Topic 3

Stoichiometry
Symbols of Elements & Formula of Compounds
• Each element is represented by its own unique symbol as seen on the Periodic Table.
• Each symbol is made of one or two letters, the first one is always in capital letters
and the other is small,
Ex- Sodium is Na, not NA
• The chemical formula for compound shows how many atom of each element in this
compound and tells you the ratio of atoms.
Ex- H2O is a compound containing 2 hydrogen atoms combine with 1 oxygen atom

Writing the chemical formula of ionic compounds

1- Write the symbols of each element in the same order as the name of the compound.
2- Write valency or the charge of each element on the top of each symbol.
3- Cross the valences, to make the overall charge zero.
4- Write down the formula without the charges.

To know the charge of each element, we can use the periodic table.

Notes
• The elements in Groups (IV) do not usually form ions, they like to share their electrons.
• Group (VIII) elements do not form ions as they are already stable.

1|P age Mr. Mohamed Salah

Write the formula for the following compounds:
1- Aluminum Oxide 2- Sodium Nitride
Al+3 O−2 Na+1 N −3

Al2O3 Na3N

3- Magnesium oxide
The chemical formula for the compound
Mg +2 O−2 must be in the simplest form so the
formula for magnesium oxide is MgO
Mg2O2
The chemical compounds that contain polyatomic ions.
Polyatomic ion:- it is a group of atoms combined together
and carries a charge behaving like ions.
Write the formula for the following compounds:
1- Sodium Carbonate
Na+1 CO−2
3

Na2 CO3

2- Aluminium Sulphate
Al+3 SO4 −2

Al2 (SO4)3
Important Notes
1. The name of the metal is given first without any change.
For transition metal a roman number is added after the name of metal to show
the charge of this metal as it has more than one charge.
2. The name of the non-metal will be next, but ending with (-ide).

Ex:- Iron (II) oxide Iron (III) oxide

FeO Fe2O3

2|P age Mr. Mohamed Salah

Writing Word Equations & Balanced Chemical Equations
These are the steps to follow, when writing an equation:
1- Write the equation in words (Word equation).
2- Now write it using symbols. Make sure all the formulae are correct.
3- Check that the equation is balanced, for each type of atom in turn.(do not change formula).
4- Add the state symbols. (If needed)

Using state symbols:

State symbols are written after formula in chemical equations to show the physical state
of each substance.

Write an equation for the following reactions:-

Ex.1- Solid sodium burn in chlorine gas to form sodium chloride:

1- Word equation:- sodium + chlorine sodium chloride

2- Chemical equation:- Na + Cl2 NaCl
3- Balance:- 1 Na atom on left = 1 Na atom on right
1 Cl atoms on left = 2 Cl atoms on right
The equation is not balanced. Try this:
Na + Cl2 2NaCl (The 2 goes in front of the NaCl.)

Another sodium atom is now needed on the left:

2Na + Cl2 2NaCl The equation is balanced.
4- State symbol:- 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)

Remember: Diatomic molecules: O2, N2, H2, Cl2, F2, Br2, I2

3|P age Mr. Mohamed Salah

Relative molecular mass (Mr)
Relative molecular mass:- It is the sum of the relative atomic mass of all atoms in a molecule.
• if the substance is made of ions, its mass is called the relative formula mass.
Ex-

Percentage composition of a compound

• It tells you how much of each element it contains as a percentage of total mass.
• It can be determined by the following formula:-
𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞
% of an element by mass = x 100
𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜

Ex- Calculate the percentage of oxygen and sulfur in sulfur dioxide SO2?
SO2= contains 1 S and 2 O
Mr of SO2 = (1 x 32) + (2 x 16) = 64
2 x 16
% of O = x 100 = 50%
64
1 x 32
% of S = x 100 = 50%
64
Percentage of Purity
A pure substance has nothing else mixed with it, but substances often contain impurities.

𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩𝐩 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬

% purity of a substance = x 100
𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢𝐢 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬

Ex- In an experiment, a sample of 15 g lead (II) bromide was made, but In fact it
contained only 13.5 g of lead (II) bromide. Calculate the % purity of the sample.
Mass of pure substance = 13.5 g Mass of impure substance = 15 g
13.5
% purity of a substance = x 100 = 90 lead (II) bromide was 90% pure
15

4|P age Mr. Mohamed Salah

 The Mole
Mole:- it’s the amount of matter that contain of 6.02 x 1023 particle.

Avogadro constant:- it is the number of particles in one mole of a substance (6.02 x 1023 )

Examples
1 mole of Sodium (Na) contains 6.02 x 1023 Atoms of Sodium
1 mole of Hydrogen (H2) contains 6.02 x 1023 Molecules of Hydrogen
1 mole of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) contains 6.02 x 1023 Formula units of Sodium Chloride

Moles - Number of Particles relationship

You can find the mass of any number of moles or (vice versa) and by using this law

No. of particles = No. of moles x (6.02 x 1023 )

No.of particles
No. of moles =
(6.02 x 1023 )

Ex- How many particles of Na are in 4.56 moles of Na?

Ans. No. of representative particles = No. of moles x (6.02 x 1023 )

No. of representative particles = 4.56 x (6.02 x 1023 )
= 2.75 x 1024 atom

Ex- How many moles of water is 5.87 x 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 molecules?

No.of representative particles

Ans. No. of moles =
(6.02 x 1023)
5.87 x 1022
No. of moles = = 0.0975 mol
(6.02 x 1023)

5|P age Mr. Mohamed Salah

Mole and mass relationship
One mole of a substance is obtained by weighing out the Ar or Mr of the substance, in grams.
You can find the mass of one mole of any substance by these steps:
1- Write down the symbol or formula of the substance.
2- Find its Ar or Mr .
3- Express that mass in grams (g).

Ex- Find the mass of one mole (Molar mass) of ethanol C2H5OH.

Ans. (Mr) of C2H5OH = (2 x12) + (6 x 1) + (1x16) = 46 amu

Mass of one mole of C2H5OH = 46 g/mol

Mole - Mass calculation

You can find the mass of any number of moles or (vice versa) and by using this law

Mass = No. of moles x Molar mass

mass
No. of moles =
Molar mass

Note:- Molar mass is the mass of one mole

Ex- Calculate the mass of 9.49 mole of Aluminum oxide 𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝟐𝟐 𝐎𝐎𝟑𝟑 ? (Al = 27 , O = 16)
Ans. The molar mass of Al2 O3 = (2 x 27) + (3 x 16) = 102 g/mol
Mass = No. of moles x molar mass
= 9.49 x 102 = 967.98 g
Ex- How many moles of oxygen molecules are in 64 g of oxygen? (O = 16)
Ans. The molar mass of O2 = (2 x 16) = 32 g/mol
mass 64
No. of moles = = = 2 mol
molar mass 32

6|P age Mr. Mohamed Salah

Mole and volume relationship
• The volumes of one mole of different solid and liquid substances are not the same.
• Unlike liquids and solids, the volumes of moles of gases, measured under the same
physical conditions are the same.
• One mole of every gas occupies the same volume, at the same temperature and pressure.
• At room temperature and pressure (r.t.p), this volume of one mole of any gas is 24 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝟑𝟑 .

Mole – Volume calculation

You can find the mass of any number of moles or (vice versa) and by using this laws:-

Volume of gas = No. of moles x Molar volume

Volume of gas
No. of moles =
Molar volume

The volume of one mole of a gas is called its molar volume.

The molar volume of a gas is 24 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝟑𝟑 at r.t.p.

Ex.1- What is the volume of 4.59 mole of C𝐎𝐎𝟐𝟐 gas at r.t.p?

Ans. Volume of gas = No. of moles x 24
= 4.59 x 24 = 110.16 dm3
Ex.2- How many moles is 5.67 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝟑𝟑 of 𝐎𝐎𝟐𝟐 at r.t.p?
Volume of gas
Ans. No. of moles =
24
5.67
= = 0.236 mol
24

7|P age Mr. Mohamed Salah

The concentration of a solution
It is the amount of solute, in moles, which is dissolved in 1 dm3 of solution.
In general, to find the concentration of a solution:-

𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 (𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦)

Concentration (mol / 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝟑𝟑 ) = 𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕𝐕 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 ( 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝟑𝟑)

Finding the amount of solute in a solution

If you know the concentration of a solution, and its volume,
you can calculate how much solute it contains, in moles.

