36 Image formation LPN NE 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 36.6 36.7 36.9 36.10 Images Formed by Flat Mirrors Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors Images Formed by Refraction Images Formed by Thin Lenses Lens Abberations The Camera The Eye The Simple Magnifier The Compound Microscope The Telescope ‘An asterisk indicates a question or problem new to this edition. NSWERS TO OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 0936.1 0936.2 Answer (b). A change in the medium in contact with the outer surface will result in a change in refraction at the outer surface if the surface is curved. Refraction should be limited to the inner surface because the medium inside (air) does not change. The outer surface should be flat so that it will not produce a fuzzy or distorted image for the diver when the mask is used either in air or in water. (Answer (c). The image is an upright and virtual at first then inverted and real. A concave (converging) mirror can produce real and virtual images depending on the object distance. (ii) Answer (c). When the object passes through the focal point, the image switches from virtual to real. 674 122014 Cengage Learning, Al Righle Reserve, May not he scanned, copied or plicated or pote toa publ ecasible website in whole on part.0036.3 0936.4 0936.5 0936.6 0936.7 Chapter 36 675 Answer (b). A converging lens forms real, inverted images of real objects located outside the focal point 1,11 1 pq f 500cm°q 15.0cm > q=214em The positive image distance confirms that the image is real, and the negative magnification confirms that the image is inverted. Also, M=-0.429 tells us the image is smaller than the object. (Answer (). A converging lens forms real, inverted images of real objects located farther than the focal length (p > ), and virtual, upright images of real objects located closer than the focal length (p<) (ii) Answers (a) and (c). A diverging lens forms a virtual, upright, and diminished image of any real object located any distance from the lens Answer (4). The entire image is visible, but only at half the intensity. Each point on the object is a source of rays that travel in all directions. Thus, light from all parts of the object goes through all unblocked parts of the lens and forms an image. If you block part of the lens, you are blocking some of the rays, but the remaining ones still come from all parts of the object. Answer (d). The image is upright, so the magnification is positive: > 4q=-45.0em 30.0 cm 1.1/1 1 1 1 1 + 1-4 =90.0 p af 30am om Ff > S om Answer (b), For lens 1, the object distance p, = 50.0 em: 111 11.41 hoa A B00em 4, 150em The image distance is positive, so the image is real and forms 21.4 cm to the right of lens 1. The image of lens 1 is the object of lens 2. For lens 2, the object distance p, = 35.0 cm — 21.4 em = 13.6 cm: > q.=214em > q@,=38.0em ©2014 Cengage Learning, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copied or dupicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,676 Image Formation The image distance is positive, so the image is real and forms 38.0 cm to the right of lens 2 From Equation 36.18, the overall magnification is ( (-21.4cm )(-38.0cm ) M=MM, =| (2 =1.20 Ps 0Q36.8 Answer (c). The amount of light focused on the film by a camera is, proportional to the area of the aperture through which the light enters the camera. Since the area of a circular opening varies as the square of the diameter of the opening, the light reaching the film is proportional to the square of the diameter of the aperture. Thus, increasing this diameter by a factor of 3 increases the amount of light by a factor of 9. 0Q36.9 Answer (b). The angle of refraction for the light coming from the fish to the person is 60°. The angle of incidence is smaller, so the fish is deeper than it appears. [Refer to CQ35.16.] 0Q36.10 The ranking is c > e > a> d >b. In case (c) the object distance is effectively infinite. In (¢) the object distance is very large compared to the focal length, but not infinite. In (a) the object distance is a little larger than the focal length. In (d) the object distance is equal to the focal length. In (b) the object distance is less than the focal length. 0Q36.11 Answer (d). We can answer this question conceptually by noting that if the lens were surrounded by water, parallel light rays passing into and out of the lens would experience smaller changes in the index of refraction, so they would bend less, and so would focus farther from the lens. We can answer this question quantitatively if we consider the derivation of the lens makers’ equation (Equation 36.15) for the general case of the lens being surrounded by a medium of index n, We would conclude that Equation 36.15 takes the general form A_f(*_,)(4-4 Fm RR So, for a lens of crown glass (n= 1.52, from Table 35.1) surrounded by air, n, = 1, we have t-ase-1[t [©2014 Cengage Leasing, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copie or upliled or posted a3 publ secasible website in whole rin pastChapter 36 677 but for a lens surrounded by water, n, re lee) 333, and we have (1. 1.52 \ (37 Gass -oft 1) (G57) 1 (152-1) LR OR} / 052-2) 0am f=55.6.cm 0Q36.12 Answer (e). At the smallest distance the object and image distances are equal, p = 4: 1,11, 1,1 1 11 Ati paf pep f 2.1 ==. 5 p=2 Df pa2fnq 0Q36.13 (i) Answers (a) and (c). The image of a real object formed by a plane mirror is always an upright and virtual image, which is the same size as the object and located as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of the mirror. (ii) Answer (c). A concave (converging) mirror forms real, inverted images of real objects located outside the focal point (p >, and virtual, upright images of real objects located inside the focal point (p< f) of the mirror. (iii) Answer (a) and (0). With a real object in front of a convex (diverging) mirror, the image is always virtual, upright, and diminished in size, and located between the mirror and the focal point. 0Q36.14 Answer (b). The image is upright, and corresponding parts of the object and image are the same distance from the mirror. ©2014 Cengage Learning, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copied or dupicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,678 Image Formation ee Sale) NSWERS TO CONCEPTI €Q36.1— (@)_Yes. (&) You have likely seen a Fresnel mirror for sound. The diagram represents first a side view of a band shell. It isa concave mirror for sound, designed to channel sound into a beam toward the audience in front of the band shell. Sections of its surface can be kept at the right orientations as they are pushed around inside a rectangular box to form an auditorium with good diffusion of sound from stage to audience, with a floor plan suggested by the second part of the diagram. ANS. FIG. CQ36.1 €Q36.2 (a) _ The focal point is defined as the location of the image formed by rays originally parallel to the axis. An object at a large but finite distance will radiate rays nearly but not exactly parallel. Infinite object distance describes the definite limiting case in which these rays become parallel. (b) To measure the focal length of a converging lens, set it up to form an image of the farthest object you can see outside a window. The image distance will be equal to the focal length within one percent or better if the object distance is a hundred times larger or more. €Q36.3 Because when you look at the TOMAJU@MA in your rear view mirror, the apparent left-right inversion clearly displays the name of the AMBULANCE behind you. Do not jam on your brakes when a MIAMI city bus is right behind you. €Q36.4 Chromatic aberration arises because a material medium’s refractive index can be wavelength dependent. A mirror changes the direction of light by reflection, not refraction. Light of all wavelengths follows the same path according to the law of reflection, so no chromatic aberration happens. €Q36.5 (a) _Yes. If the converging lens is immersed in a liquid with an index of refraction significantly greater than that of the lens itself, it will make light from a distant source diverge. [©2014 Cengage Leasing, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copie or upliled or posted a3 publ secasible website in whole rin pastChapter 36 679 (b) No. This is not the case with a converging (concave) mirror, as the law of reflection has nothing to do with the indices of refraction. CQ36.6 —_Asin the diagram, let the center of curvature C of the fishbowl and the bottom of the fish define the optical axis, intersecting the fishbow at vertex V. A ray from the top of the fish that reaches the bowl surface along a radial line through C has angle of incidence zero and angle of refraction zero. This ray exits from the bowl unchanged in direction. A ray ANS. FIG. CQ36.6 from the top of the fish to Vis refracted to bend away from the normal. Its extension back inside the fishbowl determines the location of the image and the characteristics of the image. The image is upright, virtual, and enlarged. CQ36.7 (a) Aninfinite number. In general, an infinite number of rays leave each point of any object and travel in all directions. Note that the three principal rays that we use for imaging are just a subset of the infinite number of rays. (b) All three principal rays can be drawn in a ray diagram, provided that we extend the plane of the lens as shown in Figure CQ36.7, ANS. FIG. CQ36.7 CQ36.8 With the meniscus design, when you direct your gaze near the outer circumference of the lens you receive a ray that has passed through glass with more nearly parallel surfaces of entry and exit. Thus, the lens minimally distorts the direction to the object you are looking at. If you wear glasses, turn them around and look through them the wrong way to maximize this distortion. CQ36.9 Note that an object at infinity has an image at the focal point of a converging lens, and an object at the focal point of a converging lens ©2014 Cengage Learning, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copied or dupicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,680 Image Formation has its image at infinity, so we may conclude that the farther an object is from a lens, the closer the image is to the focal point of the lens. Therefore, we expect the image of the farther tree to form closer to the lens, so we conclude that the screen should be moved toward the lens. We can verify our conclusion using the lens equation: Ayla Lat _ pop isp a a 4 pq f af Pp fp f For p=, q ap dor = (=e conclusion is correct. €Q36.10 In the diagram, only two of the three principal rays have been used to locate images to reduce the amount of visual clutter. The upright shaded arrows are the objects, and the correspondingly numbered inverted arrows are the images. As you can see, object 2 is closer to the focal point than object 1, and image 2 is farther to the left than image 1 ANS. FIG. CQ36.10 CQ36.11 The eyeglasses on the left are diverging lenses that correct for nearsightedness. If you look carefully at the edge of the person's face through the lens, you will see that everything viewed through these glasses is reduced in size. The eyeglasses on the right are converging lenses, which correct for farsightedness. These lenses make everything that is viewed through them look larger. €Q36.12 The eyeglass wearer's eye is at an object distance from the lens that is quite small—the eye is on the order of 10° meter from the lens. The focal length of an eyeglass lens is several decimeters, positive or negative. Therefore the image distance will be similar in magnitude to the object distance. The onlooker sees a sharp image of the eye behind the lens. Look closely at Figure CQ36.1a and notice that the wearer's eyes seem not only to be smaller, but also positioned a bit behind the plane of his face—namely, behind where they would be if he were not wearing glasses. Similarly, in Figure CQ36.11b, his eyes [©2014 Cengage Leasing, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copie or upliled or posted a3 publ secasible website in whole rin pastChapter 36 681 seem to be magnified and in front of the plane of his face. We as observers take the light information coming from the object through the lens and perceive or photograph the image as if it were an object. €Q36.13 Absolutely. Only absorbed light, not transmitted light, contributes internal energy to a transparent object. A clear lens can stay ice-cold and solid as megajoules of light energy pass through it. €Q36.14 Make the mirror an efficient reflector (shiny). Make it reflect to the image even rays far from the axis, by giving it a parabolic shape. Most important, make it large in diameter to intercept a lot of solar power. And you get higher temperature if the image is smaller, as you get with shorter focal length; and if the furnace enclosure is an efficient absorber (black). CQ36.15 The artist’s statements are accurate, perceptive, and eloquent. The image you see is “almost one’s whole surroundings,” including things behind you and things farther in front of you than the globe is, but nothing eclipsed by the opaque globe or by your head. For example, we cannot see Escher’s index and middle fingers or their reflections in the globe. The point halfway between your eyes is indeed the focus in a figurative sense, but it is not an optical focus. The principal axis will always lie in a line that runs through the center of the sphere and the bridge of your nose (between your eyes). Outside the globe, you are at the center of your observabie universe. If you close one eye, the center of the looking-glass world may hop over to the location of the image of your open eye (depending on which eye is dominant) €Q36.16 Both words are inverted, but the word OXIDE looks the same when inverted. €Q36.17 Yes, the mirror equation and the magnification equation apply to plane mirrors. A curved mirror is made flat by increasing its radius of curvature without bound, so that its focal length goes to infinity. 111 11 From +47 70 wehave 5 =—7; therefore, p=—4. The virtual af image is as far behind the mirror as the object is in front. The 4_P 1. The image is right side up and PoP magnification is M = - actual size. ©2014 Cengage Learning, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copied or dupicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,682 Image Formation LUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS Section 36.1 Images Formed by Flat Mirrors P361 P36.2 P363 ANS. FIG. P36.1 shows the path of rays reflected by a mirror of minimum height: rays from the person’s feet and top of his, head travel along the respective paths 123 and 543 to his eyes. The rays reflect at the bottom and top of the mirror. Because of the law of reflection, the paths can be considered to form the hypotenuses of two pairs of right triangles with common base ¢: two large similar right triangles with height a, and two small similar right triangles with height b. Rays from his feet enter his eyes a vertical distance 2a from the ground. ANS. FIG. P36.1 The rays from the top of his head enter his eyes a distance 2b from the top of his head. His full height is H = 2 + 2b. The mirror has height L = a+ b. We see then that =a+p-H-V8m _ ia 2 2 View Looking Down The virtual image is as far behind the Sou ! mirror as the choir is in front of the mirror. Thus, the image is 5.30 m behind the eae: il mirror. The image of the choir is 0.800 m + we 5.30 m = 6.10 m from the organist. Using epee similar triangles: / a W 610m eee os 0.600 m 0.800 m oom 6.10 m ANS. FIG. P36.2 = [458m 0.800 m. or W=(0 600 m)( (a) Younger, Light takes a finite time to travel from an object to the mirror and then to the eye. (b) Istand about 40 cm from my bathroom mirror. I scatter light, which travels to the mirror and back to me in time interval _2d_ 08m ~¢ 3x10 m/s myself as I was then. At 10” s], showing me a view of [©2014 Cengage Leasing, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copie or upliled or posted a3 publ secasible website in whole rin pastChapter 36 683 P36.4 The mirrors are 6.00 m apart. (1) The first image in the left mirror is 2.00 m behind the mirror, or 2.00 m + 2.00 m = [4.00 m] from the position of the person. (2). The first image in the right mirror is located 4,00 m behind the right mirror, but this location is 4.00 m + 6,00 m = 10.0 ft from the left mirror. Thus, the second image in the left mirror is 10.00 m behind the mirror, or 10.00 m + 2.00 m = [12.00 m | from the person. (3). The first image in the left mirror forms an image in the right mirror. This first image is 2.00 m + 6.00 m = 8.00 m from the right mirror, and, thus, an image 8.00 m behind the right mirror is formed. This image in the right mirror also forms an image in the left mirror. The distance from this image in the right mirror to the left mirror is 8.00 m + 6.00 m = 14.00 m. The third image in the left mirror is, thus, 14.00 m behind the mirror, or 14.00 m + 2.00 m = 16.00 m | from the person. P36.5 For a plane mirror, q = -p. Recall from common experience that the position of an image does not shift as a viewer rotates. Thus, toa viewer looking toward a mirror that is turned by 45°, the image distance still follows this rule. (2) The upper mirror M, produces a virtual, actual-sized image | according to M,=-L=H Ps As shown in ANS. FIG. P3655, this image is a distance p, above the upper mirror. It is the object for mirror M,, at object distance P=pth The lower mirror produces a virtual, actual-sized, right-side-up image according to =-P.=—(P. +h) with My=-2B=41 and Moen = MM, =1 Pr Thus the final image is at distance p, + h, behind the lower mirror, (b) itis [virtual], ©2014 Cengage Learning, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copied or dupicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,684 *P36.6 36.7 Image Formation (©) [Upright (4) With magnification [41.00]. (e) |. Left and right are not reversed. In a top view of the periscope, parallel rays from the right and left sides of the object stay parallel and on the right and left. The first mirror switches left and right, but the second mirror switches them again; so, overall left and right are not reversed. ANS. FIG. P36.5 A graphical construction, shown in ANS. FIG. P36.6, produces 5 images, with images /, and |, directly into the mirrors from the object O, and (O, fy, 1.) and (Ih, h, ) forming the vertices of equilateral triangles. ANS. FIG. P36.6 We assume that she looks only at images in the nearest mirror. The mirrors are 3.00 m apart. (a) With her palm located 1,00 m in front of the nearest mirror, that she sees its image [1.00 m behind the nearest mirro (b) The nearest mirror shows the palm] of her hand. (©2014 Cengage Learning All Rights Reserv, May not be canned, coped or duplicator pot toa publ accessible website, in whale or in pr.Chapter 36 685 (©) Her hand is 2.00 m from the farthest mirror, so its image forms 2.00 m behind the farthest mirror, but this image is 2.00 m + 3.00 5.00 m from the nearest mirror, so the image she sees is 5.0 Im behind the nearest mirror] (a) The image is that of [the back of her hand] reflected in the farthest mirror. (e) The farthest mirror forms an image of the first image of part (a), which is 1.00 m + 3.00 m = 4.00 m from the farthest mirror; this image is then 4.00 m behind the farthest mirror, so it is 4.00 m + 3.00 m = 7.00 min front of the nearest mirror, so the image she sees is [7.00 m behind the nearest mirro1 (O) This is the image of {the palm] reflected back from the nearest to the farthest and back to the nearest mirror. (g) Since all images are located behind the mirror, and all images result from light reflected in a mirror, [all are virtual images Section 36.2 Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors P36.8 (a) A concave mirror is a converging mirror, so the focal length 1.1.1 f= 420.0 cm. Then, = + gives paf 1_,1__1 > q=433.3 an + 50.0em 4 20.0em Since q> 0, the image is located [33.3 cm in front of the mirror] @ M=-4.