CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 A database management system (or DBMS) is essentially nothing more than a computerized
data-keeping system. Users of the system are given facilities to perform several kinds of operations on
such a system for either manipulation of the data in the database or the management of the database
structure itself.

1.2 What is the need of DBMS?

Before understanding what DBMS is, let us first understand what a database is.

In layperson’s terms, the database is a big container where data is stored in a structured format. We
cannot store semi-structured or unstructured data in a database.

A database is an organized collection of data that can be modified, retrieved, or updated. Data, DBMS,
and applications associated with them together form the database concept. The data, stored in the
database, is in the row and column format, which is called a table. Every website, which needs us to
sign up, uses a database. There is no internet without databases.

For instance, a college will have to keep the information about its students, including roll number,
name, age, blood group, etc. The college will also need to keep the details of the professors and
infrastructure. The details, that the college has, can be stored in a database named College, or if it is
just the student details, then it can be named Students. All such details should be in a structured format,
such as tables, in a hierarchy.

1.3 What is a Database Management System?

Database Management System (DBMS) is a software application that is used to create, access,
maintain, and manage databases. We can install it like any other application and use SQL for all the
operations that we intend to perform on databases. DBMS accepts the incoming data either from an
application or from a user who is manually entering it.

• It does not matter if it is a large or small DBMS, with its help, we can store and retrieve data
and make changes whenever we want to.
• Some commands are predefined in DBMS, and these commands can be used to manipulate the
database. These commands are also the interface between the database and end-users to
establish communication.

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 1.4 Database Management System Examples

A few examples of databases are:

• Oracle – Oracle is a Relational Database Management System. It can be stored on-site or in

the cloud. It uses enterprise-scale technology to offer a wide range of features to the users.
• MySQL – Used by platforms like YouTube, Twitter, and Facebook, MySQL is a Relational
Database Management System. It is often integrated with open-source Content Management
Systems (CMS).
• SQL Server – SQL Server is a Relational Database Management System developed by
Microsoft. It was based on SQL, a query language that helps users in data query and database
management.

1.5 Components of DBMS

There are five major components of DBMS:

• Hardware – Hardware includes the actual physical computer system that is used to access the
database. Mainframes to microcomputers are utilized in DBMS. Oftentimes large storage
devices are used to store a huge amount of data.
• Software – The DBMS is the Software here. It helps connect the physical database to the end
users. Whenever a user wants to access the database, access has to be granted by the software.
• Procedures – All the instructions that are given to access the DBMS, fall under Procedures.
From installing DBMS to generating reports, all of these instructions are a part of the
procedures involved in DBMS.
• Data – Data is the information that is managed by DBMS. DBMS helps in managing data and
easing access to useful information.

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 • Database Access Language – The language that is used to write commands on the DBMS to
access, utilize, manage, update, and delete data, is called the Database Access Language.
Commands are written using the Database Access Language and submitted to the DBMS so
they can be executed by the DBMS.

1.6 Types of DBMS

There are broadly four categories or types of DBMS:

1. Hierarchical databases
2. Network databases
3. Relational databases (RDBMS)
4. Object-oriented databases

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 • Hierarchical databases: This type of DBMS showcases a parent-child type of relationship.
This relationship forms a tree-like structure where the nodes (leaves) of the tree represent
records and the fields are represented by branches.
• Network databases: This style of DBMS embraces several partnerships where it is possible to
connect multiple user records at the same time in parallel.
• Relational databases (RDBMS): This type of DBMS helps users to locate and manipulate
data that has connections with another piece of data in the database. It uses tables for storing
the data in a row-and-column format.
• Object-oriented databases: In this type of DBMS, data is stored in individual components
called objects, where each object is a piece of data with some instructions for the tasks that
should be performed on that data.

Now, we have a fair idea about what DBMS is and the kind of versatility it provides to developers.
DBMS software can be used differently as there are various DBMS architectures. Choosing a DBMS
completely depends on end-user goals. Choosing the right DBMS for an application will provide an
edge that can make the application work seamlessly.

1.7 Application of DBMS

Sector Application

Universities Student information, courses, grades, etc.

