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Phase Diagram by Aliyi Umer
Phase Diagram by Aliyi Umer
Phase Diagram by Aliyi Umer
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• When we combine two elements...
what is the resulting equilibrium state?
• In particular, if we specify...
-- the composition (e.g., wt% Cu - wt% Ni), and
-- the temperature (T )
then...
How many phases form?
What is the composition of each phase?
What is the amount of each phase?
Phase A Phase B
Nickel atom
Copper atom
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Prepared By: Aliyi Umer
Chapter 11 - 1
Phase Equilibria: Solubility Limit
• Solution – solid, liquid, or gas solutions, single phase
• Mixture – more than one phase Adapted from Fig. 11.1,
Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
Temperature (oC)
which only a single phase 80 Limit
solution exists. (liquid)
60 +
L
Question: What is the 40 (liquid solution S
solubility limit for sugar in i.e., syrup) (solid
water at 20 oC ? 20 sugar)
Sugar
Water
Aluminum- β (lighter
Copper
phase)
Alloy
α (darker
Adapted from chapter-
opening photograph,
phase)
Chapter 9, Callister,
Materials Science &
Engineering: An
Introduction, 3e.
80 L
Temperature (oC)
(liquid)
water- 60 +
sugar L S
system (liquid solution (solid
40 i.e., syrup) sugar)
20 A (20 oC, C = 70)
2 phases
Fig. 11.1, Callister & 0
Rethwisch 9e. 0 20 40 60 70 80 100
C = Composition (wt% sugar)
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 4
Criteria for Solid Solubility
1100
(FCC solid Nickel Alloys, P. Nash, Editor, 1991. Reprinted
by permission of ASM International, Materials
solution) Park, OH.)
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 wt% Ni
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 6
Isomorphous Binary Phase Diagram
• Phase diagram: T(oC)
Cu-Ni system. 1600
B (1250ºC,35)
Cu-Ni
B(1250 oC,
35 wt% Ni): 1400 phase
2 phases: L + α diagram
1300 α
(FCC solid
1200
Fig. 11.3(a), Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
solution)
(Adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary
Nickel Alloys, P. Nash, Editor, 1991. Reprinted 1100 A(1100ºC,60)
by permission of ASM International, Materials
Park, OH.)
1000
0 20 40 60 80 100 wt% Ni
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 8
Phase Diagrams:
Determination of phase compositions
• Rule 2: If we know T and C0, then we can determine:
-- the composition of each phase. Cu-Ni
T(oC) system
• Examples:
TA A
Consider C0 = 35 wt% Ni tie line
At TA = 1320 oC : 1300 L (liquid)
Only Liquid (L) present B
CL = C0 ( = 35 wt% Ni) TB
α
At TD = 1190 oC :
1200 D (solid)
Only Solid (α) present TD
Cα = C0 ( = 35 wt% Ni)
20 3032 35 4043 50
At TB = 1250 oC : CL C0 Cα wt% Ni
Both α and L present Fig. 11.3(b), Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
(Adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary
CL = C liquidus ( = 32 wt% Ni) Nickel Alloys, P. Nash, Editor, 1991. Reprinted
by permission of ASM International, Materials
Cα = C solidus ( = 43 wt% Ni) Park, OH.)
R +S Park, OH.)
20 30CL R S
C0 40 Cα 50
Adapted from Fig. 11.3(b),
wt% Ni Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
110 0
20 30 35 40 50
Adapted from Fig. 11.4, C0 wt% Ni
Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 12
Mechanical Properties: Cu-Ni System
• Effect of solid solution strengthening on:
-- Tensile strength (TS) -- Ductility (%EL)
60
Tensile Strength (MPa)
Elongation (%EL)
400 50 %EL for
TS for pure Ni
pure Ni 40
300
TS for pure Cu 30
200 20
0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100
Cu Ni Cu Ni
Composition, wt% Ni Composition, wt% Ni
Adapted from Fig. 11.5(a), Adapted from Fig. 11.5(b),
Callister & Rethwisch 9e. Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
heating
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 14
EX 1: Pb-Sn Eutectic System
• For a 40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb alloy at 150 oC, determine:
-- the phases present Pb-Sn
Answer: α + β T(oC) system
-- the phase compositions
300
Answer: Cα = 11 wt% Sn L (liquid)
Cβ = 99 wt% Sn
-- the relative amount α L+ α
200 183°C L+β β
of each phase 18.3 61.9 97.8
Answer: 150
S Cβ - C0 R S
Wα = = 100
R+S Cβ - Cα α +β
99 - 40 59
= = = 0.67
99 - 11 88 0 11 20 40 60 80 99100
C0 - Cα Cα C0 Cβ
Wβ = R = C, wt% Sn
R+S Cβ - Cα Fig. 11.7, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
[Adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,
2nd edition, Vol. 3, T. B. Massalski (Editor-in-
40 - 11 29 Chief), 1990. Reprinted by permission of ASM
= = = 0.33 International, Materials Park, OH.]
