As Edexcel unit 1mi

Jan
Jan 2023 class

-
Topic 1A
D
Topic 2A
Chemistry
membrane and
for biologist
transport
28/11/2023
Part 1
Cell membrane
Cell membrane

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phospholipid bilayer
Visible by electron microscope
With phosphate head of phospholipid facing outside
Fatty acid hydrophobic ( hydrocarbon ) tail inside away from water
They have transport proteins ….intrinsic protein
m· mm
• Glycoprotein ( proteins + carbohydrates )……..receptors /
antigens
• Glycolipid ( lipids + carbohydrate ) ….receptors / antigens
• Cholesterol

Glycolipid ( receptors / antigens )

Phosphate head
Fatty acid tail
Phospholipid

Intrinsic protein .
Protein + carbohydrate ..as receptors / antigens
Transport protein Extrinsic protein ( enzymes)
 Fluid mosaic model

Fluid : the phospholipid move about / diffuse within their monolayer …….gives flexible structure to the membrane and
making it constantly changing

Mosaic : different protein molecules are-scattered in the cell surface membrane ( within phospholipid bilayer) .

What affect the fluidity of the membrane: https://youtu.be/qBCVVszQQNs

1. Percentage of unsaturated fatty acids ( C=C) ..kinks ..increase fluidity
2. Temperature ..increase in temperature ..increase fluidity , increase the movement of phospholipids .
3. Tail length …longer tail ..decrease in the fluidity
4. Cholesterol

Explain how the intrisinic proteins are embedded between phospholipids ?

Non polar hydrophobic R groups
Polar R groups

A) the region of the polypeptide with hydrophilic R groups of

amino acids are facing / interacting with hydrophilic phosphate
head
B) the region of the polypeptide with hydrophobic R groups of
amino acids interact with hydrophobic fatty acid tail .

Intrinsic proteins = transport proteins ( channel proteins / carrier proteins )

What are the properties of the cell membrane that contributes in the fluid mosaic model ?

Phospholipid bilayer …with phospholipid each with phosphate hydrophilic heads facing outside
( cytosol ) and hydrophobic core formed form fatty acid tails facing inside
Phospholipids diffuse within their monolayer

So phospholipid are able to move freely making the membrane fluid

Protein molecules scattered between phospholipids

Extrinsic / peripheral protein

Find on the outer surface of
membrane
Intrinsic protein Such as enzymes , play a
Embedded in the membrane role in cell signaling
How transport proteins which are
globular interact with phospholipid to
stay in membrane ?

Transport proteins interact with phospholipid .

A) region with hydrophilic R groups of amino acids ,interact with phosphate head of phospholipid
B)region with hydrophobic R groups of amino acids interact with hydrophobic fatty acid tail .
Components of the cell surface membrane

1. Hydrophilic phosphate head facing the

1. Phospholipid
cytoplasm / tissue fluid
Forming hydrogen bonds with water to help stabilise
the membrane
Hydrophilic phosphate head

2. Hydrophobic ( non polar ) fatty acid tails facing

inwards ….as they are repelled away from water
Forming a hydrophobic core which is barrier to
hydrophilic molecules and ions .
Hydrophobic fatty acid tail
But permeable to non polar molecules ( CO2 and
O2) and hydrophobic ( glycerol )

3. Some water molecules can pass ..due to their

Hydrophilic head small size and have kinetic energy of molecules .

Hydrophobic core
4. As the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids
Hydrophilic head increase …the fluidity increase

5. Forms two monolayers ..forming bilayer

 2. Cholesterol

At low temperature , which cause decrease fluidity

Cholesterol …keep the phospholipid molecules apart from each
other .

At higher temperature , the fluidity increase

Cholesterol hold the fatty acids chains together by hydrophobic
interaction

1. Stabilise the membrane fluidity .

And makes the membrane strong ….cholesterol is more rigid molecule than phospholipid.

2. Affects the fluidity

Where it combine with fatty acid tails holding them together by hydrophobic interaction …thus decreasing movement of fatty acids …
decrease fluidity

3. Contribute in the impermeability of the membrane ….prevent passage of polar molecules or ions due to its hydrophobic nature.
 3. Transport proteins
Glycoproteins ( intrinisc proteins )
Channel /carrier proteins

Lined with polar R groups to allow the passage of polar molecules / ions through cell membrane .

Channel proteins Carrier proteins

Allow movement of polar molecules / ions by facilitated diffusion Specific proteins open at one side of the
membrane
Allow molecules to pass / move by
Non gated Gated

Facilitated diffusion Active transport

Remain closed until

Uniporter Symporter Antiporter
Stay open all the time it receives a signal
Facilitated diffusion Secondary
Allow ions and polar active
transport
molecules to flow through
cell membrane
4. Glycoproteins proteins .

Protein molecules with chain of carbohydrate attached to it

Function :
1)carbohydrate part can form hydrogen bond with water and help stabilise the
membrane

2) act as receptors .
Glycoproteins :
3) act as enzymes ( peripheral proteins)
1. Act as receptors
4) transport proteins

HEART
2. Form hydrogen bond with water to help
stabilise the membrane
Transport proteins
3. Act as enzymes
Hydrogen bond Enzymes Receptors 4. Antigens ( cell recognition )
Antigens 5. Transport proteins

5. Glycolipids

Lipid + carbohydrate
Same function as glycoprotein
But not A) enzymes , b) transport porteins
 Si
Channel protein Carrier protein

Facilitated diffusion Open only at one side , specific binding site

Specific to specific molecules .
Facilitated diffusion or active transport

Transport proteins

1. Fluid mosaic model

2. Factors affect fluidity ….length / C=C / temperature/ cholesterol
3. Intrinsic proteins …transport proteins …channel / carrier ( glycoproteins )
4. Structure of phospholipid
5. Cholesterol …stabilise / contribute impermeability to polar / decrease fluidity
6. Channel …facilitaed ( polar molecules )
7. Carrier …facilitated / active transport ( polar )