Avex UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA. First Semester Examination 2016/2017 Academic Session December 2016/January 2017 EAL337 — Pavement Engineering [Kejuruteraan Turapan} Duration : 3 hours [Masa : 3 jam] Please check that this examination paper consists of SIXTEEN (16) pages of printed meterial before you begin the examination. : [sila pastikan bahawa kertas peperiksaan ini mengandungi ENAM BELAS (16) muka surat yang bercetak sebelum anda memulakan peperiksaan int] Instructions : This paper contains SIX (6) questions. Answer FIVE (5) questions. [Arahan : Kertas ini mengandungi ENAM (6) soalan. Jawab LIMA (3) soalan. ‘You may answer the question either in Bahasa Malaysia or English. [Anda dibenarkan menjawab soalan sama ada dalam Bahasa Malaysia atau Bahasa Inggeris.] All questions MUST BE answered on a new page. [Semua soalan MESTILAH dijawab pada muka surat baru.) In the event of any discrepancies, the English version shall be used. [Sekiranya terdapat percanggahan pada soalan peperiksaan, versi Bahasa Inggeris hendaklah diguna pakai.) Scanned with CamScannerfa) [EAL337} NX Cubical aggregate shape and good aggregate stockpile management are \ essential to produce quality asphalt, Consider you as a quarry manager, crushing the aggregates and building a 10 mm single-sized aggregate stockpile by carrying out the following bad practices: Agregat berbentuk kubik dan ‘Pengurusan timbunan stok yang baik diperlukan untuk menghasilkan asfalt yang berkualiti. Pertimbangkan anda sebagai seorang pengurus kuari yang menjalankan aktiviti penghancuran agregat dan membina timbunan stok agregat bersaiz tunggal 10 mm dengan melakukan amalan tidak baik seperti berikut; * Using a compression crusher to crush the aggregates to the desired size, Menggunakan penghancur mampatan untuk menghancur agregat ke saiz yang dihajatkan. * Placing the stockpile directly on the clayey soil surface. Meletakkan timbunan stok terus di atas permukaan tanah lat. * Building the stockpile in a single cone shape with large vertical drop, Timbunan stok dibina dalam bentuk kon tunggal dan jatuhan tegak yang tinggi. + Placing the new 10 mm stockpile just: next to another 20 mm stockpile without any bulkhead to separate the two. Timbunan stok 10 mm yang baru ditempatkan bersebelahan dan berdekatan dengan timbunan stok 20 mm tanpa sebarang pengadang diantara keduanya. 3/- Scanned with CamScannerae (EAL337] Analyse the above practices and write brief notes to explain the adverse effects on aggregate and stockpile quality. Explain the steps you will take to improve aggregate and stockpile quality. Analisiskan semua praktik di atas dan tulis nota ringkas untuk menerangkan kesan buruk praktik tersebut ke atas kualiti agregat dan timbunan stok. Terangkan langkah-langkah yang akan anda ambil untuk meningkatkan kualiti agregat dan timbunan stok [8 marks/markah] b] The properties of aggregates from two quarries are shown in Table 1. Ciri-ciri agregat dari dua kuari ditinjukkan di dalam Jadual I. Table 1 / Jadual 1 Tes Angeles the, Abrasion | Polished " Flakiness Index/ ‘Value/ Stone Value/ Quarry! | Absorption! Soundness/ he ; Kuari | Penyerapan Air | ,,,, Pdeks Ketahanan (%) | ,Nilat ue a Kekepingan (%) Lelasan | Penggilapan = Los Batu Angeles (%) 13 97 9 40.2 52 B 08 294 9 417 47 <0 ale <60 eu From your fundamental knowledge on aggregate tests, compare between the two aggregates in terms of the following properties: Berpandukan ilmu pengetahuan asas anda tentang ujian agregat, bandingkan ciri edua-dua agregat seperti berikut: (i) affinity to bitumen tarikan kepada bitumen sedln Scanned with CamScanner{e] [EAL337 4 i] shape bentuk [ii] ability to resist abrasive forces keupayaan merintangi daya lelasan Liv] ability to resist