99 - 11 88 AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 15
EX 2: Pb-Sn Eutectic System
• For a 40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb alloy at 220 oC, determine:
-- the phases present: Pb-Sn
Answer: α + L T (oC) system
-- the phase compositions
300
Answer: Cα = 17 wt% Sn L (liquid)
CL = 46 wt% Sn L+ α
-- the relative amount 220
200 α R S L+ β β
of each phase 183°C
Answer:
CL - C0 100
46 - 40 α +β
Wα = =
CL - Cα 46 - 17
6 0 17 20 40 46 60 80 100
= = 0.21 Cα C0 CL
29 C, wt% Sn
Fig. 11.7, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
C0 - Cα 23 [Adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,
WL = = = 0.79 2nd edition, Vol. 3, T. B. Massalski (Editor-in-
CL - Cα 29 Chief), 1990. Reprinted by permission of ASM
International, Materials Park, OH.]
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 16
Microstructural Developments
in Eutectic Systems I
100
α+β
0 10 20 30
Fig. 11.10, Callister & C0 C, wt% Sn
Rethwisch 9e. 2
(room T solubility limit)
100 160 μm
αβ β: 97.8 wt% Sn
Fig. 11.13, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
α: 18.3 wt%Sn (From Metals Handbook, 9th edition, Vol. 9,
Metallography and Microstructures, 1985.
Reproduced by permission of ASM
International, Materials Park, OH.)
0 20 40 60 80 100
18.3 CE 97.8
Fig. 11.12, Callister & 61.9 C, wt% Sn
Rethwisch 9e. AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 19
Microstructural Developments
in Eutectic Systems IV
• For alloys for which 18.3 wt% Sn < C0 < 61.9 wt% Sn
• Result: α phase particles and a eutectic microconstituent
• Just above TE :
T(oC) L: C0 wt% Sn αL
L
Cα = 18.3 wt% Sn
300 L α CL = 61.9 wt% Sn
Pb-Sn
L+ α Wα = S = 0.50
system R+S
200
α R S L+β β WL = (1- Wα ) = 0.50
TE S
R
• Just below TE :
100 α+ β Cα = 18.3 wt% Sn
primary α Cβ = 97.8 wt% Sn
eutectic α
eutectic β Wα = S = 0.73
0 20 40 60 80 100 R+S
18.3 61.9 97.8 Wβ = 0.27
Fig. 11.15, Callister &
Rethwisch 9e. C, wt% Sn
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 21
Hypoeutectic & Hypereutectic
300
L
T(oC)
Fig. 11.7, Callister & Rethwisch α L+ α
9e. [Adapted from Binary Alloy Phase
200 L+β β (Pb-Sn
TE
Diagrams, 2nd edition, Vol. 3, T. B.
Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), 1990. α+β System)
Reprinted by permission of ASM
International, Materials Park, OH.] 100
0 20 40 60 80 100 C, wt% Sn
eutectic
hypoeutectic: C0 = 50 wt% Sn 61.9 hypereutectic: (illustration only)
(Figs. 11.13 and 11.16 from
Metals Handbook, 9th ed.,
Vol. 9, Metallography and eutectic: C0 = 61.9 wt% Sn
Microstructures, 1985. α β
Reproduced by permission
of ASM International, α β
Materials Park, OH.) α α β β
α β
α β
175 μm 160 μm
Fig. 11.16, Callister & eutectic micro-constituent Adapted from Fig. 11.16,
Rethwisch 9e. Fig. 11.13, Callister & Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
Rethwisch 9e. (Illustration only)
200
0 20 40 60 CE 80 100
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 C, wt% Ag Chapter 11 - 32
Iron-Carbon (Fe-C) Phase Diagram
• 2 important T(°C)
1600
points δ
- Eutectic (A): 1400 L
L γ + Fe3C γ +L
γ A
- Eutectoid (B): 1200
(austenite)
1148°C L+Fe3C
Fe3C (cementite)
γ α + Fe3C
1000 γ γ γ +Fe3C
γ γ
800
α B 727°C = T
eutectoid
600
α +Fe3C
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
120 μm (Fe) 0.76 4.30 C, wt% C
Result: Pearlite = alternating
layers of α and Fe3C phases
Fe3C (cementite-hard)
Fig. 11.26, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
Fig. 11.23, Callister
& Rethwisch 9e.
α (ferrite-soft)
(From Metals Handbook, Vol. 9, 9th ed., [Adapted from Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd edition,
Metallography and Microstructures, 1985. Vol. 1, T. B. Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), 1990. Reprinted
Reproduced by permission of ASM by permission of ASM International, Materials Park, OH.]
