t do it.
• I could have studied medicine at university, but I didn’t want to.
• I had lots of spare time yesterday. I could have gone to the cinema, but I preferred to stay at
home.

We use could have V3 to show an action that almost happened, but it didn’t. (So, we are shocked.)
• Be careful! That car could have knocked you over.
• Thank heavens he is safe! He could have drowned.

Exercise 5. Rewrite the following sentences using the form “could have V3”.
1. I actually had the opportunity to travel to Europe last summer, but I decided to explore local
destinations instead.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. She chose not to buy a new car because she wanted to save money by repairing her old one.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Harry was not paying attention to the road and had an accident. Thankfully, he didn’t hurt anyone or
himself.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Mary had the opportunity to learn how to play the guitar, but she focused on mastering the piano
instead.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

34
 WEEK 13 - CAUSATIVE FORMS
Introduction: Read the text below paying attention to the parts written in bold. They are examples of
causative forms.

Last weekend, Sarah decided to have her apartment

redecorated. She had a professional painter repaint the
walls in vibrant colours. She got her friend, Mark, to
rearrange the furniture to create a more spacious living
room. Sarah also got the curtains replaced with new ones
that she had bought online. While the work was in progress,
Sarah made her brother, Jake, pick up some decorative
items from the store. Jake even had his cousin, Lily, help
him choose the right accessories. By the end of the
weekend, the apartment looked completely transformed.
Sarah was delighted with the results. She had successfully
turned her dull space into a lively and cosy home. She thanked everyone who had helped her and treated
them to a homemade dinner as a gesture of her appreciation.

Exercise 1. Decide if the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.

_________ 1. Sarah painted her walls herself.
_________ 2. Sarah and Mark rearranged the furniture.
_________ 3. Sarah picked up some decorative items from the store.
_________ 4. Jake helped Lily to choose the right accessories.

What is the causative structure and why do we use it?

The causative form is used when we do not do something ourselves, but arrange someone else (e.g. an
expert) to do it for us. It means that the subject causes the action to happen, but doesn't do it
themselves. Maybe they pay, or ask, or persuade another person to do it.

Below are the causative structures and their uses:

EXAMPLE SENTENCE USE STRUCTURE

We have recently had a barbecue built This form is used to talk about have something + ______
in our back yard. things that other people do for get something + ______ (more
We’re also going to have the back us, but the focus is on the things informal)
windows painted. instead of the person.

We have the gardener mow the lawn This form is used to explain that have somebody + ______ +______
once a fortnight in the summer. we pay someone else to do
something for us.
Yesterday, I got my friend to write a This form is used to explain that get somebody + ______ +______ +
composition for me. we ask or persuade someone
_____
else to do something for us.

35
We also use have/get something done when somebody does something to us that we didn’t want or
ask for, often something bad, such as accidents or misfortunes. Look at the examples below:
Grace had/got her handbag stolen yesterday.
We had/got our flight delayed due to bad weather.

v Causative structures can be used with all the tenses in English. Look at the examples below.
The customs officer had me open my suitcase.
I’m sorry about the mess in your room, sir. I will have someone clean it immediately.
Gerald is having a tailor make a winter suit for him.
I have already got the children to clear out their rooms.
When you go to the shop, get them to give your money back.
The secretary is going to get the patients to fill in the forms.
Where did you have/get your hair cut? I have been looking for a good hair salon for ages.
My father is having/getting his car repaired today, so he cannot drive us to school.
Penny will have/get her suit cleaned tomorrow. She needs it for a job interview.
The neighbors haven’t had/got their house painted yet.

Exercise 2. Read about “The Spoil Yourself Club” and choose the correct option.
THE SPOIL YOURSELF CLUB
The Spoil Yourself Club is there for your every need. Once you pay the $10,000 membership fee, you can
call us at any time and get us 1arrange/to arrange almost anything you want.
What can you get for me?
We can get almost anything for you. For example, if you need a new designer dress for a special party, we
can have a top designer 2produce/produced something for you within a few days. If you need a table at a
five-star restaurant, we can 3have had/have the best table 4reserved/to reserve for you in just an hour’s
notice. If you have 5cancel a flight/a flight cancelled, we can get one of our pilots 6to fly/fly anywhere
you desire in one of our private jets.
What about other services?
If you have had a hard day at the office and just want a relaxing massage, we have a team of excellent
massage therapists ready to help. You can have your hair and make-up 7done/to be done by our expert
beauticians. We also haven’t forgotten about those everyday problems. For example, if your central
heating system breaks down, we will get a plumber 8coming/to come to your house in half an hour. If
your car needs servicing, we can have a mechanic 9collect/to collect your car and return it to you later the
same day.

