Green Technologies and Sustainability 1 (2023) 100020

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Green Technologies and Sustainability

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Full-length article

Changes and improvements in Industry 5.0: A strategic approach to

overcome the challenges of Industry 4.0
Moin Khan, Abid Haleem, Mohd Javaid ∗
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: Industry 4.0 has introduced new technological advances such as Additive Manufacturing (AM), Artificial
Cyber–Physical systems Intelligence (AI), Augmented Reality (AR), Cyber–physical systems (CPS), Blockchain, Cybersecurity and many
Smart additive manufacturing more. It is also helping organisations to take on challenges like demand fluctuations and market volatility.
Predictive maintenance
Industry 4.0 is also the interconnection of computers, materials, and AI with minimal human intervention in
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
decision-making. Although Industry 4.0 has tremendous potential for industrial growth, it has many challenges,
Hyper Customisation
Cyber–Physical cognitive systems
such as technical integration, human resource issue, supply chain issues and data security. These challenges
are expected to be addressed in the future by Industry 5.0 Industry 5.0 introduced various new technologies
such as Predictive maintenance, Hyper customisation in the Industry, Cyber–Physical Cognitive systems, and
the introduction of Collaborative Robots. Industry 5.0, with its human-centric approach, helped overcome the
various challenges of Industry 4.0. In Industry 4.0, the focus was on sustainability and production volume,
whereas in Industry 5.0, the primary focus is on human centricity. This paper’s literature review has been
done by considering the findings and results discussed in various latest literature. We have listed various
technological developments in Industry 5.0 and the advancements to the technologies of Industry 4.0. Industry
5.0 has tackled various issues faced in Industry 4.0, such as data privacy and technical integration issues.
Resilience is also one of the critical aspects of Industry 5.0, which contributed towards hyper individualisation
and helped make individualised products with specific user needs. This study would provide a base for the
researchers and industries to get acquainted with Industry 4.0 technologies, their challenges, the technological
advances, and the ways Industry 5.0 overcame the challenges of Industry 4.0. This paper also lists the recent
application of these technologies, which would provide an idea of how these technologies can be implemented.
Further, the limitations of these studies have been listed, providing an opportunity for future research in this
domain. This paper provides a structured review of the technologies of Industry 4.0, the challenges they faced
and how they can be removed through the technological advancements of Industry 5.0.

1. Introduction
Before the Industrial Revolution’s introduction, production was car-
ried out using conventional methods, which could have been more ef-
ficient for high-volume production. The use of steam power and mech-
anised systems brought about the First Industrial revolution, which
helped increase production by eight folds [1]. The second Industrial
revolution began with new technological advancements like the In-
dustry’s electrical, mechanical and electronic devices. Frederick Taylor
created a milestone in industry 2.0 with his publication ‘The principle
of scientific management’ [2]. The use of partial automation in Industry
and production led to the beginning of Industry 3.0. This made the
production more reliable and efficient [1]. Computer numerical control
(CNC) was introduced, a semi-automatic software to automate the
machining of parts, which helps improve production volume [3]. The
modernisation of Industry 3.0 required a lot of materials and various
resources, along with the optimisation of the existing solutions, which
led to the introduction of industry 4.0 [4]. Industry 4.0 integrated
the manufacturing systems with Information and Communication Tech-
nology to automate the processes. Industry 4.0 improved strategic
decision-making because of its ability to analyse data in real-time [5].
Industry 4.0 introduced many new technologies, such as Additive
manufacturing, artificial intelligence, augmented reality, blockchain
and cybersecurity. It also helps overcome various challenges, such as
demand fluctuations and market volatility [6]. Industry 4.0 involves the
interconnection of computers, materials and AI with the need for mini-
mal human intervention in decision-making [7]. The need for Industrial

