Glycogenolysis is the process by which glycogen, stored primarily in the liver and muscle, is broken down into glucose. This occurs through the action of glycogen phosphorylase and debranching enzymes. Glycogen phosphorylase cleaves glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate, while debranching enzymes further break it down by removing glycogen branches. Glucose-6-phosphate is formed and can then be converted to glucose for blood glucose regulation and energy production, stimulated by hormones glucagon and epinephrine.
Glycogenolysis is the process by which glycogen, stored primarily in the liver and muscle, is broken down into glucose. This occurs through the action of glycogen phosphorylase and debranching enzymes. Glycogen phosphorylase cleaves glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate, while debranching enzymes further break it down by removing glycogen branches. Glucose-6-phosphate is formed and can then be converted to glucose for blood glucose regulation and energy production, stimulated by hormones glucagon and epinephrine.
Glycogenolysis is the process by which glycogen, stored primarily in the liver and muscle, is broken down into glucose. This occurs through the action of glycogen phosphorylase and debranching enzymes. Glycogen phosphorylase cleaves glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate, while debranching enzymes further break it down by removing glycogen branches. Glucose-6-phosphate is formed and can then be converted to glucose for blood glucose regulation and energy production, stimulated by hormones glucagon and epinephrine.
GLYCOGENOLYSIS process to break the glycogen down into individual glucose molecules is called glycogenolysis.
process by which glycogen, the primary carbohydrate
stored in the liver and muscle cells of animals, is broken down into glucose to provide immediate energy and to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting.
Glycogenolysis occurs primarily in the liver and is
stimulated by the hormone glucagon and epinephrine (adrenaline). WHAT IS GLYCOGEN?
Glycogen is the major storage form of
carbohydrate in animals. It is a homopolymer made up of repeated units of α- D glucose and each molecule is linked to another by 1→4 glycosidic bond. STEPS IN GLYCOGENOLYSIS
Glycosyl 4:4 transferase
(oligo α-1,4→1,4 glucan transferase) STEP 1: ACTION OF GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE
The alpha-1,4-glycosidic bonds (from non-reducing ends) are
cleaved sequentially by the enzyme Glycogen Phosphorylase to yield glucose 1-phosphate.
This process is called Phosphorolysis continues until four
glucose residues remain on either side of the branching point (alpha-1,6-glycosidic bond).
At first step of glycogenolysis, glycogen phosphorylase cleaves
the α(1→4) linkages of glycogen to form glucose 1-phosphate. STEP 2: ACTION OF DEBRANCHING ENZYME
The branches of Glycogen are cleaved by two enzyme activities
present on a single polypeptide called a debranching enzyme, hence it is a bifunctional enzyme.
transferase) activity removes a fragment of three or four Glucose residues attached at a branch and transfers them to another chain. Here, one alpha-1,4-bond is cleaved and the same alpha-1,4 bond is made, but the places are different.
Amylo alpha-1,6-glucosidase breaks the alpha-1,6-bond at the
branch with a single glucose residue. From the outermost chains of glycogen molecule, the terminal glucosyl residues are detached sequentially until approximately four glucose residues remain on either side of an α(1→6) branch.
Branches of glycogen are
removed by two debranching enzymes such as
α(1→4) →α(1→4)-glucan transferase or α(1→4) transglycosylase
and
amylo- α(1→6)-glucosidase. STEP 3: FORMATION OF GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE AND GLUCOSE
Through the combined action of Glycogen phosphorylase and
debranching enzyme, glucose-1-phosphate and free glucose in a ratio of 8:1 are produced.
Glucose-1-Phosphate is converted to Glucose-6-phosphate by the
enzyme Phosphoglucomutase.
Finally, in liver, but not in skeletal muscle, glucose 6-
phosphatase enzyme hydrolyzes glucose 6-phosphate, forming glucose that is exported to circulation, leading to an increase blood glucose. FATE OF GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE The fate of Glucose-6-Phosphate is… In Liver, Kidney, and Intestine (have Glc-6-Phosphatase) Glc- 6-P is cleaved into Glucose. The enzyme is absent in Muscle and Brain
In Peripheral tissues, Glc-6-P will be used for Glycolysis.
Glycogenolysis is inhibited by fructose-1-phosphate at the
level of phosphorylase REGULATION OF GLYCOGENOLYSIS Regulation of glycogenolysis is accomplished on two levels such as allosteric regulation and hormonal regulation. ALLOSTERIC REGULATION
1) In fasting state → glycogen phosphorylase is allosterically activated
by glucose 6-phosphate and ATP (in liver, not in muscle, free glucose is also an activator) → glycogenolysis. In contrast, glycogen synthase is allosterically inhibited by glucose 6- phosphate and ATP → no glycogenolysis
2) During muscle contraction → membrane depolarization occurs by
nerve impulses → increase calcium concentration in muscle cell → calcium binds with calmodulin → stimulates glycogen phosphorylase → glycogenolysis.
3) In muscle under extreme conditions of anoxia and ATP
1) Glucagon and epinephrine – Glucagon and epinephrine
stimulate glycogenolysis by stimulating Glycogen phosphorylase enzyme activity. 2) Insulin – Insulin inhibits glycogenolysis by inhibiting Glycogen phosphorylase enzyme activity. SIGNIFICANCE Glycogenolysis plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response. It contributes to the regulation of glucose levels in the blood. The metabolism of glycogen polymers becomes important during fasting. In myocytes (muscle cells), glycogen degradation serves to provide an immediate source of glucose-6-phosphate for glycolysis, to provide energy for muscle contraction. In hepatocytes), the main purpose of the breakdown of glycogen is for the release of glucose into the bloodstream for uptake by other cells. A.B