GC2 M1L2 - Concentration Units, Stoichiometry, and Colligative Properties of Solutions

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2
“CONCENTRATION: TYPES AND STOICHIOMETRY AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES”

Lesson 2
NAME: ____________________________________________ SECTION: _______________________
SUBJECT TEACHER: _________________________________ DATE: __________________________
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more

substances. Particles in a solution are very small, evenly distributed or
uniformly intermingled on a molecular level. A small part of a solution will be
the same as sample from any other part of the solution. (Organo &
Villanueva, 2018)
The concentration of a solution is the amount of a solute in an amount of solvent
or solution.
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n4Wo48AxyO0
General Chemistry 2 | Module 1 | Lesson 2 | 1

DIRECTION: Write the ideas or concepts that you
know about the topics to be discussed in column 1.
What else would you want to know about this?
Write your answers in column 2.
MELCs
▪ Use different ways of expressing concentration of solutions: percent by mass, mole fraction,
molarity, molality, percent by volume, percent by mass, ppm
▪ Perform stoichiometric calculations for reactions in solution
▪ Describe the effect of concentration on the colligative properties of solutions.
▪ Differentiate the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte solutions and of electrolyte solutions
▪ Calculate boiling point elevation and freezing point depression from the concentration of a
solute in a solution.
▪ Calculate molar mass from colligative property data
▪ Describe laboratory procedures in determining concentration of solutions.
OBJECTIVES:
❑ Compare the different concentration units of solutions.
❑ Perform stoichiometric calculations for reactions in solution.
❑ Identify the different colligative properties of solutions
❑ Describe the effect of concentration on the colligative properties of solutions.
❑ Differentiate the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte solutions and of electrolyte solutions
❑ Calculate the boiling point elevation and freezing point depression from the concentration
of a solute in a solution
❑ Identify what type of colligative properties is given in a laboratory data;
❑ Solve the colligative properties of a given laboratory data;
❑ Identify the different materials needed in doing a laboratory in solution
concentration; and
❑ Perform an online simulation laboratory activity in concentration.

Directions: Read the problem and study how it can be solved using different types
of concentration units. Practice and try to answer on your own.
The concentration of a solution can be expressed in several different quantitative

ways. These concentration units are categorized into three: (1) Relative Concentration
Units, (2) Concentration Units based on Moles, and (3) Dilute Concentration Units.
Read more at:
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretica
l_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_a
nd_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutio
ns_and_Mixtures/Soluti on_Basics/Units_Of_Concentration
A. Relative Concentration Units
1. Percent by Mass (𝒘⁄𝒘 %) expresses the concentration of solution as the percent of

solute in a given mass of solution.
𝑤⁄ % = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑔) × 100

𝑤 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑔) The unit to be used for mass is
grams (g). The final answer must be
Notes: in percent (%).
• 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 + 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡
When is Percent by Mass (𝑤⁄𝑤 %) used?
What is the mass percent of sodium hydroxide in a solution that is

made by dissolving 8.00 g NaOH in 50.0 g H2O?
1 Given 3 Formula
• mass of solute = 8.00 g NaOH 𝑤⁄ % = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 × 100
• mass of solvent = 50.0 g H2O 𝑤 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2 Asked 4 Solution
𝑤⁄ % = ? 8.00 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑤 𝑤⁄ % =
𝑤 × 100
8.00 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 50.0 𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
5 Answer
𝑤⁄ % = 13.8 % 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑤
Note: make sure to follow the correct number of significant figures for the final answer.
What masses of potassium chloride and water are needed to make

250. g of 5.00% solution?
1 Given 3 Formula
Question: are you going to use the formula as is?
2 Asked 4 Solution
5 Answer
The correct answer is: Dissolving 12.5 g KCl in 238 g H2O gives a 5.00% KCl solution.

2. Percent by Mass/Volume (𝒎⁄𝒘 %) mass volume percent expresses the concentration
as grams of solute per ml solution.
The unit to be used for mass is

𝑚⁄ % = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑔) grams (g) and for volume is milliliter
𝑣 × 100 (mL). The final answer must be in
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚𝐿)
percent (%).
When is Percent by Mass/Volume (𝑚⁄𝑤 %) used?
What is the mass/volume percentage concentration of 200 mL of

aqueous sodium chloride solution containing 10 g NaCl?
1 Given 3 Formula
• volume of solution = 200 ml 𝑚⁄ % = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑣 × 100
• mass of solute = 10 g NaCl 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2 Asked 4 Solution
𝑚⁄ % = ?
𝑣 𝑚⁄ % = 10 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 × 100
𝑣 200 𝑚𝑙
5 Answer
𝑚⁄ % = 5%
𝑤
What amount of a 72.0% m/v solution will be made if 162 g of solute

are dissolved?
1 Given 3 Formula
Question: are you going to use the formula as is?
2 Asked 4 Solution
5 Answer
The correct answer is: 225 mL of solution will be made.
3. Percent by Volume (𝒗⁄𝒗 %) is the volume of a liquid in ml of solution.
The unit to be used for volume is

𝑣⁄ % = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝐿) × 100 milliliter (mL). The final answer must
𝑣 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚𝐿) be in percent (%).
When is Percent by Volume (v⁄v%) used?

