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Electroculture 10685243
Electroculture 10685243
Do n o t as s u m e c o n t e n t re fle c t s c u rre n t
s c ie n t ific Kn o w le d g e , po lic ie s ,
o r pra c t ic e s .
UN D STATE
ITE PAR
SDE TMN
E TOF
DEPARTMNT BULLETINN0
E .
ELECTROCULTURE
By LY M A N J BR I S A
GG 1 B C A M P B E L L , R H H E A L D a n d L H F LI N T , Ofii cc
i p h ysi si s s
.
.
, ,
. . . . .
of B o ca l I n v e t g a t i o n , B u r ea u of P la n t I n d u t r y
CON TE NT S
Pg a e
Elect ro cu l t u r al fi e l d e pe i m en t s w i t h g ra i n s E p e i m en t s W t h m o di fi e d p o t e t l al
r x
x r x r 1 n
Elect ro cu l t u ral e p e r m en t s i n t h e pl an t
x l g a d l en t s r
13 Li t erat u re ci t e d
N O RM A L EL ECT RI C A L S T A TE O F T H E A T M O S P H ERE
S i nce t h e e ffe ct o f usin g a ch ar g e d ne twork o ver g row i n g p l ants i s
t o chan g e the e l e ctrica l s t a te o f the a tmo sphere su rroun d in g the p l ants
i t seems d esirab l e t o d i s cuss b r i efl y th e norm a l e l e ctrica l co n d i tio ns i n
the a tmosphere an d the c h an g es p ro d u ce d by the ch arg e d ne two rk .
P h s i is S t an d ard s s i n ce
l
l
y c t, B u reau o f , 1 9 20 .
6 2 14 9
° —26 1 —1
2 B ULL ETI N 1 3 7 9, U . 8 . D EP A RT M E N T or A G RIC U L TU RE
either p ositive or neg a tive and changes sign frequently The m agni .
i ons a r e found the positive ions gener a lly being somewhat more
,
.
s t i t u t in
g an electri c cur rent fl owing from air to earth T his current .
Although th e air earth current per uni t are a is extrem ely sm all
-
,
i t is sufficient when applied to the whole of th e earth s surface t o ’
network s o that the number of p osi tive i ons p er uni t volum e under
,
con d iti ons were norm al but on the l eeward si de a decided increase ,
2 Th e s i
er al n u m be s
r ( i t a li c) i n p a ren t h es es f
re er to Li t era t u re c t e i d , at the en d of t his b u ll et i n .
E L EC T R O C UL TU R E 3
t h e gro un d .
Exp er i m en ts i n 1 9 0 7 .
—
Ele c t r o cu l t u r al exp eri m ents were firs t u n der
t a k en by th e d ep artm ent i n 1 9 0 7 , u s in g v e g et ab les fo r th e m os t
3
TA B LE 1 — Y i ps
'
te t at A rl n g to n E x er m e n t F a r m i n 1 9 0 7
Y i lds p pl
e er at ( p ou n d ) s
Ra t i o of
t re a t ed
C o n t ro l
A v era ge
to
a e ag e
‘
v r
Of of
P la t A Pl at c
co n m ls co n t r o l s
- n
‘
v
In v e
Thes
s ig
e e x pe r
s im e n sO
t w ere co n
d t h e ffi ce o f
d u ct e d o t h e A rli g t o n E pe i m e t F arm
C o p P h ysi ol og y an d B eedi n g In es t i gat i ons
n n x r n b y t h e O fii ce
fi ld kbi of B i o ph y
g h an
sdi ca l
t a t i on , t h e
w or le d
ds
an r r v e e n
l
larg e y b y E W . . Hu on an d W . Sei fri z .
4 B ULLE T I N 1 3 79 , U . s . D EP A RT M E N T or AG R I CU LT UR E
tre a ted ones at a dist a nce of 6 % feet and were sep arated from them
by intermediate u a rd rows .
"
, .
In this case the potential rose to ab out volts and then dis
charged suddenly through a small sp a rk gap between the wi res and
the round .
i nterest .
to their u niformi t y and the mos t reli a le results were ob tai ned in
,
valves d4
esigned to rectify the hi h —tension alternatin g current were
laced in series wi th the n e t w o rg thus a ll owing only the positive
p
1m
p u ls e s from the second ary of the coil to re ach the network
The negative pole was grounded Two b alls 2 5 millimeters in di am .
eter one of which was grounded and the o ther connected to the net
,
current .
P R
EX E IM EN T S I N S EC T IO N E
o ther .
sl s
. . G
F IG 1 — en era v ew o f t h e ex eri m en t a
l i
i s s p l fi ld
sppd s ss p si gf g i
e li
a t A r n gt on E x e r m en t p i
arm ,
p s
F
h ow i n s p
g the
li n es
y t e m of d o u b l e n u l at or u e i n u en d n t h e w re n e t w ork fro m o l e an d t h e o w er
e a d i n g t o t h e m ot or i n t h e a
l
w ork a on g t h e s id
e o f t h e co n t ro
ara t u
l pl
h ou e ( ore rou n d )
s o e
a t m ay b e ee n i n t h e d is t an ce
u . P l s s pp i
o rt n g t h e rou n ed
P h g ph d
M ay 8,
g d n et
( ot o ra e
.
follows : Y ie ld o f s ou th p l at
. p oun d s ; o f north p l at
,
p ounds ; ,
rat i o o f s ou th p l at t o nort h p l at
Exp i m en t s i n 1 9 1 4 — A network 1 6 fee t hi g h was erecte d over the
er .
T AB LE 2 —Y i ld s
e of w i n t er w h e a t o n p s
la t fo llo w n g e lect ro cu lt u r a l t rea t m i en t ( po si
i s i i p i
.
t v e ch a rg e ) ,
e ct o n E , A rl n g t o n E x er m en t F a r m , i n 1 9 1 4
Y i l ds ( p
e ou n ds) R
pgg gt gl
i
o
ft
r
eat ed
to t a l of 3 4 5 hours The dist a nce b etween the cross wires of the net
.
work this year w a s 6 feet The plats were divided at harvest into .
