BAHIR DAR UNIVERSTY

BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULITY OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

POWER STREAM

SEMESTER PROJECT ON

Design and Simulation of Bluetooth Based Remote

Controlling of Home Appliance

Name ID
1.Henok Agumas BDU0701894UR
2.Liknaw Hailu BDU0701964UR
3.Muhabaw Setegn BDU0702130UR
4.Workneh Degarege BDU0702454UR

Name of Advisor: Mr. Minyahil T.

Submission Date: 13/06/2011E.C
 DECLARATION
We are students of Bahir Dar Institute of technology (BIT), faculty of Electrical and
Computer Engineering. The information found in this project is our original work. And all
sources of materials that are used for the project are fully acknowledged.

Name ID Signature

1.Henok Agumas BDU0701894UR ________

2.Liknaw Hailu BDU0701964UR ________

3.Muhabaw Setegn BDU0702130UR ________

4.Workneh Degarege BDU0702454UR ________

Date of Submission date: __________

This project has been submitted for examination with our approval as a university

advisor.

Name Signature Date

Mr. Minyahil T. _________ ___________

i
 ABSTRACT

In this paper, a low cost and flexible home appliance controlling and monitoring system is
designed by using Android based Smart phone application. The designed architecture
utilizes a Bluetooth module for communicating between the remote user and the home
devices. So, this project has been done with two mode of operation one is remote mode
and the other is automatic mode. The later one is developed by using different sensors such
as temperature sensor (LM35) and light dependent resistor (LDR) for controlling and
monitoring multiple home appliances as a function of temperature and light illumination.

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are most grateful to our God, the father of all creation for sustaining preserving us
throughout the period of this project work.

We sincerely thank our lecturers for their advice, encouragement, constructive criticisms,
patience and contributions. We extend our sincerely thank to Mr. Minyahil who is our
advisor for semester project.

We express our profound gratitude to our indefatigable parents, who gave us their
unparalleled and unrivalled support both financially, materially, emotionally, spiritually,
morally, and in every other way that affected our educational pursuit. Their wealth of
experience and intellectual capabilities proved limitless as there was always more to tap
from every time.
Finally, we would also say “Thank You” to our friends for their immense support and
prayers.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ................................................................................................................. i

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................. iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... iv

LIST OF FIGURE............................................................................................................. vii

LIST OF TABLE ............................................................................................................. viii

ABBRIVATION ................................................................................................................ ix

CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................. 1

INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1

1.1. Background of the Project ........................................................................................ 1

1.2. Problem Statement ................................................................................................... 3

1.3. Objective of the Projective ....................................................................................... 3

1.3.1 General Objective ............................................................................................... 3

1.3.2. Specific Objective.............................................................................................. 4

1.4. Methodology ............................................................................................................ 4

1.5. Assumptions Made for the Project ........................................................................... 5

1.6. Significance of the Project ....................................................................................... 5

1.7. Scope of the Project.................................................................................................. 5

1.8. Outline of the Project ............................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................ 7

LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................... 7

2.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 7

CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................ 9

SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND OPRATIONS ............................................................... 9

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 3.1. Arduino Uno ............................................................................................................. 9

3.2. Bluetooth Module ..................................................................................................... 9

3.3. Solid State Relay .................................................................................................... 10

3.3.1. Advantages of Solid State Relay Over Mechanical Relays ............................. 11

3.4. Sensors ................................................................................................................... 11

3.4.1. LM 35 Temperature Sensor ............................................................................. 11

3.4.2. LDR Lighting Sensor....................................................................................... 12

3.5. Electrical Load ....................................................................................................... 13

3.5.1. Fan ................................................................................................................... 13

3.5.2. Compact Fluorescent Lamp ............................................................................. 14

3.5.3. TV .................................................................................................................... 14

3.6. Connecting Wire .................................................................................................... 15

3.7. Mobile Applications ............................................................................................... 15

CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................. 17

SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS ............................................................................. 17

4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 17

4.2. Power Supply ......................................................................................................... 18

4.3. Temperature Control .............................................................................................. 20

4.4. Light Control .......................................................................................................... 21

CHAPTER FIVE .............................................................................................................. 24

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ....................................................................................... 24

5.1. System Simulation.................................................................................................. 24