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: khan.moin1312@gmail.com (M. Khan), ahaleem@jmi.ac.in (A. Haleem), mjavaid@jmi.ac.in (M. Javaid).
URL: https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=rfyiwvsAAAAJ&hl=en (M. Javaid).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.grets.2023.100020
Received 11 February 2023; Received in revised form 27 February 2023; Accepted 28 February 2023
Available online 1 March 2023
2949-7361/Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under
the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
M. Khan, A. Haleem and M. Javaid Green Technologies and Sustainability 1 (2023) 100020

Table 1
Industrial Revolutions.
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution 1.0
Industrial Revolution 2.0
Industrial Revolution 3.0
Industrial Revolution 4.0
Industrial Revolution 5.0
Purpose
It began with the implementation of steam power and mechanised machines, which significantly increased efficiency
compared to traditional machining.
It started due to the introduction electrical, mechanical and electronic devices, further improving production systems.
The use of partial automatic systems like CNC led to the introduction of industry 3.0. It helped to improve the volume
of production.
The interconnection of manufacturing systems with Information technology led to Industry 4.0. It led to the
introduction of many new technologies, including Additive Manufacturing, IoT and Augmented reality.
The interconnection of human intelligence with the accuracy and precision of machines led to Industry 5.0. It
introduced even more sophisticated technologies like Network Sensor Data Interoperability and Cobots.

Revolution arose because of the need to convert conventional ma-
chines into self-learning machines, which could improve performance,
maintenance, and management by using surrounding interactions. ‘The
Internet of Things (IoT)’ involves the interconnection of systems that
can communicate with each other using specific standard protocols in
a cyber–physical manner [8]. Industry 4.0 also led to the introduc-
tion of digital food traceability that helped prevent food-related fraud
and provided information related to food more efficiently. During the
Covid-19 pandemic, Industry 4.0 provided various digital solutions to
critical issues. It converged and established a relationship between the
physical, digital information and bio-logical domains [9,10].
Industry 5.0 interconnects human intelligence with the precision
and efficiency of machines using AI in industrial production. Industrial
5.0 developed as a means to overcome the challenges faced by industry
4.0 by promoting human centricity and fulfilling societal needs. It can
help eliminate the mismatch between manufacturing and the needs of
society [11]. Industrial Revolution 5.0 requires the intervention of more
sophisticated systems such as Network Sensor Data Interoperability,
smart houses, Cobots and other intelligent systems [12]. Operators can
use collaborative robots or Cobots to improve their speed and accuracy.
Industry 5.0 puts humans at the centre of manufacturing and industrial
production and provides workers with more meaningful jobs [13] (see
Table 1).
2. Need for the study
Although Industry 4.0 has tremendous potential for industrial
growth, it poses many challenges, such as, it can disturb the sus-
tainability of the current systems used by the industries. Industry
4.0 involves higher consumption of resources, climatic problems, and
energy requirements. Constant automation and industrialisation leads
to degrading safety standards [14]. Even though Industry 4.0 considers
sustainability as one of its most important factors, there are few chances
that African countries will benefit as it is suggested that industrial revo-
lution 4.0 would hardly benefit low to middle-income countries. There
are certain instances of Industry 4.0 being more energy efficient, but
still, they need to meet the expectations of Sustainable Development
Goals [15–17].
The interconnection of machines and resources produces much data,
and analysing this data is one of the new challenges of Industry 4.0,
especially in quality management. The quality management domain can
use this generated data in a wide variety of ways to track the quality of
products obtained from manufacturing processes. This data can also be
used in virtual Quality Management, which helps optimise the virtual
supply chain [18–20].
Industry 5.0 can significantly help overcome the challenges faced
in the Industrial Revolution 4.0. Industry 4.0 does not provide the
framework required for achieving Europe’s 2030 goals since it creates a
technological monopoly in the market. Industry 5.0 considers the future
shocks that the Industry can face, such as COVID-19 and integrates
the sustainability principles [21,22]. In Industry 4.0, the focus was on
sustainability (although there are certain limitations and inefficiencies
related to this, as discussed earlier), whereas, in Industry 5.0, the focus
is on human centricity [23].
3. Research objectives
Industry 4.0 has shown tremendous growth in better supply chain
management, manufacturing process automation and development of
Cyber–Physical Systems. It also introduced many new technologies,
such as smart manufacturing, smart products, IoT, AI, cloud services
and Smart supply chains. However, Industry 4.0 should have addressed
the presence of a human workforce. Also, the increase in digitalisation
made organisations vulnerable to data breaches and privacy issues. It
also created an issue for the industries to focus on technical integration
and other supply chain issues.
Thus, this review-based research aims to find how Industry 5.0 and
its new advancements are helping in overcoming the challenges of
Industry 4.0. Industry 5.0 not only led to the introduction of various
new technologies but is also helping in overcoming the hamstrings
of Industry 4.0. Hence, the focus would be to study the challenges
faced by Industry 4.0 and accordingly study the various Industry 5.0
technologies to see how these technologies can be implemented and
integrated with the human workforce in the industry to overcome the
limitations.
4. Research methodology
The present study is a review-based paper. Sixty-two literature
reviews have been used to review the required data and methods.
(Please see Fig. 1).
5. Industry 4.0
The transformation of the industries into digital form is commonly
referred to as Industry 4.0 [24]. Industry 4.0 is primarily based on
‘Cyber–Physical systems’, based on data and its use in knowledge
integration [25]. Industry 4.0 led to the introduction of many new
and advanced technologies. These can be divided into two main layers:
front-end technology and base technology [26]. Front-end technology
is explained in Table 2.
The base technologies of Industrial Revolution 4.0 are the new
advancements in technology.
5.1. Internet of things (IoT)
IoT refers to the interconnection of computing capabilities and
network connectivity with the sensors and the objects. It uses differ-
ent communication models, such as device-to-device and device-to-
gateway. The maximum potential of IoT can be used only by elimi-
nating concerns about security and privacy [31].
5.2. Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Artificial intelligence is the use of computers to imitate intelligent
behaviour with minimal need for human intervention. It is also often
defined as the scientific technique of making intelligent machines
capable of making decisions without human intervention [32].