T AB LE 3 — Y i ld s
e of w i n t e r w h ea t o n p l t s f ll w i g
a o o n e lect r o cu
lt u r a l t rea t m en t ( p si o
i s i i gt E p im
.
t v e ch a r g e ) ,
e ct o n E , A r l n on x er en t F a r m , i n 1 9 1 5
Y i l ds ( p ds ) gg ggm
Ra o t ed
e ou n
c
Sh ock G i
ra n Sh ock G ra n i
s
E a t e rn
Tr
h al f
e at e d
:
Ws Ce
on
t e rn
t ol
h al f
r
:
Tr ae t ed
C o n t ro l
T o t al :
T re a t e d
C on t ro l
T AB L E 4 — Y i ld s
e o f w i n t er w h ea t on pl t s
a fo llo wi n g e lect ro cu lt u ra l ( n eg a ti ve)
s ti i i
.
E, A rl g t o n Ex p e r m e n t F a r m
'
t re a t m en t, ec on n ,
in 1916
Y i l ds ( p
e ou n ds) Ra
z fi
gg te
o
c n
f tr
r
t ed
Sh oc k G i
ra n Sh ock G ra n i
h f
E as t ern a l :
d
T rea t e
C o t l
Wes t e h l f :
rn
n ro
a
T ea t e d "
C r
ont ro l
T o t al :
T reat e d
EL E C TR O C UL T U R E 7
T AB LE 5 — Yi e hi s o f w i n t er w h ea t on pl ts
a i
w th ou t e le c t ro c u
‘
lt u r a l t r e a t m en t s
s i p im
.
,
e ct i o n E , A rl n g t on Ex er en t Farm i n 191 7
Y i el d s (p o u n d ) s 12 3
252;t 215?
1
)
0 1 to
N o rt h pla t
W es t e rn h a l f :
y r
T AB L E 6 — Y i elds of w i n t e r w h ea t o n p i
la ts fo ll o w n g e le c t r o cu lt u r a l t re a t m en t ( po s i
i s i p i
.
t v e ch a r g e ) ,
e ct i o n E , A rl n g t o n E x er m e n t F a r m , i n 1 9 1 8
Y i l ds ( p
e ou n ds ) Ra
tzq zl
o i tr
c n tr
a t ed
S h oc k G i
ra n Sh o c k G i
ra n
H
8 B U L L ETIN 1 3 79, U . s . D EP A RT ME NT OF A GR IC U LT UR E
the full sc a le defl ecti on occurred very rapidly at any point‘under and
-
wi thin 2 0 feet outside the network on all si des even to the s outh , ,
the di recti on from which the wind was coming A t 5 0 feet s outh .
,
only a b out 1 di visi on defl ecti on was obtained N orth from t h e net .
the collect or w a s m oved farther north from t h e screen and into the
control pl a t the defl ecti on a g a in increased until at the center of the
, ,
p oints b eyond 1 0 0 feet from the netwo rk over the s outh pl at the
deflecti on was very irregul a r and u n s te ady .
the dis tance of 3 5 0 feet b etween the tre ated and control pl ats the ,
wind woul d h ave t o b e nearly due s outh to carry any appreci able
ch arge over the c ontrol pl at .
SU M MA R Y O F EX E IM E N TS IN P R S EC TION E
The rel ative y ields of the south ( tre ated ) and north pl ats in section
E are summ arized in Table 7 .
T AB LE 7 —Su m m a ry o f i ld s
y e f
o r ye a n i
d w n t er w h ea t o n t h e o u t h ( t re a t ed ) a n d s
ts s ti i i s
.
n o rt h ( u n t r ea t ed ) p la ec on E, A r l n g t o n Ex p er m e n t F a r m , i n s i x t a t ed
ye a r s ,
i
R at o of i l d of R at i o o f y i el ds o f
T reat m en t s o uth t o n o t h p l at s
y e
r
s
T re at m e n t s ou t h t o o t h p l at s
n r
Y ear C ro p spl
o f ou t
at
h Y e ar C ro p sp
of ou t
l at
h
1 9 13
1 9 14
Ry e
W h eat
N
Po tsi i
on e 1916
1917
Wh do
eat N eg at i e
No
v
P si t i e
ve - ne
191 5 - _d o do 19 18 - do o v
is evi dent from t h e summ ary that the el ectrical treatmen t di d not
It
pro duce any sensible incre ase in yiel d A n examin ation of the detailed .
results for 1 9 1 5 shows that the somewhat higher r a tios ob tained dur
ing this unfavor a bl e ye ar are due to a m arked decre ase in yiel d I n
E L E C T R O C UL T UR E
wi th a p ositive charge o n the network are all sli g htl y hi g h er than the
rat i o i n 1 9 1 7 when n o tre atm ent was given ; wi th the n egative charg e
,
tive g radi ent o f the e l ectros t atic fi el d ten ds t o s timu l ate g rowth then ,
EH ER IIVIENTS IN S EC TIO N B
TA L
B E8 — Y i ld s f w i t wh
e t op l t s f ll w i g l t lt l t t m t ( p si
n er ea on a o o n e ec r o cu u ra r ea en o
ti h g ) s ti B A li gt E p im
.
ve c ar e ,
t F
ec m ion 1911 ,
r n on x er en ar ,
n
Y i l ds p
e er a cre ( p ou n d ) s
V ar et y i T re at ed h al f C on t ro l h a lf
6 2 1 4 9 — 2 6—
°
2
10 B ULL E TI N 1 3 79, U . 8 . D EP A R T M EN T OF AG R I CUL T UR E
T AB LE 9 — Y e ld of w i s i n t er w h e a t o n p l t s f ll wi g
a o o n e le ct ro cu lt u r a l t rea t m en t p si
( o
s i i gt E p i
.
t i v e ch a r g e ) , ect o n B , A rl n on x er m en t F a rm , i n 1 9 1 2
Y i l ds ( p
e ou n ds ) Ra t io o f t reat e dt o co n t ro l
was repl aced by a permanent one 1 6 feet high with cross wires 1 0 ,
y a rds ap a rt The new network was erected over the northern h alf
.