International, Materials Park, OH.)
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 33
Hypoeutectoid Steel
T(°C)
1600
δ
1400 L
γ γ (Fe-C
γ γ +L
γ γ 1200 1148°C L+Fe3C System)
(austenite)
Fe3C (cementite)
γ γ
1000
γ γ γ + Fe3C Adapted from Figs. 11.23
and 11.28, Callister &
α Rethwisch 9e.
α γ γ 800 727°C [Figure 9.24 adapted from
γ αγ
Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,
2nd edition, Vol. 1, T. B.
600 Massalski (Editor-in-Chief),
α + Fe3C 1990. Reprinted by permission
of ASM International, Materials
Park, OH.]
400
α 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
(Fe)C0 C, wt% C
0.76
pearlite
100 μm Hypoeutectoid
steel
Fe3C (cementite)
γ αγ
1000
γ + Fe3C Adapted from Figs. 11.23
Wα = s/(r + s) and 11.28, Callister &
Rethwisch 9e.
800 r s 727°C
Wγ =(1 - Wα) [Figure 9.24 adapted from
Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,
α RS 2nd edition, Vol. 1, T. B.
Wpearlite = Wγ
Wαʼ = S/(R + S) 100 μm
Hypoeutectoid
steel
WFe3C =(1 – Wα’)
pearlite proeutectoid ferrite
Adapted from Fig. 11.29, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
(Photomicrograph courtesy of Republic Steel Corporation.)
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 35
Hypereutectoid Steel
T(oC)
1600
δ
1400 L
(Fe-C
γ γ γ γ +L
1200 1148°C L+Fe3C System)
γ γ (austenite)
Fe3C (cementite)
γ γ 1000
γ γ γ + Fe3C Adapted from Figs. 11.23
and 11.31, Callister &
Fe3C Rethwisch 9e.
γ γ 800 727°C [Figure 9.24 adapted from
Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,
γ γ α 2nd edition, Vol. 1, T. B.
600 Massalski (Editor-in-Chief),
α + Fe3C 1990. Reprinted by permission
of ASM International, Materials
Park, OH.]
400
0 1 C0 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
0.76
(Fe)C0 C, wt% C
pearlite
60 μmHypereutectoid
steel
pearlite proeutectoid Fe3C
Adapted from Fig. 11.32, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
(Copyright 1971 by United States Steel Corporation.)
Fe3C (cementite)
γ γ 1000
γ + Fe3C Adapted from Figs. 11.23
and 11.31, Callister &
Wγ =x/(v + x) Rethwisch 9e.
800 v x 727°C [Figure 9.24 adapted from
WFe3C =(1-Wγ) Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams,
α V X 2nd edition, Vol. 1, T. B.
600 Massalski (Editor-in-Chief),
α + Fe3C 1990. Reprinted by permission
pearlite of ASM International, Materials
Park, OH.]
400
0 1 C0 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
0.76
(Fe)C0 C, wt% C
Wpearlite = Wγ
Wα = X/(V + X)
60 μmHypereutectoid
WFe3Cʼ =(1 - Wα) steel
pearlite proeutectoid Fe3C
Adapted from Fig. 11.32, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
(Copyright 1971 by United States Steel Corporation.)
Fe3C (cementite)
1200 1148°C L+Fe3C
(austenite)
1000
γ + Fe3C
800 727°C
R S
Amount of Fe3C in 100 g 600 α + Fe3C
= (100 g)WFe3C 400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
Cα C0 C, wt% C CFe
3C
= (100 g)(0.057) = 5.7 g
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 39
Solution to Example Problem (cont.)
c) Using the VX tie line just above the eutectoid and
realizing that
Fig. 11.23, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
C0 = 0.40 wt% C [From Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, 2nd edition, Vol. 1, T.
Cα = 0.022 wt% C B. Massalski (Editor-in-Chief), 1990. Reprinted by
permission of ASM International, Materials Park, OH.]
Cpearlite = Cγ = 0.76 wt% C
1600
δ
1400 L
T(°C)
γ γ +L
Fe3C (cementite)
1200 1148°C L+Fe3C
(austenite)
1000
γ + Fe3C
800 727°°C
VX
Amount of pearlite in 100 g 600 α + Fe3C
= (100 g)Wpearlite 400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
Cα C0 Cγ C, wt% C
= (100 g)(0.512) = 51.2 g
AMSE 205 Spring ‘2016 Chapter 11 - 40
Alloying with Other Elements
C eutectoid (wt% C)
Ti Si
T Eutectoid (ºC)
Mo W Ni
Cr
Cr Si
Mn
Mn W
Ti Mo
Ni