5.2. Energy Consumption (Kwh) And Cost Analysis ................................................... 25

CHAPTER SIX ................................................................................................................. 28

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................................ 28

v
 6.1. Concussion ............................................................................................................. 28

6.2 Recommendation ..................................................................................................... 28

REFERENCE .................................................................................................................... 29

APPENDAGE ................................................................................................................... 30

vi
 LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1: 1 Temperature control ......................................................................................... 2
Figure 1: 2 Smart home automation ................................................................................... 3
Figure 1: 3 Block diagram of the methodology .................................................................. 4
Figure 3: 1 Structure of arduino ......................................................................................... 9
Figure 3: 2 Bluetooth module .......................................................................................... 10
Figure 3: 3 LM35 temperature sensor .............................................................................. 11
Figure 3: 4 Symbol of LDR .............................................................................................. 12
Figure 3: 5 LDR sensor ..................................................................................................... 13
Figure 3: 6 Ceiling fan ...................................................................................................... 14
Figure 3: 7 Typical compact fluorescent lamp ................................................................. 14
Figure 3: 8 Mobile application .......................................................................................... 16
Figure 4: 1 Block diagram of the system .......................................................................... 17
Figure 4: 2 Power supply circuit ...................................................................... 20
Figure 4: 3 Voltage as function of temperature ................................................................ 21
Figure 4: 4 Voltage divider of ldr sensor ......................................................................... 22
Figure 4: 5 Voltage as function of resistance.................................................................... 23
Figure 5: 1 Simulation of the system ................................................................................ 24

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 LIST OF TABLE
Table 5: 1 Power consumption ......................................................................................... 25
Table A 1 Features of the arduino uno ............................................................................. 30
Table A 2 HC-05 specification ........................................................................................ 30
Table A 3 Features of fan.................................................................................................. 31
Table A 4 Features of lm 35 ............................................................................................ 31
Table A 5 Specification of solid state relay ...................................................................... 32

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 ABBRIVATION

AC Alternative Current
ADC Analog to Digital Convertor
ARD Arduino
AREF Analog Reference
BR Bridge Rectifier
C Capacitor
DC Direct Current
DIY Do-It-Yourself
DTMF Dual Tone Multi Frequency
IC's Integrated Circuit
IDE Integrated Development Environment
IoT Internet of Things
I/O Input/output
GFSK Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying
GND Ground
GPS Geographic position system
GSM Global System for Mobile communication
HAS Home Automation System
HVAC High Voltage Alternative Current
IDE Integrated Development Environment
Kwh Kilo Watt Hour
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LDR Light Dependent Resistor
LED Light Emission Diode
MΩ Mega Ohm
PWM Pulse-Width Modulation
PC Personal Computer
Q Transistor
RL Relay

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R Resistor
SCR Silicon Control Rectifier
SMS Short Message Service
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
SPP Serial Port Protocol
SSR Solid-State Relay
TV Television
U Regulator
USB Universal Serial Bus
V Voltage
WAP Wireless Application Protocol

x
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Project

The 21st century is the era of smart technology. It was said that modern life is unimaginable
without electricity but this saying has changed. Now we say daily life is unimaginable
without internet. Modern technology has advanced to another level of automatic and smart
systems. There is no need to introduce the advancement of technology in modern times.
As we know, the advancement has gone a long way and almost has reached to its peak of
modernization. Today innovation has turned into a coordinated piece of individuals' lives.
It has and keeps on affecting numerous parts of day to day life and has permitted better
social association, simplicity of transportation, the capacity to enjoy excitement and media
and has helped in the advancement in hotel [7].
Home automation system refers to the transfer of tasks normally performed by humans to
a set of technological elements and it becomes popular all-over the world because of
making life smoother and minimizing the work load. Considering the system’s contribution
toward making daily life easier and strengthening home safety and security. Home
automation stand for automatic and electronic control of household appliances, features
and activities. The most important device of present age is mobile phone. At present
Android mobile is very common and very important part of our life. Using this device in
controlling and surveillance work makes our life easy and comfortable [ 7].