. . . .
After the wh eat was cut cowpeas were sown on the B plat on ,
July 2 9 1 9 1 3 ,
.
the la teness of the s eason t h e C owpe a s were cut for hay After b eing ,
.
tion ,
pounds ; control portion pounds ; ratio of tre a ted to ,
control ,
T AB LE 10 Y i ld s
e f
o w i t
n er w h ea t on pl ts f
a o llo w n i g e lect ro c u
lt u r a l t r ea t m en t ( p si
o
i s ti i i
.
t v e ch a r g e ) ,
ec on B , A rl n g t o n E x p er m en t F a r m , i n 1 9 1 8
Y i l ds ( p
e ou n d s) R at i o
é efi
t
c
f tr
ni r
t ed t o
— y
night for 1 1 0 d a ys w hen the corn was cut and the total weights,
recorded in the field I t was then sho cked and given time t o dry . .
TA B LE 1 1 — Y e ld of i s co rn on p la t s f ll w i g l t
o o n e ec ro cu lt u r a l t re a t m en t ( a lt er n a t i n g
s ti li g t E p im
.
ch a r g e) , ec on B, Ar n on x er en t F a rm , i n 1 9 1 4
R at i o of t reat ed t o co n t ro l
C on t ro l
T AB LE 12 i s
—Y e ld o r e o n
f y p la t s fo llo w i n g e lect r o c u lt u r a l t r e a t m en t ( a l t ern a t i n g
s i i i
.
ch a rg e ) , ect o n B , A r l n g t o n Ex p er m en t F a r m , i n 1 9 1 5
Y i l ds ( p
e ou n d)s
S h o ck G i
ra n
. .
T AB LE 1 3 — Yi e ld s o f w i n t erw h ea t o n p l ts a i
w th o u t e le ct ro c u lt u r a l t re a t m en t s
i i p im
.
,
s ect o n B, A rl n g to n Ex er en t F a rm ,
i n 1916
Y i ld s ( p d s) Ra ‘
ggfgfi 3 32
11 to
e ou n
l 1
Eas t ern h al f
N o rt h pl a t
S ou t h pl at
W esN t ern
o rt h
h lf
a :
pl
at
S ou t h p
l at
T ot a : l
N
o rt h pl at
S
ou t h p l at
12 B ULLE TI N 1 3 79 , U . s . D EP A R TM E N T OF AG RI CUL TURE
S U B/[M A RY O F EX E P RM I E NT S I N S EC TI ON B
givi ng the hi her yiel d Dur i ng the precedi n g thr ee years the yi el ds
of the two p gats were a p ro x i m a t ely equ al If the 1 9 1 6 results are
.
a ccep ted as i ndi cating t e rel a tive pro ducti v i ty of the two pl ats
under norm al conditions the conclusion follows that dur in g the pre ,
charge was changing sign 50 t i mes per second the m aximum gradient ,
m g cro woul d b e the s ame unl ess the effec t is nil under b o th condi
tions t e 1 9 1 6 resul ts no t being represent a tive The l a tter conclu
,
.
sion seems the more prob able and this is supported b y the ex p eri ,
P
EX E IM E NT SR IN S EC TION A
Exp er i m en t s i n 9 4
1 1 — S oyb e a ns were pl a nted i n secti on A in June
.
,
mined j us t after cutting agai n after drying in the field and fina lly , ,
T AB LE 14 — Y i ld s
e of s o ybe a n s on p l t s f ll wi g l t
a o o n e ec r o c u lt u r a l t r e a t m en t s ( a l ter
i s ti A li g t E p im
.
n at n g ch a r g e ) ,
ec on A ,
r n on x er en t F a r m , i n 1 9 1 4
Y i l ds ( p
e ou n ds) R at io o f t rea t e d t o con t ro l
equal p arts when the rye was cut to get s ome i de a of the soil vari ati on ,
i s s
TAB L E 1 5 — Y e ld of r ye o n p l a t fo llo w n g ele ct r o cu lt u ra l t rea t m en t i s ( a l t ern a t i n g
s i i p i
.
ch a r g e) , e ct on A , A r l n g t o n Ex er m en t F a rm , i n 1 9 1 5
Y i l ds ( p
e o un d)s
Sh o ck G i
ra n Sh o ck G ra i n
—_ n
E as t ern h alf :
T reat e d
C o n t ro l
W st
e e rn h al f :
T reat e d
C ont ro
T ot a
l
l:
C on t ro l
1 40.
T A B LE 16 — Yi el ds of r ye on p la ts wi t h o u t elect ro cu lt u r a l t r ea t m
- en t s s ti ec on A,
i p
.
,
A rl g t o n Ex eri m en t F a r m , i n 1 9 1 6
’
n
Y i lds (p
e ou n ds )
S h o ck G i
ra n G ra n i
E as t ern h alf
N ort h
S ou t h
West ern h alf :
N ort h
S ou t h
T ot al :
N ort h
S ou t h
S U MM A R Y O F EX E P RIM E NT S I N S EC T IO N A
s e al e d wi t h w ax .
"
e of the st a tic m a chine the o ther pol e b eing grounded The
frame was ch a rged four hours a d a y from 3 to 7 p m from Febru ary
, .
"
, .
.
,
t re a t m en t i n th e an t hou e at W a n on , . .
,
i n 19 13
T ra n spi i
ra t o n ra t e p er h o u r ( gram s)
M ar . 1 M ar . 5
to 5 t o 13
M e an 8 35. 7 61. 1 0 91
.
Rat i o of t re a t e dt o co n t ro l 99
The to tal transp i ration from the treated an d control sets of p otte d
geranium pl ants for the three experimental perio ds i s given in
Tabl e 1 8 .
T AB LE 18 — To t a l t ra n spi t i f g i ra on o era n u m pl ts i p ts d i
an n o u r n g t h e t h r ee ex p eri
p i s i th pl t h s t W sh i g t D C
.
m en t a l er o d n e an ou e a a n on i n 19 13
"
,
. .