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences using suitable forms of the words in brackets.

1. I’m going grey, so I ________________________________ every six weeks. (have / my hair / color)
2. Sindy ____________________________________ while she was at the gym. (get / phone / steal)
3. Something is wrong with your TV. I think we have to _________________________. (get / it / check)
4. __________________________________ while you were out? (you / get / those documents / copy)
5. I _________________________________ your bags up to your room now, sir. (have / porter / take)
6. Excuse me! Can I ___________________________________ here? (get / my passport photos / take)

36
Exercise 4. Use the information in sentences 1-6 to complete the conversation below in a meaningful
way. Use the causative form have/get something done.

1. The builders put new windows in last week.

2. The decorators painted the walls yesterday.
3. They’re doing the kitchen today.
4. The builders are putting the bookshelves up now.
5. And they’re going to polish the floor tomorrow.
6. The furniture will be delivered on Monday.

A: Hi, how’s it going?

B: Not too bad. We 1____________________________________________________ (have) last week.
A: Oh, yes, very nice.
B: And we 2____________________________________________________ (get) yesterday.
A: I love the color!
B: We’re 3______________________________________________________ (get) today.
A: Yes, I saw the builders. It looks great.
B: And, as you can see, we 4____________________________________________ (have) up now as well.
Tomorrow we 5______________________________ (have) and we 6 _____________________________
(get) on Monday – and the day after we’ll move in!
A: Well done! I think you’ve done a great job!

Exercise 5. Write the correct form of the verb given in parentheses.

1. When I go away, I usually have my neighbor ___________ (keep) an eye on my house for me.
2. My little brother had his arm ___________ (break) in a fight yesterday.
3. In order to prevent them from decaying, you should have your teeth ___________ (check) every six
months.
4. He is really good at convincing people. He usually gets me ___________ (do) what he wants.
5. Could you get the plumber ___________ (look) at the tap in the bathroom after he's done the one in
the kitchen?
6. The gallery had a lot of valuable paintings ___________ (burn) during the fire.
7. You should get your leg ___________ (examine) by a doctor. It looks serious.

SPEAKING ACTIVITY: Complete the sentences in your own words, then ask and answer the questions
with a partner.
1. How often ______________________ your hair ____________?
2. Have you ever ______________________ your car _____________?
3. When did you last ______________________ your teeth ___________________?
4. Have you ever _____________ a tattoo artist __________________________?
5. Have you ever_____________ a maid _____________ your home?
6. Has your family ever ___________________ you ___________________?
7. Do you ___________________ your pet ___________________?
8. Where do you ___________________ your computer ___________________?
9. Have you ever ___________________ your house ___________________?
10. Would you prefer to ___________________ your dinner ___________________ for you, or would you
prefer to do it yourself?

37
 WEEK 13 - PARTICIPLE CLAUSES
Introduction: Read the sentences below and try to guess what they mean.

1. Shouting, she ran out of the house.

a. She ran out of the house, and at the same time she was shouting.
b. First she ran out of the house, then she shouted.

2. Being an experienced driver, I offered to be their driving tutor.

a. Since I was an experienced driver, I offered to be their driving tutor.
b. First I became an experienced driver, then I offered to be their driving tutor.

3. Travelling around the world, John met a number of very interesting people.
a. After John had travelled around the world, he met a number of very interesting people.
b. While John was travelling around the world, he met a number of very interesting people.

4. Seriously injured, Neil has to stay in the hospital for a while.

a. Because Neil is seriously injured, he has to stay in the hospital for a while.
b. Because Neil has injured someone, he has to stay in the hospital for a while.

5. Completed, the report was published without any delay.

a. As soon as it was completed, the report was published without any delay.
b. Since we had completed the report, we published it without any delay.

6. Having seen the film, Mary doesn’t want to see it again.

a. Since she is going to see the film herself, Mary doesn’t want to see it again.
b. Since she has already seen the film, Mary doesn’t want to see it again.

7. Hidden in the Himalayas, Bhutan is a small kingdom with beautiful mountain landscapes and unique
cultural traditions.
a. Bhutan hides in the Himalayas, and it is a small kingdom with beautiful mountain landscapes and unique
cultural traditions.
b. Bhutan, which is hidden in the Himalayas, is a small kingdom with beautiful mountain landscapes and
unique cultural traditions.

The sentence parts above written in bold are PARTICIPLE CLAUSES. They enable us to convey information
in a more economical way – with fewer words. They might carry meanings such as when, while, after,
as/since/because, if … etc. We are going to discuss these meanings in more detail later in this chapter.