A) Automatic mode: Each time the user selects this mode, which has the ability to control
temperature and lighting by using different sensors and act according to the information
collected, determined by Arduino code uploaded in its microprocessor. The following
control loops must be in operation when automatic mode is chosen in order to automate
our home.
Temperature control: A fan has to be activated when the temperature value is greater
than a pre-established threshold. When sensor senses that temperature is higher than the
marked value, fan will be activated until temperature stabilizes below that value as shown
on the figure below.

1
 Temperature loop
Fan operation
ON

OFF Temperature (℃)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Figure 1: 1 Temperature control

Light control: A group of lamps has to be turned on automatically when the light sensor
receives light illumination, with the purpose of compensate the lack of natural light with
artificial light. In conditions of sufficient value of natural light all lamps will be off, as the
natural light illumination high.
B) Remote mode: In addition, all actuators must be controlled by a mobile application
programmed specifically for this purpose and the user has to be able to let the house self-
regulate its own variables or control it manually by using mobile App, regardless of the
values perceived by the sensors. It has another section in which user can control manually
the fan, regardless of the ambient temperature.

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 Figure 1: 2 Smart home automation [8]

1.2. Problem Statement

The root problem of our home is electrical safety and security as well as energy
consumption of home appliances. Manual switching of home appliance is not comfortable
and also we may be vulnerable for electric shock at the time of switching on and off.
Manual switching is challenging for elder people because they can’t get up from their bed
easily. Particularly for disabled people like blind, people can’t walk and the like, it is
extremely difficult to apply traditional or conventional switching system. Apart from that,
conventional switches do not allow control over a distance. With this limitation, users will
have less flexibility in controlling their home appliances when they are not at home and
results in energy wastage and increasing energy bills.

1.3. Objective of the Projective

1.3.1 General Objective

 To design and simulate remotely controlling of home appliances

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1.3.2. Specific Objective

 Designing regulated power supply that used for Arduino Uno

 Designing relay driver by using NPN BJT transistor
 Selecting appropriate temperature and light sensor
 Developing useful smart phone application that used for sending SMS command
 Determining annual energy consumption of different house hold device in kwh
 Selecting appropriate solid state relay for controlling the system
 Developing Arduino and MATLAB code

1.4. Methodology

This project has been done through successive and sequential steps and procedures as
shown in the figure below.

Problem Data Project

Start identification gathering title and
proposal

Simulate Design the

project Analyze system
system

Documentation Presentation of
submission the project End

Figure 1: 3 Block diagram of the methodology

4
1.5. Assumptions Made for the Project

Certain assumptions have to be made for designing and simulating of the project.
 There must be a communication between user and control unit via Bluetooth
module.
 The cell phone will support smart phone application.
 There is a certain boundary limit with respect to distance.

1.6. Significance of the Project

Bluetooth based control unit plays a very important role in domestic applications. The ease
of operation of the device and low cost gives as an additional advantage for its usage. Its
significance can be proved by considering the following specialties of device designed.
 Safety: This system should be installed and integrated under one centralized control
unit which ultimately secures the people.
 Energy saving: By controlling temperature and lighting based issues on the
programmed schedules, this system reduces the energy bills considerably.
 Easy to use: We can operate and access the automation technology with ease due to
its simple procedure especially for disable and elderly person.
 Affordable: home automation process doesn’t require a huge sum of money to
modify our home.
 Reliability: Reliability is one such factor that every electrical system should have in
order to render its services without malfunctioning over a long period of time. This
project has been designed using microcontroller (Arduino) which is itself very
reliable and also operates very efficiently under normal condition.
 Enhanced performance: Proper wiring and computer control are the important
factors that determine the effective performance of the GSM technology.

1.7. Scope of the Project

The scope of this project covers from problem identification within the field of electricity
to designing and simulation of home appliances control system. So as to provide low cost,
easy maintenance and real time operation of different electrical appliance by using
Bluetooth module and different relevant sensors for instance, light dependent resistance

5
(LDR) and LM35 temperature sensor. This project is applicable only for home appliance
not for industrial and factories which consume large electrical power.