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M. Khan, A. Haleem and M. Javaid Green Technologies and Sustainability 1 (2023) 100020

Fig. 1. Research methodology.

Table 2
Front-end technologies of Industry 4.0.
Technology Definitions
Smart manufacturing The constant developments in computers and machining technology has led to the introduction of
Smart Manufacturing. Automated systems do material handling. Smart manufacturing facilitates the
integration of manufacturing systems with communication technology, sensors, and simulations [27].
Smart products A smart Product may be defined as a tangible service or software constructed and capable of
self-organising into different smart environments over its lifecycle. It accomplishes this by improving
product-to-user and product-to-product interactions through contextual awareness, self-description,
proactiveness, Artificial Intelligence planning, and machine learning concepts [28].
Smart supply chain The overall performance of an organisation can be improved by improving its supply chain
management. Integration of IoT with the supply chain can help significantly as it allows the real-time
tracking of the supply chain. Location tracking can be improved significantly by integrating the
supply chain with IoT, known as Smart Supply Chain [29].
Smart working Smart working is making the work environment flexible and adjusting to various changes that may be
introduced in the working environment. Work flexibility is the centre point of Smart Working [30].

5.3. Computer Aided Designing (CAD) 5.8. Global Positioning systems (GPS)

It is a technology used for digitally designing and manufacturing a It helps the GPS receivers make accurate location calculations and
product. CAD software is used for making the geometry of an object display them. It does this using satellites responsible for transmit-
or product. The parts made using CAD software can be manufactured ting the signals [6]. It helped considerably in improving the timing
using subtractive or additive manufacturing [33]. capability and carrying out complex calculations relating to navigation.

5.4. Additive Manufacturing (AM) 5.9. Nanotechnology

The need for mass customisation of products in Industry 4.0 led
to the introduction of Additive Manufacturing. AM can produce more
sophisticated products with advanced attributes. It can also help in
producing prototypes of products [34].
5.5. Cloud services
The control of the individual atoms or molecules involved in form-
ing a macroscale object has been vastly improved due to nanotech-
nology, often known as molecular nanotechnology [6]. They have
helped in improving medical facilities such as drug delivery systems.
They have also helped in improving the shelf life as well as in the
manufacturing processes.

