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COSMOLOGY
ASTRONOMY AND
 collection star huge cloud small
Galaxy huge : A : A Meteoroid : A

of dustbounded of gas mostly moving

and Ha rock or stones
gases ,

stats the
produce in they
-

He When
by and that
space
-

heat
gravitational force . .

light and using enter earth 's

atmosphere

id
meteor
they become

sh
fusion reaction

Ra
. .

Types

an
sh
galaxy A

Ka
•
Spiral Comet : collection
of

by
Barred spiral frozen gas dust,
rock

ics
Astronomy
•

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Elliptical galaxy and ice Due to heat

Ph
•
.

lenticular and dust trail is

galaxy gas
•

Irregular galaxy left behind forming a

E
E
AT
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Peculiar tail

N
galaxy
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•

C
.

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G
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Planet
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Black hole Asteroid size

LA

A celestial
A in
large
:

place A
ER

: :
N
RT
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where that
gravity is stone that
floats body
U

in
space
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stat
so
strong that
space Meteoroids Orbits
even are . 1 .
a

small stones broken

light cannot
escape .
.
2.
Spherical shaped due

It out
of asteroid They gravity
is
star
produced
dies
when
have an
.

orbit
to
sufficient
No around it
a .
can 3 .

dehri ;

around a star .
clear orbit .
 id
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Ra
an
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Ka
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it with other in
Pluto is a
dwarf planet as orbits
along masses

Kuiper 's nett .

 Stellar stars
Interstellar
: related
: between
to
slats
Radiant
flux intensity
→ 91s
-

the luminosity incident

Luminosity unit normal
surface
area
per

id
to that
surface

sh
The luminous
→ word means
glowing

Ra
.

emitting

an
or
energy

sh
.

Ka
Surface Area
• →

by
Luminosity d '
total
is the
of
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A--41T¢

ics
→
power

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radiation emitted The

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the
by
-

star .

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→
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radiations U "
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a
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luminosity is
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>

of I
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area =

the
body and

surface
temperature .
↳
Surface Area

"
Son's 1W )
luminosity 4×10 W L
luminosity
• : :

"
Proxima Centauri star to
• = 4×10 W d : distance
surface
.
from center
of
Standard Candles
1

A
body of known luminosity is called 6

a standard candle .

id
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←
T r

Ra
not for light but
luminosity just heat
→

an
is
←
→
,

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✗ 4
I

for radiation

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Candles
 and Radiations
Black
body Black
body
incident it absorb , transmit
→ When radiation is on a
body can

and radiation
reflect that .

id
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absorbed
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fraction

an
✗ + =L 9
p
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sh
reflected fraction

Ka
p
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by
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body appears transparent p
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, , .

able to
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all that
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colored objects and
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opaque
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to box
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color which e.
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appears
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need is
appears red as all colors
get absorbed and
reflected .

black all radiations absorbed

•

object appears
as
get and no

radiation is
reflected back .
 thence ) absorber
body Black
body considered
perfect of
Black : is as a

radiation
all radiations not
reflecting any
.

Black
body is a
surface
that has several
properties

id
sh
Ra
It The incident radiation
complexly absorbs irrespective

an
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its
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by
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2 .
A black
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surface can

black
more radiations Than a
body provided being at same

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A black
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the
a
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at
specific time Does not act both at
a .
as same .
 with
→ Black
body is basically a

reference surface
which real
to determine how an absorber
surfaces compared good
are

emitter
or an that
object is .

id
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sh
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Ra
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an
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ady for infrared emitter )

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 Stephan-Boltmann Law

Luminosityof a black body This applied considering

~
·

equation is
is directly
temperatece T
->

as a surrounding
at0 Kelvins.

proportional to its surface area If surrounding temp is higher,

·

id
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sh
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and to
Luminosity decreases.

Ra
an
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Mathematically For

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two state having the same
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by
L A
luminosity. I
Hotten star

ics
=

Stephan

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surface mea must have small radius rice
=

temperative
T:Absolute
versa.

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Luminosity, W)

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LaT4 37 -

3"x 8!L =

x
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L =
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Ts")
1

j surrounding is atTemp
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>T/K zero Kelvins.