polishing action by traffic keupayaan merintangi daya penggilapan lalu lintas [8 marks/markah] With the aid of sketches, explain TWO (2) sources of pavement surface texture that contribute to pavement skid resistance. Explain why are limestone aggregates regarded as unsuitable for use as a wearing course material. Berbantukan lakaran, terangkan DUA (2) sumber tekstur permukaan turapan yang menyumbang kepada rintangan kelincir turapan. Terangkan kenapa agregat batu kapur dianggap tidak sesuai digunakan sebagai bahan lapisan penghausan. [4 marks/markah] A bitumen is greded according to its penetration. Explain the concept used in the laboratory Penetration Test to determine the penetration value, hence the grade of a bitumen. Bitumen digred berpandukan nilai penusukannya. Terangkan konsep yang digunakan dalam Ujian Penusukan makmal untuk menentukan nilai penusukan dan seterusnya gred sesuatu bitumen, [4 marks/markah] oS Scanned with CamScannerbl {) (ii) The (EAL337] ase With the aid of sketches, explain how emulsions are produced. Your explanation should include the method used to combine bitumen and water, ensuring stability of the bitumen globules dispersion in water, breaking process and emulsion classification. Berbantukan lakaran, terangkan bagaimanakah bitumen emulsi dihasilkan, Keterangan anda haruslah meliputi kaedah yang digunakan untuk mencampur bitumen dan air, memastikan kestabilan serakan globul bitumen di dalam air, proses pemecahan dan engelasan. Describe the advantages of using bitumen emulsions compared to conventional bitumen and cutbacks. Perihalkan kebaikan penggunaan emulsi bitumen berbanding bitumen lazim dan bitumen cecair. [6 marks/markah] linear relationships between logarithmic penetration (y) versus temperature (x) of Bitumen A and Bitumen B are shown in the following equations: Kehubungan lelurus di antara logaritma penusukan (y) lawan suku (x) Bitumen A dan Bitumen B ditunjukkan di dalam persamaan berikut: Bitumen A: y =0.0182x + 1.8214 Bitumen B: y =0.0338x + 1.1416 Scanned with CamScanner{J eS Fe ee eo ah (EAL337) (i) From the above equations, calculate the PI of both bitumen. Which bitumen is more temperature susceptible? Justify your answer. Daripada persamaan di atas, kira PI setiap bitumen. Bitumen ‘manakah yang lebih terpengaruh suhu? Berikan justifikasi jawapan anda, [ii] Calculate the softening point of Bitumen B. Kira nilai titik lembut Bitumen B. [6 marks/markah] Bitumen is a visco-elastic material. Describe bitumen behaviour when it is subjected to variations in temperature and time of loading. Bitumen adalah bahan elasti-likat, Terangkan kelakuan bitumen apabila ditindaki suhu dan tempoh pembebanan yang berbeza. [4 marks/markah wale Scanned with CamScanner[EAL337] a] There are a variety of asphalt mixture types primarily due to variations in aggregate grading, Three examples of aggregate gradations A, B and C are shown in Figure 1. Name the shape of the gradation curve. Namé the type of asphalt mixes developed from each gradation and justify your answer. Identify which gradation for the mix type that is most commonly used on Malaysian highways. Terdapat kepelbagaian jenis campuran asfalt disebabkan kepelbagaian enggredan agregat. Tiga contoh penggredan agregat A, B dan C ditunjukkan di dalam Rajah 1. Namakan bentuk lengkung penggredan. Namakan jenis campuran asfalt yang dibangunkan daripada setiap enggredan dan berikan justifikasi.jawapan anda. Tentukan pengeredan ‘campuran asfalt yang paling kerap diguinakan di atas lebuh raya di Malaysia. [5 marks/markah] 100 Cumulative Percentage Passing (%) Figure 1/ Rajah 1 Ble Scanned with CamScanner[EAL337} . is ACI14 asphaltic [b] The aggregate composition for a typical JKR mix fPe ia , , i it concrete, including