,
T o t al t ran spi i
ra t o n ( k il o
D e sign at o n i NO t reat
T reat "
No t reat
m en t , m en t,
F eb 1 5 .
F
pe
31
M ar . 25
t o 20
ig / 2 ? t o A pr 7 .
T re at e ds et
C on t ro l s et
Ra t io of t rea t e d t o co n t ro l
16 B ULL E TI N 1 3 79 , U . s . D EP AR TMEN T OF AG R I CUL T URE
tre a tment w a s usu a lly given duri ng the early morning and late -
The relative pro ductivity of the plats when no t subj ected to the
electric a l field was determined in order to provide additional inform a
tion i n interpreting the results a precaution which has not b een ,
yields from each section will b e found in the tex t emb odying the
descrip tion of the exp eriments .
T AB LE 1 9 — Su m m a ry o f th e re u s lt s o f th e e lect r o cu lt u ra l s i s ti s A
ex p im er en t n ec on
i p i st t d y s ,
.
B, an d E , A rl n g t o n Ex er m en t F a r m , i n a e ea r
"
d a d co t l p l t s i sect i o s A a d B w e e each t h ee ou t o f a ac e i n a ; t o e i n e t on
[T h e t rea t e f hs h s s i
h f a e ch s p t e d b y a i t —C l
n n ro a n n n r r -
r n r re a c
E a l an l 0 1 350 f et A bb i t i s d ym b l um 2 C =C O
pe as ( p t fo h y) ; R = W i t er y e ; S= So y b e s ; W = W i t e w eat C N b s f
cre a e ara n n e rv a e rev a on an s o s o n : W
h
.
,
o um 3 um l
p di g t b l es C l m n 4 A = 25 cy cl e l t e t i g c
cro cu r a n re e er an n r n : r r
N g i
.
t; = t e tme t; t N N
di ect cu e t ; = P s i t i e di ect cu e t C o l m 1 2 = e o f t t e t e i Y i l d pl s d p i s s]
to rece n a . o u o : e -
e a rn a n u rren r a n a v
*
r rr n o v r e v ou ye
rr n . u n : a r a n r ar
Net w o r k t re a t m en t Y i l ds ( p
e ou n d s)
i
T me of
t rea t m
s) en t D ry sh k oc G ra ni
(h
S ect i on an d d at e C ro p
ou r
8 9 10
2, 7 7 6 2, 44 6 81 1 3 .
2, 6 6 2 1 , 758 98 1
*
2 70 0 2 558 1 147 5
1 04
.
W 1 03
.
4 1 28 1 80 7 1 , 84 7
C o rn 6 952
2 83 6
2 89 2
1 04 6
3 0 16 3 4 12 86 1
4 33 6 2 33 2 2, 28 1 644 8
6 3 4 5 1 54 8 l, 362 6 24 5. 1 14 1 03
6
1 90
73 6 2 820 2, 63 9 ‘
1 0 50
,
F om 4 p 3 F 4 to 7 m d f ro m 5 to p
to 8 a m
Pl s s p
ro m
s
1 r In a an In
d by g ded i
. .
F ro m 3 t o 7 p m
. . . . . .
2 . .
4 at e a rat e ro u n W re cree n .
L C R O C UL T UR E
E E T 17
REV IEW O F O T H ER IN V ES TI G A TI O N S IN EL E C T R O C U L T U RE
Ele c t ro cu l t u ral exp er im en ts m a y b e divi d e d in to t w o m ain cl ass es :
( 1 ) T hose in whi ch the so il i s the m ediu m o f con du c tion an d ( 2 )
thos e in w hi ch th e a i r is th e me dium o f con duc tion Exp eri m en ts o f .
EX E IM P R ENTS W ITH S O IL C U RR E NT S
coppe r pl ate 5 fee t b y 1 4 i nch es p erp en dic ul arl y i n the e arth w ith
the 5 fo o t e dge h o ri z on tal an d a t a di st ance o f 2 0 0 fe e t a z i n c p l at e
-
,
g ro w t II
F i t ch n h as recorde d l arg e i cre ases fro m t re atm en t with
er (1 6 ) n
6 21 4 9
°
—2 6 —3
18 B ULLE T I N 1 3 79 , U . 8 . D EP AR TM E N T OF AG R I CUL T UR E
foun d that in ne a rl every case the roo t woul d turn and grow in a
direction against t hat of the electric current Pl ates of carbon .
,
zinc and pl atinum were used and all gave the s ame e ffect Elfv i n g
, , .
( 1 ) Th a t an e le c t r c i c u rr e np s t ll t
t w as t d pl t s t hre engh t th on a re a e a ro u ou e
s s it p s
ea on s re e n ce b i g d t m i d by
e n e er s si t i l t m t ; ( 2) t h t t h
n e a en v e e e c ro e er a e
ws f b ts p t t s b t w pl t s w h i h w
,
ro d
o ee an o a oe e een t d t a th
e b tt y c e re c o n n e c e o e a er
s h w d d iff
o e n o e re n c e i gn wt h rot y st g f th i d
a l pm an t ; (3 ) t h t t h
a e o e r ev e o en a e
b ts
ee d p t t an o a oe s i ws b tw th i
n ro epp m bi
een ti s ss m d
e z n c- c o er co na on a u e a
s m w h t f sh
o e a re er a n d st g pp
ro n b
er a t 10 d s ft t h b g i i g f
e a r a n ce a ou ay a er e e n n n o
th ep im t
ex er en ,
an d th h e st sh w d i
a rv e s d y i ld g i g f m 1 5 t
o e an n c re a e e ra n n ro o
24 p e r ce n t .
spre ad out through the soil in a way simil a r to the spre ading of the
lines of force b etween the poles of a b ar m agnet .
end and a copper pl a t e at the o ther the two being connected above ,
practically no effect for any of the differen t tre a tments The yiel ds .