A 3.0% H2O2 solution is commonly used as a topical antiseptic to
prevent infection. What volume of this solution will contain 10. mL of H 2O2?
1 Given 3 Formula
𝑣⁄ % = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 × 100
• 𝑣⁄𝑣 % = 3.0% H2O2 𝑣 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
• volume of solute = 10. mL H2O2
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑣𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛 = 𝑣⁄ %
𝑣
2 Asked 4 Solution
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =? 10. 𝑚𝐿 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
𝑣𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙 ′ 𝑛 =
0.03
5 Answer
𝑣𝑜𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛 = 333 𝑚𝑙 𝑜𝑟 330 𝑚𝑙 𝑜𝑟 3.3 × 102 𝑚𝑙
What is the % v/v of a solution that has 2.0 mL of hydrochloric acid

(HCl) diluted to 0.085 L with deionized water?
1 Given 3 Formula
2 Asked 4 Solution
5 Answer
The correct answer is: The concentration of the solution is 2.4%.
B. Concentration Units Based on Moles
Mole is the standard scientific unit for measuring large quantities of very small entities such
as atoms, molecules, or other specified particles (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2020). To solve for this,
the following formula is used:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑔)
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 (𝑚𝑜𝑙) = 𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 ( )
𝑚𝑜𝑙
1. Molarity (M) is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
The unit to be used for amount of

substance is mole (mol) while liter
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝑜𝑙) (L) for the volume of solution. The
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑀) = units for Molarity are Molar (M) or
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐿) 𝒎𝒐𝒍
mol L-1which is also equal to .
𝑳
When is Molarity (M) used?

What is the molarity of a solution containing 1.4 mol of acetic acid
(HC2H3O2) in 250. ml of solution?
1 Given 3 Formula
• amount of solute = 1.4 mol 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝑜𝑙)
𝑀=
HC2H3O2 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝐿)
• volume of solution = 250. mL
1𝐿
250 𝑚𝐿 × = 0.25 𝐿
1000 𝑚𝐿
2 Asked 4 Solution
𝑀 =? 1.4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶2 𝐻3 𝑂2
𝑀=
0.25 𝐿
5 Answer
𝑀 = 5.6 𝑀
What is the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 12.0 g of

sodium hydroxide in enough water to make a total of 245 mL of solution?
1 Given 3 Formula
2 Asked 4 Solution
5 Answer
The correct answer is: The molarity of the solution is 1.22 M.
2. Molality (m) is the number of moles of solute per mass of solvent in kilograms.
The unit to be used for amount of

substance is mole (mol) while
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝑜𝑙) kilogram (Kg) for the mass of
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑚) = solvent. The units for Molality are
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝐾𝑔) molal (m) or mol Kg -1 which is also
𝒎𝒐𝒍
equal to
𝑲𝒈
When is Molality (m) used?
What is the molality of a glucose solution containing 9.5 g of C 6H1206

in 185 g of water?
1 Given 3 Formula
• mass of solute = 9.5 g of C6H1206 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝑜𝑙)
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 𝑚=
9.5 𝑔 × = 0.051 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑘𝑔)
180.156 𝑔
• mass of solvent = 185 g of water
1 𝑘𝑔
185 𝑔 × = 0.185 𝑘𝑔
1000 𝑔
2 Asked 4 Solution
𝑚 =? 0.051 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6
𝑚=
0.185 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
5 Answer
𝑚 = 0.28 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑙
Note: make sure to follow the correct number of significant figures for the final answer
Calculate the molality of a solution prepared from 19.44 grams of NaCl
in 1.50 kg of water?
1 Given 3 Formula
2 Asked 4 Solution
5 Answer
The correct answer is: The molality of the solution is 0.22 m.
3. Mole Fraction (X) is the fraction of the mole of one component and the mole of
solution.
The symbol for Mole Fraction is

𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 X. Since in the formula, the unit
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐴 (𝑋𝐴 ) = mol is divided by mol, the final
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 answer will have no unit.
When is Mole Fraction (X) used?
A solution is prepared by dissolving 32.0 g of methanol (CH 3OH) in 72.0

g of water. Calculate the mole fraction of methanol in the solution.
1 Given 3 Formula
• mass of solute = 32.0 g (CH3OH) 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻 𝑋𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻 =
32.0 𝑔 × = 0.999 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛
32.042 𝑔
• mass of solvent = 72.0 g of water
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑂
72.0 𝑔 × = 4.0 𝑚𝑜𝑙
18.015 𝑔
2 Asked 4 Solution
𝑋𝐶𝐻3𝑂𝐻 =? 0.999 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻
𝑋𝐶𝐻3𝑂𝐻 =
0.999 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻 + 4.0 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑂
5 Answer
𝑋𝐶𝐻3 𝑂𝐻 = 0.200
A solution is prepared by dissolving 32.0 g of methanol (CH 3OH) in 72.0

g of water. Calculate the mole fraction of water in the solution.
1 Given 3 Formula
2 Asked 4 Solution
5 Answer
The correct answer is: The mole fraction of water is 0.800

C. Dilute Concentration Units
1. Parts per Million (ppm) - parts of solute per one million parts of solution
A concentration of a solution that

contained 1 g solute and 1000000 mL
1 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 solution (same as 1 mg solute and 1 L
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑝𝑝𝑚) = solution) would create a very small
1,000,000 𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 percentage concentration. Because a
solution like this would be so dilute, the
𝑚𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 density of the solution is well
𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑝𝑝𝑚) = approximated by the density of the
𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 solvent; for water that is 1 g/mL (but
would be different for different solvents).
When is Parts per Million (ppm) used?
Calculate the amount of Lead (II) nitrate required to prepare a 1.50