Sales Customer information, sales, etc.

Finance Stock information, sales, bonds, etc.

Banking Customer information, account, activities, deposits, loans, etc.

Manufacturing Production information, suppliers, inventories, etc.

Airlines Customer information, schedules, reservations, etc.

HR Management Employee information, payroll, deduction, paychecks, etc.

Telecommunication Call records, bills, usage, etc.

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 1.8 Advantages of DBMS

• Various formats of data can be stored, and data can be retrieved by a range of methods in the
Structured Query Language.
• As most databases are usually centralized in nature, they can be accessed quickly and managed
easily.
• We can set up authorized users who can view, share, and access data. This ensures security for
data.
• DBMS facilitates the smooth incorporation of programming languages, such as C++, Python,
and PHP, to allow users to establish a connection with a web application or third-party
applications.
• To prevent data from being inaccessible when there is an overload, a recovery system with
automated backups is provided by almost every DBMS software.
• With minimum data duplicity and redundancy, DBMS provides data protection and integrity.

1.9 Disadvantages of DBMS

• In some cases, DBMSs are highly complicated systems to set up and maintain.
• The cost of DBMS hardware and applications is comparatively high, exhausting an
organization’s budget.
• In certain organizations, all information is integrated into a common database, which may get
destroyed due to electrical issues or it may get corrupted in storage media. Having backups is
preferred in such situations but that increases the cost.
• Certain DBMS systems cannot run complex queries as they slow down the other processes that
are running.
• A system with a high configuration is needed to operate the DBMS effectively. We will
unavoidably need hardware that performs well to get this height. As all of this technology and
the license for this program are relatively pricey, it raises the cost of development. On your
local system, they also take up comparatively more room. Also necessary is the upkeep of
these systems.
• As was previously said, the DBMS stores together all data in one place. Therefore, if there is a
problem with that file, it could affect all of the other processes as well, which would halt
everything and bring the process to a total halt.
• The productivity of complex procedures may increase thanks to the DBMS, but simple
processes are also made more difficult.

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 CHAPTER 2

SYSTEM AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS AND

SPECIFICATIONS

2.1 Web-Based Student Result Management System using PHP MySQL with Source Code is
the Web–based Student Result Management System. Also, we can use bar-code scanner for
this system. And its main purpose is who learn programming in PHP. And it’s have given best
priority for Ajax and Java Script. Complete Web-Based Student Result Management System
have 4 users. Admin, Teacher, Student and Parents. All these users can access this System.

▪ Complete Web-Based Student Management System has main 5 tables. That is Classroom,
Grade, Subject, Teachers, and Subject Routing. At first time when you create any of these
things.You able to edit and delete the records. But when you add any of these things to other
tables.
E.g. :- When you check result of a student.

▪ Complete Web-Based Student Result Management System will hide the delete option by
itself. Onlyyou able to edit the records.

▪ The student needs to pay a monthly fee before the 5th of the month. After the 5th of the month
if he didn’t pay the monthly fee when he add attendance Ingenious will send notification to the
admin about the details of the due payment.

▪ Admin and teachers able to add Petty Cash. If admin will create the petty cash Ingenious will
approve it by itself. When teacher will create the Petty Cash its need to approve by Admin.

2.2 Features of Complete Student Result Management System:

1. Student Profile Management.

2. Course Management.
3. Grading System.
4. Result Processing.
5. Transcript Generation.
6. Attendance Tracking.
7. Report Generation.
8. User Roles and Permissions.
9. Notification Systems.

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 10. Data Backup and Recovery.
11. Grade Analytics.
12. Integration with Learning Management System.
13. Customizable Templates.
14. Parent/Guardian Portal.
15. Plagiarism Detection Integration.
16. Mobile Compatibility.