We must also keep in mind that we can use participle clauses when the participle and the verb in the main
clause have the same subject.
For example:
Waiting for John, Suzie made some tea. (While Suzie was waiting for John, she made some tea.)

38
 There are several different participle forms in participle clauses. They are:
1. Present Participle: Ving
2. Past Participle: V3
3. Perfect Participle: Having V3 (active) / Having been V3 (passive)
In the following few sections, you will see some of the situations where we find participle clauses.

1. PRESENT PARTICIPLE – Ving

When two sentences have the same subject, we often can make one shorter sentence with them, using a
participle. Look at the examples below:
1. She was hungry. She stole some bread. (Here we have two short sentences that belong together.)
2. Because she was hungry, she stole some bread. (Here we’ve put them together with the conjunction
“because”, but this sentence is longer than the two short ones.)
3. Being hungry, she stole some bread. (In the third sentence, we’ve removed the subject and replaced
the past tense verb (was) with the present participle (being). “Being hungy…” is a participle clause.

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE (Ving) EXAMPLES

1. We can use participle clauses with a
present participle to replace adverbial
clauses.
2. We can also use them to replace
actions.
a) a lengthy action interrupted by a
shorter or a sudden one.
b) an action taking place at the same
time as another one.
c) an action taking place immediately
before another one.
- Walking home, he was attacked by a strange man.
As he was walking home, he was attacked by a strange man.
- (On/Upon) Opening the door, I found the newspaper on the
floor. (specific)
When I opened the door, I found the newspaper on the floor.
- Not wanting to miss the bus, they ran to the bus stop.
As they didn’t want to miss the bus, they ran to the bus stop.
- When taking this medication, avoid drinking alcohol. (general)
When you take this medication, avoid drinking alcohol.
- After speaking to her, I felt much better.
After I spoke to her, I felt much better.
- Before making a decision, I need to talk to my partner.
Before I make a decision, I need to talk to my partner.
- Since getting a new a job, I’ve had no time to go out.
Since I got a new job, I’ve had no time to go out.
- Waiting for the bus, she saw her friend.
She was waiting for the bus, and she saw her friend.
- Walking down the street, he was singing a song.
He was walking down the street and singing a song.
- Entering the room, he noticed that the windows were open.
He entered the room and noticed that the windows were open.

39
Exercise 1. Use the “Present Participle” to rewrite the following sentences.
1. Because he did not know his way around, Simon had to ask for directions.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. When you adjust the machine, you must switch off the electricity.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. The detective opened the file and took out a newspaper cutting.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Our neighbor fell off a ladder and broke his arm.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. She did not go to the party because she knew that John wouldn’t be there.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6. Bill was listening to the lecture, and he fell asleep.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7. He was well-qualified, so he got the job.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
8. Since I wanted to finish my work, I stayed in.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
9. After I moved here, I felt much healthier.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
10. After she added the water, she began to stir the mixture.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

2. PAST PARTICIPLE – V3

THE PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) EXAMPLES

1. We can use participle clauses with a - Shocked by the tragedy, they did not know what to say.
past participle instead of a subject+ They were shocked by the tragedy, and they did not know what
verb in the passive voice. to say.

2. We can also use them to replace an Stored in the fridge, the pudding will keep for up to one week.
adverbial clause in the passive voice If it is stored in the fridge, the pudding will keep for up to one
week.)
Convinced that they were trying to poison him, he refused to
eat anything.
Because he was convinced that they were trying to poison him,
he refused to eat anything.

Exercise 2. Use the “Past Participle” to rewrite the following sentences.

1. The passengers were soaked to the skin, and they managed to get on another coach for the next town.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. If this product is used economically, it lasts for at least six weeks.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Children who are left on their own without any adults enjoy themselves at first.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

40
 4. The driver was shocked by the accident, and he couldn’t say a word at first.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. When they are planted in early spring, these vegetables can be harvested in the summer.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
6. Since he was woken up by the noise in the street, he couldn’t get back to sleep.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
7. Wikipedia, which was launched in 2001, is one of the great Internet successes.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

3. PERFECT PARTICIPLE – HAVING V3/HAVING BEEN V3

THE PERFECT PARTICIPLE EXAMPLES

(HAVING V3) - (ACTIVE)
1. when the first action is completed Having finished lunch, we set off on our journey.
before the second action (a time gap) We finished lunch, and then we set off on our journey.
After we (had) finished lunch, we set off on our journey.