L solution that is 20.5 ppm Pb(NO3)2.
1 Given 3 Formula
• volume of solution = 1.50 L 1 𝑚𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚𝑔 (𝑝𝑝𝑚) =
• ppm = 20.5 𝑃𝑏(𝑁𝑂3 )2 1 𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛
𝐿
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛 × 𝑝𝑝𝑚

2 Asked 4 Solution
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = ? 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 =
𝑚𝑔
1.50 𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙′𝑛 × 20.5 𝑃𝑏(𝑁𝑂3 )2
𝐿
5 Answer
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 30.8 𝑚𝑔
If 0.030 gram of Pb(NO3)2 is dissolved in 120. grams of H2O, what is

the concentration of the resulting solution, in parts per million?
1 Given 3 Formula
2 Asked 4 Solution
5 Answer
The correct answer is: The concentration of the solution is 250 ppm

Directions: Supply the table with the needed information about concentration units.
Concentration Other formulas

Quantities Unit Description Formula that can be
and Symbol derived
𝑔 mass per unit 𝑚 𝑚
Density (D) ⁄𝑚𝐿 𝐷= 𝑣= ; 𝑚 = 𝐷𝑣
volume 𝑣 𝐷
A. Relative Concentration Units

1. Percent by
Mass (𝑤⁄𝑤 %)
2. Percent by
Mass/Volume
(𝑤⁄𝑣 %)
3. Percent by
Volume(𝑣⁄𝑣 %)
B. Concentration Units Based on Moles
1. Molarity (M)
2. Molality (m)
3. Mole Fraction
(X)
C. Dilute Concentration Unit
1. parts per
million (ppm)

Directions: Read the problem and study how it can be solved. Practice and try
to answer on your won.
Stoichiometry is a section of chemistry that involves using relationships between

reactants and/or products in a chemical reaction to determine desired quantitative
data.
Read more at:

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Modules_and_Webs
ites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry_and_Balancing_R
eactions#:~:text=Stoichiometry%20is%20a%20section%20of,means%20the%20mea
sure%20of%20elements.
4 moles of propane (C3H8) reacts with 16 moles of oxygen gas in a

combustion reaction. How many moles of CO 2 are formed? How much of
the excess reactant is left over? If 367.2 g of CO 2 is produced, what is the
percent yield?
1 Given 2 Asked
• Reactant 1 = 4 mol C3H8 Moles of CO2 formed
• Reactant 2 = 16 mol O2 Excess reactant left
• Actual Yield of the Product = 367.2 g CO2
3 & 4 Formulas and Solutions
1C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2+ 4H2O
Step 1: Balance the
equation. o For every 1 mol C3H8 reacted, 3 mol CO2 is produced.
o For every 5 mol O2 reacted, 3 mol CO2 is produced.
3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2
Step 2: How much 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶3 𝐻8 × ( ) = 12 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2
product can be made
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶3 𝐻8
for the given 4 mol C3H8 can yield up to 12 mol CO2.
reactants?
Identifying Limiting 16 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 × ( ) = 9.6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2
5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2
Reactant (LR) and
Excess Reactant (ER). 16 mol O2 can yield up to 9.6 mol CO2.
Stoichiometry: o 9.6 mol CO2 is the maximum amount of CO2 that can be produced
Relationship of each theoretically (Theoretical Yield).
reactant to the
product
o The reaction will stop when all the 16 mol O2 is consumed. The unused C3H8
will be the excess. O2 is the Limiting Reactant while C3H8 is the Excess
Reactant.
Step 3: Using the 1C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2+ 4H2O
given LR, how much o For every 1 mol C3H8 reacted, 5 mol O2 also reacted.
ER will be used?
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶3 𝐻8
16 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 × ( ) = 3.2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶3 𝐻8
Stoichiometry: 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2
Relationship of the
Limiting Reactant and o If the all given 16 mol O2 is used, only 3.2 mol C3H8 will be used.
Excess Reactant.
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 − 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑅
Step 4: How much of
the ER will be left over.
4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶3 𝐻8 − 3.2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶3 𝐻8 = 0.8 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶3 𝐻8

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
% 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = × 100
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
o Actual Yield = 367.2 g CO2

o Theoretical Yield = 9.6 mol CO2
o Actual Yield and Theoretical Yield must be computed with the same units.
44 𝑔 𝐶𝑂2
9.6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2 × ( ) = 422.4 𝑔 𝐶𝑂2
Step 5: Compute for
the % Yield. 367.2 𝑔 𝐶𝑂2
% 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = × 100 = 86.93%
422.4 𝑔 𝐶𝑂2
Or
367.2 g 𝐶𝑂2 × ( ) = 8.3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2
44 𝑔 𝐶𝑂2
8.3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2