Amount of solute (mol) = Concentration x Volume

You can then convert moles to grams, by multiplying the

number of moles by (Mr).

Ex- Find the concentration of 2.5 grams of hydrated copper (II) sulfate
(CuSO4.5H2O) in 315 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝟑𝟑 of solution.

Ans. The Molar Mass of (CuSO4.5H2O) = (1x64) + (1x32)+ (4x16) + (5x18) = 250 g
2.5
No. of moles of (CuSO4.5H2O) = = 0.01 mol Note: you must change the
250 volume of solution
315
Volume of solution = = 0.315 dm3
1000 cm3 ÷ 1000 dm3
0.01 mol
Concentration = = 0.032 mol / dm3 1000 x
0.315 dm3 1 cm = 1 ml // 1 dm3 = 1L
3

Ex- How many grams of H2SO4 will be contained in 25 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝟑𝟑 of 0.1 mol / 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝟑𝟑 of H2SO4.

25
Ans. Volume of solution = = 0.025 dm3
1000

No. of moles of H2SO4 = 0.025 x 0.1 = 0.0025 mol

The Molar Mass of H2SO4 = (2x1) + (1x32) + (4x16) = 98 g

Mass of H2SO4 = 0.0025 x 98 = 0.245 g

8|P age Mr. Mohamed Salah

Chemical calculation and chemical equation
Chemical equation can be used to give use information about chemical reaction like:-
1- How many moles of each substance take part .
2- How many grams of each substance take part.
3- How many liter of each substance take part.

Before we make those calculation, we need to know something that is called “Mole ratio”

Mole ratio:- it is a stoichiometric ratio of the moles of reactant and product that can be
found from the coefficients of the reactant and products in the balanced
chemical reaction.

Ex:- In the reaction:- 2Al2O3 (l) 4Al (s) + 3O2 (g)

Mole ratio is :- 2 4 3

Calculating Moles from equations

• In this calculation, you can use a known amount of reactants or products “in moles”
to find the unknown quantity in the reaction “in mole” also by using mole ratio.
• Before you start solving your problem, make sure that the chemical equation is balanced.

Ex:- How many moles of lithium hydroxide are required to react with 20 mol CO2 ?

CO2 (g) + 2LiOH (s) Li2CO3 (s) + H2O (l) “balanced”

Known unknown

Mole ratio 1 : 2

Given and
Required 20 : X
Amount
2 x 20
X= = 40 mol
1

X is the unknown amount of moles of lithium hydroxide which is 40 mole.

9|P age Mr. Mohamed Salah

Calculating masses from equations

These are the steps to follow:

1- Convert grams of known substance into moles.
2- Use mole ratio from the equation to find moles of unknown substance.
3- if the mass of unknown substance is needed, you can convert its moles into mass.

Ex- How many grams of SnF2 are produced from the reaction of 30 g HF with Sn?

Sn (s) + 2HF (g) → SnF2 (s) + H2 (g) “balanced”

Known unknown
30 g ?? g

Step 1: Moles of HF
Convert grams of known substance into moles.
Mass 30
Moles of HF = = = 1.5 mol
Molar mass 1+19

Step 2: Moles of SnF2

Use mole ratio from the equation to find moles of unknown substance.
Mole ratio 2 HF : 1 SnF2

Given and
Required 1.5 : X
amount
1 x 1.5
X= = 0.75 mol of SnF2
2

Step 3: Mass of SnF2

Convert moles of SnF2 into grams

Mass of SnF2 = No. of moles x molar mass

= 0.75 x [(1 x 119) + (2 x 19)] = 117.75 g

10 | P a g e Mr. Mohamed Salah

Calculating gas volumes from equations:

These are the steps to follow:

1- Convert grams of known substance into moles. (if unknown substance in moles you can cancel this step).
2- Use mole ratio from the equation to find moles of unknown substance.
3- Convert moles of unknown substance into volume.

Ex- When sulfur burns in air, it forms sulfur dioxide at (r.t.p)

What volume of this gas produced when 1g of sulfur burns in air?