Cloud computing is an emerging technology that can eliminate

the need for the Industry to maintain computer hardware. Through
virtualisation and time-sharing between the resources, clouds address
a large user base with more diverse needs with the need for a single
set of physical resources. Thus, clouds have the potential to provide
their owners with economies of scale and become an alternative to
self-owned clusters and parallel production environments for both the
Industry as well as the scientific community [35].
5.6. Cyber–physical systems
Cyber–physical systems (CPS) are a new generation of systems
integrated by computational and physical capabilities capable of inter-
acting with humans in various novel ways. Through computation, the
capacity to interact with and expands the physical world’s capabilities
by applying computation and communication. Communication and
control are crucial for future technological advances [36].
5.7. Augmented reality
It is a technology that focuses on improving the real-life experiences
of a display by making the display environment more interactive and
based on reality. It also focuses on enhancing sound quality [6]. It helps
in combining objects that are either virtual or real.
5.10. Sensors and actuators
They are devices capable of responding to external stimuli in light,
sound, heat, exposure to magnetism and many others and, in turn,
produce a response [6]. Sensors take up the physical gestures from
the surroundings and are converted into electrical signals. In contrast,
actuators the up the electrical signals and facilitate the conversion of
this signal into some physical gesture.
6. Challenges of Industry 4.0
• One of the significant challenges that Industry 4.0 faces is tech-
nical integration. Using technologies that do not have the po-
tential to cope with digitalisation can lead to the production
of low-quality products. Moreover, the implementation of new
IT technologies requires extra input. Also, standard protocols
must be devised to ensure smooth communication between the
machines [37].
• Security of data and information is yet another major challenge
organisations face. IoT can make industries vulnerable to indus-
trial spying and unauthorised access [37]. In 2016 about 75% of
companies involved in the oil, gas, and power sectors faced at
least one cyber-attack [38]. Monitoring patients in the healthcare