% 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = × 100 = 86.93%
9.6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2
Limiting Reagent = O2
Excess Reagent = C3H8
5 Answers
Theoretical Yield = 9.6 mol CO2 or 422.4 g CO2
% Yield = 86.93%
A 3.00 g sample of ammonia reacted with 4.50 g of oxygen. Which is

the limiting reactant and how much excess reactant remains after the
reaction has stopped? What is the percent yield if 2.96 g of NO is produced?
1 Given 2 Asked
• Reactant 1 = 3.00 g NH3 Limiting and Excess Reactant
• Reactant 2 = 4.50 g O2 Excess Reactant left
• Actual Yield of the Product = 2.96 g NO % Yield
Step 1: Balance the
__NH3 + __O2 → __NO + __H2O
equation.
The given quantities are in grams (g) while the relationship shown in the balanced
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3
equation are in moles (mol). Convert grams to moles ( ) to get the
17.0 𝑔 𝑁𝐻3
4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑂
relationship of the reactant to the product ( ) and convert back to grams
Step 2: How much 30.0 𝑔 𝑁𝑂
( ) to get the answer.

product can be made 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑂
for the given 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑂 30.0 𝑔 𝑁𝑂

reactants? 3.00 𝑔 𝑁𝐻3 × (
17.0 𝑔 𝑁𝐻3
)×(
)×(
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑂
) = 5.29 𝑔 𝑁𝑂
Identifying Limiting 3.00 g NH3 can yield up to 5.29 NO.

Reactant (LR) and
Excess Reactant (ER).
4.50 g O2 can yield up to _____ g NO.
Stoichiometry:
Relationship of each o ___________ is the maximum amount of NO that can be produced
reactant to the theoretically (Theoretical Yield).
product
o The reaction will stop when all the ______ is consumed. The unused ____
will be the excess. ____ is the Limiting Reactant while ____ is the Excess
Reactant.

Step 3: Using the __NH3 + __O2 → __NO + __H2O
given LR, how much o For every ______ NH3 reacted, ______ O2 also reacted.
ER will be used?
Stoichiometry:
Relationship of the o If the all given _______ is used, only _______ will be used.
Limiting Reactant and
Excess Reactant.
Step 4: How much of
% 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = × 100
Step 5: Compute for
o Actual Yield = _________
the % Yield.
o Theoretical Yield = _________
o Actual Yield and Theoretical Yield must be computed with the same units.
Limiting Reagent =
Excess Reagent =
5 Answers
Theoretical Yield =
% Yield =
Directions: Given the links, watch the video and study the text about Colligative
Properties.
The concentration of a solution can be expressed in several different quantitative

ways. These concentration units are categorized into three: (1) Relative Concentration
Units, (2) Concentration Units based on Moles, and (3) Dilute Concentration Units.
Read more at:

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_C
hemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_The
oretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Solutions_and_Mix
tures/Soluti on_Basics/Units_Of_Concentration
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTY is any property of a solution that depends on the amount

of solute particles, and not on the nature of the particles.
▪ Electrolyte vs. Nonelectrolyte
Explain This
Why is important to take into account whether the solution is electrolyte or non-
electrolyte?

Remember
Though colligative properties do not depend on the nature of the particles,

remember that ionic compounds are strong electrolytes that dissociate into ions when
they dissolve. This results into added amount of solute particles thus affecting the
colligative properties of the solution.
van’t Hoff factor (𝒊) is the number of ions that form when an ionic compound dissolves.
+ −
Electrolyte 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑠) → 𝑁𝑎(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) 2 moles of solute particles 𝑖=2
Nonelectrolyte 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 (𝑠) → 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6 (𝑎𝑞) 1 mole of solute particles 𝑖=1
▪ Role of Molality
Explain This
Why is molality used in measuring the concentration of solute in calculation

involving colligative properties?
Directions: Click on the links and study the texts to answer the questions that follow.
Text: Video:
https://www.askiitians.com/iit-jee-solutions- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ffBusZO-
colligative-properties/colligative- TO0
properties-and-determination-of-molar-
mass/
1. Vapor Pressure Reduction
Vapor pressure is a measure of the tendency of a substance to change into the gaseous
or vapor state. It increases with temperature. The vapor pressure above a solution of a
nonvolatile solute is lower than the vapor pressure of the pure solvent.
vapor pressure of solution < vapor pressure of pure solvent
When a nonvolatile solute is added to a pure solvent, some of the solute particles may
occupy sites at the surface of the liquid, preventing some solvent molecules to escape into
vapor phase resulting to vapor pressure reduction.
Figure 1. There is a relative lowering of vapour pressure because less surface area is available for the
solvent molecules to escape out.
image © www.askiitians.com

Figure 2. The vapour pressure decreases as we add solute in pure solvent
image © www.askiitians.com
2. Boiling Point Elevation
Boiling point elevation is the change in temperature between the boiling point of the pure
solvent and that of the solution. A liquid solution that contains a nonvolatile solute has a higher
boiling point than the solvent alone.
boiling point of solution > boiling point of pure solvent
Since the vapor pressure of the solution is lower, more heat is needed by the solution to
increase the vapor pressure to the pressure of the external atmosphere.
Remember
The amount that the boiling point increases depends only on the number of
dissolved particles.
Figure 3. Phase diagram of a solution and the effect that the lowered vapor pressure has on the
boiling point of the solution compared to the solvent.
Image © www.ck12.org