TA L E 20 — Y
B i lds
e f
o r ye , ra p e, bea n , an d p o ta to pl t s an ft er
a e le ct r o cu lt u r a l t r e a t
s i
.
Y i l ds p
e er s q u a re m e t er ( gr am ) s
T re at m e n t
Ry e ,
pl s Ra
pla
pe ,
s 42
B ean
pl a
s s P pl ss
, o t a t oe ,
42 an t 42 n t n t 5 an t
T AB LE 21 — Y i lds
e bf v eg e t a ble cro ps aft e r e lect r o c u lt u ra l t r ea t m en t s in 1 886 an d
i
.
1 88 7 , a cco r d n g t o W o lln y
Y i lds p pl
e er at 2 m et er ss q u a re ( gr am ) s
T reat m en t
Ry e
,
Ra pe P s ea B ean s C o rn B e et s
From thes e exp eri ments W o lln y c oncl u d e d tha t an e l ectrica l cur
rent con d ucte d throu gh s oi l i n w h ic h p l ants were g ro w ing h a d i n .
.
20 B ULL E TI N 1 3 79 , U . 8 . D EP A RTM EN T OF AG R I CULT UR E
kinds of seeds it was found that in every case the seeds grew muc h
,
reasons .
arr a ngements w ere used for t h e trea t ments In one a lass cylinde r .
s and held bet w een p erfor a ted met a l dis ks which were used for t h e ,
sets of 2 5 seeds each were used in e ac h tes t one s et b eing the control ,
ments with b arley showed that the growth of treated seeds increased
as th e current strength increased up to a cert a in O p timum value ,
i ff —
l a tion of temperature w a s a serious d iculty a fact mentione d for
the firs t time in connec tion with such ex e ri m e n t s and one that may
h a ve been ignore d in e arlier reports lowm a n found that seeds .
was taken from a c ar line and le d to t e t h ree tre ate d pl ats whi ch ,
d a s c a rt
A s O pposed to the conclusion of Gr a n d e a u t h e m odern greenhouse ,
m ent of the pl a nts is sur ely not seri ously i mp a ired in consequence .
full m a turi ty un der a groun ded metal framework covered ab ove and ,
g rowth Th
. e presence of strong electric ch a rges in the atm osphere
( 2 ) T h e b e t t e r a n d m o r e c e n t c a lly a e ld c u lt v a t e d a n d m a n u r e d , t h e
g r e a t e r is
t h e n c r e a ie e r ce n t s p
a g e O n oor o l it so p
m a ll a s t o b e ca r ce ly s i is s s
p pi
.
e r ce t b le
s i if
.
( 3 ) So m e v e g e t a b le ca n n o t e n d u r e t h e e le c t r c t re a t m e n t t h e y a re n o t
w a t e re d , b u t t h e n t h e y w ll g v e v e r v h g h i i
e r ce n t a g e n cre a e i p
Am on g t h e e i ss s
p s s
.
a re e a , c a rr o t , a n d ca b b a g e
i p i s s i is i
.
( 4 ) Ele ct r c t r e a t m e n t w h e n a c c o m a n e d b y h o t u n h n e d am a g n g t o
s
m o t v e g e t a b le , s p
r o b a b ly t o a ll ; w h e r e o r e a v o r a b le r e u lt f if f
a r e t o b e a rr v e d s s i
a t t h e t r e a t m e n t m u t b e n t e rru s i p
t e d i n t h e m d d le o f h o t a n d s u n n v d a y i s .
"
Experim ents simil ar to those conducted in Fi n l and were conducted
in Engl and , Germ a ny , and Sweden wit h l ike resul ts A detaile d .
was used one terminal of which was grounded and th e other connected
,
l atter half at n i gh t C ontrol pl ats were provi ded in all cases simil ar
.
AG RI C U L TU RE
T AB LE 2 4 — Re s lt s
u f
o e lect r o c u lt u ra l t r ea t m en t o f p ota to i is
v a r et e at D u m fr is e
D
.
,
Sco t la n d by , u d g eo n i n 1 9 1 1 an d 19 12
V ar e t yi V i
a r et y
.
,
iel d w a s recorded and i t is expl a ine d th a t prob ably all pl ats are to
ye regarded as tre ate d plats
,
control gr a in
—
straw
These figures indic a te an incre a se of ab out 3 0 per cent in gr a in
and ab ou t 5 8 per cent in straw A n a lyses of the gr a in from the two .
was sel ected for tre atment an d two half acre l ats for controls -
.
j ust as soon as the crop a ppe a re d above ground and within a month ,
a m arke d di fference was no ted The tre ated pl ants had deeper color .
and were higher than the control pl ants Throughout t h e season the .
aroun d the network also showe d the effect of the discharge The .
hour s He avy r a ins did a goo d deal of d am age The comp arative
. .
T AB L E 2 5 — Re s lt s f le t ch em i ca l t e t m e t f o a t s a t D m f i e s S t la d by
u o e c ro r a n o u r co n
D
.
, ,
u d g eo n ,
a s r e p o r t ed by B la ck m a n an d J it r g en s en
Yi e s
l d ( p ou n ds )
G rai n S t raw
C ont ro l 1 ( al
d
T reat e ( acre)
h f acre )
C o n t ro l 2 ( a l h f acre )
E LE C T RO CUL T U R E
T AB LE 26 —Re s lt s
u f
o e lect r o ch e m i ca l t r ea t m en t s f
o o a t cr o ps a t i l/l o ch e ln Ge r m an y,
i i
.