3
M. Khan, A. Haleem and M. Javaid
Fig. 2. Principles of cybersecurity.
sector and maintaining their data are prone to threats to Data Pri-
vacy. Data privacy is one of the significant challenges in the cargo
industry [39]. Systems based on the internet, especially IOT-based
systems, are more prone to cyber-attacks [39,40]. Fig. 2 shows
the principles of cybersecurity, such as non-repudiation (it is an
assurance that proof of delivery is provided to the sender and the
recipient is provided with the sender’s identity) (see Fig. 2).
• Another challenge that Industry 4.0 face is human resource
issue. The employees require adequate training to work in such
an environment [37]. This requires good management practices
so these intelligent employees can cope with the smart factories.
Good policies can enhance dynamic capabilities, leading to more
innovations [41].
• Industry 4.0 also gave rise to specific supply chain issues. Sup-
ply chains are becoming more digitalised and automated. The
increase in precision with which the market forecasting was done
has improved considerably and has also improved the traceability
of products [42]. This has led to a reduction in planning cycles.
Data privacy and integration management is the biggest challenge
faced in supply chain management [37,43].
• An increase in system complexity and the use of technologies that
need more capabilities is another issue the organisations face.
This creates a threat to product safety and quality [37].
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Green Technologies and Sustainability 1 (2023) 100020
7. Industry 5.0
Industry 5.0 is an attempt to revive the presence of the human
workforce in the factories, where man and machine would work in
conjunction to increase the efficiency of the process by making full use
of human brainpower and creativity through their integration with the
present intelligent systems [44]. One of the main aims of Industry 5.0 is
waste management by using Industry upcycling. Industry 5.0 includes
the interoperability of Network sensor data, an improved version of
Industry 4.0 with newly added features. Some of them are Smart
Additive Manufacturing, Predictive maintenance, Hyper customisation
in the Industry, Cyber–Physical Cognitive systems, and the introduction
of Collaborative Robots [45].
7.1. Smart additive manufacturing
Because of the potential of AI, its use has been extended to Additive
Manufacturing. AM implementation is a complex process involving
design involvement, parameter selection, planning, and control. Infor-
mation and communication technologies have majorly driven Additive
Manufacturing. Smart AM can be understood at three levels [46].
First is the Market level, AM can be combined with cloud com-
puting, and several companies have began selling 3D printing services
through online mode. The AM resources can be accessed by customers
directly through the internet. However, this requires the customer to
M. Khan, A. Haleem and M. Javaid
have enough knowledge to make the right decisions and thus print the
correct required parts [47].
Second is the System Level; the Cyber–Physical Systems (CPS)
have shown enormous potential. CPSs have been developed for various
3D printers. Data can be processed and optimised in real-time to
improve the printing process. 3D printers can use previous data to
adjust according to the problem and automatically generate various
solutions [48].
The third is the Technology Level; the developments in ICT, in-
cluding the fields of cloud computing, the introduction of 5G, IoT, and
edge computing, have facilitated the collection of a large amount of
data and its processing. It is not feasible for humans to process such
a vast amount of data; thus, agents based on learning must be studied
and researched. These learning-based agents include data acquisition
and efficient computation [46].
7.2. Predictive maintenance
Maintenance constitutes a total of about 15 to 60% of the cost
that is involved in the operation of manufacturing [49]. Data collected
from the various sensors present can be used to predict an asset’s
life. Predictive maintenance can create scheduling actions according
to the performance of equipment. Thus, it can help diminish mainte-
nance costs and improve productivity and quality [50,51]. In Industry
5.0, human factors are also considered. Humans have required the
acceptance of the decisions taken by predictive maintenance. Predictive
maintenance focuses on operational decision-making and should also
focus on the implementation issues through the Work System model.
Predictive maintenance has five stages: signal processing, diagnosis,
prognosis, maintenance, Decision-making and acting [52].
7.3. Collaborative robots
Cobots or Collaborative robots can work with humans and are help-
ful when repetitive or dangerous jobs have to be done, while humans
can take up higher-value jobs. Instead of replacing humans, these robots
take up monotonous tasks and help manufacturers to increase their
production. Thus, Cobots help in increasing the productivity and safety
of workers. In 2014 out of the 422,000 robots installed in the Industry,
about 14,000 were Cobots. They can be used for automating the parts
of a production line with very minimal changes [53].
The implementation of Cobots can face specific challenges as well.
The acceptance of Cobots by the workers can only be achieved if
implemented from the initial phase of a manufacturing system [54].
Another challenge that Cobots face is its design. Different aspects that