Simulation Activity
https://pages.uoregon.edu/tgreenbo/colligative.html
Navigate to page on the link or QR code. Follow

the setup procedure below.
SETUP A SETUP B
For the solvent, choose WATER (H2O) and For the solvent, choose WATER (H2O) and
enter 175 g for its mass. Choose HOT then enter 175 g for its mass while choose sodium
START. Record its boiling point. chloride (NaCl) as the solute and type in 4.35
g for its mass. Choose HOT then START.
Record its boiling point.
𝑇𝑏 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) = ___________ 𝑇𝑏 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = ___________
Explain This
How did the boiling point of a pure solvent to boiling point of solution change?
Increasing or decreasing?
The boiling point elevation of the solution can be computed using the following formula:
The unit to be used for 𝑲𝒃 is degrees Celsius per

∆𝑇𝑏 = 𝐾𝑏 × 𝑚 × 𝑖
molal (°𝑪⁄𝒎). The final answer must be degrees
Celsius (°C).
∆𝑇𝑏 – boiling point elevation (of the solution)
𝐾𝑏 – Molal Boiling-Point Elevation Constant of The boiling point of the solution 𝑇𝑏 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) can
solvent (see Table 1)
be computed by adding the ∆𝑇𝑏 to the normal
𝑚 – molality of the solution
boiling point of the solvent 𝑇𝑏 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡).
𝑖 – van’t Hoff factor
Table 1. Molal Boiling Point Elevation and

Freezing Point Depression Constants of Several Solvents
Boiling Point 𝑲𝒃 Freezing Point 𝑲𝒇

Solvent
(°𝑪) (°𝑪⁄𝒎) (°𝑪) (°𝑪⁄𝒎)
Acetic Acid 117.9 3.07 16.6 3.90
Benzene 80.1 2.53 5.5 4.90
Carbon disulfide 46.2 2.34 -111.5 3.83
Carbon Tetrachloride 76.5 5.03 -23 30.
Chloroform 61.7 3.36 -63.5 4.70
Diethyl ether 34.5 2.02 -116.2 1.79
Ethanol 78.5 1.22 -117.3 1.99
Water 100.0 0.512 0.0 1.86
At 1atm

Let’s Practice
What is the boiling point of an aqueous solution containing 4.35 g

sodium chloride (NaCl), dissolved in 175 g water? (Setup B)
1 Given 3 Formula
• mass of solute = 4.35 g NaCl
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 ∆𝑇𝑏 = 𝐾𝑏 × 𝑚 × 𝑖
4.35 𝑔 × = 0.0744 𝑚𝑜𝑙
58.44 𝑔
• mass of solvent = 175 g H2O then
1 𝐾𝑔
175𝑔 × = 0.175 𝐾𝑔
1000 𝑔
𝑇𝑏 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = 𝑇𝑏 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) + ∆𝑇𝑏
• computation for molality
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 0.0744 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚= = = 0.425 𝑚
𝐾𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 0.175 𝐾𝑔
• 𝐾𝑏 = 0.512 °𝐶⁄𝑚 (see table 1)
• 𝑖 = 2 (NaCl is an electrolyte)
2 Asked 4 Solution
𝑇𝑏 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = ? ∆𝑇𝑏 = 0.512 °𝐶⁄𝑚 × 0.425 𝑚 × 2 = 0.435 °𝐶
𝑇𝑏 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = 100 °𝐶 + 0.435 °𝐶

5 Answer
𝑇𝑏 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = 100.435 °𝐶 ≅ 100. °𝐶
Explain This
Was the boiling point of the solution in the simulation activity Setup B the same as
the computed boiling point of the solution using the formula?
Your Turn

1 Given 3 Formula
2 Asked 4 Solution
5 Answer
The correct answer is: 46.668°𝐶 ≅ 46.7°𝐶

3. Freezing Point Depression
The freezing point depression is the change in temperature between the freezing point of
a pure solvent and that of a solution. A liquid solution that contains a non-volatile solute has
a lower freezing point than the solvent alone.
freezing point of solution < freezing point of solvent
The solute lowers the vapor pressure of the solvent, resulting in a lower freezing point for
the solution compared to the pure solvent.
Remember
The amount that the freezing point depression depends only on the number of
dissolved particles.
Figure 4. Phase diagram for a pure solvent and how it changes when a solute is added to it.
Image © www.ck12.org
Simulation Activity
https://pages.uoregon.edu/tgreenbo/colligative.html
Navigate to page on the link or QR code. Follow

the setup procedure below.
SETUP A SETUP B
For the solvent, choose WATER (H2O) and For the solvent, choose WATER (H2O) and
enter 175 g for its mass. Choose COLD enter 175 g for its mass while choose
then START. Record its freezing point. sodium chloride (NaCl) as the solute and
type in 4.35 g for its mass. Choose COLD
then START. Record its freezing point.
𝑇𝑓 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) = ___________ 𝑇𝑓 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = ___________

Explain This
How did the freezing point of a pure solvent to freezing point of solution change?
Increasing or decreasing?
The freezing point elevation of the solution can be computed using the following formula:
The unit to be used for 𝑲𝒇 is degrees Celsius per

∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓 × 𝑚 × 𝑖
molal (°𝑪⁄𝒎). The final answer must be degrees
Celsius (°C).
∆𝑇𝑓 – freezing point depression (of the solution)
𝐾𝑓 – Molal Freezing-Point Depression The freezing point of the solution 𝑇𝑏 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) can
Constant of solvent (see Table 1) be computed by adding the ∆𝑇𝑓 to the normal
𝑚 – molality of the solution
boiling point of the solvent 𝑇𝑓 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡).
𝑖 – van’t Hoff factor
Let’s Practice
What is the freezing point of an aqueous solution containing 4.35 g

sodium chloride (NaCl), dissolved in 175 g water? (Setup B)
1 Given 3 Formula
• mass of solute = 4.35 g NaCl
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 ∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓 × 𝑚 × 𝑖
4.35 𝑔 × = 0.0744 𝑚𝑜𝑙
58.44 𝑔
• mass of solvent = 175 g H2O
1 𝐾𝑔
then
175𝑔 × = 0.175 𝐾𝑔
1000 𝑔
• computation for molality
𝑇𝑓 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = 𝑇𝑓 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) + ∆𝑇𝑓
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 0.0744 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚= = = 0.425 𝑚
𝐾𝑔 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 0.175 𝐾𝑔
• 𝐾𝑓 = 1.86 °𝐶⁄𝑚 (see table 1)
• 𝑖 = 2 (NaCl is an electrolyte)
2 Asked 4 Solution
𝑇𝑓 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = ? ∆𝑇𝑓 = 1.86 °𝐶⁄𝑚 × 0.425 𝑚 × 2 = 1.58 °𝐶
𝑇𝑓 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = 0 °𝐶 − 1.58 °𝐶
5 Answer
𝑇𝑓 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = -1.58 °𝐶
Explain This
Was the freezing point of the solution in the simulation activity Setup B the
same as the computed freezing point of the solution using the formula?
Your Turn

1 Given 3 Formula
2 Asked 4 Solution
5 Answer
The correct answer is: -45.4°𝐶

DIRECTIONS: Read the passage about colligative properties below.
Colligative properties are properties of a solution which depends on the

number of solute particles present. Colligative means that the property depends
on the “collective effect” of solute particles and not on the nature or chemical
identity of solute (Organo & Villanueva, 2018).
ELEVATION OF THE BOILING POINT OF A SOLVENT
As described in the chapter on liquids and solids, the boiling point of a liquid is the
temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since
the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it
stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased.
Compared to pure solvent, a solution, therefore, will require a higher temperature to
achieve any given vapor pressure, including one equivalent to that of the surrounding
atmosphere. The increase in boiling point observed when nonvolatile solute is dissolved
in a solvent, ΔTb, is called boiling point elevation and is directly proportional to the molal
concentration of solute species:
ΔTb=Kbm
where Kb is the boiling point elevation constant, or the ebullioscopic

constant and m is the molal concentration (molality) of all solute species.
Boiling point elevation constants are characteristic properties that depend on the
identity of the solvent. Values of Kb for several solvents are listed in 5.1.
Solvent Boiling Kb (Cm−1) Freezing Kf (Cm−1)

Point (°C Point (°C at
at 1 atm) 1 atm)
water 100.0 0.512 0.0 1.86
hydrogen 118.1 3.07 16.6 3.9
acetate
benzene 80.1 2.53 5.5 5.12
chloroform 61.26 3.63 −63.5 4.68
nitrobenzene 210.9 5.24 5.67 8.1
Table 5.1. Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression
Constants for Several Solvents

DEPRESSION OF THE FREEZING POINT OF A SOLVENT
Solutions freeze at lower temperatures than pure liquids. This phenomenon is

exploited in “de-icing” schemes that use salt (5.1), calcium chloride, or urea to melt ice
on roads and sidewalks, and in the use of ethylene glycol as an “antifreeze” in
automobile radiators. Seawater freezes at a lower temperature than fresh water, and so
the Arctic and Antarctic oceans remain unfrozen even at temperatures below 0 °C (as
do the body fluids of fish and other cold-blooded sea animals that live in these oceans).
Figure 5.1. Rock salt (NaCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), or a mixture of the two are used to melt ice. (credit:
modification of work by Eddie Welker)
The decrease in freezing point of a dilute solution compared to that of the pure
solvent, ΔTf, is called the freezing point depression and is directly proportional to the
molal concentration of the solute
ΔTf=Kfm
where m is the molal concentration of the solute in the solvent and Kf is called
the freezing point depression constant (or cryoscopic constant). Just as for boiling point
elevation constants, these are characteristic properties whose values depend on the
chemical identity of the solvent. Values of Kf for several solvents are listed in Table 5.2.
Directions: Watch the video in the link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5zDmGvP0So or in the
QR code provided and answer the following guide questions:
1. What is the initial temperature of water in the first

laboratory experiment?
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
2. What was the solute added to the water?
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. What type of compound is the solute (ionic or covalent)? Explain why.
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
4. What happens to the temperature when the solute is added? Explain why.
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
5. What is freezing point depression?

