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Development of Open Broken Conductor Detection System For High Resistivity Areas
Development of Open Broken Conductor Detection System For High Resistivity Areas
Development of Open Broken Conductor Detection System For High Resistivity Areas
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flanges was measured with a precise Megger with sand filled B. Leakage Current in the Desert Sand
in the cell (R1) as well as without sand, i.e., empty (R2). It was To study the nature of the fault currents in the medium
found that R1 >>R2. Therefore, R1 effectively represents voltage distribution system with live conductor in contact with
resistance of sand particles between the electrodes. The the sand, an experimental setup shown in Figure 4 was used to
resistivity of sand particles was then determined using the study the effects of different parameters such as sand layer
well-known relation. thickness and applied voltage magnitude, etc., on the resulting
ρ RA (1) fault current. For a specified sand layer thickness and applied
l voltage used, the corresponding current flow to the earth was
where R = resistance of sand sample in : measured using a 50: detection resistance and an oscilloscope
U = sand resistivity in :.m (Tecktronics-320). The results for different measurements are
A = internal area of the tube (m2)
summarized next.
l = length of the tube filled with sand (m) HV
supply
A special test cell of 10 cm diameter, similar to one shown Cu conductor
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Media Media
Interface Data Interface Host
Voltage
device. Comm. device. PC at
measure
(Lateral Media (Sub- S/S
ments
end) (GSM) station)
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communication
Absolute Fault
Fiber-optic
(AFE) -1
Processor
GSM (Micro controller)
Module
Serial link
Battery Back-up
AC Micro
Voltage controller
sense board
Figure 10: Connection arrangement of the proposed OCD to
the distribution transformer.
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11 whereas Figure 12 shows the flow diagram of the firmware Figure 12: Flow diagram of the firmware of the microcontroller.
of the microcontroller used.
a
b A
B
c C TABLE 4: CALCULATED LINE VOLTAGES VALUES FOR A DYN
n
Distribution DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER UNDER DIFFERENT CASES.
Transformer
Condition on Vout(Line voltages)
Analoge Front End Analoge Front End Ser.
(AFE) -1 (AFE) -2 MV primary
No. Vab Vbc Vca
feeder
Absolute Fault Voltage measuring
Indicating unit (AFI) unit (Vrms) 1 Normal 220/0º 220/120º 220/240º
Read DC threshold No
for 3-phases 2 Cond.-A broken 0 190.7/90º 190.7/270º
Test Zero No Yes
Timed out
crossing
3 Cond.-B broken 190.7/30º 0 190.7/210º
If fault
No Yes
4 Cond.-C broken 190.7/330º 190.7/150º 0
No Check command(s)
4 Cond-C broken 63.5/330º 127/150º 63.5/330º
request(s)
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IV. CONCLUSIONS
Based on experimental and theoretical studies, it is
concluded that due to the extremely high resistivity of the
inland dry desert sand, the detection of downed conductor
conditions, using the upstream measurements, cannot rely on
the quantitative analysis of the fault currents since these have
too low magnitudes. The Saudi Aramco Chair in Electrical
Power, at King Saud University, therefore concentrated on
designing and developing a "load side open conductor
detector" based on "GSM/GPRS" communications. Such an
OCD was designed, developed and tested in the KSU High
Voltage Lab as well as in Saudi Aramco’s actual distribution
network. It has been patented.
Figure 14: OCD-2 installed at the MV distribution system at Saudi
Aramco
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V. ACKNOWLEDGMENT [20] S.R. Samantaray, B.K. Panigrahi and P.K. Dash, High impedance
fault Detection in power distribution networks using time–frequency
The authors are thankful to the Saudi Aramco Chair in Electrical transform and probabilistic neural network,” IET Gener. Transm.
Power, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Distrib., 2008, 2, (2), pp. 261–270.
Arabia, for the technical and financial support for this study. [21] Sami H. Al-Ghannam, Yasin Khan “GSM/GPRS Based Method,
System and Computer Programs to Determine and Locate High
VI. REFERENCES Impedance Faults on Medium Voltage Distribution Networks in
High Resistivity Area,” U.S. Patent No: 9,310,416 (12.04.2016) and
[1] Jincheng Li, Jeffery L. Kohler, "New insight into detection of High Japanese Patent No: JP 6069508 B2 (01.02.2017).
Impedance arcing faults on DC trolley system," IEEE Trans. On [22] Yasin Khan, Faisal Rehman Pazheri, Sami H. Al-Ghannam,
Industry Applications, Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 1169-1173, Sep. 1999. Abdulrehman Ali Al-Arainy, Nazar Hussain Malik, “Challenges in
[2] Aucoin B.M., Jones R.H., “High Impedance fault detection Detection of High Impedance Faults on Broken Conductors in MV
Implementation Issues” IEEE Trans. on PD, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. Lines,” Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and
139-148, 1996. Technology 7(24): 5234-5241, 2014.
[3] B.M. Aucoin, J. Zeigler, B. D. Russell, "Feeder Protection and
Monitoring System Part-1: Design Implementation and Testing,"
IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-104, No. VII. BIOGRAPHIES
4, pp. 873-879, June 1982.