must be considered while designing Cobots are action, type of robots,
perception and sensors. The third problem that Cobots face is the
development of suitable software architectures. The fourth problem is
to build a human–robot interface which is user-friendly. Apart from
these, the Cobots should be able to detect collisions and be easy
enough to manipulate according to the user’s needs. There are many
infrastructural challenges, and the Cobots should be well aware of its
workplace [55].
7.4. Cyber-Physical Cognitive systems
Cyber–physical Cognitive systems are a subset of trusted autonomy.
Moreover, it is classified into three broad categories: physical auton-
omy, cyber autonomy and cognitive autonomy. It offers many benefits
to humans, like better decision-making, classification of products and
various defence applications [56].
Trusted Autonomous systems can have significant positive impacts
on society, like providing help to the elderly and helping robots,
improve on how they are trusted by humans. Trust between humans
and machines can help enhance performance in various complex sit-
uations [57]. Cognitive cyber symbiosis can help in improving manu-
facturing feasibility. They achieve this by either allowing the human
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Green Technologies and Sustainability 1 (2023) 100020
abilities and skills to interact with the machines in a ‘Cyber–Physical
world’ through the intelligent human and machine interface by fulfill-
ing the physical and cognitive needs of the operator or by improving
the physical sensing of humans and their cognitive capabilities [58].
7.5. Hyper customisation
Industry 4.0 has proved to meet the ever-growing customisation
demands. Hyper Customisation is a concept that utilises data in real-
time to prepare more specific products according to the user’s needs
through AI and big data. This customisation of integrating robots
with humans facilitates making products in bulk. Hyper customisation
and personalisation require a shift towards agile manufacturing [45].
Yoram Koren et al. suggest that we are witnessing the emergence of a
new paradigm towards manufacturing referred to as ‘Mass Individuali-
sation’. This is a concept where a considerable amount of individualised
products can be manufactured, and each of these products would
satisfy the needs of individuals. This would include designing the open
platform for products, with interfaces defined for each module [59,60].
Individualisation of manufacturing improves the flexibility of both the
hardware and the software components through the decommissioning
of the physical systems from the logical systems [61,62].
This increase in demand for individualisation introduces the need
for developing flexible systems for manufacturing. The introduction of
modularisation in the production line can help in meeting these de-
mands. An open architecture model is used for improving modularity,
such as a relatively new class of machine tools based on fixed standard
platforms and individualised modules, also following open architectural
models. It is also necessary to transform the paradigm of manufacturing
into a more decentralised and socialised version to improve on the
crowdsourcing idea [63,64].
8. Industry 5.0 as a way to overcome the challenges of Industry
4.0
There are different challenges of Industry 4.0 that Industry 5.0
addresses efficiently. Some of them are
8.1. Supply chain issue
Supply chain 4.0 considers aspects such as its strategies, disruptive
technologies and various implications in the supply chain performance.
Supply chain 4.0 is highly technology-centric, whereas supply chain 5.0
considers the balance between humans and technology. Supply chain
4.0 is based on mass customisation and better supply chain perfor-
mance through better transparency, flexibility, waste reduction and
responsiveness. Industry 5.0 aims to keep these benefits while adding
more value through mass customisation. Supply chain 4.0 primarily
uses IoT, AI, and blockchain, whereas industry 5.0 uses these technolo-
gies with more advanced features in terms of technology, especially in
AI and the use of Cobots. Industry 5.0 also aims at sustainability in its
supply chain management [70].
8.2. The challenge of data security
IoT in Industry 4.0 posed many challenges, such as data piracy,
hacking and data breaching. These problems have been addressed by
Industry 5.0. Blockchain Middleware is used for Decentralised IIOT
(Industrial Internet of Things), which integrates the data from various
resources and services used in Smart Manufacturing. These discrete
resources are then used to support the targeted value chain. This thus
helps in mitigating problems of network faults and troubleshooting
issues. Proper use of blockchain in Smart Contracts can help eliminate
the need for third-party registrations or documentation [71]. Smart
contracts implemented through blockchain technology can improve the
autonomy of Industry 5.0 systems and make them more sustainable
since these contracts can reduce the dependence on third parties and
the need for various documentation. Resilient manufacturing strategies
can help improve data security since IIoT contains many critical and
confidential data that must be protected [72,73].
M. Khan, A. Haleem and M. Javaid
Table 3
Technological improvements in Industry 4.0.
Technology Definition
5G It is an advancement to the previous generation of
(An advancement to 4G telecommunication (4G) technology that promises
technology) to provide better data speeds with low latency
rates with increased reliability [65].