________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
6. What is the initial temperature of water in the second laboratory experiment?
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
7. What is the solute added in the second laboratory experiment?
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
8. What type of compound is the solute (ionic or covalent)? Explain why.
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
9. What happened to the temperature when the solute is added? Explain why.
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
10. What is boiling point elevation?
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Directions: Answer the following problems below. Refer to

the examples given before the problems.
BOILING POINT ELEVATION

Sample Problem #1:
What is change of the boiling point of a 2.50 m solution of

C6H4Cl2 in CCl4? Assume that C6H4Cl2 is not volatile.
Solution:
4 · 950 𝑐
𝛥𝑇𝑏 = (2.50𝑚) ( )
𝑚
= 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟎 𝑪
PROBLEM NO. 1
What is the boiling point of a 6.95 m solution of C12H22O11 in H2O?
Solution here…

PROBLEM NO. 2
What is the boiling point elevation when 11.4 g of ammonia (NH 3) is dissolved in
200. g of water? Kb for water is 0.52 °C/m.
Solution here…
PROBLEM NO. 3
What is the boiling point elevation when 11.4 g of ammonia (NH 3) is dissolved in
200. g of water? Kb for water is 0.52 °C/m.
Solution here…
FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION

Sample Problem #1:
What is the freezing point of a 1.77 m solution of CBr4 in C6H6?
Solution:
4.900 𝐶
𝛥𝑇𝑓 = (1.77𝑚) ( ) = 𝟖 · 𝟔𝟕𝟎 𝑪
𝑚
5.51 − 8 · 67 = −𝟑. 𝟏𝟔𝟎 𝑪
PROBLEM NO. 1
What is the freezing point depression when 309 g of isoprene (C 5H8) is dissolved
in 747 g of ethyl ether? The freezing point constant for ethyl ether is 1.79 °C/m.
Solution here…

PROBLEM NO. 2
What is the freezing point of a solution prepared by adding 239.0 g of Copper (II) sulfate
pentahydrate to 4.00 liters of water? The freezing point depression of water is 1.86 °C/m.
Solution here…
Benedictine monasteries cultivate attentiveness to the multiple

ways in which God is present in creation. The primary way for
doing this is through the daily rhythm of a monastery's liturgical
prayer (Benedictine Hallmarks, 2020).
In this lesson, concentration or the amount of solute present in a
solution was discussed. How much do you allow God’s presence
in your life?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
“Since we are living in an open society with a space for

tolerance and indulgence, we must monitor assiduously the
permanent changes of habits and customs and the "normality
barometer" should be determined and adjusted, time after
time.” ― Erik Pevernagie.
As we meet new people in our lives, it is important to be
ourselves and, at the same time, accept that adjusting to others
is necessary just like how solvents change some of their
properties whenever solutes are added. How do you show this?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________

Determine the following: percent by mass, percent by volume,
percent by mass/ volume, mole fraction, molality, and molarity if 106.50
grams of sodium hydroxide is dissolved in 450 mL of water given that the
density of sodium hydroxide is 2.13 g/mL. Show your solutions.
mass (g) volume (mL) molar mass mole
Solute
Solvent
Solution
Determine the freezing and boiling point of a solution prepared by dissolving

73.20 g of calcium chloride in 350. g of water.
1 Given 3 Formula
2 Asked 4 Solution
5 Answer
The correct answer is: 102.89°𝐶 ≅ 103°𝐶
1 Given 3 Formula
2 Asked 4 Solution
5 Answer
The correct answer is: -10.5°C

ANSWER KEY
Activity 4: Your Turn

A 3.00 g sample of ammonia reacted with 4.50 g of oxygen. Which is the
limiting reactant and how much excess reactant remains after the reaction
has stopped? What is the percent yield if 2.96 g of NO is produced?
1 Given 2 Asked
• Reactant 1 = 3.00 g NH3 Limiting and Excess Reactant
• Reactant 2 = 4.50 g O2 Excess Reactant left
• Actual Yield of the Product = 2.96 g NO % Yield
4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O
Step 1: Balance the
equation. o For every 4 mol NH3 reacted, 4 mol NO is produced.
o For every 5 mol O2 reacted, 4 mol NO is produced.
The given quantities are in grams (g) while the relationship shown in the balanced
equation are in moles (mol). Convert grams to moles ( ) to get the relantionship
17.0 𝑔 𝑁𝐻3
4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑂 30.0 𝑔 𝑁𝑂
of the reactant to the product ( ) and convert back to grams ( ) to get
Step 2: How much 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑂
the answer.
product can be made
for the given 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑂 30.0 𝑔 𝑁𝑂
reactants? 3.00 𝑔 𝑁𝐻3 × ( )×( )×( ) = 5.29 𝑔 𝑁𝑂
17.0 𝑔 𝑁𝐻3 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑂
3.00 g NH3 can yield up to 5.29 NO.

Identifying Limiting
Reactant (LR) and
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑂 30.0 𝑔 𝑁𝑂
Excess Reactant (ER). 4.50 𝑔 𝑂2 × ( )×( )×( ) = 3.38 𝑔 𝑁𝑂
32.0 𝑔 𝑂2 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑂
Stoichiometry: 4.50 g O2 can yield up to 3.38 g NO.