,
a cco r d n g t o Ger la ch an d Er lw e n
Re at l i ve l ds
yi e C om p os i t i on ( p er cen t)
El ect ri cal an d si o l t re at m en t
G ra ni S t raw
G rai n S t raw
Ni t o g en r Ni t o gen
r
N o el ect ri ci t y
F ert ili z e i rri gat i o n
:
r,
Di ect cu rren t :
r
PNosegiat ti i ee fefertritliiliz ezer i rrirri gigaat it oi onn
v , ,
,
,
r,
,
_
r,
Al t ern at i n g cu rren t
, ,
F ert i li z er i rri g at i on
:
Fert i li z er n o i rrig at i on
,
N o fert i li z er n o i rrig at i o n ,
SU MM R Y O F A R ELATIV E Y IE LD S o r G RA IN A ND STR A W
H igh t en s i on
-
cu rre n t
S oil t reat m en t D i re ct
P sio ti ve N e g at i ve
G rai n
N o fe t ili z er n o i ri g at i o
:
F ert il i z er n o i rrig t i o
r , r n
a n
F ert ili zer i rri g t i o n
,
a
S t raw :
,
N o fert ili z e r n o i ig at i o n
F ert i l i z er n o i rri g at i on
, rr
F ert i li z er i rr ig at i on
,
The instances in which duplicate trials were run and the agree
ments to b e no ted for thes e cas es show rather conclusively that lack
of un i formity in soil conditions w a s no t a disturbing factor in thes e
-
experim ents The s ix plats givi n g n o t a bly higher yi elds are those
.
The plats in thes e experiments were a bout one fourth acre each -
,
the control plats being sep arated from the electri fied plats by about
3 2 5 feet . The o t e n t i al of the direct current network was about -
dition of the field the more favor a ble the influence of the high tension -
Ta b le 2 7 .
T A B LE 2 7 — Re s lt s u o f e lect r o cu lt u r a l t rea t m en t s f
o g r een h o u s e ra d is h s
e an d lett u ce
i D s
.
i n 1913, a cco r d n g to o r ey
Re l a t i ve we igh t s ( gram s)
10 pl a n ts Ra dis h es L e t t u ce
T rea t e d C on t ro l T re a t e d C on t ro l
- o ¢ - o
b ers and tob a cco Th ey were planted in long rows one half of each
,
.
,
-
ab out ha lf an acre The network was 9 feet ab ove ground with wires
.
p ra ct i ca l p o ssi b ili ties asso cia te d with a trea tment assurin g i n crease d
i t s eems d esirable t o ex amine i n som e d etai l th e d a ta which
g
l rowt
ave ghi ven ri s e t o this assurance .
TA B LE 28 —
Re s u lt s o f e lect ro cu lt u ra l t r e a t m e n t of g ra n cro p s s i in En g la n d , as
i s
.
re p o r t ed in fi e ld e x p er m en t by B la ckm a n
Yl
D u rat i on éi gfiglg
fi
cre
A crea ge
C ro p an d y ear
of t re a t
m en t
T rea t e d C on t ro l ( h ou r ) s T reat ed C on t ro l
L i n clu d en
d o_
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
H ar pe r A d am s A g ri cIi l
t u ral C o ll e g e .
do
do
do
Li n clu d en
d o_
do
H ar p e A d am s A g ri cu l
t a al C oll e g e
r
d
.
2 l zgi
rre
0
s i
p o n d en ce w t h t h e O ffi ce of B i o ph y si ca l In v e s igt at on i s ,
B u re a u of Plan t In d u s t ry, Se p t e m b er
28 B U LL E T IN 1 3 79 , U . 8 . D E PA R TM E N T or A G R IC U L T UR E
These t a bulated values are in many ways no t subj ect to biome tric al
analysis they represen t the resul ts of experiments carrie d ou t wi th
v a ried complexes of so i l se ason acre a ge cro and elec trical tre at
ment N evertheless i n the absence of any de
, , ,
. fin i te knowledge con
,
are as where as 1 2 indic ate a decre a se The tre ated are as re turn a
, .
late d values the conditions under whi ch the i ncre a ses were ob tained ,
yields were as shown in T a ble 2 9 in which the rel a tive yields of the ,
corresp onding treated a reas for the same y ears the controls b eing ,
T A B LE 2 9 — Co m
. p is
ar on f
o th e re u s lt s o f e le ct r o cu lt u r a l ex er m p i en t s w i th o a t cr o p s
at Li n clu d en ,
En g la n d , i n 1 9 1 9 a n d 1 9 20
A cre i d s o f co t
y el l
p s b sh els) sbi k
n ro
l at ( u t ro l e n g ta en as
T A BL E 3 0 —A n a l
y s o f si
t h e a v er a g e r e u lt of e le c t r ca l t r ea ts s
m e n t i s o f oat pl ts a at
s i i
.
wit h ou t d e fin i t e assur ance that the field exp eri m ents dem ons trat e
a favorab l e resp ons e t o the el ectric al tre atm ent .
TA B LE 3 1 — Re s lt s
u o f e lect ri ca p i
l p o t - c u lt u r e e x er m en t s w i th gra i n cr o ps i n En g
i
.
la n d , a cco r d n g t o B la ck m a n
'
Y l e1d s ( gra m s )
R ati o of
Y i l ds ( g
e r am s
R a ti o of
Y ear an d cr o p d
t r ea t e t o Y ear an d cro p t rea t e d to
T r ea t e d
c on t ro l T rea t e d C on t ro l co n t ro l
1 4 52
M ai z e B arl ey
Wh ea t
B ar l ey
B arl e y
lVI ai z e
1 7 28
A v era g e
.
g
char e v ari ab e ; soi l an d s e a s o n a fact ors v ar y as well as th e cr 0 p
an d the d ur ation n ature an d strength o f the e l ectric a l tre atment
, , .
and control pl a nts the associ a tion of these differences with the
treatment b ecomes intimate The f a ct that these differences favor .
growth rate of tre a te d and control plants were no ted over short
periods The sm a ll differences a ttributable to the direction of the
.
In some inst a nces the rel a tion of the disch a rge to thes e differences
m a y well b e ques tioned In o thers the rel a tion app ears to b e an
.
TA B LE 3 2 . Su m m a ry o f ele ct r o cu lt u ra l tr i ls
a
No d efi i t i
n e n fl u en ce re po rt e d
M et h o d
O bs e rv er O b se rv e r
S il
o -
co n d u ct d cu rre
e n t s :
G erm i n a t o n i
P ot cu l t u re s SH
t on e
om erb g er
F i t c h n er 1 88 3—87 W o lln
Field t i als GG ssl y .