Robotics A robot is an entity that shows both physical and
mental presence but cannot be considered alive
[66]. These have improved in Industry 5.0 through
human centricity and focus on sustainability.
Cloud storage platform It serves as the storage platform for cloud
computing. This helps in reducing the
infrastructure required for disk storage [67].
4D printing 4D printing technology is an advancement to 3D
(Advancement to 3D printing) printing with the need for stimulus. They work as
a function of time and show intelligent behaviour.
This facilitates self-assembly and also ensures
self-repair capabilities [68].
Holography It is a phase imaging technique that records the
amplitude and phase of the light waves obtained
from the source. It does this by using coherent
illumination and introducing a beam derived as a
reference from the same source [69].
8.3. Issue of technical integration
One of the significant challenges of Industry 4.0 is that the tech-
nologies would need to cope with the increasing digitalisation. Never-
theless, Industry 5.0 aims at human centricity and combines humans’
creativity with machines’ accuracy to improve productivity and perfor-
mance. It can also help improve product quality; this can be done by
using robots to carry out repetitive tasks [45].
8.4. Human resource issue
Industry 4.0 led to the automation of existing manufacturing tech-
nologies. Thus, adequate training is needed to be provided to the
workers. Whereas Industry 5.0 focuses on human centricity and is
based on proper communication between humans and robots. In this
respect, Cobots have contributed considerably. These robots work in
collaboration with humans to achieve the defined task. Thus, they help
in improving the productivity and efficiency of the workers. Further-
more, the workers can be involved in more value-adding tasks without
the need to do monotonous tasks or be involved in dangerous jobs.
However, predictive maintenance has to be done on these machines
to protect them from potential breakdowns [74].
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Green Technologies and Sustainability 1 (2023) 100020
Application
• 5G technology can help significantly in providing remote healthcare
facilities to patients. This is referred to as Telemedicine and proved very
efficient in providing better healthcare facilities during the COVID-19
outbreak. Telesurgery has allowed doctors to carry out surgeries even
when they are not physically present in the proximity of the patient [65].
• It can also help in improving industries by providing fast access to data.
• Due to its low latency rate, it will give a significant boost to AI and IoT
technologies. Thus, helping in better automation of the industries.
• Physical swabbing has put Doctors a risk of getting exposed to
COVID-19. Researchers have tried to develop Robots which are capable of
collecting swab samples. ‘Yumi’, a Cobot used in Italy, helped in sample
collection and effectively reduced swab collectors’ efforts [66].
• Moreover, drones have been used widely to disinfect high-risk zones
during the COVID-19 outbreak.
• Robots were also developed to measure patients’ temperature and
oxygen levels in real-time.
• The digital transformation during COVID-19, with the introduction of
online meetings and classes, required suitable digital infrastructures. This
was done by providing better cloud services. It also helped in updating the
data of newly infected COVID patients faster and more reliably [67].
• They help drastically in improving industries. They can access a vast
amount of data much faster with just one click. Almost all the data is
stored virtually and can be accessed directly through cloud services, which
further helps reduce infrastructural costs.
• It helped in providing customised protective equipment during the
COVID-19 period. It can also help provide a wide range of nano-structural
products [68].
• They can be used for printing foods which can change their colour with
storage time and varying pH levels. Thus, it could help substantially in
improving the management of food products.
• They also enable printing smart materials capable of changing their
shape, form, or function when exposed to external stimuli like wind or
pressure.
• This technology helped in screening the red blood cells of the patients.
Its ability to refocus and stain-free operations proved it to be an efficient
tool for investigating the samples of COVID patients. RBC morphology is
one of the critical parameters to determine whether a person is infected.
The holography technique also helped detect malaria cases and other
diseases [69].
• Holographic technologies can also display various articles to the public,
which cannot be placed directly on displays.
• These technologies are being placed in the newer generations of
smartphones to provide more enhanced and immersive gaming experiences.
9. Technological improvements in Industry 4.0 and their uses
Industry 5.0 improved various technologies of Industry 4.0 that
have been very useful recently. These technologies are an advancement
to the technologies introduced in Industry 4.0 [75]. These have been
listed in Table 3. The Industry 5.0 Technologies and advancements in
Industry 4.0 are shown in Fig. 3.
10. Results and discussions
The industrial revolution began with the use of steam power to
produce electricity, followed by the use of partial automation to com-
plete automation in Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0 helped overcome many
challenges; for instance, it helped overcome supply chain issues through