1.8. Outline of the Project

In this paper a clear out line has been provided with descriptions of each chapter. This
project consists of 6 chapters. Chapter1, gives an overview of the entire project including
introduction, background of the project, statement of the problem, project objective,
methodology, project scope, major assumption and significant. Chapter2, were about the
literature review that was needed to go on with this project. This chapter is important to
get more data and information related to the project. The comparisons with other research
were stated in the related work. Chapter3, discusses about the equipment that are used for
the designing and modeling of home appliances control system. Chapter4, were about the
design and simulation of the project. Chapter5, describes about results and discussion as
well as energy consumption of different home appliance. Lastly, the report conclusion and
recommendation of the project are being made.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. Introduction

Several documents, journals, conferences and books are acquired for conducting a good
and systematical review of the state of the system. This section describes the way that used
for conducting review of the home automation comprehensively. For conducting this
comprehensive review, the most prestigious and well-known Engineers, scientists and
scholars are listed below.

N. Sriskanthan and Tan Karand, “Bluetooth Based Home Automation System” in this
paper various appliances such as air conditioners, home theatres, cellular phones, heater,
fans etc. are interconnected with Personal Area Network in Home Environment. The
communication between the various client modules and the host server is done by the
Bluetooth module. The wireless system aims at cost reduction of Home Automation. But
the system does not use the trending mobile technology and limited with distance [2].
S. Sen, S. Chakrabarty, R. Toshniwal, A. Bhaumik, “Design of an intelligent voice
controlled home automation system” In this paper a voice recognition based home
automation system proposed and implemented. The hardware architecture of this system
consists of Arduino UNO and smartphone. One advantage of voice controlled home
automation system is that user only pronounce the appliance name in smartphone
microphone and telling it to switch ON or OFF the appliances. The main drawback of
system is that the system failed to work efficiently in a noisy environment and it depends
on SNR[5].

H. AlShu'eili, G. S. Gupta and S. Mukhopadhyay, "Voice recognition based wireless home

automation system," In this paper ZigBee based wireless home automation system has also
been studied that consists of three main modules, handheld microphone module, central
controller module and appliance controller module. Handheld microphone module use
ZigBee protocol and central controller module are based on PC. The main drawback of
system is that it has limited range of distance 10m to 20m [1].

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R. Teymourzadeh, Salah Addin Ahmed, Kok Wai Chan and Mok Vee Hoong, "Smart GSM
based Home Automation System," In this paper A smart home automation system has been
implemented by using Global System for Mobile communication (GSM). The system used
a GSM modem to control electric appliances through SMS request. One of the advantages
of this automated system is that users will get feedback status of household appliances via
SMS on their smartphones. The main drawback of GSM based home automation system is
that, there is no guarantee text message deliver to the system every time so it is not a reliable
system. Thus, such home automation system cannot be implemented as a real time system
[4].
R. Piyare, “Internet of things: ubiquitous home control and monitoring system using
android smart phone” In this paper internet of things (IoT) based a home control and
monitoring system has been designed and implemented by using embedded micro web
server, controlling devices, smartphone and a software application. The major disadvantage
of IoT based home automation system is that, it requires high cost in the operation process
of the system and also it has less speed of operation since it requires internet connection
[3].

This paper describes Bluetooth based remote and automatic controlling and monitoring of
house hold device. The system has two mode of operation. The first one is remote mode of
operation and the second is automatic mode operation. The remote mode of operation is
controlled by using Bluetooth module which is the most important component of the
system. Bluetooth based home automation system gives complete control over home
appliance as long as the user is in range of Bluetooth network. The Bluetooth system uses
a PC or smartphone as receiver device. It has a high communication rate, great security and
low cost, so it can operate as a real time system. In addition to that it uses different sensors
for controlling and monitoring house hold device in automatic mode. Light dependent
resistance (RDL) and temperature sensor are used to automatically control different home
appliances in our smart home.

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 CHAPTER THREE

SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND OPRATIONS

3.1. Arduino Uno

Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-

to-use hardware and software. It is common term for a software company, project,
and user community that designs and manufactures computer open-source hardware,
open-source software, and microcontroller-based kits for building digital devices and
interactive objects that can sense and control physical devices. Finally Arduino provides
a standard form factor that breaks out the functions of the micro-controller into a more
accessible package.The Arduino software is free, the hardware boards are pretty cheap, and
both the software and hardware are easy to learn has led to a large community of users [6].