Wien's
DisplacementLaw
The wavelength at
peak intensity
inversely proportional
is

id
to
Themodynamic temperature.

sh
Ra
an
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AmaxxIso Xmax:

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(K)
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E
olor

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white!
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Athigher
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R

photon energy. light

Brightness of increases
U
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is the intensity
is higher and so increase
intensity.
i.e. no.
of photons.
shorter wavelengths T(k Tx
High Temp 275
+

->
=
Red
shift Hubble 's law
when stars the lv )
galaxies speed of of star
move recession a
or
away
from the observer ,
the observed is
directly proportional to the

frequency of light coming from it distance

of
the star
from Earth .

id
sh
decreases Hence a red
shift is

Ra
.

in its ✓ ✗ d Hd

an
seen color so v=

sh
.

Ka
by
The
shift frequency / wavelength is where v
speed of recession

ics
in :

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constant
directly proportional the

Ph
to H Hubble's
speed
:

deaf in c- X d distance bfw source & observer

of receding
:
.

>

VIBGYOR at that instant

E
.

E
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DX

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Df_

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wavelength
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Formula when This idea

of galaxies
R

is
applicable receding proves
U
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is much smaller than the

Big Bang theory that the
v c

Used to calculate the

•

speed universe is expanding .

star /
✓
of the
galaxy . Presence
of
cosmic microwave
background
radiations also
support the
Big Bang
theory .
How old is the universe? VIBGYOR

v Hd
=
1DT
⑭
fastestgalaxy
som
the wouldbe atv=c i.e.
503nm

id
sh
speed of light. so as
vo
hence

Ra
an
sh
1 and Hd

Ka
c v
= =

by
4 H4T

ics
=

ys
+

Ph
=

↓ H
time
oforigin.

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T
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1 U
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= RS
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10
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2.2x10
ER
N
RT
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4.55x187s
R

T
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years
in

4.55x1817 1.44
=
x 100 years
365x24x3600
 L: OAT" XmaxT 0.0029=

&

T 4677K
=

L 0ATY
=

id
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L 5.67x18
=

Ra
2.5x1000m
0AT*

an
a) L = 35.9

sh
"
6.0 x 1028 5.67x10xA x(3400)

Ka
=

by
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=

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=

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Ph
b) A nπy2 =

#star 2.5
=
x 10'
7.8x184:4/22 Usun 7.0 x 108 1095 x 1026W

E
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N
35.7

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v

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100 45(1.0 x 10")"x(5408)

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16 x2*s0
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5.67 Lstan Lson Lstan:256 Lson

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=
x x =
x

A
5
L 1.2x1027W
=

dia Temp

2) 1.2 x 1027 5.67x100

=
x 4122 x (5400) 4. a)LGA so Stan X is 100 times
large in area

100
then star Y. Ithas diameter.
a
greate

eTa(
d 27 L 0AT4

son- I
v
=
= =

01=

(2+)
ATY
 = v Hd
*E
=

id
x 434nm AX

sh
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0.087nm
+

Ra
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an
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1

Ka
#x E
x
=

by
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ics
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0.087

Ph
v
=
=
5.3nm
+
5.3 V
=

434 3x108 393.3 3x108

v 6.0x107ms-
=
v 4.04x100m/s
=

E
E
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C
Hd

N
b)

LE
v =

EL
C
EX
M 4.04X 100 2.2x10-18d
G
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U
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=
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R
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d 1.8x102"m
LA
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N

=
RT
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1.9110 e
v
1 x102Y
=
=

3.0x100 d
=

365x24x3608

d 9.46x10"m
= 1
=

Lightyear
 id
sh
Ra
18

an
-

H 2.2x10
=

sh
v Hd
=

Ka
#x =

by
ics
ys
Ph
2-589.6 ONO3.86TXloSmx1m
=

E
E
AT
C
N
LE
EL
C
EX
M
G
I
lightyears:vid d 3.0x100 x365x24x3600 IN
U
SS
= RS
PU
R

E
FO
LA

d 9.46x10'sm (light year

ER

=>
N

=
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO

9.46x10'm -
1LY x 1.06x100 lightyears
=

1.76x102m- a 186 million highlyeaus!