S (s) + O2 (g) SO2 (g) (balanced)

1g ?? 𝐝𝐝𝐝𝐝𝟑𝟑

Step 1:- Moles of Sulfur (S)

Convert grams of known substance (Sulfur) into moles.
Mass 1
Moles of S = = = 0.03125 mol
Molar mass 32

Step 2: Moles of Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

Use mole ratio from the equation to find moles of unknown substance.
Mole ratio 1S : 1 SO2

Given and
Required 0.03125 : X X = 0.03125 mol of SO2
amount

Step 3: Volume of Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

Convert moles of SO2 into volume

Volume of SO2 = No. of moles x molar volume

= 0.03125 x 24 = 0.75 dm3

11 | P a g e Mr. Mohamed Salah

Note:- (Use it in paper.2 only)
if the reactant and product in the equation are gases (at r.t.p), use the volume of the
known gas to find the volume of unknown gas by using mole ratio without change
volumes into moles , because all the gases have the same molar volume at r.t.p.

Ex- 321 cm3 of ammonia gas is passed over heated copper(II) oxide.
What is the volume of nitrogen gas formed when measured at the same
temperature and pressure as the ammonia?

3CuO (s) + 2NH3 (g) → 3Cu (s) + N2 (g) + 3 H2O (l)

321 cm3 ?? dm3

Step 1: Volume of ammonia in dm3

321
Volume of NH3 = = 0.321 dm3
1000

Step 2: Volume of N2
Use mole ratio from the equation to find moles of unknown substance.
Mole ratio 2 mol NH3 : 1 mol N2

Given and
Required 0.321 dm3 NH3 : X dm3 N2
amount
1 x 0.321
X= = 0.16 dm3 of N2
2

12 | P a g e Mr. Mohamed Salah

Percentage yield
Yield: it is the amount of product produced from a reaction.
In many reactions, we want the highest yield possible and the best purity of the product.
In practice, you never get 100% yield in a chemical process for several reasons, like some
reactants being left behind in the equipment or the reaction may be reversible or the product
may also be lost during separation stages.

So, technically we have two types of yield:-

• Actual yield: is the true yield produced from a reaction in a real experiment (Lab).(given)
• Theoretical yield: is the maximum (calculated) yield expected from a balanced equation.

The efficiency of the procedures can be calculated by using percentage yield.

𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀 𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲
Percentage yield = x 100
𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓 𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲𝐲

Ex- On heating 5g calcium carbonate 2.1g of calcium oxide are formed.

What is the percentage yield of the reaction?

CaCO3 (s) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

Known (5 g) unknown (?? g)

Step 1: Convert grams of known substance into moles.

Mass 5
Moles of CaCO3 = = = 0.05 mol
Molar mass (1x40)+ ( 1x 12) + (3x16)

Step 2: Use mole ratio from the equation to find moles of unknown substance.
Since the molar ratio of CaCO3 to CaO is 1:1 so the no. of moles of CaO = 0.05 mol

Step 3: Convert moles of CaO into grams

Mass of CaO = No. of moles x molar mass
= 0.05 x [(1 x 40) + ( 1x16)] = 2.8 g (Theoretical yield)

Actual yield 2.1

Step 4: Percentage yield = x 100 = x 100 = 75 %
Theoritical yield 2.8

13 | P a g e Mr. Mohamed Salah

Limiting reactant and excess reactant
Limiting reactant: it is the reactant that limits the amount of product that can be formed.
The reaction will stop when all the limiting reactant is consumed.

Excess reactant: it is the reactant that still remains present in the reaction mixture.
it is not used up completely in a reaction because there is nothing
remaining to react with (limiting reactant consumed).

Ex- 9.2 g of sodium is reacted with 8.0 g of sulfur to produce sodium sulfide, Na2S.
Which reactant is in excess and which is the limiting reactant?

Step 1: Write a balanced equation to find molar ratio.