H o ld e fl e i s s 1 90 7
r
Ro ss 1 90 9 "
a
er a c
n er
ha
.
d E rl w e in
S
n
l u b l e p l t fo o d
.
Y e g o ro n
M o di fi e d at m o s ph e i c
o an
r po
t en t i al gr adi e t : n
1 90 4 Le m s t r o m
1 90 5—1911 L dgs N
o e, ew m an 1 90 7 G ssa n er .
d Erl w e in
g
19 13 D 1 90 9 erl i ch an
¢ s P i s
f
or ey
1 90 9— i
.
I n crea sd
e p o t en t i aL
19 14 J rg en
D
en
d g eo n
, r e t 1 e y,
19 10
1 9 10 res au er
H os t erm
.
Bl k
u
i p
.
l
19 1 1 CB l iggss C
au e n .
an n
am
.
pb ell H ea ld
ac m an L v er oo en 1 9 1 8- 1 9 24 r
Fi
, , , ,
g i n eers . lnt .
M as cart L ai k ew i cz
D ec eas e d po t e t i al B iggs Sh an t z
.
r n G ran d eau r an d .
H os t erm an n
1 92 1 . Ge rm i n it s n at o n e le c t r ca l a ec . 1 85 p p .
,
us . Lo n d o n
a n d Ne w Y o r k .
BA SY
T F
ss is és s it )
.
,
1 90 8 E a d e le c t r o c u lt u r e t e n t a A n g er e n 1 90 8 ( Ex t r a In
s s pp
. . .
B u l So c Et u d e Sc i A n g e r , a r m 3 7
. . . .
—
87 9 2 .
B E RT — I
I E LO T , M
s s fi i
.
1 88 9 R e c h e r c h e n ou ve lle su r la xat o n
’
d e 1 A z o t e p a r la t e rre
fl p
.
vég t a le é In u e n ce de
’
1 é1e ct ri c i t é I n C o m t Re n d A c a d
is ] pp
. . . . .
Sc i [Pa r .
,
t om e 10 9, . 2 8 1 —2 8 7 .
L
B AC K MAN , V H
i fi i Mi A g
. .
1 9 1 8— 1 9 2 4 [Ele ct r ca l t re a t m en t of e ld s ] Gt Br t n r an d
is h i s I t i m Rp t 1 —6 [Mi m g p h
. . . . .
F er e n er s
- .
(1917 eo ra ed ]
1 9 24 F i e ld ex p i m t s i — l t — lt
er en n e e c ro cu u re In J ou r Agr Sc i v ol 14
pp 2 4 0 2 6 7
. . . . . .
,
. .
d J ER C E N SE N , I
an
i is pp d i J
.
1 9 1 7 T h e o v e r h e a d e le c t r c d c h a rg e an d c ro ro u ct o n In ou r
pp i ll s
. . .
B d A g r [L o n d o n ] , v o l 2 4 , . . . . 4 5—4 9 , u .
d LE G G , A T
an
p i s w it h i is J
. .
1 9 2 4 Po t c u lt u r e e x e r m -
en t an e le c t r c d ch a rg e . In ou r
pp i s
. .
A g r Sc i , v o l 1 4 , 26 8 —2
. . . . 8 6 , llu .
d G RE G O R , F C
an Y
ff i i i si
. .
1 9 23 T h e e e c t o f a d re c t e le c t r c c u r re n t o f v e ry lo w n t e n t y o n t h e
pi
.
r a t e o f g r o w t h o f t h e co le o t le o f b a rle y I n Pr o c Ro y So c ,
pp i s
. . . .
Lo n d o n , s e r B , v o l 9 5 , 2 1 4—22 8 , llu . . . .
B RE SL A U ER, M
ii
.
B RI G G s , L J , a n d SH A N T z , H L
i p s D pt
. . . .
1913 T h e w a t e r re q u r e m e n t o f la n t 1 U S e Agr Bu r
s i s
. . . . . . .
,
P la n t I n d u B u l 2 8 4 , 4 9 p p , llu . . . .
19 14 Re la t i v e w a t e r re q i
u re m e n t s f pl tso an In J ou r A g r Re s e a r ch
pp i ll s
. . . .
,
vo l 3,
. 1 —6 3
.
,
u .
( 1 2) C H RE E C
sp h i it i pp
.
,
1910 At m o er c e le c t r i c y In En c Br t v ol 6, 86 0 —8 7 0 ,
i s
. . . . . .
,
llu .
L S N
( 1 3 ) C AU E .
W c h n b l So b le H o l t , J a h rg 6 1 , . 83 8 6 .
-
. . . .
(14) D U D GEo N, E C
i ps pl s i it y i ll s
. .
G ro w n g cro an d an t by e le c t r c . 36 pp .
,
u .
Lo n d o n .
( 1 5 ) EL F V I N G F
i i is s s
.
,
1 88 2 U e b e r e n e W r k u n g d e s g a lv a n c h e n St ro m e f w a ch e n d e
au
pp
.
W u r z e ln I n B o t Z t g , J a h rg 4 0 . . . . . 2 5 7 —2 6 4 , 2 7 3 —2 7 8 .
( 1 6 ) F IT C H N E R E
is i p s f
.
,
1 86 1 A g ro n om ch e Z e t u n g , 1 86 1 , 5 50 [No t een Re e r e n ce
f i i i fl i it a
. . . .
B A , L n u en
’
lla
’
ro m ru t t n za d e ll e le t tr c su v eg et a
i p Mi
.
,
z on e, .1 4 8, la n o ,
( 1 7) G A SS N ER, G
D s
.
1 90 7 Z u r F r a g e d e r Ele k t ro k u lt u r In Ber eu t Bo t Ge e 11 Bd
i s
. . . .
.
,
. .
—
2 5 , p p 2 6 3 8 , llu . .
1 90 9 Pfl a n p h y s i o lo g i s ch e F r a g e n
z en d er Ele k t ro k u lt u r In Mi t t
D s pp
. . .
eu t La n d w G e e 11 , J a h r g 24 ,
. . . . .