2.3 Requirements:

▪ PHP 5.5
▪ MYSQL 4.6
▪ Text Editor Software

2.4 Complete Student Result Management System Project:

▪ Name of Project: Complete Student Result Management System Project

▪ Language: PHP
▪ Databases used: MySQL
▪ Design used: HTML JavaScript, Ajax, jQuery, Bootstrap.
▪ Browser used: IE8, Google Chrome, Opera Mozilla
▪ Software used: WAMP/ XAMPP/ LAMP/MAMP

2.5 Functional Requirements:

A description of the facility or feature required. Functional requirements deal with
what the system should do or provide for users. They include description of the required
functions, outlines of associated reports or online queries, and details of data tobe held in
the system.

2.6 NON- Functional Requirements:

Non-functional requirements define the overall qualities or attributes of the resulting system.

2.7 Security:
Security requirements are included in a system to ensure:
All questions and users are well secured.
SQL injection is prevented

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 2.8 Requirements:

▪ PHP 5.5
▪ MYSQL 4.6
▪ Text Editor Software

2.9 Complete Student Result Management System Project:

▪ Name of Project: Complete Student Result Management System Project

▪ Language: PHP
▪ Databases used: MySQL
▪ Design used: HTML JavaScript, Ajax, jQuery, Bootstrap.
▪ Browser used: IE8, Google Chrome, Opera Mozilla
▪ Software used: WAMP/ XAMPP/ LAMP/MAMP

2.1.0 Interfaces:

Interfaces are the link between the user and the system, basically we can say.
interfaces are the objects through which user of the system interacts with the system. This
system has different interfaces through which user interacts with the system they are:

1. Login interface:

This is the first interface in which user is required to enter the username &
password if the password is correct then access is granted otherwise not. User has
got three attempts to enter the correct password; if he is not able to enter the
correct password in three attempts then the system is exited.

2. Data maintenance:

This is the most important interface in the system in which the user interacts with
the system to store the data or to retrieve the data from the database, this interface
has got many sub parts like addition of records, editing of records, searching of
records & etc.3. Reports:
This interface is the output for the system in which the user receives the results or
output, which is required in the form of reports like cash details, student details &
fee status

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 CHAPTER: 3

ER DIAGRAM, SCHEMA DIAGRAM

o ER model stands for an Entity-Relationship model. It is a high-level data model. This model is
used to define the data elements and relationship for a specified system.
o It develops a conceptual design for the database. It also develops a very simple and easy to
design view of data.
o In ER modeling, the database structure is portrayed as a diagram called an entity-relationship
diagram.

For example, suppose we design a school database. In this database, the student will be an entity with
attributes like address, name, id, age, etc. The address can be another entity with attributes like city,
street name, pin code, etc. and there will be a relationship between them.

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 The ER diagram below shows the relationship between the many tables that exist in the database
for the functioning of Student Result Management System.

Figure: ER Diagram of Student Result Management System

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 3.3 Schema Diagram

In any data model it is important to distinguish between the description of thedatabase and
the database itself. The description of a database is called the databaseschema, which is
specified during database design and is not expected to change frequent.

A displayed schema is called a schema diagram. A schema diagram displays only some aspects
of a schema, such as the names of record types and data items, and some types ofconstraints.

Figure: Schema diagram of Student Result Management System

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 CHAPTER: 4

IMPLEMENTATIONS
This chapter of the report describes the Functions, packages and modules used in the project:

4.1 Libraries and Frameworks

PHP

PHP is Hypertext Pre-processor is a general-purpose programming language originally designed

for web development.

HTML

Hypertext Markup Language is the standard markup language for documents designed to be
displayed in a web browser. It can be assisted by technologies such as Cascading Style Sheets
and scripting languages such as JavaScript.

CSS

Cascading Style Sheets is a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a
document written in a markup language like HTML. CSS is a cornerstone technology of the
World Wide Web, alongside HTML and JavaScript. Functional Modules

JavaScript

JavaScript, often abbreviated as JS, is a high-level, interpreted scripting language that conforms
to the ECMAScript specification. JavaScript has curly-bracket syntax, dynamic typing,
prototype-based object-orientation, and first-class functions.