2Na (s) + S (s) Na2S (s)
(9.2 g) (8 g)

Step 2: Calculate the moles of each reactant

Mass
No. of moles =
Molar mass

9.2
Moles of Na = = 0.4 mol
23

8
Moles of S = = 0.25 mol
32

Step 3: Use the molar ratios and compare the moles between the reactant
According to the balanced equation, the ratio between (Na) and (S) is 2 : 1
So to react completely 0.4 moles of Na require 0.2 moles of S.
Since there are 0.25 moles of S, then S is in excess, and Na is the limiting reactant.

To find the remaining of the excess

The remaining of the excess = Total substance – The reacted substance

The remaining of the excess = 0.25 – 0.2 = 0.05 mol

The mass of remaining = 0.05 x 32 = 1.6 g

14 | P a g e Mr. Mohamed Salah

Empirical formula and molecular formula
Empirical formula: it is the simplest ratio of the number of atoms of different elements
in the compound.

Molecular formula: it shows the actual number of atoms of different elements present
in the compound.
Ex- Compound Molecular formula Empirical formula Note
Ethane C2H6 CH3 For ionic compounds, the
Methane CH4 CH4 empirical formula like
Ethanoic acid C2H4O2 CH2O chemical formula exactly.

Empirical formula:
• If you know what masses or % by mass combine, you can work out the formula.
• The general method to determine the empirical formula of a compound is shown below.
Lets suppose that we have a compound consist of 3 elements X, Y, Z and we know its mass.

Mass of X Mass of Y Mass of Z

÷ Ar ÷ Ar ÷ Ar
of x of Y of x
Moles of X Moles of Y Moles of Z

Divide all by the smallest number that will be obtained from this calculation

Mole ratio between X, Y, Z

Change all the decimal
number to a whole number.

Use this number as a subscript to write the empirical formula.

Factors that can be used to change decimal number to a whole number.

If the number is 1.5 Multiply by 2 If the number is 1.6 Multiply by 5

If the number is 1.33 If the number is 1.25
Multiply by 3 Multiply by 4
If the number is 1.66 If the number is 1.75

15 | P a g e Mr. Mohamed Salah

Ex- Hydrocarbon compound contains only carbon and hydrogen.
It is 84.2% carbon and 15.8% hydrogen by mass. Find its Empirical formula.

Elements that combine C H

Masses 84.2 15.8

84.2 15.8
Moles = 7.02 = 15.8
12 1

7.02 15.8
Moles Ratio =1 = 2.25
7.02 7.02

Moles number 1x4=4 2.25 x 4 = 9

The Empirical formula of the compound is C4H9

Molecular formula:
To find the molecular formula for an unknown compound, you need to know these:

• The relative molecular mass of the compound (Mr). (Given)

• The empirical formula. (We get it from the previous step).
• The mass of empirical formula that can be calculated using (Ar) values of the element.

To find the molecular formula:

Molecular formula mass (Mr)

1- Calculate n=
Empirical formula mass

2- Multiply the numbers in the empirical formula by n.

Ex- In the previous problem the compound have (Mr = 114).

What is its molecular formula?
The Empirical formula of the compound is C4H9

Mass of empirical formula = (4 x 12) + (9 x 1) = 57

Molecular formula mass (Mr) 114

n = = 57 =2
Empirical formula mass

Molecular Formula = 2 x C4H9 = C8H18

16 | P a g e Mr. Mohamed Salah

The formula of hydrated salt
Some salts combine with water molecules and form hydrated salts
The water molecule present in the formula of salt is known as the water of crystallization.

Ex:- Hydrated copper sulphate (CuSO4.5H2O) which contain 5 molecules of water.

In some problem, the amount of this water can be calculated to find the empirical formula.

Ex- A weighed sample of (FeSO4.xH2O) is heated to remove all water of crystallization

The mass of salt before heating is 6.4 g and the mass of salt after heating is 3.5 g
Find the water of crystallization (X).

Mass of water of crystallization = mass of hydrated salt – mass of anhydrous salt

= 6.4 - 3.5
= 2.9 g

FeSO4 H2O

Masses 3.5 2.9

3.5 2.9
Moles = 0.023 = 0.161
152 18

0.023 0.161
Molar ratio =1 =7
0.023 0.023

The empirical formula of the compound is FeSO4.7H2O

17 | P a g e Mr. Mohamed Salah