Figure 3: 1 Structure of Arduino [6]

3.2. Bluetooth Module

Bluetooth is an industrial WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) that enables the
transmission of data and voice between different devices through a radiofrequency link in
the 2.4 GHz band. The main objectives to be achieved with this standard are facilitate
communication between mobile devices, remove cables and connectors between them and
offer the possibility to create small wireless networks facilitating the synchronization of
9
data between personal equipment. Devices that incorporate this protocol can communicate
with one another within its range. It has a range of 10 meters; enough to be able to control
the variables using mobile phone, since this type of control make sense when the user is
inside the house. Finally, the only additional requirement to make the communication
between both devices is that the mobile phone has Bluetooth connectivity, which nowadays
is a standard characteristic of mobiles [6].

Figure 3: 2 Bluetooth module [6]

3.3. Solid State Relay

A solid-state relay (SSR) is an electronic switching device that switches states when an
external voltage is applied along its n-type and p-type junctions. SSR has a small control
signal that controls a larger load current or voltage. It consists of a sensor which responds
to an appropriate input (control signal), a solid-state electronics switching device which
switches power to the load circuitry, and some coupling mechanism to enable the control
signal to activate this switch without mechanical parts. The relay may be designed to switch
either AC or DC to the load. It serves the same function as an electromechanical relay, but
has no moving parts.

10
3.3.1. Advantages of Solid State Relay Over Mechanical Relays

 SSRs are faster than electromechanical relays; their switching time is dependent on
the time needed to power the LED on and off.
 Increased lifetime, particularly if activated many times, as there are no moving parts
to wear and no contacts to pit or build up carbon
 Output resistance remains constant regardless of amount of use
 Clean, bounce-less operation
 No sparking, allowing use in explosive environments where it is critical that no spark
is generated during switching
 Totally silent operation

3.4. Sensors

3.4.1. LM 35 Temperature Sensor

The LM35 device used to measure and records temperature. It has an advantage over linear
temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large
constant voltage from the output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35
device does not require any external calibration or trimming. The low-output impedance,
linear output, and precise inherent calibration of the LM35 device makes interfacing to
control circuitry easy. As the LM35 device draws only 60 μA from the supply, it has very
low self-heating of less than 0.1°C in still air.

Operation principle: The working of microcontroller based temperature sensor is totally

based on ADC conversion. Each time ADC pin of microcontroller took sample from
temperature sensor which provides analog voltage. For LM35 it shows 1°C in 10mV and
so on for each degree. The sensor self-heating causes less than 0.1 OC temperature rise in
still air.

Figure 3: 3 LM35 temperature sensor [6]

11
3.4.2. LDR Lighting Sensor
LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) is a resistor which value changes depending on the light
received, although its resistance value also changes depending on the infrared and
ultraviolet lights. These sensors are made of cadmium that reacts to light, allowing
electrons to move freely and the current to pass through it, the resistance value can pass
from MΩ with total absence of light to a few Ω when receives direct light, in less than a
second.

Figure 3: 4 Symbol of LDR

LDR is a device which senses the intensity of light. It generates analog signal up on sensing
light intensity. Light dependent resistors or LDRs are often used in circuits where it is
necessary to detect the presence or the level of light. An LDR or photo resistor is made of
any semiconductor material with a high resistance. It has a high resistance because there
are very few free electrons. The vast majority of the electrons are locked into the crystal
lattice and unable to move. Therefore, in this state there is a high LDR resistance.

Operation principles: to understand how an LDR works, it is first necessary to understand

that an electrical current consists of the movement of electrons within a material. Good
conductors have a large number of free electrons that can drift in a given direction under
the action of a potential difference. Insulators with a high resistance have very few free
electrons, and therefore it is hard to make them move and hence a current to flow. As light
falls on the semiconductor the light photons are absorbed by the semiconductor lattice and
some of their energy is transferred to the electrons. This gives some of them sufficient
energy to break free from the crystal lattice so that they can then conduct electricity. This
result is in a lowering of the resistance of the semiconductor and hence the overall LDR
resistance. The process is progressive, and as more light shines on the LDR semiconductor,

12
so more electrons are released to conduct electricity and the resistance falls further. In case
of high intensity of light LDR is all most shorted so gives 0V as soon as light intensity
decreases voltage output increase up to 5V.

