AREAS UNDER NORMAL

CURVE:
APPLICATION OF CONTINUOUS RANDOM
VARIABLE AND IT’S PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

MATH403 / IE401
MAY MACATANGAY FERRY, PIE, ASEAN ENG.
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
 The most important continuous probability
distribution in the entire field of statistics is the
normal distribution.
 Its graph, called the normal curve, is the bell-
shaped curve, which approximately describes
many phenomena that occur in nature, industry,
and research. For example, physical
measurements in areas such as meteorological
experiments, rainfall studies, and measurements
of manufactured parts are often more than
adequately explained with a normal distribution.
 The normal distribution is often referred to as the Gaussian distribution, in honor of
Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855), who also derived its equation from a study of
errors in repeated measurements of the same quantity.
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

We are able to transform all the observations

of any normal random variable X into a new set
of observations of a normal random variable Z
with mean 0 and variance 1. This can be done
by means of the transformation.
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

IMPORTANT THINGS TO IMPORTANT THINGS TO

REMEMBER: REMEMBER:

1. The total area under the normal curve is 2. Areas (probability on Table A.3 are all to
equal to a probability of 1.00 or 100%. the left of the curve.

σ=1 σ=1
σ=1

z z z
µ=0 Z1 µ = 0 µ = 0 Z2

AREA = 100% or 1.00

EXAMPLE PROBLEM:

a. Given a standard normal distribution,

find the normal curve area under the
curve which lies to the left of z = 1.43

Since area is to the left of the curve,

Z =1.43 get the area value direct from the
Answer: positive Z-table of Table A.3
P (z < 1.43) = 0.9236 or 92.36%
EXAMPLE PROBLEM:

a. Given a standard normal distribution,

find the normal curve area under the
curve which lies to the right of z = 1.43

Z =1.43
Answer:
P (z > 1.43) = 1 – P (z < 1.43)
P (z > 1.43) = 0.0764 or 7.64%
P (z > 1.43) = 1 – 0.9236
EXAMPLE PROBLEM:

a. Given a standard normal

distribution, find the normal
curve area under the curve
σ=1
which lies c. between z = -0.48 σ=1 σ=1
and z = 1.74

Z =-0.48 0 Z =1.74 0 Z =1.74 Z =-0.48 0

P ( -0.48 < z < 1.74) = P ( z < 1.74) – P (z < - 0.48)

= 0.9591 – 0. 3156
Answer:
P ( -0.48 < z < 1.74) = 0.6435 or 64.35%
Using the Normal Curve in Reverse
EXAMPLE PROBLEM:
Given a normal distribution with μ = 40 and σ = 6,
find the value of x that has 45% of the area to the
left
Using the Normal Curve in Reverse
EXAMPLE PROBLEM:
Given a normal distribution with μ = 40 and σ = 6,
find the value of x that has 14% of the area to the
right

NOTE:
Since all values of the area are all to the left of the curve, look for
(1.00 – 0.14 ) = 0.86 on the table.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM:

Find the value of z if the area

under a standard normal curve
to the right of z is 0.3745.
σ=1
A = 0.3745
Solution:
• Look on Table A.3 (negative z-value since the
area is less than 0.50.
• Find the area/probability (if no exact value,
you can find the approximate nearest value or
interpolate.

0 Z =? Therefore, from the table,

Z = - 0.32
APPLICATION OF THE NORMAL CURVE
EXAMPLE PROBLEM:
A certain type of storage battery
lasts, on average, 3.0 years with
a standard deviation of 0.5 year.
Assuming that battery life is
normally distributed, find the
probability that a given battery
will last less than 2.3 years.