PHP Mailer

PHP Mailer is a code library to send emails safely and easily via PHP code from a web server.
Sending emails directly by PHP code requires a high-level familiarity to SMTP standard protocol
and related issues and vulnerabilities about Email injection for spamming. So, we used PHP
Mailer

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 Step1: Create MySQL Database Table
First, we will MySQL database
tables sms_user, sms_teacher, sms_students, sms_classes, sms_subjects, sms_section and sms_attenda
nce. All the tables structure and data is available in project download zip file.

Step2: Create Index.

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Step3: Manage Admin Login

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 Step4: Manage dashboard.

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 Step5: Manage Notice.

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Step6: Manage Students.

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Step7: Manage Student Results.

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 CHAPTER 5
MODULES IN STUDENT RESULT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

A Student Result Management System typically consists of several modules that work together to facilitate the
management of student data, results, and related processes. Here are the common modules found in such a

system:

1.Student Information Management Module: This module manages student profiles, including personal

details, contact information, enrollment details, and any other relevant information.

2.Course Management Module: This module handles the management of courses offered by the institution,
including course codes, names, credits, instructors, and schedules.

3.Grading System Module: This module defines the grading criteria, calculates grades based on student
performance in assessments, and assigns grades to students for each course.

4.Result Processing Module: The result processing module automates the processing of student results,

aggregates scores from different assessments, and generates overall grades for students.

5.Transcript Generation Module: This module generates student transcripts, which include detailed

information about their academic performance, grades earned, and overall progress.

6.Attendance Tracking Module: This module tracks student attendance for classes, tutorials, labs, or any

other compulsory sessions, providing insights into student engagement and participation.

7.Reporting and Analytics Module: This module provides tools for generating comprehensive reports on

student performance, class-wise statistics, course-wise analysis, and other relevant insights for administrators,
faculty, and students.

8.User Management Module: This module manages user accounts, roles, and permissions, ensuring that only
authorized personnel can access and modify sensitive student data.

9.Notification Module: This module sends notifications to students and faculty regarding upcoming exams,
deadlines for assignments, changes in schedules, or any other relevant information.

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 SNAPSHOTS
Student Result Management System

Snapshot: Login page

Snapshot: Admin Login page

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 Snapshot: To Add Class Details

Snapshot: To Create Student Class

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 Snapshot: To Manage Student Classes

Snapshot: To Add Subject Combination

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 Snapshot: To Declare Result of Student

Snapshot: To Manage Result

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 Snapshot : To Manage Notices

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 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, a Student Result Management System (SRMS) implemented within a Database Management
System (DBMS) serves as a crucial tool for educational institutions to efficiently handle and analyze student
data, grades, and related information. Here are some key points highlighting the significance and benefits
of such a system:

1.Streamlined Data Management: An SRMS in a DBMS centralizes student information, making it easily
accessible for administrators, faculty, and students. This streamlines data management processes and
reduces the likelihood of errors or inconsistencies in record-keeping.
2.Improved Efficiency: Automation of tasks such as result processing, grade calculation, and report generation
enhances administrative efficiency, allowing educators to focus more on teaching and mentoring students
rather than administrative tasks.
3. Enhanced Communication: The system facilitates seamless communication between stakeholders,
enabling administrators to communicate important updates, deadlines, and academic information to
students and faculty promptly.
4. Data Analysis and Insights: Built-in analytics tools help educators gain insights into student performance
trends, identify areas for improvement, and make data-driven decisions to enhance teaching methodologies
and curriculum development.
5. Transparency and Accountability: By providing students and parents with access to their grades, attendance
records, and academic progress, an SRMS fosters transparency and accountability, encouraging students
to take ownership of their learning journey.
6. Support for Decision Making: The system equips administrators and educators with the necessary data and
reports to make informed decisions about curriculum planning, resource allocation, and student support
services.
7. Integration with Learning Technologies: Integration with other educational technologies such as
Learning Management Systems (LMS) and plagiarism detection tools enhances the functionality and
effectiveness of the SRMS, providing a comprehensive solution for academic management.
8. Accessibility and Mobile Compatibility: Ensuring accessibility through mobile-friendly interfaces or
dedicated mobile applications enables stakeholders to access the SRMS anytime, anywhere, facilitating
better communication and engagement.

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