Relationship of each
reactant to the o 3.38 g NO is the maximum amount of NO that can be produced theoretically
product (Theoretical Yield).
o The reaction will stop when all the 4.50 g O2 is consumed. The unused NH3 will
be the excess. O2 is the Limiting Reactant while NH3 is the Excess Reactant.
Step 3: Using the 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O
given LR, how much o For every 4 mol NH3 reacted, 5 mol O2 also reacted.
ER will be used?
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3 17.0 𝑔 𝑁𝐻3
4.50 𝑔 𝑂2 × ( )×( )×( ) = 1.91𝑔 𝑁𝐻3
32.0 𝑔 𝑂2 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3
Relationship of the
Limiting Reactant and o If the all given 4.50 g O2 is used, only 1.91 g NH3 will be used.
Excess Reactant.
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 − 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑅
Step 4: How much of
3.0 𝑔 𝑁𝐻3 − 1.91 𝑔 𝑁𝐻3 = 1.09 𝑔 𝑁𝐻3
% 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = × 100
o Actual Yield = 2.96 g NO

Step 5: Compute for o Theoretical Yield = 3.38 g NO
the % Yield. o Actual Yield and Theoretical Yield must be computed with the same units.
2.96 𝑔 𝑁𝑂
% 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = × 100 = 87.6%
3.38 𝑔 𝑁𝑂
Limiting Reagent = O2
Excess Reagent = NH3
5 Answers
Theoretical Yield = 3.38 g NO
% Yield = 87.6%

References
Benedictine Hallmarks. (2020). Retrieved from Benedictine Univeristy: http://www.ben.edu/center-for-

mission-and-identity/resources/hallmarks.cfm
Chemistry Libre Texts. (2019, September 26). Retrieved from ChemLibreTexts:
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_
Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions/Stoichiometry_and_Balancing_Reactions#:~:text=Stoichiometry%
20is%20a%20section%20of,means%20the%20measure%20of%20elements.
Encyclopedia Britannica. (2020). Retrieved from Encyclopedia Britannica:
https://www.britannica.com/science/mole-chemistry
Organo, V. G., & Villanueva, D. U. (2018). General Chemistry 2. Malaysia: Oxford Publishing.

GC2 M1L2 - Concentration Units, Stoichiometry, and Colligative Properties of Solutions

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GC2 M1L2 - Concentration Units, Stoichiometry, and Colligative Properties of Solutions

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GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

“CONCENTRATION: TYPES AND STOICHIOMETRY AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES”

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more

After watching the video, write in

General Chemistry 2 | Module 1 | Lesson 2 | 1

General Chemistry 2 | Module 1 | Lesson 2 | 2

The concentration of a solution can be expressed in several different quantitative

A. Relative Concentration Units

1. Percent by Mass (𝒘⁄𝒘 %) expresses the concentration of solution as the percent of

𝑤⁄ % = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 (𝑔) × 100

When is Percent by Mass (𝑤⁄𝑤 %) used?

What is the mass percent of sodium hydroxide in a solution that is

What masses of potassium chloride and water are needed to make

General Chemistry 2 | Module 1 | Lesson 2 | 3

The unit to be used for mass is

When is Percent by Mass/Volume (𝑚⁄𝑤 %) used?

What is the mass/volume percentage concentration of 200 mL of

What amount of a 72.0% m/v solution will be made if 162 g of solute

3. Percent by Volume (𝒗⁄𝒗 %) is the volume of a liquid in ml of solution.

The unit to be used for volume is

When is Percent by Volume (v⁄v%) used?

General Chemistry 2 | Module 1 | Lesson 2 | 4

What is the % v/v of a solution that has 2.0 mL of hydrochloric acid

B. Concentration Units Based on Moles

1. Molarity (M) is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

The unit to be used for amount of

When is Molarity (M) used?

General Chemistry 2 | Module 1 | Lesson 2 | 5

What is the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 12.0 g of

The unit to be used for amount of

When is Molality (m) used?

What is the molality of a glucose solution containing 9.5 g of C 6H1206

The symbol for Mole Fraction is

When is Mole Fraction (X) used?

A solution is prepared by dissolving 32.0 g of methanol (CH 3OH) in 72.0

A solution is prepared by dissolving 32.0 g of methanol (CH 3OH) in 72.0

General Chemistry 2 | Module 1 | Lesson 2 | 7

A concentration of a solution that

When is Parts per Million (ppm) used?

Calculate the amount of Lead (II) nitrate required to prepare a 1.50

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙′ 𝑛 × 𝑝𝑝𝑚

If 0.030 gram of Pb(NO3)2 is dissolved in 120. grams of H2O, what is

General Chemistry 2 | Module 1 | Lesson 2 | 8

Concentration Other formulas

A. Relative Concentration Units

General Chemistry 2 | Module 1 | Lesson 2 | 9

Stoichiometry is a section of chemistry that involves using relationships between

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4 moles of propane (C3H8) reacts with 16 moles of oxygen gas in a

General Chemistry 2 | Module 1 | Lesson 2 | 10

o Actual Yield = 367.2 g CO2

8.3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2

A 3.00 g sample of ammonia reacted with 4.50 g of oxygen. Which is

( ) to get the answer.

for the given 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑂 30.0 𝑔 𝑁𝑂

Identifying Limiting 3.00 g NH3 can yield up to 5.29 NO.

General Chemistry 2 | Module 1 | Lesson 2 | 11

The concentration of a solution can be expressed in several different quantitative

Read more at:

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTY is any property of a solution that depends on the amount

▪ Electrolyte vs. Nonelectrolyte

General Chemistry 2 | Module 1 | Lesson 2 | 12

Though colligative properties do not depend on the nature of the particles,

Why is molality used in measuring the concentration of solute in calculation

𝑇𝑏 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) = _ 𝑇𝑏 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = _

𝑇𝑓 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡) = _ 𝑇𝑓 (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) = _