[4] E.C. Senger, Walter Kaiser, et al., "Broken Conductor Protection Sami H. Al-Ghannam received B.S. and M.S. degrees in
System Using Carrier Communication," IEEE Trans. on PD, Vol. electrical engineering from King Fahad University of
15, No.2, pp.525-530, 2000. Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia, and the University
[5] Craig G. Wester, “High Impedance Fault Detection on Distribution of Portland, OR, USA. He is presently working as a
Systems,” GE Power Management Publications, GER-3993. power systems automation specialist and standard
[6] H. Callhoun, M. T. Bishop, C.H. Eicler, T.E. Lee, "Development committee member in the Consulting Services
and testing of Electromechanical Relay to detect Fallen Distribution Department of Saudi Aramco.
Conductors," IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. He has been working with Saudi Aramco for almost 24 years. He has
PAS-101, No.6, pp.1643-1650, June 1982. authored and co-authored a number of technical papers in the areas of smart
[7] A.G. Phadke, J.S. Thorp, M.G. Adamiak, “A New technique for grid, power distribution automation, high impedance faults and renewables.
tracking voltage phasors, local system frequency and rate of change He was the research project champion for downed conductor detection as the
“Saudi Aramco Chair in Electrical Power,” Electrical Engineering
of frequency,” IEEE Transactions on PAS, Vol.PAS-102, No.5, pp.
Department, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
1025-1083, May 1993.
[8] I. Lee, "High Impedance Fault Detection Using 3rd Harmonic Y. Khan obtained a Ph.D. degree in electrical
Current," EPRI Final Report, EPRI EL-2430, 1982. engineering from Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan in
[9] B.D. Russel, "An Arcing Fault Detection Technique Using Low 2004. He also holds the M.S. and B.S degrees in
Frequency Current Components-Performance Evaluation Using electrical engineering (power) from N-W.F.P University
Recorded Field data," IEEE Trans. on PD, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1988 of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan in
[10] A.F. Sultan, G.W. Swift, "Detecting Arcing Downed Wires using 1997 and 1993, respectively. Since 2005, he has been
Fault Current Flicker and Half Cycle Asymmetry," IEEE Trans. on working at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia,
PD, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1994 as a professor. Dr. Khan has published many research
[11] IEEE PSRC Working Group D15, "High Impedance fault detection papers in the international journals/conferences. He received many
Technology" international awards at different forums in different countries like Japan,
[12] W. H. Kwon, "HIF Detection utilizing Incremental Variance of Korea, Australia, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, etc.
Normalized Even Order Harmonic," IEEE-PES Summer Power
meeting, Paper No. 99 SM349-1 PWRD, 1999. N. H. Malik graduated with a B.S. in E.E from UET,
[13] B.M Aucoin, "Detection of Distribution High Impedance Faults Lahore in 1973, an MASc in electrical engineering from
the University of Windsor, Canada in 1977, and received
using Burst Noise Signals Near 60Hz," IEEE Trans. on PD, Vol. 2,
a Ph.D. from the University of Windsor, Canada, in
No. 2, pp. 347-348, 1987.
1979. He has coauthored over 200 research papers and
[14] B.M. Aucoin, "Distribution High Impedance Faults using high five books. He was Chair Professor of “Saudi Aramco
frequency current components," IEEE Trans. on PAS, Vol. 101, No. Chair in Electrical Power,” Electrical Engineering
6, pp. 1596-1606, 1982. Department, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
[15] B.D. Russel, "Behavior of Low Frequency Spectra During Arcing
Faults and Switching Events," IEEE Trans. on PD, Vol. 3, No.4, A. A. Al-Arainy graduated with a B.S. in E.E from KSU,
1988 Saudi Arabia, in 1974, an MASc in electrical engineering
[16] A. A. Girgis, et. al., "Analysis of HIF generated signal using from the University of Toronto, Canada, in 1977, and
Kalman filtering technique," IEEE Trans. on PD, Vol. 9, pp. 1714- received a Ph.D. from the University of Toronto, Canada,
1722, 1990. in 1982. He has authored over 100 research papers and
[17] Nagy I. Elkalashy, Hatem A. Darwish, Abdel-Maksoud I. Taalab four books. He was supervisor of the “Saudi Aramco
and Mohamed A. Izzularab, “Dwt-Based Detection of High Chair in Electrical Power,” Electrical Engineering
Impedance Fault Due to Leaning Trees In Compensated MV Department, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
Networks,” CIRED 19th International Conference on Electricity
Distribution, Vienna, 21-24 May 2007, Paper 0174. Bader S. Al-Shahrani received B.S. and M.S. degrees in
[18] David Chan Tat Wai and Xia Yibh, “A Novel Technique for High electrical engineering from King Fahad University of
Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia, and the University of
Impedance Fault Detection,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery,
New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 2006 and 2014,
Vol. 13, No. 3, July 1998, pp.738-741.
respectively. He has been working with Saudi Aramco Power
[19] T. M. Lai, L. A. SniderE. Lo, and D. Sutanto, “High-Impedance System Engineering Department in several positions since
Fault Detection Using Discrete Wavelet Transform and Frequency 2006. His research interests are in the areas of smart grids, renewable
Range and RMS Conversion,” IEEE Transactions on Power integration and energy efficiency.
Delivery, Vol. 20, No. 1, January 2005, pp. 397-401.
Saudi Aramco: Public
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