- 332m) _ p 50.0 cm = 0.666) (0) The image distance is positive, so the image is Feal] (d)_ The magnification is negative, so the image is inverted) P36.9 We apply the mirror equation using the sign conventions listed in the textbook chapter. (The mirror equation gives fltdl , glissem q f p 00cm 40.0cm q__133cm id M=-+=- = 0.333, ans p400cm (a) The image is [3.3 cx] in front of the mirror ©2014 Cengage Learning, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,686 Image Formation (b) The image distance is positive, so the image is [real] (0) The magnification is negative, so the image is {inverted (a) From above, M = [£0.333]. The value of M indicates that the image is inverted and one-third the height of the object. ANS. FIG. P36.9(i) The ray diagram traced in ANS. FIG. P36.9(i) shows this identification more clearly, and that the image is inverted (ii) Again, from the mirror equation, 111 1 1 qf p 10cm 200can > q=20.0cm and 4__200em __5 gg p 20.0cm The ray diagram for this case is shown in ANS. FIG. P36.9(ii). (a) The image is 20.0 eri] in front of the mirror. (b) The image distance is positive, so the image is feal] (©) The magnification is negative, so the image is inverted] (d)_ From above, M =[=1.00}, The value of M indicates that the image is inverted and the same height as the object in this, special case. ANS. FIG. P36.9(ii) (©2014 Cengage Leasing, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copie or plied or posted a3 publ secasible website in whole rin pastChapter 36 687 (iii) (a) The object is now at the focal point of the mirror. Following the same steps gives —1_-__ td T37R-1/p 2/200 cm)-1/(100em) 0 We can say that no image is formed, or that the image is at an infinite distance. The ray diagram for this case is shown in ANS. FIG. P36.9(ii) (b) In this special case the reflected rays do not intersect. We cannot classify the image as real or virtual as no image is formed] (©) We cannot classify the image as upright or inverted as no imagd s formed| A screen placed at a large distance in front of the mirror can intercept the reflected light energy, showing the appearance of an upside-down real image, but it is not sharp for any finite distance. You can look into the mirror to view the image as a right side up virtual image, with your eye focused on infinity. 4 2 p 20.0cm In this special case, if we say ata finite distance, it has no finite magnification. If we say the image is at infinity, then its height and its magnification are also infinite. There is no physical difference between += and —s. (d)_ The magnification is M ANS. FIG. P36.9(iii) P36.10 (a) To approximate paraxial rays, the rays should be drawn so that, they reflect at the vertical plane that passes through the vertex of the mirror, rather than at the mirror’s surface, as done in the textbook. For this reason, the concave surface of the mirror appears flat in ANS. FIG. P36.10. () [¢=—40.0 em, so the image is behind the mirror, ©2014 Cengage Learning, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,688 Image Formation ANS. FIG. P36.10 (©) [M=52.00, so the image is enlarged and upright, (a) The mirror is concave (converging), so f= +40.0 cm. 111i 1 1 dil - =~400 7 f p 40cm 200m ~ 7 om and M= 24 -2400em) _ 4 99 p20.0cm P36.11 The convex mirror is described by R_ -40.0 cm ia 2 ANS. FIG, P36.11 shows the ray diagram for this situation 1) F L. ANS. FIG. P36.11 =-20.0 em c () Then * 4 pope s 1 1 1/f=1/p 1/(-20.0 cm)=1/(30.0 em) The magnification factor is [©2014 Cengage Leasing, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copie or upliled or posted a3 publ secasible website in whole rin past) © P3612 (a) () P3613 (a) () Chapter 36 689 The image is behind the mirror, upright, virtual, and diminished. Following the same steps, 1 TT] F=1/p~ T/(-20.0 em)—1/(60.0 cm) 15.0 em \d M= —— +0. a P (Soa Since M > 0, the images are [ both upright The mirror is convex (diverging), so R 0.550 m =-0.275 m 1 1 qf p 0275m 100m gives q=—0.267 m =[=267 cm]. irtual. The The image distance is negative; thus, the image image is 26.7 cm behind the mirror. _ 0.267 p 10.0m = 40.026 7 The magnification is positive, so the image is fapright From above, M =[0.026 7]. The mirror is convex (diverging), so f = -10.0 cm. lia 1 q f p 100cm 300m 9 =730em] The image distance is negative; thus, the image is virtual. The image is 7.50 cm behind the mirror. = 7. From M= 50__ 40.250, we see that the magnification p 30.0cm is positive, so the image is fapright = £ > hf =Mh=+0.250(2.00 cm) = [0.500 em] ©2014 Cengage Learning, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,690 Image Formation P36.14 (a) _ Since the object is in front of the mirror, p > 0, and p = 1.00 cm. With the image behind the mirror, the image is virtual, so q<0, and q=~10.0 cm. The mirror equation gives for the radius of curvature 1 221,1 1 1 a> f Rlaatem f R pq 00cm -100cm 72 R=[42.22 an] A positive radius means the mirror is converging, so it is a concave mirror. (6) The magnification is M= = [00]. P3615 The niche acts as a cylindrical mirror that reflects sound. This is a mirror with a vertical axis and a radius R = 2.50 m: its focal length R f= =125 m. To the extent that we can treat sound as being composed of “rays of sound,” we can find the point of focus of sound waves by using the same method we use for rays of light. Ina vertical plane the sound disperses as usual, but that radiated in a horizontal plane is concentrated in a sound image at distance q from the back of the niche, where did 1 1 =i s vie paf 200m" q 125m q= [833 m from the deepest point in the niche] P36.16 A convex mirror diverges light rays incident upon it, so the mirror in this problem cannot focus the Sun’s rays to a point. 4 P36.17 From the definition of magnification, M= , which gives P q=—Mp =—0.013 0(30 cm)=-0.390 em Then, from the mirror-lens equation, 1.11.2 =44=4- pasfRrR 1,1 30.0cm 0.390 cm =2 R R=-0.790 cm The cornea is convex, with radius of curvature [0.790 cm| [©2014 Cengage Leasing, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copie or upliled or posted a3 publ secasible website in whole rin pastP3618 P3619 Chapter 36 691 The ball is a convex mirror with a diameter of 8.50 cm: R=-425cm and ro 2.125 em (a) Wehave oO ANS. FIG. P36.18 or > p=+0.708 m 125 cm 3p The object is [0,708 m in front of the spherd (b) From ANS. FIG. P36.18, the image is {uprigh#) virtual, and diminished. (a) The image is inverted and 4.00 times larger, so the magnification is M=-400--1 = q=4.00p P Thus the image is farther from the mirror than the object, The object and images distances are related by q— p= 0.600 m= 4.00p— p=3.00p > p=0.200 m, and q= 0.800 m. By the mirror equation, dato 4 Ff pq 0200m 000m f= [160m (&) A convex (diverging) mirror forms an upright, virtual image, so the magnification is M=+40500=-2 - q=-0.500p p The image is virtual, so it is behind the mirror, and the image distance is negative. The object and images distances are related ©2014 Cengage Learning, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,692 Image Formation by |a| +p = 0.600 m = -9 + p=—(-0.500p)+ p= 1.50p p=0400m > q=-0.200m di 1 1 + pq f 0400m -0.200m 0.400 m 36.20 (a) The image is inverted, and a> 1 times larger, so the magnification is Thus the image is farther from the mirror than the object. The object and image distances are related by a ad =ap-p=(a-l)p > p=, gar q-P= By the mirror equation, (©) The image is upright, and a < 1, so the magnification is: M=a=-1 + q=-ap P The image is virtual, so it is behind the mirror, and the image distance is negative. The object and image distances are related by By the mirror equation, 1_1 1 lea lea _a(l+a)-(ta f =ad ad ia P36.21 From the magnification equation, HHO em _ 46 sg -4 hn 10.0em p [©2014 Cengage Leasing, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copie or upliled or posted a3 publ secasible website in whole rin past36.22 Chapter 36 693 which gives q = -0.400p, so the image must be virtual, (a) Itis a (diverging) [convex | mirror that produces a diminished, upright virtual image. (b) We must have p+|q|= 42.0 m= p—q p=420em+q p=42.0 cm-0.400p 42.0 cm = 30.0 cm 1.40 The mirror is [at the 30.0-cm mark -i_t, i © f 30m -0.400(30 cm) f=-200 am © ==0.050 O/em i f tie sie The ray diagram looks like Figure 36.13(c) in the text. (a) Since the mirror is concave, R> 0, giving f= ge 412.0 em. The magnification is positive because the image is upright: The mirror equation is then 1y4ll pq f 11.2 1 p=(800cm p 3p 3p 120cm (b) ANS. FIG, P36,22(b) shows the principal ray diagram for this situation, ANS. FIG. P36.22(b) ©2014 Cengage Learning, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,694 36.23 36.24 Image Formation (©) The image distance is negative, so the image is {virtual}. The rays of light do not actually come from the position of the image. Assume that the object distance is the same in both cases (i-e., her face is the same distance from the hubcap regardless of which way it is turned). Also realize that the near image (q = -10.0 cm) occurs when using the convex side of the hubcap. Applying the mirror equation to both cases gives: concave side: R=|R|, q=-30.0 cm 11.2 2 30.0 cm-p Tt 2 gy 2 _ Roem p tl p 300 IR) ” {| @00cm)p convex side: R=-|R|, q=-10.0cm 1 1 2 2 -1 11 p-10.0 cm 21 p 100 IR] ~~ jR| @00cm)p (a) Equating equations [1] and [2] gives: 30.0 em-p Sap TP 100m or p= 5.0m Thus, her face is [15.0 cm | from the hubcap. (b) Using the above result (p = 15.0 cm) in equation [1] gives: 2 _ 30.0 em~15.0 cm 2 1 ik] (B0.0em)(15.0cm) % JR) 30.0cm and |R|=60.0 cm. The radius of the hubeap is [60.0 cm (a) We assume the object is real; thus the object distance p is positive The mirror is convex, so it is a diverging mirror, and we have f =-|f]=-8.00 om . The image is virtual, so q = -|q|. Since we also know that |g] = p/3, the mirror equation gives 1,11 3.1 2.1 so p=+16.0em This means that the object is [[6.0 em from the mirro (b) The magnification is M = -4/p = +|q|/p = +1/3 = [0.333] (©) Thus, the image is [upright] and one-third the size of the object. (©2014 Cengage Leasing, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copie