2. when the earlier action covers a
period of time
3. to replace a relative clause containing
a time gap with the main clause
Having gained so much experience in his field, he was appointed
to a government post.
He had gained so much experience in his field that he was
appointed to a government post.
Having finished earlier, the students were allowed to go out.
The students having finished were allowed to go out.
The students who had finished earlier were allowed to go out.

THE PERFECT PARTICIPLE (HAVING EXAMPLES

BEEN V3) - (PASSIVE)
1.when the first action is completed
before the second action (a time gap)
2. when the earlier action covers a
period of time
3. to replace a relative clause containing
a time gap with the main clause
Having been bitten twice by our dog, he refused to deliver our
post.
He had been bitten twice by our dog, so he refused to deliver our
post.
Having been involved in a number of crimes, he was sentenced to
life imprisonment.
Since he had been involved in a number of crimes, he was
sentenced to life imprisonment.
Having been interviewed three times, the boy was offered the
job.
The boy having been interviewed three times was offered the job.
The boy who had been interviewed three times was offered the
job.

41
Exercise 3. Use the “Perfect Participle” where necessary.
1. Since I had not seen him for a long time, I didn’t recognize him.
____________________________________________________________________________
2. The man who had worked in the garden all day couldn’t sleep well.
____________________________________________________________________________
3. After he had been turned down by many universities, Charlie decided to join the army.
____________________________________________________________________________
4. The room had not been tidied up yet and looked like a battlefield.
____________________________________________________________________________
5.The painting which had been stolen from a museum was found and taken back to the museum.
____________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 4. Combine the following sentences and then reduce them using participles.
1. He did not understand. He asked the teacher to explain.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
2. We heard a noise. We went out to see what was happening.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
3. He had witnessed the crime. He was expected to give evidence in court.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
4. He got off his horse. He began searching for something on the ground.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
5. I knew that he was poor. I offered to pay his fare.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
6. I had forgotten my keys. I had to climb through the window.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
7. He offered to show us the way home. He thought we were lost.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
8. I noticed that the door was open. I walked in.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
9. I didn’t have an umbrella. I got really wet.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
10. Shelia washed her hair. Then she went out for the evening.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
11. She was tired of his complaints about the film. She turned the television off.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

42
Exercise 5. RESTATEMENT QUESTIONS

1. Having just bought a brand-new car, he was angry when the electric windows on it stopped working.
A. He bought a new car because he was fed up with the electric windows not working properly on his old
one.
B. The failure of the electric windows on his new car annoyed him because he had only recently purchased
it brand new.
C. Although he was not happy to discover that the car did not have electrically operated windows, he
bought it anyway.
D. Feeling annoyed that the electric windows no longer worked on his car, he bought a new one.

2. Having considered all the risks beforehand, the police did not take action without a plan.
A. While they were considering the risks, the police did not take action without a plan.
B. Although they did not take action without a plan, the police considered the risks beforehand.
C. By the time the police thought about taking action, they had made a plan.
D. Because the police had considered all the risks beforehand, they did not take action without a plan.

3. Few of the people attending the opening of the exhibition realized just how remarkable the exhibition
was.
A. Many people at the opening were unable to appreciate the worth of the exhibition.
B. Most people who came to the opening did not expect the exhibition to be of any value.
C. A great majority of the people were, in fact, impressed by the exhibition when it was opened.
D. Of those who attended the opening, some thought the exhibition was rather disappointing.

4. Being totally unfamiliar with the situation, he could only offer very little help.
A. Because he didn't offer any assistance, he wasn't able to learn much about what was happening.
B. As he only knew very little about the case, his offer of help was of no use.
C. Not knowing anyone involved in the event, he decided not to offer to do anything about it.
D. He was unable to offer much assistance as he didn’t know anything about the case.

5. Not being satisfied with my declaration, the customs officer directed me for a detailed examination
of my baggage.
A. The customs officer made me open my suitcase without even looking at my declaration form.
B. My suspicious behavior got the attention of the customs officer, and he wanted to examine my baggage.
C. Although the customs officer was not satisfied with my declaration, he did not examine my baggage in
detail.
D. The customs officer did not find my declaration satisfactory and decided that my baggage needed
further inspection.

6. When driving at night, I cannot bear people driving towards me without dipping their headlamps.
A. If drivers don't dip their head lamps at night, they can dazzle drivers coming in the opposite direction.
B. When at the wheel at night, I get annoyed with the drivers coming in the opposite direction who don't
dip their head lamps.
C. I get dazzled if a driver who is coming in the opposite direction does not dip his head lamps at night,
which is very annoying.
D. The thing I find most annoying when driving at night is drivers who don't dip their head lamps for
oncoming traffic.

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