—
5 7 .
E L E C T R O C U L T U RE 33
L
( 1 9) G E R A C H M d ER E G
an LW I N
s
.
,
.
, ,
17, 3 1 — —
3 6 , 6 6 6 8 , i ll u . .
1910 V er s u ch e i wi k
ti b e r d i e E n r u n g d e r El e k t r i z i t at a u f d a s P fl a n z e n
h st m Mi t t K s
.
w ac I u n IV i lh e lm s In t La n d w B r o m b e r g
2 pp 4 4 5 3 i ll s
. .
. . .
,
Ed . 4 2 — . u
, ,
.
( 2 1 ) GB AN D E A U L
sp é i ii
.
,
’
1 87 8 D e 1 i n fl u e n c e d e 1 e le c t r i c i t é a t m o h r qu e su r la n u t r t o n d e s
p s i p is
.
la n t e ( Ex t r a t ) I n Co m t
. Re n d . . A ca d Sc i [P a r ] , . .
t o m e 87 , p p 6 0 —6 2 2 65 — 2 —
6 7 , 93 9 94 0 . .
,
( 22 ) H GST E R M A N N
s
.
1910 Ge c h i ch d B e d e u t u n g d e r Ele k t r o k u lt u r u n t e r B e r u c k
te u n
s
.
s i ch t i g u n g d e r n e u e r e n V e r u ch e I n A r c h D e u t La n d w
pp
. . . .
,
J ah r g 3 , 4 53 5— 570 . . .
( 2 3 ) H O LD E F LE rs s
is
.
. 3 92 3 9 3 -
.
( 2 4) H O MB E R G E R E
n
.
,
1 914 B e h a n d 1u g v on Pfl a n z en m it H o ch f
re q u en z s t ro m en In
s pp i s
. .
U m ch a u , Jahrg . 1 8, . 7 3 3 —7 3 5 , ll u .
H O N C A MP , F .
1 90 7 D i e A n w e n d u n g d e r Ele kt ri z i t at i n d e r Pfl a n z en kul t u r In
pp 4 9 0 —4 9 9
. .
F u h li n g s La n d w Z t g , J a h r g 5 6 ,
’
. . . . .
J¢RG E N SE N , I , a n d P R E T E , H I S L Y J
is i i i s pl
. . .
1 9 1 4 T h e d t r b u t o n o f t h e o v e rh ea d e le c t r ca l di ch a rg e em o yed
i p im s J
.
i n r e ce n t a g r cu lt u r al e x er en t In our A g r Sc i \ O1 6
pp
. . . . .
—
3 3 7 3 4 8 , i 11u s . .
K INN Y E A S
i i M
. .
,
1 89 7 . Ele ct r o g erm n a t -
on . as s . H a t ch A gr . Exp . St a . Bu l . 43,
3 2 p p , ill u s . .
( 2 8) K OV E s s r F
fl i
.
,
1 9 1 2 In d 1 l t i it é a u e n ce e e ec r c co u ra n t co n t n u sur l e d év e l o p p e m e n t
p l —t s I C m p t i
.
d es an e n o Re n d A c a d Sci [Pa r s ] , t o m e 1 5 4 ,
pp 2 89 2 9 1
. . . . .
. .
( 29 ) L E I S
C E J
TE R ,
ti f l t i s p s s
.
1 89 2 T h e ac on o e ec r c cu rr e n t u o n t h e g ro w t h Of eed an d
pl t s I Ch m N w p i s
.
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pp pp
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O R G A N IZ A T I O N O F T H E
U NIT ED ST A T ES D EP A R T M E N T O F A G RI C U L T U R E
D ece m be r 22 , 1 9 25
Secr et a ry of A g ri c u l t u re W . M J AR IN . D E .
Di re ct o r of E x t en si o n W o rk " . C . W . W A RB U RT O N .
Di rect o r of I n fo r m a t i o n "
-
NE LS O N A NTR IM CRA W F O RD .
Di rect o r of P er s o n n e l a n d B u si n e ss A d m i n i s
t ra t i o n W . W . ST O C K B E R G E R .
R W W .ILLI S AM . .
W ea t h er B u rea u L S M I
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B u r ea u of A g r i cu l t u r a l Eco n o m is
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T H O M A P C O O P E R , C h ef . .
of A n i m a l I nd u s t r y JOHN R M L i
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B u rea u O H E R , C h ef . .
W . .
L Y i
W B G R E E E , C h ef
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B u rea u of C h em t r y is . W i
C A B R O N E , C h ef . .
B u r ea u of S o l is MIL I Y i
T O N W H T N E , C h ef .
B u rea u of En t o m o l o g y O HOW
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B u rea u of P u bl c Ro a d i s TH M A S H M A D N AL
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e .
B u rea u of a r y n g D i i C W L A S N Ch i f
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F x e d N t ro g en Re ea r ch La bo ra t o ry s F G C . LL D i t . O T T RE ,
r ec o r .
Ofi ce o f Ex p er i m en t St a t i o n s E W A LL N C h i f
. . E ,
e .
Ofi ce of C o o p er a t i v e Ex t en si o n W or k C B SM I H C h i f
. . T ,
e .
CLA I L R BA N Li b
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F edera l H o r t i
l B o a rd
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s ii
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s
P a c ker a n d St o ck y a r d A d m n i s i st ti ra on J HN T C AI N i Ch g
O . E, n ar e .
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. . . U VE ,
n ar e .
Th i s b u lle t i n i s a co n i
t r b u t i o n fr o m
B u rea u o f P l a n t In d u s t ry W ILLI A M A TA . YL O R, C h ef i .
Ofi ce o f B i o p h ys i ca l si
In ve t g a t i s
on G . N CO . LLI N S ,
Sen i or B o ta n i s t in
C h a rg e .
A D D IT I O N AL C OPI E S
o r THI S P U B LIC ATIO N MA Y B E P RO C U R ED F RO M
TH E SU P ERI N N N TE DE T o r D OC U ME N TS
GO V E RNM N RN N
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