hydrated lime fille, is shown in Table 2. The i to type used is a conventional 80/100 pen grade. All raw materials conform JKR specifications. Table 2 shows the compacted mixture laboratory test results, Komposisi agregat campuran lazim JKR konkrit asfalt AC14, termasuk bahan engisi kapur terhidrat, ditunjukkan di dalam Jadual 2, Jenis bitumen yang digunakan ialah bitumen konvensional 80/100, Semua bahan asas memenuhi spesifikasi JKR. Jadual 2 menunjukkan keputusan makmal yang dijalankan ‘ke atas campuran terpadat. Table 2/ Jadual 2 Specific ‘Material/Bahan saan sate Gravity/Graviti r Tentu (g/cm*) ‘Coarse Aggregate/Agregat Kasar 48 2.64 Fine Aggregate/dgregat Halus 30 2.70 Filler (Hydrated Lime) Pengisi 5 7 (Kapur Terhidrat) Bitumen/Bitumen Variety/Pelbagat 1.02 [i] From the results shown in Tables 3 and 4, calculate the specific gravity of aggregate mixture and plot the following relationships: Daripada keputusan yang ditunjukkan di dalam Jadial 3 dan 4, Kira graviti tentu campuran agregat dan plot kehubungan berikut: . Density versus bitumen content. Ketumpatan lawan kandungan bitumen. . Air voids versus bitumen content. Lompang udara lawan kandungan bitumen, De Scanned with CamScanner[EAL337] Stability versus bitumen content. Kestabilan lawan kandungan bitumen . Flow versus bitumen content. Aliran lawan kandungan bitumen. Voids filled with bitumen versus bitumen content, Lompang terisi bitumen lawan kandungan bitumen, Voids in mineral aggregate versus bitumen content. Lompang dalam agregat mineral lawan kandungan bitumen. Table 3/ Jadual 3 Mass Bitumen SS “Sue Measured \content/Kandungan| eee eee DriediJisim | Stability/Kestabilan ee Bitumen (%) |“ @) ® Permukaan | Terukur (kN)* ) a 8) | Kering Tepu (g) 4.0 1207.5 682.4 1210.4 TA 19 5.0 1172.8 683.2 1179.4 8.1 2.3 60 1129.4 | 660.5 1135.6 85 28 7.0 1182.6 685.8 1190.5 75 4.5 *Assume all samples are of equivalent 63.5 mm thickness. Andaikan ketinggian semua sampel adalah sama iaitu 63.5 mm oe O/- Scanned with CamScanner(EAL337] : | -10- Table 4/ Jadual 4 ‘ | Propeny/Ciri Specification/Spesifikasi Stability/Kestabilan, KN ae Flow/Aliran, mm. 2-4 Stifiness/Ketegaran, N/mm > 2000 N/mm Air Voids/Lompang Udara, % 3-5 Voids Filled With Bitumen/Lompang Terisi 70-80 Bitumen, Yo Gi] From the graphs plotted, determine the optimum bitumen content (OBC) according to JKR Method. Tabulate mixture properties at the OBC, compare with IKR specifications and comment on the comparative values, Explain the Steps you would take to improve the mixture properties. Daripada graf yang diplot, tentukan kandungan bitumen optimum (OBC) menurut kaedah JKR. Jadualkan ciri campuran pada OBC, bandingkan dengan spesifikasi JKR dan berikan komen anda ke atas nilai perbandingan. Terangkan langkah-langkah yang bakal anda ambil untuk meningkaikan ciri campuran. (15 marks/markah] A flexible pavement for a rural interstate highway is to be designed using AASHTO 1993 guide procedure to carry a design ESAL of 1.5 x 10°. The following additional information is available. Satu reka bentuk turapan boleh-lentur perlu dihasilkan untuk pembinaan lebuh raya Jang menghubungkan negeri di kawasan luar bandar dengan menggunakan prosedur panduan AASHTO 1993 untuk menampung reka bentuk ESAL 1.5 x 10°. Maklumat tambahan boleh didapati seperti tertera, Resilience modulus of base course material MR = 25,000 Ib/in® Daya tahan modulus bahan asas MR = 25,000 Ib/in? see EEE ES Scanned with CamScanner[BAL337] -1B- {b] Check the design layer thicknesses (D;, and Dz) with the AASHTO recommended minimum thickness of highway layers Table 5. Propose a new layer thickness if the Dj, and D2 specified in 4{a] are not sufficient. Periksa ketebalan lapisan reka bentuk (D; dan Dz) dengan ketebalan ‘minimum lapisan lebuh raya yang disyorkan oleh AASHTO Jadual S. Cadangkan ketebalan lapisan baru jika Dy dan D; yang dinyatakan dalam 4fa] tidak memadai. [5 marks/markah] Table 5/ Jadual 5: AASHTO recommended minimum thickness of highway layers / Ketebalan minimum lapisan lebuh raya yang disyorkan oleh AASHTO ‘Minimum thickness (in) / Ketebalan minimum (in) Traffic ESALI Trafik ESAL |" Asphalt concrete/ Konkrit Ah ean eragflt | Ageregate base! Asas barwan . 