proper tracking of the products, helping in carrying out precise pre-
dictions regarding market volatility and many others. It also helped
improve production efficiency with the scope of customisations and
better flexibility. However, Industry 4.0 faced many challenges, such
as technical integration, data privacy and security, management issues
and the inability of the workers to cope with increased digitalisation.
These issues have been addressed by Industry 5.0 by providing
a human-centric approach. It introduced more advanced technology
such as Predictive maintenance, Hyper customisation in the Industry,
Cyber–Physical Cognitive systems, and Collaborative Robots. These
technologies helped to tackle the challenges faced in Industry 4.0.
M. Khan, A. Haleem and M. Javaid
Fig. 3. Industry 5.0 technology and advancements in Industry 4.0.
The introduction of Cobots helped integrate humans’ creativity and
intelligence with the accuracy and precision of machines. However,
there are specific challenges faced by Industry 5.0, like the acceptance
of Cobots by the workers can only be achieved if it is implemented from
the initial phase of a manufacturing system and several design issues.
The present study can help industries and researchers to know the
various challenges that Industry 4.0 has and how these challenges
can be overcome by Industry 5.0. This study will also assess various
technologies of Industry 4.0 along with their limitations and how
the improvements in Industry 5.0 can effectively overcome them. It
will also give an insight into how these technologies have been used
recently and their possible uses. This study also takes into consideration
the fundamental advances that Industry 4.0 provided and, at the same
time, mentions their challenges and limitations, and thus, researchers
can use this to improve further on these technologies. The research
7
Green Technologies and Sustainability 1 (2023) 100020
objective was to create a picture of how the challenges of Industry 4.0
can be overcome by implementing Industry 5.0.
Industry 4.0 is highly technology-centric, whereas Industry 5.0 im-
proves these technologies through human centricities, such as in the
supply chain, where, Industry 5.0 keeps the advantages of Industry
4.0, such as mass customisation and also adds the benefit of Cobots
where humans stay an integral part of the supply chain. The breaching
of data through piracy was yet another issue of Industry 4.0 that
may be effectively solved using Blockchain Middleware. Thus, this
research has systematically listed the technologies of Industry 4.0 and
their challenges. As a result, researchers and organisations can use this
information to improve these technologies further. It will also give an
insight into how the implementation of Industry 5.0 can potentially
help overcome the existing limitations of Industry 4.0.
M. Khan, A. Haleem and M. Javaid
Future work can be done to eliminate data security issues. If this
challenge is effectively overcome, it will help organisations implement
Industry 5.0. This will also enhance the trust in automation, which
will help the workers in doing their work alongside robots. Better
automation that considers human behaviour and human needs will
help in improving the productivity of humans and help in providing
meaningful work to humans. Further, the 4D printing technology can be
improved to provide better printability considering their immense po-
tential in the prosthetic industry. With the increase in human–machine
interaction, future work can also be done to develop intelligent control
by improving the current pattern recognition algorithms.
11. Limitations of this work
Due to the lack of literature available on Industry 5.0, it became
difficult to consider every aspect of the technological advancements of
Industry 5.0, like their proper implications and lack of adequate data.
Thus, these points have yet to be mentioned in this paper.
Also, the technologies that Industry 5.0 introduced are still in the
installation phase. Their advantages over Industry 4.0 are evident
through the literature review, but the challenges they might experience
in the future are unavailable. Thus it becomes difficult to study the
limitations and challenges of the technologies of Industry 5.0. Future
work can be done to find the challenges that Industry 5.0 technologies
face and find a viable solution.
12. Conclusion
This review-based paper focuses on studying the challenges faced by
Industry 4.0 and their solutions as addressed by Industry 5.0. Industry
5.0 used various new technological advancements, such as Predic-
tive maintenance, Hyper customisation in the Industry, Cyber–Physical
Cognitive systems, and the introduction of Collaborative Robots to
overcome the challenges. Industry 5.0 is currently in the development
phase, with minimal literature present. Thus, Industry 5.0 provides a
huge opportunity to conduct research, especially in Data Security and
Integration, considered the most significant challenge when things are
integrated with the internet, often stated as The Industrial Internet of
Things. Better sustainability ideas can also be developed for Industry
5.0. The age of automation and digitalisation has made it easier to
analyse the data generated through sensors used in industries to remove
the various barriers to improving the productivity and efficiency of
organisations.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to
influence the work reported in this paper.
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