or plied or posted a3 publ secasible website in whole rin past36.25 P36.26 Chapter 36 695 (a) The image forms on a screen, so it is real and in front of the mirror, so q= p+ 5.00 m, because pis positive. The magnification is M=-42-500 or q=5.00p Pp Therefore, p+5.00m=5.00p -» p=125m and p+5.00 m = 6,25 m, From 1,1_1_ 1 1 =is + pq f 125m 625m = f=+104m The focal length is positive, so the mirror is a converging mirror: ‘oncavd (&) f= +104 m Bsr [2.08 m (©) From part (a), p = 1.25 m; the mirror should be [125 m from thd ject. (a) The image starts from a point whose height above the mirror vertex is given by 11 1 300m q 0.500 m > 4=0.600 m As the ball falls, p decreases and q increases. Ball and image pass when q, = p,. When this is true, 11 1 2 Pp, 0500m p, > p,=100m, which is at the focal point As the balll passes the focal point, the image switches from infinitely far above the mirror to infinitely far below the mirror. As the ball approaches the mirror from above, the virtual image approaches the mirror from below, reaching it together when P= 4=0. (b) The falling ball passes its real image when it has fallen Ay = 3.00 m= 1.00 m=200 m=3g# ©2014 Cengage Learning, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,696 Image Formation which gives t= The ball reaches its virtual image when it reaches the surface of the mirror, which is when it has traversed Ay = 3.00 m=0=300m=23" which gives t= [22:0 ™) _Io7975] 9.80 m/s* 36.27 (a)_ The flat mirror produces an image according to q = =p = ~24.0 em. The image is behind the mirror, with the distance from your eyes given by 1.55 m+24.0 m=[25.6m () The image is the same size as the object, so 0.058 7 rad > q=-0.960 m This image is behind the mirror, distant from your eyes by 1.55 m+0.960 m= 251m] (a) The image size is given by mah at P w=-nt=-1.50m 2m) .060 0m p 24m So its angular size at your eye is 6” =~ - 296 ™ _ [9.095 9 rad] oS ANB SE NONE SY “dad 25im~ (e) Your brain assumes that the car is 1.50 m high and calculates its distance as 150m @ 0.0239 (62.8 m (©2014 Cengage Leasing, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copie or plied or posted a3 publ secasible website in whole rin pastChapter 36 697 *P36.28 The focal length of the mirror may be found from the given object and image distances as 111 fora Solving for the focal length f gives pq__ (152. cm)(18.0 cm) _ piq 152cm+18.0cm +16.1cm For an upright image twice the size of the object, the magnification is M= 2.00 Pp which gives q = -2.00p. 11 Then, using the mirror equation again, = =—+— becomes q 1 2-1 1 200p 200p f 1d stis Pq i P or Section 36.3 _ Images Formed by Refraction P36.29 The image forms within the rod 1.50 1.50-1.00 1 ] 600em 120cm 0 — P (@) = q=[45.0cm () = q=[900em © q=[600en P36.30 ©2014 Cengage Learning, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copie or duplicled or pote te 3 publ secasible website whole on part,698 P3631 P36.32 P36.33 Image Formation Thus, the virtual image of the dust speck is 38.2 cm below the top surface | of the ice. For a plane refracting (water) surface (R -> °°) 4,28 becomes q Po4 (a) When the pool is full, p = 2.00 m and \ (Zhe 00 m)=~1.50 m 1333, or the pool appears to be 11.50 m] deep. (b) If the pool is half filled, then p = 1.00 m and q = - 0.750 m. Thus, the bottom of the pool appears to be 0.750 m below the water surface or 75 mi below ground level. Since the center of curvature of the surface is on the side the light comes from, R < 0 giving R = 4.00 cm, For the line, p = 4.00 cm; then, mth a me Po4 becomes 1.00 1.00-1.50 1.50 q -4.00cm 4.00 em or q=-4.00 em Thus, the magnification M=!"=—[ 1 |4 gives h n, }p (2.50 mm) = [3.75 mm _{ 14.) j, —1.50(-4.00 em) np 1.00(4.00 cm) The water's surface has no curvature. When R->, the equation mh ty mye pg oR , which describes image formation at a single ( refracting surface, becomes q= ~( 2} We use this to locate the final m™ images of the two surfaces of the glass plate. First, find the image the glass forms of the bottom of the plate. [From Table 35.1, for flint glass, n, = 1.66.) 13 Jor = {2)s 00 cm) = -6.41 cm 1.66 (©2014 Cengage Leasing, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copie or plied or posted a3 publ secasible website in whole rin pastP3634 P3635 Chapter 36 699 This virtual image is 6.41 cm below the top surface of the glass, or 18.41 cm below the water surface. Next, use this image as an object and locate the image the water forms of the bottom of the plate. 1.00) gn=-(FB)asn cm) =~13.84 cm 3.84 cm below the water surface Now find image the water forms of the top surface of the glass, a (eye 0 cm)=-9.02 em =9.02.cm below the water surface Therefore, the apparent thickness of the glass is At=13.84 cm—9.02 cm -[482 om Refer to Figure P36.34 in the textbook. In the right triangle lying between Oand the center of the curved surface, tan@, = h/p. In the right triangle lying between / and the center of the surface, tan 0, =-h'/q. We need the negative sign because the image height is counted as negative while the angle is not. We substitute into the given n, tan 0, =n, tan 0, to obtain nh/p=—n,W/q Then the magnification, defined by M= l/h, is given by M=h'/h=-nq/n,p From Equation 36.8 for image formation by a single refracting surface, mh th mon mh pPo4 R We solve for gto find mRp p(n, -n,)— mR 1.50, n, = 1.00, p So the image location is (1.00)(- 15.0 em)(10.0 en) (10.0 em)(1.00 = 1.50) ~ (1.50( 15.0 em) q= In this case, 7, -8.57 an apparent depth is 8.57 cm ©2014 Cengage Learning, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,700 Image Formation 36.36 The center of curvature is on the object side, so the radius of curvature is negative: R = -|R|=-225 cm. f) (i 1.000 -1.333 q=-3.77 em 225 cm 500cm The image is virtual and 8.77 cm from the front wall, in thé ater| (i) p=250cm: mt, mt Pog 1.333 1.000 _ 1.000-1.333 q=-19.3 em 250em q 5 cm, ‘The image is virtual and [19.3 cm from the front wall, in th ater| (b) From Problem 34, the magnification is M = - “4 mp M mq __d 333(-3.77 em) [or np 1.00(5.00 em) .333(-19.2 cm) (a) M=-4 = 1833192 om) _ ag np 1.000(25.0 cm) (©) [fhe plastic has uniform thickness, so the surfaces of entry and lexit for any particular ray are very nearly parallel. The ray is slightly displaced, but it would not be changed in direction by lgoing through the plastic wall with air on both sides. Only the difference between the air and water is responsible for the refraction of the light. (a) [es mh, =n (©) If p=|R|, from 2+ we have Pog R IR] Meteo Mh te Roa Rl a Tl [©2014 Cengage Leasing, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copie or upliled or posted a3 publ secasible website in whole rin pastChapter 36 701 then q=-IR| If p>|R| (but also p < 4.00]R, if the image is to be virtual—see NOTE below), then and pq sR My MyM q IR IR op 1 mak 2) q IR mR) op} 11 fra + (1.333) 2) 7 HR lini 1 1 11 1 = -0229 -4): — {PIRI al ivy) > 4 [Assuming that p < 4.00|R|.] For example, if p =2|R|, 3: ).3335, v13e9) bs) E (1 13 5) 0.3335 IR} 21R1) IR) 2 IRI ng __ 1.333(-3.00|R|) np 1.000(2|R)) Summarizing our results = 42.00 IIf p =|R|, then q = —p =-|R|; if p > |R|, then |q| > |R|. For example, if p = 2R|, then q = ~3.00|R| and M = +2.00. n, n -, 1 q R IR} , the term, RI positive because n, > n,. If the image is to be virtual, then q must be negative, and so the term (1, ~ 7, )/|R| must be less than n,/p: =n, n, NOTE: In the equation ; IRI 1.333 7 PS “3331.00 |R| = 4.00|R| ©2014 Cengage Learning, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,702 Image Formation 1, ny, R= 2), + + P3637 For a plane surface ( )e pq R becomes q = mp " Thus, the magnitudes of the rate of change in the image and object positions are related by If the fish swims toward the wall with a speed of 2.00 cm/s, the speed of the image is given by 1.00 4 3g (2:00 cm/s) = [1.50 cm/s Prmage Section 36.4 Images Formed by Thin Lenses « Via. P3638 (a) From = Fp Boa oon , we obtain = 650 cm The image is [ real, inverted, and enlarged (>) From t= 7 , we obtain a = =600 em The image is [ virtual, upright, and enlarged |. *P36.39 (a) From the mirror-and-lens equation, so = [£0250 (bt) M= (©) Since f> 0, the lens is [ converging [©2014 Cengage Leasing, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copie or upliled or posted a3 publ secasible website in whole rin pastChapter 36 703 P36.40 (a) From the mirror-and-lens equation, re a 200cm = q (-320cm) (a+ 1 ) =-123 cm 20.0 ° 32.0 ANS. FIG. P36.40 Refer to ANS. FIG. P36.40. The image distance is negative, hence the image is virtual; thus, it forms [12.3 cm to the left of the lens| @ m=—4--23 em) _ Pp 20.0 cm 0.615 (©) See the ray diagram shown in ANS. FIG. P36.40. P36.41 The image is inverted: Wf -180m “he 0024 0m The distance from slide to screen d = p + q=3.00 m: d= p+q=p+75.0p =76.0p d _ 300m 760 76.0 =-75.0 + q=75.0p = 0.039 5m 39.0 mm (>) From above, p = [59.5 mm 1 P36.42 (a) Weare told that p= 5f. From the thin lens equation, —+. we have So0f-q f a f 500f 5.00f 1411 alo > ©2014 Cengage Learning, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,704 Image Formation 5.00 —— f=+1.25 or apf 25h The image distance is positive, hence the image is real. The image is in back of the lens at a distance of 1.25f from the lens. q__125f M=-4--—5 ~ [0250 ® p 500f (©) From part (a), the image distance is positive, hence the image is reall P36.43 Let R, = outer radius and R, 1 -1y)4- Le 0.050 0 cm” i f sof =[20.0cm 36.44 Your scale drawings should look similar to those given below: () See diagram in ANS. FIG. P36.44(i). (@) A carefully drawn-to-scale version of ANS FIG. P36.44(i) should yield an inverted image [20.0 cm in back of the lens and the same size as the object. ANS. FIG. P36.44(i) (b) The image forms behind the lens, so the image is [real]. (©) The figure shows that the image is inverted] (d)_ The height of the image is the same as the height of the object, so M= 1.01 11 1 1 pq f 200cm > q 10.0cm @ > q=420.0em A positive image distance means that the image is real. ‘The magnification is M 4 en 1.00 (©2014 Cengage Leasing, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copie or plied or posted a3 publ secasible website in whole rin pastChapter 36 705 Anegative magnification means that the image is inverted. [Algebraic answers agree, and we can express values to| three significant figures: q = 20.0 em, M=-1.00. (ii) See diagram in ANS. FIG. P36.44(i). ANS. FIG. P36.44(ii) (a) A carefully drawn-to-scale version of ANS FIG. P36.44(ii) should yield an upright, virtual image located {10 cm in front] [of the Ieng|and twice the size of the object. (b) The image forms in front of the lens, so the image is [virtual] (©) The figure shows that the image is fapright (4) The height of the image is twice that of the object, so [M= +2.09] 1,11 111 © 377 Ff) Boom’ 7 100an > q=-10.0 em A negative image distance means that the image is virtual. The magnification is M= A positive magnification means that the image is upright. Algebraic answers agree, and we can express values to three significant figures: q = -10.0 cm, M = 42.00, (f) [Small variations from the correct directions of rays can| lead to significant errors in the intersection point of the lrays. These variations may lead to the three principal lrays not intersecting at a single point. 