SOLUTION:
APPLICATION OF THE NORMAL CURVE
EXAMPLE PROBLEM:
A certain type of storage battery
lasts, on average, 3.0 years with
a standard deviation of 0.5 year.
Assuming that battery life is
normally distributed, find the
probability that a given battery
will last more than 2.1 years. σ=1

SOLUTION:

Solve for z-value,

X = 2.1
z = (2.1 – 3.0) / 0.5
z = -1.80 P ( z > 2.1 years) = P ( z > -1.80) Z =-1.80 0
= 1 - P ( z < -1.80)
= 1 – 0.0359
P ( z > 2.1 years) = 0.9641or 96.41%
APPLICATION OF THE NORMAL CURVE
EXAMPLE PROBLEM:
An electrical firm manufactures
light bulbs that have a life,
before burn-out, that is normally
distributed with mean equal to
800 hours and a standard
deviation of 40 hours. Find the
probability that a bulb burns
between 778 and 834 hours.
APPLICATION OF THE NORMAL CURVE
EXAMPLE PROBLEM:
A soft-drink machine is regulated
so that it discharges an average
of 200 milliliters per cup. If the
amount of drink is normally
distributed with a standard
deviation equal to 15 milliliters,

(a) what fraction of the cups will

contain more than 224 ml?
milliliters?
APPLICATION OF THE NORMAL CURVE
EXAMPLE PROBLEM:
A soft-drink machine is regulated
so that it discharges an average
of 200 milliliters per cup. If the 1
amount of drink is normally
distributed with a standard 15
deviation equal to 15 milliliters,

(a) what fraction of the cups will 200 224

1.60
contain more than 224 ml?
milliliters?
P ( x > 224) = P ( z > 1.60)
1 1 = 1- P (z < 1.60)
= 1 – 0.9452
P ( x > 224) = 0.0548 or 5.48%

1.60 1.60
APPLICATION OF THE NORMAL CURVE
EXAMPLE PROBLEM:
A soft-drink machine is regulated
so that it discharges an average
of 200 milliliters per cup. If the 1
amount of drink is normally
distributed with a standard 15
deviation equal to 15 milliliters,

(b) what fraction of the cups will 185 200

-1.00
contain less than 185 ml?
milliliters?

SOLUTION: P ( x < 185) = P ( z < -1.00)

P ( x < 185) = 0.1587 or 15.87%
Since the area to the left of the
curve is being asked, the area is
directly taken from the table.
APPLICATION OF THE NORMAL CURVE
EXAMPLE PROBLEM:
A soft-drink machine is regulated
so that it discharges an average
of 200 milliliters per cup. If the
amount of drink is normally
distributed with a standard
1
deviation equal to 15 milliliters,
15
(c) what is the probability that a
cup contains between191 and
209 milliliters? 191 200 209
-0.60 +0.60
SOLUTION: P ( 191 < x < 209) = P (-0.60 < z < 0.60)
1 1 = P (z < 0.60) – P (z < -0.60)
= 0.7257 – 0.2743
P ( 191 < x < 209) = 0.4514 or 45.14%

+0.60 -0.60
APPLICATION OF THE NORMAL CURVE
EXAMPLE PROBLEM:
A soft-drink machine is regulated
so that it discharges an average
of 200 milliliters per cup. If the
amount of drink is normally 1
distributed with a standard
15
deviation equal to 15 milliliters,

(d) how many cups will probably

overflow if 230-milliliter cups are 200 230
+2.00
used for the next 1000 drinks?
P ( x > 230) = P (z1 > 2.00)
SOLUTION: = 1 - P (z1 < 2.00)
1 1 = 1 – 0.9772
P ( x > 230) = 0.0228 or 2.28%

Thus, n = 1,000 (0.0228) = 22.8 or approximately 23 cups

+2.00
APPLICATION OF THE NORMAL CURVE
EXAMPLE PROBLEM:
A soft-drink machine is regulated
so that it discharges an average
of 200 milliliters per cup. If the
A = 25% A = 0.2500
amount of drink is normally 1
distributed with a standard
15
deviation equal to 15 milliliters,
(e) below what value do we get
the smallest 25% of the drinks?
X1 200 +2.00
 Use calculator STAT Function Z1
(Regression) to interpolate the value
of z with an area to the left of the
curve which is 25% (z = -0.6745)
𝒙 = 𝒛𝝈 + 𝝁

X = (-0.6745) (15) + 200

X = 189.88 milliliters