Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering

(TEGT3542)
Lecture Notes

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 CH4 Outline
 DC Circuit Laws
• Ohm’s Law, Power, Energy, Efficiency
• Voltage Sources in Series
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
• Voltage Division
• Kirchhoff’s Current Law
• Current Divider Rule
• Voltage Sources in parallel
• Source Conversions

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Ohm’s Law
• Expresses the relationship between various
electrical quantities (voltage, current &
resistance) in a simple electric circuit.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Ohm’s Law (Cont’d)

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Power
• A measure of how much work (energy conversion)
can be accomplished in a specified amount of
time.

• Electrical Power

• Where, So:

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Power (Cont’d)
• Power dissipated

• and power supplied by the source…

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Power (Cont’d)
• Power Ratings

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Energy
• Electrical Energy

 Efficiency
• How much power is going a useful job?

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Efficiency (Cont’d)
• Efficiency of a cascaded system…

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Series DC Circuits
• Remember…

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Series DC Circuits (Cont’d)
• Voltage Sources in series.
• Used to manipulate (increase or decrease) the
voltage value applied to the circuit.
• The net voltage is the algebraic sum of all
the sources.
• Current direction is taken as the positive
direction after summation.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Series DC Circuits (Cont’d)
• Voltage Sources in series.
• Reducing multiple sources to one.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
• It states that the algebraic sum of the potential
differences around a closed loop (or path) is
zero.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (Cont’d)
• Example 1: Using KVL, determine the unknown
voltages for the networks in figures below.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (Cont’d)
• Example 1: Using KVL, determine the unknown
voltages for the networks in figures below.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (Cont’d)
• Example 2: Using KVL, determine the unknown
voltages in the figure below.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Voltage Divider Rule (VDR)
• The voltage across series resistive elements will
divide as the magnitude of the resistance levels.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Voltage Divider Rule (Cont’d)
• Example 3: Using VDR find the unknown voltages
in the circuit below.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Voltage Divider Rule (Cont’d)
• Example 3: Using VDR find the unknown voltages
in the circuit below.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Parallel Circuits
• The voltage across parallel elements is the same.
• For single-source parallel networks, the source
current (Is ) is equal to the sum of the individual
branch currents.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Parallel Circuits (Cont’d)
• Example 4: Answer the following questions
• Find the total resistance.
• Calculate the source current.
• Determine the current through each parallel
branch.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Parallel Circuits (Cont’d)
• Example 4: Answer the following questions
• Find the total resistance.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Parallel Circuits (Cont’d)
• Example 4: Answer the following questions
• Calculate the source current.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Parallel Circuits (Cont’d)
• Example 4: Answer the following questions
• Determine the current through each parallel
branch.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
• The algebraic sum of the currents entering and
leaving a node or junction is zero.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
• Example 5: Using KCL determine the unknown
currents.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
• Example 5: Solution.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Current Divider Rule (CDR)
• For two parallel elements of equal value, the
current will divide equally.
• For parallel elements with different values, the
smaller the resistance, the greater is the share
of input current.
• For parallel elements of different values, the
current will split with a ratio equal to the inverse
of their resistance values.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Current Divider Rule (Cont’d)

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Current Divider Rule (Cont’d)
• Example 6: Using CDR, determine current I2.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Current Divider Rule (Cont’d)
• Example 6: Solution.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Voltage Sources in Parallel
• Used to increase current in the circuit.
• Must have the same voltage rating.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Current Sources
• Determines the magnitude of the current in its
branch.
• The magnitude and the polarity of the voltage
across a current source are a function of the
network to which the voltage is applied.
• All practical sources—whether they are voltage
sources or current sources—have some internal
resistance in the relative positions as shown in the
next slide.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Practical Sources

Practical sources: (a) voltage; (b) current.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Source Conversions
• The equivalence between a current source and a
voltage source exists only at their external
terminals.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Current Sources in Parallel
• We found that voltage sources of different
terminal voltages cannot be placed in parallel
because of a violation of KVL.
• Similarly, current sources of different values
cannot be placed in series due to a violation of
KCL.
• However, current sources can be placed in parallel
just as voltage sources can be placed in series.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Current Sources in Parallel (Cont’d)
• Two or more current sources in parallel can be
replaced by a single current source.
• The magnitude of the new source is determined
by the difference of the sum of the currents in
one direction and the sum in the opposite
direction.
• The new parallel internal resistance is the total
resistance of the resulting parallel resistive
elements.

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 DC Circuit Laws
 Current Sources in Parallel (Cont’d)
• Converting several current sources into one…

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 DC Circuit Laws
Chapter 4 Summary
 DC Circuit Laws
• Ohm’s Law, Power, Energy, Efficiency
• Voltage Sources in Series
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
• Voltage Division
• Kirchhoff’s Current Law
• Current Divider Rule
• Voltage Sources in parallel
• Source Conversions

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