36.45 _In parts (a) and (b), the images are real, so the image distances are positive. (a) q=+20.0cm: laioa 4 1 s45et: 4 = pq f p 200cm 100cm > p=#420.0em ©2014 Cengage Learning, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copie or duplicled or pote te 3 publ secasible website whole on part,706 P36.46 Image Formation The object distance is positive, so the object is real. The object is 20.0 cm from the lens on the front side] (b) q=+50.0 cm: 1iialia 1 pa fp 300cm 100cm p=+125 cm The object distance is positive, so the object is real. The object is (cand d) Now, the images in parts (a) and (b) are virtual, so the image distances are negative, (0 q=-20.0cm: :m from the lens on the front side} djiiiii 1 pq p -20.0cm 10.0cm p=+6.67 cm The object distance is positive, so the object is real. The object is 6.67 cm from the lens on the front side (@) q=-80.0 cm: dia. 1 pq fp 00cm 10.0cm p= +833 cm The object distance is positive, so the object is real. The object is 8.33 cm from the lens on the front si 11 3: The magnification is M= 4 1 1 1 Use the thin lens equation, = (p= 40.0 cm: > q=-133em (a) The image forms [13.3 cm in front of the leng (b) The object distance is negative, so the image is [virtual. (©) The magnification is positive, so the image is upright] (d) From above, M = [F0.333 ©2014 Cengage Learn, AllRighle Reserved May not be scanned, copied or dupliled or posted a3 publicly secasible website whole rin past.Chapter 36 707 (i) p= > q=-10.0 em (a) The image forms [10.0 em in front of the Tens irtual (b) The object distance is negative, so the image is (©) The magnification is positive, so the image is upright] (a) From above, M = [40.500] 1 sist _ 10a q -200an (ii) p= 10.0 cm: > q=-6.67 em 4 _ (6.67 cm) Pp 10.0 cm (a) The image forms [67 em in front of the lens} (b) The object distance is negative, so the image is |virtuall. (0) The magnification is positive, so the image is [upright (d) From above, M = [40.667] 36.47 We are looking at an enlarged, upright, virtual image. Therefore, M = +2 and not -2. Looking through the lens, you see the image beyond the lens. Therefore, the image is virtual, with M= = 40.667 q=-2.84 em. Now, so A check is that pis positive, as it must be for a real object. Thus, (1 1) ANS. FIG. P36.47(b) Peg 1 =|). _} -fian 12cm” (284m) 152014 Cengage Learning, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,708 Image Formation 36.48 From the thin lens equation, since the focal length of the lens is constant, Le pa fh"! Differentiating both sides with respect to p then gives = constant 24244 Ap? —1g? ag = SLT, \ig=-Lap 36.49 We apply the lens maker's equation. The centers of curvature of the lens surfaces are on opposite sides, so the second surface has a negative radius 1 1 1 1 1 ® pig 04am Garey] f 1 1 1 b) +=(0.440 -——— ®) f ( asta (-12.0 cm) f=[164em aS 18.0 cm, 12.0 cm Na? ANS. FIG. P36.49 P3650 (a) 1 1.1, 30.0cm 4, 140m 1 1 1 +$—= > 200an 4, 140m 68am). 1 (100 em 30.0 cm =4}-c00 cm 7) - 23.3 em| 20.0 cm ©2014 Cengage Leasing, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copie or uplited or posted a3 publi secasible website in whole in past.Chapter 36 709 () See ANS. FIG. P36.50(). f=10,0 em |+-10.0 cm -+l«—py -200 em. 30.0 em ANS. FIG. P36.50(b) The square is imaged as a trapezoid (©) The equation follows from h’/h=-q/p and 1/p+1/q=1/f. 1,11 1411 111 pig F Pecomes Gt (d)__ [The integral stated adds up the areas of ribbons covering Ithe whole image, each with vertical dimension |h’| and @ 67m fi1dq =(10.0 cm)| —! -s| (46.7 cm)’ ~ (26.3 cm)” = (10.0 em) — 46.7 om +263 cm 28.0 cm = [328 cm? 111 a . P8651 In [+5 = or p!+¢" = constant, we differentiate with respect to time: lor) -10r-) dt dt 4g xo ap dtp dt ©2014 Cengage Learning, AllRighle Reserved May not be scanned, copie or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,710 Image Formation We must find the momentary image location ¢ 1 1 1 200m q 0300m 4q= 0305 m Now — 42-0305 (5.09 m/s) =-0.001 16 m/s =1.16 mm/s. dt (20.0 my (a) The speed is [i.16 mm/. (b) Increasing qis away from the lens, negative q is toward the leng| The motion of the image is towards the lens because dq/dtis negative. 36.52 —_ Let the object distance be p. Then the image distance is d— p. Set up the lens equation: dj1_1 oa, 1 1 = at pq f po d-p f Rearrange the equation to generate the following quadratic equation: p-dp+df=0 Solve with the quadratic formula: _ dt lt — 40 i - 2 Substitute numerical values: P 2.00 m + (2.00 mJ’ — 4(2.00 m)(0.600 m) pe 2 _ 2.00 m + ¥-0.800 m* 2 This expression has no real solutions. Therefore, we cannot find even one position between the object and the screen at which an image is formed on the screen. From equation [1], we see that a real value of p will result only if ¢’ > 4df, or d > 4f, in which case the plus/minus sign in equation (1] will give us two real values for p. *P36.53 From the thin lens equation, ; + 1 = 1 we obtain f Pif,_ (4.00 em)(8.00 em) og p.-f, 400 em—8.00 em he ©2014 Cengage Leasing, AllRighle Reserved May not be scanned, copie or upliled or posted a3 publi secasible website whole in past.Chapter 36 741 The magnification by the first lens is 4 __{-8.00 cm) P: 4.00 cm| +2.00 The virtual image formed by the first lens is the object for the second lens, so Pp, = 6.00 cm_+|q,| = 6.00 cm +8.00 cm = +14.00 cm and the thin lens equation gives Profs _ (14.0 cm){-16.0 cm) p-f 40a 0 cm) The magnification by the second lens is , =~ --247 9) _ 49.533 p, 40cm so the overall magnification is M=M,M, =(+2.00)(+0.533)= +1.07 The position of the final image is 7.47 cm in front of the second len and its height is = Mh= M,M, =(+1.07)(1.00 em) = Since M> 0, the final image is fuprigh] and since g, <0, this image is irtual Section 36.5 Lens Abberations P36.54 Rays from a very distant object are effectively parallel, and the lens is diverging; therefore, the image is virtual and forms at the focal point. (a) The focal teeth of the lens is given by 1) pe era): josur en Note that R, is negative because the center of curvature of the first surface is on the virtual image side. The violet image forms at [ -34.7 em ©2014 Cengage Learning, AllRighle Reserved May not be scanned, copie or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,712 Image Formation ANS FIG. P36.54 () For red light, 11 25an ison) 1 po (asi- 1.00)( f=-36.1om The red image forms at [-36.1 an 36.55 Ray h, is undeviated at the plane surface and strikes the second surface at angle of incidence given by 6,- sin (4) sin (seece 500 a ) 143Y R 20.0 cm Then, 1.00sin8, = 1.60sin@, = (1 6o)( 0500 ) 20.0 cm 6, = 2.291 accra aan iS = “RW |} “ae ANS. FIG. P36.55 The angle this emerging ray makes with the horizontal is 0, -8, = 0.8601 (©2014 Cengage Learning, AllRighl Reserved May not be scanned, copie or upliled or posted a3 publicly secasible website whole rin past.Chapter 36 713 The ray crosses the axis at a point farther out by f, (the focal length): h, 0.500 cm, — hh ____0500 om _ 33.3 tan(0,—0,) ~ tan(o.seory) 3 ™ f Because of the curved surface of the lens, the point of exit for this ray is, horizontally slightly to the left of the lens vertex (where the principal axis intersects the curved surface of the lens), by the distance R(1—cos@,) = 20.0 cm[1 - cos(1.43¥)] = 0.006 25 cm Therefore, ray h, crosses the axis at this distance from the vertex: x, = fy R(1~cos6,) = 33.3 cm — 0.006 25 cm = 33.3 em Now we repeat the above calculation for ray o=sin( 2° 369 20.0 cm Then, 1.00sin@, = 1.60sin@, =(1 6o( 2) > 0,=73.71 20.0 f I 12.0 cM 160m tan(@,-@,) tan36.8Y x, = fy -R(1-cos6,) = (16.0 cm)=20.0 em[1-cos(36.91)]= 12.0 cm Now — Av=x,-x, =333 em-12.0 em=[i3 em Section 36.6 The Camera 36.56 The same light intensity is received from the subject, and the same light energy on the film is required: IA, At, = IA, At, Substituting f-stops and shutter speeds, (2) Gs}-#(e9) ©2014 Cengage Learning, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copie or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,714 Image Formation solving, a- PeL£.f | f * 4139 [14 We can verify this by noting that changing the shutter speed from ary Bs” 125s time, and requires a three Fstop increase (each increasing the area by a factor of 2), from f-4 down to f2.8, £2.0, and 1.4. *P36.57 To properly focus the image of a distant object, the lens must be at a distance equal to the focal length from the film (q, = 65.0 mm). For the closer object: is approximately a factor of 8 decrease in the exposure 4,421 moh f becomes = — +4 = _, 2000mm q, 65.0mm and 4.=(650mm(- 2"). 