10 tee Lar idaripade, (or surface treatment! atau 4 » rawatan permukaan ) 50,001 — 150,000. 2 4 150,001 — 500,000 25 4 500,007 = 2,000,000 7] ay 2,000,001- 7,000,000 3.5 6 Greater than/ Lebih daripada : 7,000,000 : weld Scanned with CamScanner5. fa) fb) [EAL337] -14- Asphalt mixtures are loaded onto the trucks either from a surge bin or silo. ‘With the aid of a sketch, explain the method used to load the truck to minimise mixture segregation problem. Campuran asfalt dimuatkan ke dalam trak melalui tong pusuan atau silo. Berbantukan lakaran, terangkan kaedah yang digunakan untuk memunggah campuran asfalt ke dalam trak untuk meminimumkan masalah pengasingan campuran, [5 marks/markah] From your fundamental understanding of hot mix asphalt properties, predict What will happen to highway pavements constructed under the following paving scenarios: Daripada pengetahuan asas anda tentang ciri asfalt campuran panas, ramalkan apakah yang akan terjadi kepada turapan lebuh raya yang dibina dengan senario pembinaan berikut: * excessive tack coat was sprayed on the binder course surface, lapisan pelekat disembur secara berlebihan di atas permukaan lapisan pengikat + the asphalt mixing plant could not cope with the demand, forcing the paver to stop at frequent intervals, Joji campuran asfalt tidak mempunyai kapasiti untuk memenuhi permintaan tapak lalu memaksa jentera penurap untuk berhenti secara berkala, 15/- Scanned with CamScanner[EAL337] 1S When transfering asphalt mixture to the paver hopper, the truck reverses and bump onto the stationery paver. Semasa memindah campuran asfalt ke jentera penurap, trak ‘mengundur dan menghentak jentera penurap yang tidak bergerak. ‘© two hours after rolling and compaction had ceased, the highway was opened to traffic. dua jam selepas penggelekan dan pemadatan berakhir, lebuh raya dibuka kepada lalu lintas. ‘© the wearing course layer thickness was 30 mm, while the maximum aggregate size used in the mixture was 25 mm. tebal lapisan penghausan ialah 30 mm, manakala saiz agregat ‘maksimum yang digunakan ialah 25 mi. © asphalt mixtures were seen sticking to the roller drum surfaces and heavy shoving took place in front of the roller. campuran asfalt dilihat melekat pada permukaan gelendong dan “heavy shoving” berlaku di hadapan penggelek. Suggest mitigation measures with respect to good construction practices and choice of asphalt materials. Berikan cadangan penyelesaian dengan merujuk kepada amalan pembinaan yang baik dan pilihan bahan asfalt. [15 marks/markah] so 16/- Scanned with CamScanner[al tb) [EAL337] hie? Road maintenance can be divided into THREE (3) categories. Explain the differences between them, and identify the types of work undertaken for each category. )) RAP i Pap (hit Ee Penyelenggaraan jalan raya boleh dibahagikan kepada TIGA (3) kategori. Terangkan perbezaan antara mereka, dan kenal pasti jenis-jenis kerja yang dijalankan bagi setiap kategori. - [10 marks/markah) With the aid of sketches, explain FOUR (4) types of distress in flexible pavement, and identify the probable cause for these distresses to manifest. Berbantukan lakaran, terangkan EMPAT (4) jenis kegagalan dalam turapan boleh lentur, dan kenal pasti punca yang boleh mengakibatkan kegagalan dalam turapan terjadi. [10 marks/markah] - 0000000 - ‘ Scanned with CamScanner