2 000 — 65.0, The lens must be moved [ away from the film ] by a distance 2.000 D~q,-4,- (65.0 mm) 65.0 mm -[2.18 mm = (65.0 scares 65.0 (218 mm | Section 36.7. The Eye P36.58 The lens should take parallel light rays from a very distant object (p= =) and make them diverge from a virtual image at the woman’s far point, which is 25.0 cm beyond the lens, at q = -25.0 cm dajiii Pa—=-4-2—- 400 diopt (a) 575'q7 = UO fiopters (b) The power is negative: a [diverging lens *P36.59 The corrective lens must form an upright, virtual image at the near point of the eye (i.e., q= ~60.0 cm in this case) for objects located 25.0 em in front of the eye (p= +25.0 cm). From the thin-lens equation, 1 paf 122014 Cengage Learing,AllRighle Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplited or posted a3 publ secasible website in whole in past.Chapter 36 745 the required focal length of the corrective lens is pq__ (25.0 cm)(~60.0 em) _ p+q 25.0cm-60.0cm 142.9 em and the power (in diopters) of this lens will be 1-1 Fines +0429 m 1 *p36.60 (a) f=t2——1 __~ 0250 m= [50 aml P “£00 diopters P [2.33 diopters| () The corrective lens forms virtual images of very distant objects (p>) at q= f= -25.0 cm, Thus, the person must be very [nearsighted], unable to see objects clearly when they are more than 25.0 cm + 2.00 cm = 27.0 cm from the eye. (©) Ifcontact lenses are to be worn, the far point of the eye will be 27.0 cm in front of the lens, so the needed focal length will be f= q=-27.0 cm, and the power is p=—1+_-_1 ___ [370 diopters Frm —0-270 m P3661 For starlight going through a nearsighted person's glasses, tad past 1 1 1 —+————_ = —=-1.25 diopt =" (800m) f pee For a nearby object (the image is virtual), te 25 mt p (0.180 m) so p=[232 cm]. *P36.62._ (a) When the child clearly sees objects at her far point (Pax = 125 cm), the lens-cornea combination has assumed a focal length suitable for forming the image on the retina (q = 2.00 cm). The thin-lens equation gives the optical power under these conditions as P, — 0.020 0m fameen P| =+50.8 diopters ©2014 Cengage Learning, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copie or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,716 Image Formation When the eye is focused (q = 2.00 cm) on objects at her near point (Pm: = 10.0 cm), the optical power of the lens-cornea combination. is 1 Fnmeun P =+60.0 diopters P. Therefore, the range of the power of the lens-comnea combination is [F508 diopters

>f, f-p=-p. Then, h'=|-> (©) Suppose the telescope observes the space station at the zenith: wy =— Bf __ (108.6 m)(4.00 m) op 407x10° mo =1.07 mm Additional Problems P3671 (a) For the lens in air, 1 (2 peal 1 5 1_1) Bon SMR -R] For the same lens in water, ©2014 Cengage Learning, AllRighle Reserved May not be scanned, copie or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,720 P36.72 36.73 36.74 Image Formation Substituting, a -( 1.55 rf ti. fF (1333 le R By sion ‘W790 __055 fi , Vf (=. =) Poa > 1 = (262em 1333 () The path of a reflected ray does not depend on the refractive index of the medium which the reflecting surface bounds. Therefore the focal length of a mirror does not change when it is R put into a different medium: f” = = f- [0m 2 The real image formed by the concave mirror serves as a real object for the convex mirror with p = 50 cm and q=-10 cm. Therefore, 11.1 1 1 1 = 3 fopa fF 50.0cm (-10.0 cm) gives f=-125em and R=2f=[250 an) Only a diverging lens gives an upright, diminished image. Therefore, the image is virtual and between the object and the lens (the image is closer to the lens), and q< 0. We have 80 Therefore, p= a =Md__ ~(0.500)(20.0 cm) f —40.0 cm (-My (1-0.500)* For a single lens, an object and its image cannot be on opposite sides of the lens if the image is upright. The object and image must be on the same side of the lens; thus the image is virtual, and q < 0. Because the image is upright, M > 0 ©2014 Cengage Leasing, AllRighle Reserved May not be scanned, copied or upliled or posted a3 publ aecasible website in whole rin past.Chapter 36 721 If the image is between the object and the lens (the image is closer to the lens), we have d=p-|gl=p+q, so q=d-p. M=-4 s0 qg=-Mp=d-p > p= P 1-M 7 a 111 Substituting into the thin lens equation, pig yg Bes Solving, _ a) _@-M)y M d Md Since Mis positive, the lens is diverging If the object is between the image and the lens (the object is closer to the lens), the lens is converging. We have d=|q|-p=-q-p > q=-d-p 1 F 1 Substituting into the thin lens equation, + gives 1 q (M-1y Since Mis positive, the lens is converging ©2014 Cengage Learning, AllRighle Reserved May not be scanned, copie or duplicled or pote to 3 publ secasible website whole on part,722 Image Formation *P36.75 The lens for the left eye forms an upright, virtual image at q, = 50.0 cm when the object distance is p, = 25.0 cm, so the thin lens 1.11 equation —+—=—, gives its focal length as pa f Similarly for the other lens, qg = ~100 cm when p= 25.0 cm, and fy = 33.3 cm. (a) Using the lens for the left eye as the objective, SL, 50.0 em _ FT 55 (b) Using the lens for the right eye as the eyepiece and, for maximum magnification, requiring that the final image be formed at the normal near point (4, eyepiece as 4. 4 fe The maximum magnification by the eyepiece is then 25.0 cm 25.0 cm m,=1+ =1+ . i 333m +175 and the image distance for the objective is q:=L—p, =10.0 cm-14.3 cm =—4.28 em The thin lens equation then gives the object distance for the objective as af__ (4.28 cm)(50.0 em) , = LL AB em t500 em) _ 43.95 POT =f, 428em-500am The magnification by the objective is then (428 cm) = +1.08 M,= yp 395cm and the overall magnification is +1.08)(41.75)= [1.90] ©2014 Cengage Learing, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copied or upliled or posted a3 publ secasible website whole rin pastChapter 36 723 *P36.76 The image will be inverted. With h = 6.00 cm, we require Hf =-1.00 mm. (a) (aene = [0.833 mm 60.0 mm 111 1 From ++4=4-—1+ _,_ 1} __ we obt ® rom Ff 500mm 0833 mm’ “°° f = [0820mm P36.77 (a) Start with the first pass through the lens. tli_1__t 1 a fh Ph .0cm 100cem gives q,= +400 cm or 400 cm to right of the lens. The object of the mirror is 400 cm — 100 cm = 300 cm to the right of the mirror, so the object is virtual. Therefore, for the mirror, p, = -300 em: a & fp C500en) C300) gives 4, =-60.0 cm or 60.0 cm to the right of the mirror. The image formed by the mirror is 100 cm + 60 cm = 160 cm to the right of the lens. Therefore, for the second pass through the lens, p, = 160 cm: Jide dt af, Py 80.0cm 160cm org, =[160-em to the left of lens (4 1 @) M=- = A004 9g yy, = - -{$60.0.ern) py 100cm Pp: (300 em) 160 M,=-2=--28"__1 M=M,M,M, =[-0.800 py, 160em : (©) Since M< 0 the final image is ©2014 Cengage Learning, AllRighle Reserved May not be scanned, copie or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,724 Image Formation P3678 (a) ) © (d@) P3679 (a) We start with the final image and work backward. From Figure P36,78, the final image is virtual (to left of lens 2) and x = 30.0 cm, so gz = -(50.0 cm —30.0 cm) =-20.0 em The thin lens equation then gives 111 a 1 Pr te fy P2 ~20.0em 20.0 cm > p)=+100em The image formed by the first lens serves as the object for the second lens and is located 10.0 cm in front of the second lens. Thus, q, = 50.0 cm ~ 10.0 cm = 40.0 cm and the thin lens equation gives 1,111, 1 1 Ph a fh P, 400cem 10.0cm > py=t133.em The original object should be located [13.3 em in front of the firs jens The overall magnification is (a2) =[=600 Since M < 0, the final image is [inverted]. Since q, < 0, itis [virtual With light going through the piece of glass from left to right, the radius of the first surface is positive and that of the second surface is negative according to the sign convention of Table 36.2. Thus, R, =+2.00 em and R, moh q R to = 4.00 cm. Applying ad the first surface gives 1.0015 100m 4 1.50-1.00 2.00 cm which yields g, = -2.00 em. The first surface forms a virtual image 2,00 cm to the left of that surface and 16.0 cm to the left of the second surface. ©2014 Cengage Leasing, AllRighle Reserved May not be scanned, copied or upliled or posted a3 publicly secasible website in whole in pastChapter 36 725 The image formed by the first surface is the object for the second surface, sop,=+16.0em and “+” mh po4q R gives 1.50_, 1.00 _ 1.00-1.50 160cm gq, —4.00cm or q=+32.0cm 32.0 em to the right of the second surface () The final image distance is positive, so the image is Fea] P36.80 (a) _ When the meterstick coordinate of the object is 0, its object distance is p, = 32 cm. When the meterstick coordinate of the object is x, its object distance is p = 32 cm - x. The image distance from the lens is given by the thin lens equation, at = ; (in the following, all variables are in units of em, and units are suppressed). Substituting, toi 320-x q 260 Solving for q then gives 11 1 _(320-x)-26.0___6.0-x q 26.0 (32,0-x) 26.0(32.0—x) 26.0(32.0-x) _ 832-26.0x ~ 6.0-x The image distance qis measured from the position of the lens. The image coordinate on the meterstick is 832-26.0r _ 32.0(6.0-x)+832-26.0x 6.0—x 32.0+q=320+ (>) The image starts at the position x, = 171 cm and moves in the positive x direction, faster and faster, and as the object approaches the position x = 6 cm (the focal point of the lens), the image goes out to infinity. At the instant the object is at x= 6 cm, the rays from the top of the object are parallel as they leave the lens: their intersection point can be described as at x' = « to the right or equally well at x‘ =—» on the left. From x‘ =— the image continues moving to the right, now slowing down. It reaches, for example, -280 cm when the object is at 8 cm, and -55 cm when the object is finally at 12 cm. ©2014 Cengage Learning, AllRighle Reserved May not be scanned, copie or duplicled or pote to 3 publ secasible website whole on part,726 Image Formation object position (cm) _ | image position (cm) x 0 1707 1 193.2 2 27.0 3 283.3 4 396.0 5 734.0 6 infinity 7 618.0 8 280.0 9 167.3 10 111.0 u 772 2 547 (©) [The image moves to infinity and beyond—meaning it moves forward to infinity (on the right), jumps back to minus infinity lon the left), and then proceeds forward again. (d) [The image usually travels to the right, except when it jumps| lfrom plus infinity (right) to minus infinity (left). 1.1.1.2 111 241 1 > = pa & RG f p 10cm 125cm P3681 (a) so, =50.0 cm (a real image, to left of mirror).This serves as an object for the lens (a virtual object, to left of lens) with object distance p, = 25.0 cm — 50.0 cm = —25.0 cm, so a » fp Pa (167 em) (25.0 em) 122014 Cengage Learning, Al Rigle Reserved, May not be scanned, copied or Gupte or pote toa publ ecaile website in whale oi part,Chapter 36 727 so gq meaning 50.3 cm to the right of the lens. Thus, the final image is located [25.3 em to right of mirror —50.3 cm (a virtual image), (b) The final image distance is negative (-50.3 cm), so the image is, virtual Calculate the overall magnification M= MM, di __ 50.0 cm =-4.00 p, 125em Then M= M,M, = 8.05. (©) The magnification is positive, so the image is fapright (a) From above, M= M,M, =[6. 36.82 (a)_ Have the beam pass through the diverging lens first, then the converging lens. The rays of light entering the diverging lens are parallel, so they behave as though they come from an object at infinity (p = 9): 12em—+ E ANS. FIG. P36.82 Use this image as a real object for the converging lens, placing it at the focal point on the object side of the lens, at p = 21.0 cm. Then 11 +o5 2iem' q 2lem or gee The exiting rays will be parallel. The lenses must be 21.0 cm — 12.0 cm = 9.00 cm apart. ©2014 Cengage Learning, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copie or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole in part,728 Image Formation (b) Refer to ANS. FIG, P36.82. By similar triangles, 175 times P 4.50 W. P3683 (a) t= = __4*50W__aagaw7mt 4zr’ 4n(1.60x 107 m) ) 1 6.91 mW/m™ ata 1 1 1 © B79 Ff 720m *q 0350m >) q=0368:m Wg 0368m M= = 320m p 720m > ht’ =[0.164 em (d)_ The lens intercepts power given by P=1A=(6.91x10" W/m’)| <0 150 m) and puts it all onto the image where 12 (691x10° W/m’ )[ x(15. A 1(0.164 cm)' /4 58.1 W/m P36.84 A hemisphere is too thick to be described asa thin lens. The light is undeviated on entry into the flat face. We next consider the light’s exit from the second surface, for which R= 6.00 cm. The incident rays are parallel, so p = =. Then, “2+ =% Pod 1_ 1.00-1.56 becomes 0 +—=————_ q 600cn and [q=107 cm (©2014 Cengage Learning, All igh Reserved May not be seamed, copied or duplicted or pote 0 cm) /4] Air [i Hl b—4—_t ANS. FIG. P36.84P36.85 P36.86 Chapter 36 729 Use the lens makers’ equation, Equation 36.15, and the conventions of Table 36.2. The first lens has focal length described by Let an object be placed at any distance p, large compared to the thickness of the doublet. The first lens forms an image according to 4,414.1 man fi diem 1 a RP This virtual (q, < 0) image (to the left of lens 1) is a real object for the second lens at distance p, = 114 4,421 Poh ts 1_2n,-2 1 2n,-2 . For the second lens Find the image position for light traveling to the left through the lens: 111 _ pf, _ (0.300 m)(0.200 m) P 0.300 m — 0.200 m Therefore, this image forms 0.600 m to the left of the lens. Find the image formed by light traveling to the right toward the mirror from an object distance of 1.30 m - 0.300 m = 1.00 m: = 0.600 m Pu Iu ©2014 Cengage Learning, AllRighle Reserved May not be scanned, copie or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,730 Image Formation Solving and substituting numerical values gives —Pufy_ _ (1.00 m)(0.500 ma) Py — fy 1.00 m - 0.500 m au = 1.00 m This image forms at the position of the original object. Therefore, as, light continues to the left through the lens, it will form an image at a position 0.600 m to the left of the lens. As a result, both images form at the same position and there are not two locations at which the student can hold a screen to see images formed by this system. P36.87 For the first lens, the thin lens equation gives — APL _ (6.00 em)(12.0 em) 4 09 orn P,-f, 12.0 em—(-6.00 cm) The first lens forms an image 4.00 cm to its left. The rays between the lenses diverge from this image, so the second lens receives diverging light. It sees a real object at distance P= d~(4.00 em) = d+ 4.00 em For the second lens, when we require that q, >, the mirror-lens equation becomes p, 2.0 cm. h Since the object for the converging lens must be 12.0 cm to its left, and since this object is the image for the diverging lens, which is 4.00 cm to its left, the two lenses must be separated by 8.00 cm. Mathematically, d+4.00 em= f,=12.0cm — d=[8.00 em] P36.88 For the first lens, the thin lens equation gives Ap n= ?- We require that 4; © for the second lens; the thin lens equation gives p, = f,, where, in this case, fr. poh —h Therefore, from p, fp Mtb) She 2 fe d pf ©2014 Cengage Leasing, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplited or posted a3 publ secasible website in whole rin pastChapter 36 731 36.89 The inverted image is formed by light that leaves the object and goes directly through the lens, never having reflected from the mirror. For the formation of this inverted image, we have M= 1.50 giving q,=+1.50p, Pr The thin lens equation then gives (with p and q in centimeters) 16.7 em| giving The upright image is formed by light that passes through the lens after reflecting from the mirror. The object for the lens in this upright image formation is the image formed by the mirror. In order for the lens to form the upright image at the same location as the inverted image, the image formed by the mirror must be located at the position of the original object (so the object distances, and hence image distances, are the same for both the inverted and upright images formed by the lens). Therefore, the object distance and the image distance for the mirror are equal, and their common value is Goce = Pais = 40.0 p, = 40.0- 16.7 = 423.3 The mirror equation, +L -L, then gives Prince Faicor — Fosior 11 2 Tome 233En 233an B3an or = 233m _Tiyan 2 1.1 1 P3690 (a) Inthe first situation, —+ =, and 50 > 4,=150-p, Ptne where f, p, and qare in meters. fi_i fp, 150-p,]’ Substituting, we have ©2014 Cengage Learning, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copie or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,732 Image Formation 1 Ll ANS. FIG. P36.90 (b) In the second situation, 4,4 i Pon f P, =P, +0.900m and 4g, = q, - 0.900 m = 0.600 m- p, where f, p, and qare in meters. i i 1 Pp, +0.900 " 0.600-p, | Substituting, we have (©) Both lens equation are equal: 1,11 1,1 na Fmd dou 1 1 + -—i_,_1 p, 150-p, p,+0.900 0.600-p, 1.50-p,+p, _ 0.600—p, +p, +0.900 P,(1.50- p,) (p, + 0.900)(0.600— p,) 1.50, 1.50 pi(1.50-p,) (p, +0.900)(0.600- p,) Simplified, this becomes p,(1.50—p,) =(p, + 0.900)(0.600 - p,) 1.50p, ~ p* = (0.600— 0.900), + (0.900)(0.600) — p? 1.80p, = 0.540 p, = [0.300 ml 11 a) Fi t (a), F=— + (8) From part (a), ¢=—- 11 1 150-7, F 0300 150-0300 f =[0.240 m ©2014 Cengage Leasing, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplited or posted a3 publ secasible website in whole rin pastChapter 36 733 P36.91 (a) For the mirror, f = =+1.50 m. In addition, because the distance 2 to the Sun is so much larger than any other distances, we can take poe. The mirror equation, then gives q= f=[[50m in froni i f if the miro: (b) Now, in M= mrad 1807 |@-90)=-v0140m and the image diameter is [I-40 cr] P36.92 (a) For lens one, as shown in the top panel in ANS. FIG. P36.92, 1 1 1 + 400em' q, 30.0cm 4 = 120m This real image is the object of the second lens: /, = O, ; itis behind the lens, as shown in the middle panel in ANS. FIG. P36.92, so it is a virtual object for the second lens. That is, the object distance is P, = 110 em - 120 cm =~10.0 em 1 1 1 “0.0em * q —200en q.=[200em (b) From part (a), o,-— -- 20 _ 3.00 Pp, 40.0cm M, =a 200m _ 1 9 p, (10.0 em) M, = MM, =[=6.00 ©2014 Cengage Learning, AllRighle Reserved May not be scanned, copie or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,734 Image Formation (0 Moen <0, So final image is [inverted ]. (d)_ Iflens two is a converging lens (bottom panel in ANS. FIG. P36.92) —1_,1,_1 =10.0em "9, 20.0em 4, = [667 am ___ 6.67 om (10.0 em) = MM, = [200 M, = +0.667 M, Again, Myeai <0 and the final image is [inverted ]. by Ope F 1, ANS. FIG. P36.92 ©2014 Cengage Learing, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copied or dupliled or posted a3 publicly secasible website in whole rin past.Chapter 36 735 Challenge Problems 36.93 (a) For the light the mirror intercepts, the power is given by P=LA=1aR: Substituting, 350 W =(1000 W/m?) R? and R, = [0.334 mor larger |. (o) In we have p=, 50 a8 and 1.2 FOR ua i so h Rl, {mrad\)_ (RK (8 = (Sos (SB) {Boormen h where + is the angle the Sun subtends The intensity at the image is then PP AnaRS _ Alp Re mya eh AIR? (R/2)'(930x10° rad)" 16(1.000 W/m*)R> R?(9.30X 10" rad) 120x 10° W/m? R 649x104 1 larger P36.94 (a) From the thin lens equation, dia 425-4. > q=15om a ft pm Sem i and, from the definition of magnification, M, =. 352m, yp, 750m ©2014 Cengage Learning, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copie or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,736 Image Formation () Then, for a combination of two lenses, M=M,M,: 1=(-2)M, or a Pa From the thin lens equation for the second lens, 111 1,1 4 S42: += 5 4, =15.em,p,=30em Pro fi 2h: 2 10cm So the distance between the object and the screen is Pig + P24, =75 m+ 15 cm +30 em +15 cm=[ 67.5 em In the following, if no units are shown, assume all distances (p, 4, and f) are in units of cm. 1,11 Forlens 1, we have + 7=—-= g. Solve for g; in terms of p: tt Now we have Mj =-#=-—°— using [1]. From Pr m5 M’ = M/M;=3, we have pM’ _ 3), a Mj=“ 2-2 (pr -5)=-2 bo pg hi) H=ZPa(Pi-5) 21 Substitute [2] into the lens equation for lens 2, 1.1 1 1 PTT Tem md tain fin terms ofp: 10(3p;-10 PS = MGri= 19) Gl 3(pi-5) Substitute [3] into [2], to obtain qi in terms of p 4 = 2(3p; 10) (4 We know that the distance from object to the screen is a constant: Pi+ 4. +P; +4; = a constant (51 ©2014 Cengage Leasing, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplited or posted a3 publ secasible website in whole rin pastChapter 36 737 Using [1], [3], and [4], and the value obtained in part (a), [5] becomes +, SPL, 10(3p1-10) 4, 5 pi +P, SPL) 5 2(3p; -10) = 67.5 {61 7-8" a3) 7 ) Multiplying equation [6] by 3(p;-5), we have [3(p% -5) Jp + 15p5 + 10(3p% - 10) +2(3p; -10)[3(p; -5)]= 67.5[3(p; -5)] Spf ESP HASH +307; = 100 + 6(3p%? - 25p{ +50) = 202.5p; - 1012.5 3p/? + 30p; — 100 + 18p%? — 150p; + 300 - 202.5p% + 1012.5 = 0 This reduces to the quadratic equation 21p?? —322.5p; +12125=0 which has solutions p, = 8.784 cm and 6.573 cm. Casel: pi =8.784.cem . pi —p, = 8.784 cm-7.50 em = 1,28 em From [4]: 4; =327 em *. qq, =32.7 em—15.0 em =17.7 cm Case 2: pj =6.573. cm Pp; = 6.573 em ~7.50 cm = -0,927 cm From [4]: qj =19.44.cm 9 = 4, = 19.44 cm 15.0 cm = 4.44 cm From these results it is concluded that: The lenses can be displaced in two ways. The first lens can be moved 1.28 cm farther from the object and the second lens 17,7 cm toward the object. Alternatively, the first lens can be moved 0.927 cm toward the object and the second lens 4.44 cm toward the object. ©2014 Cengage Learning, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copie or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,738 Image Formation P36.95 (a) The lens makers’ equation, ; |, becomes: 1 5.00 cm =(n-1)] giving n= [199 () As the light passes through the lens for the first time, the thin lens equation, ++4<1, becomes: aon f 1 doi 8.00cm gq, 35.00cm 4G, __ 133m =133cm, and M,=-2=-25__1 67, giving q om, an opm This image becomes the object for the concave mirror with Pay = 20.0 em ~q, = 20.0 em ~13.3 em = 6.67 em R and f ===+4.00 cm 1 1 1 The mirror equation becomes: , 667 cm gy 4.00cm giving — qy=10.0cm, and , -—4u -10.0 em Py 6.67 cm 1.50. The image formed by the mirror serves as a real object for the lens on the second pass of the light through the lens, with Py =20.0 cm qy, = +10.0 cm 1 1 += , 10.0cm q, 5.00cm The thin lens equation yields: or q=10.0cm 0.0 cm and M, =-1.00 p; —:10.0em The final image is a real image located 10.0 em to the left of the lens J. (0). From above, we find the overall magnification: Mics = MyM,My = ©2014 Cengage Learning, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copie or dupliled or posted a3 publ secasible website in whole rin past.Chapter 36 739 (4) The overall magnification is negative, so the final image is inverted] P36.96 (a) The object is located at the focal point of the upper mirror. Thus, the upper Fe mirror creates an image at infinity (i.e., parallel rays leave this mirror). For the upper mirror, the object is real, and the 7 ~ 1 mirror equation, —+==—, gives pa f 1 1 1 cm q, 7.50cm > 4, = (very large) The lower mirror focuses these parallel rays at its focal point, located at the hole ANS. FIG. P36.96 in the upper mirror. For the lower mirror, the object is virtual (behind the mirror), p, = 1 q 750em f > @=7.50em The overall magnification is 2\2)-Gell Thus, the [image is real, inverted, and actual size (b) Light travels the same path regardless of direction, so light shined on the image is directed to the actual object inside, and the light then reflects and is directed back to the outside. Light directed into the hole in the upper mirror reflects as shown in the lower figure, to behave as if it were reflecting from the image. P36.97 First, we solve for the image formed by light traveling to the left through the lens. The object distance is p, = p, so Ajit jadi ma fh oh fk P Next, we solve for the image formed by light traveling to the right and reflecting off the mirror. The object distance is p,, = dp, so 1,11 111 _ pun fs 4,4.4 441 Pun fu Pu du fu Iu fi SusPa fuPu__ Sud -P) Iu = a Pum fu 4? fiw ©2014 Cengage Learning, AllRighle Reserved May not be scanned, copie or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,740 Image Formation If quis positive (real image), the image formed by the mirror will be to its left, and if qy, is negative (virtual image), the image formed by the mirror will be to its right; for either case, the image formed by the mirror acts as an object for the lens at a distance p? : Suld=p) _ ala (4-p)- fu We solve for the position of the final image ¢, 1 ili d-p- fu Fo d= p fua)~ ful?) For the two images formed by the lens to be at the same place, 2.1 ,i 1.11 noth Therefore, PL=4-qu= (d= p— fur) ~ ful d- P)= P(d-P- fur) @— pd fd — furd + fup = pd-p*— fu? #—2(p+ fuy)d+(2fup>p)=0 Solving for d then gives _2(P+ fu) 4(p + fun) —4()(2fu + P*) 2(1) 2(P + Sua) = V4" + 8fuP + 4h ~8 fa 4P™ 2 d _2(p+ fal2Vhe 2 (P+ fu) * fu Therefore, [d= p andd=p+2fy ©2014 Cengage Learning, AllRighle Reserved May not be scanned, copied or upliled or posted a3 publ secasible website in whole rin pastChapter 36 741 NSWERS TO EVEN-NUMBE! PROBLEMS P36.2 P36.4 P36.6 P36.8 P3610 736.12 P3614 P3616 P3618 P36.20 36.22 736.24 P36.26 36.28 P36.30 P3632 P3634 36.36 P3638 458m (1) 4.00 m; (2) 12.00 m; (3) 16.00 m See ANS. FIG, P36.6 for the locations of the five images, (a) 33.3 cm in front of the mirror; (b) -0.666; (c) real; (d) inverted (a) See ANS FIG P36.10; (b) q=—40.0 cm, so the image is behind the mirror; (c) M = +2,00, so the image is enlarged and upright; (d) See P36,10(d) for full explanation. (a) -26.7 cm; (b) upright; (c) 0.026 7 (a) +2.22 cm; (b) +10.0 A convex mirror diverges light rays incident upon it, so the mirror in this problem cannot focus the Sun’s rays to a point. (a) 0.708 m in front of the sphere; (b) upright d d ad yy 2 @ a—-1 (a) 8.00 cm; (b) See ANS. FIG. P36.22(b); (c) virtual (a) 16.0 cm from the mirror; (b) +0.333; (c) upright (a) See P36.26(a) for full explanation; (b) real image at 0.639 s and virtual image at 0.782 s 8.05 cm fa) 38.2 cm below the top surface 3.75 mm See P36.34 for full explanation. (a) (i) 3.77 cm from the front of the wall, in the water, (ii) 19.3 cm from the front wall, in the water; (b) (i) +1.01, (ii) +1.03; (c) The plastic has uniform thickness, so the surfaces of entry and exit for any particular ray are very nearly parallel. The ray is slightly displaced, but it would not be changed in direction by going through the plastic wall with air on both sides. Only the difference between the air and water is responsible for the refraction of the light; (d) yes; (e) If p=|R|, then q=-p=-IR|: if p>|R|, then |q|>|R|. For example, if p= 2|R|, then q=-3.00|R| and M = +2.00. (a) 650 cm, real, inverted, enlarged; (b) -600 cm, virtual, upright, enlarged ©2014 Cengage Learning, All ight Reserved May not be scanned, copie or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part742 36.40 P36.42 P3644 36.46 P36.48 36.50 736.52 P36.54 36.56 P36.58 36.60 736.62 P36.64 P36.66 P36.68 36.70 736.72 36.74 Image Formation (a) 12.3 cm to the left of the lens; (b) 0.615; (¢) See ANS. FIG. P36.40. (a) The image is in back of the lens at a distance of 1.25f from the lens; (b) -0.250; (c) real (i See ANS. FIG P36.44(i): (a) 20.0 cm in back of the lens, (b) real, (0) inverted, (4) M =-1.00, (c) Algebraic answers agree, and we can express values to three significant figures: q = 20.0 cm, M=-1.00; (i) See ANS. FIG, P36.44(ii): (a) 10 cm front of the lens, (b) virtual, (©) upright, (d) M= 42.00, (¢) Algebraic answers agree, and we can express values to three significant figures: q = -10.0 cm, M= +2.00, (8 Small variations from the correct directions of rays can lead to significant errors in the intersection point of the rays. These variations may lead to the three principal rays not intersecting at a single point. (i): (a) 13.3 cm in front of the lens, (b) virtual, (c) upright, (d) +0.333; (ii): (a) 10.0 cm in front of the lens, (b) virtual, (c) upright, (d) +0.500; (iii): (a) 6.67 cm in front of the lens, (b) virtual, (c) upright, (d) +0.667 q dq=-Ldp P (a) 9, = 26.3 cm, g,= 46.7 cm, -8.75 cm, -23.3 cm; (b) See ANS. FIG. P36.50(b); (c) See P36.50(c) for full explanation; (d) The integral stated adds up the areas of ribbons covering the whole image, each with vertical dimension || and horizontal width dq; (e) 328 cm’. See P36.52 for full explanation (a) -34.7 cm; (b) -36.1 cm aes (a) -4.00 diopters; (b) diverging lens (a) -25.0 cm; (b) nearsighted; (c) -3.70 diopters {a) +50.8 diopters < P < 60.0 diopters; (b) -0.800 diopters, diverging The image is inverted, real, and diminished. (a) 4.17 cm; (b) 6.00 {a) -800; (b) inverted h (a) See P36.70(a) for full explanation; (b) —£, (c) -1.07 mm P -25.0.em -Md f ~ ((-My converging + when the lens is diverging; f + when the lens is “Oey ©2014 Cengage Learing, All Right Reserved May not be scanned, copied or duplited or posted a3 publ secasible website in whole rin past.P36.76 P36.78 736.80 P36.82 P36.84 P36.86 P36.88 P36.90 P36.92 P36.94 736.96 Chapter 36 743 (a) 0.833 mm; (b) 0.820 mm. (a) 13.3 em in front of the first lens; (b) -6.00; (c) inverted; (d) virtual 1024-5 (a) x= P36,80(b) for full explanation; (c) The image moves to infinity and beyond—meaning it moves forward to infinity (on the right), jumps back to minus infinity (on the left), and then proceeds forward again; (d) The image usually travels to the right, except when it jumps from plus infinity (right) to minus infinity (left). (a) See P36.82(a) for full explanation; (b) 1.75 times where x and x is are in centimeters; (b) See 6.0—x q=10.7 em See P36.86 for full explanation Pei) fi Ph 1 O55, OF 7, +0900 * 0.600=p, ’ ©) 0300m (a) 0.240 m (a) 20.0 cm; (b) 6.00; (c) inverted; (d) q, = 6.67 cm and M, levers = 2.00, inverted (a) 67.5 cm; (b) The lenses can be displaced in two ways. The first lens can be moved 1.28 cm farther from the object and the second lens 17.7 cm toward the object. Alternatively, the first lens can be moved 0.927 cm toward the object and the second lens 4.44 cm toward the object. (a) The image is real, inverted, and actual size; (b) Light travels the same path regardless of direction, so light shined on the image is directed to the actual object inside, and the light then reflects and is directed back to the outside. Light directed into the hole in the upper mirror reflects as shown in the lower figure, to behave as if it were reflecting from the image. ©2014 Cengage Learning, AllRighle Reserved May not be scanned, copie or duplicled or pote 3 publ secasible website whole on part,