Figure 3: 5 LDR sensor[6]

3.5. Electrical Load

The increase in household energy consumption has been more apparent than such increases
in the industrial and transportation sectors. The sources of household energy consumption
can be classified into heating and cooling, cooking, hot-water supply, and lighting and
electric appliances. To ensure the efficient and effective use of energy in residences, it is
necessary to clarify the factors behind the increase in the energy consumption of lighting
//////////and electric appliances and to predict the level of energy consumption in the future.
Household energy consumption depends on the number of households, individuals’
lifestyles, and so on.

3.5.1. Fan

Cooling fan which transmits energy to generate the necessary pressure with which a
continuous flow of air is maintained. It comes in brown or white color options and has a
simple design. The blades of the fan are 120cm in length and they have an inwardly curved
wide shape which ensures maximum air delivery. This fan does not look anything fancy
but due to its simplistic and sturdy appearance it can match with any type of interior and
will not look out of the place. The fan body and the blades are made from aluminum and
are coated with high-quality paint which ensures a long service as well as maximum ease
of cleaning.

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 Figure 3: 6 Ceiling fan

3.5.2. Compact Fluorescent Lamp

A Compact fluorescent lamp is electric discharge type lamp. It consists of a sealed

glass tube with two electrodes at its two ends. The tube contains a small amount
of mercury and an inert gas, like argon, kept under very low pressure. Electrons are
accelerated between the two electrodes striking and ionizing mercury vapor. Ionized
mercury emits light and ultra violet radiation. A fluorescing coating on the glass-
called phosphor powder—transforms some of the ultra violet energy generated into light.

Figure 3: 7 Typical compact fluorescent lamp

3.5.3. TV

While great strides in efficiency have allowed us to have TVs that consume significantly
less energy than before, bigger sizes inevitably have bigger requirements. Larger TVs also
leads to more heat, as any circuit will. This isn’t too big of a deal, but it theoretically could
cause issues in hotter countries, if the TV isn’t placed in a temperature-regulated
environment.

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3.6. Connecting Wire

Electrical wires may be made of copper or aluminum metal, both of which conducts
electricity, but copper is a much better conductor than aluminum and a safer option. When
electricity flows from one point to another through something like an electrical wire, we
call this conductivity. The wire would then be called the conductor. Likewise, large
conductors that transport power from utility substations to individual homes are called
service conductors. Don't forget the service entrance wires that feed your electric meter
and electric service disconnect. From there, there are conductors that feed the electrical
panel and the individual wires, called branch circuits that feed switches and outlets in your
home.

3.7. Mobile Applications

The prototype on which this project can be controlled from a customized mobile
application. A mobile application is a computer application designed to be executed on
smart phones, tablets and other mobile devices which allows the user to perform specific
tasks of any kind, like professional, educational or social. Apps are usually available
through distribution platforms operated by companies that own mobile operating systems
such as android, Blackberry or Windows Phone.

15
Figure 3: 8 Mobile application

16
 CHAPTER FOUR

SYSTEM DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

4.1. Introduction

According to the proposed system, we have designed the system structure shown in the
block diagram. A lot of components have been used for the design of the system.

AC supply
DC supply AC
Step down power
Transformer
Wireless
connection
Relay Lamps
Rectifier
User
Relay Stove
Filter
Relay TV

Cell Regulator Relay Fan

phone
Relay
driver

Bluetooth Arduino
Module Uno

RDL sensor

LM35
sensor
Figure 4: 1 Block diagram of the system

17
4.2. Power Supply

Basically any electronic circuit runs with a power supply. Here we are giving a 5v supply
to the various IC’s used in the design presented here. We get a 220V supply in our house
at any instant. So in order to provide our circuit appropriate supply voltage a different
power circuit is to be made based on our requirement. The various steps included in the
circuit are explained below stepwise. And also various precautions are to be taken for the
safety of the electronic circuit designed. The different stages of the design of the circuit is
given below.
 Transformer design: We need a step down transformer of 220/12v output to supply
all the electronics involved. Here in this device all the equipment require a DC input of
5v and since the regular input to the houses is 220v we need a transformer to step down
voltages.
 Bridge Rectifier: The equipment needs a DC supply, so the output from the
transformer is connected to a bridge rectifier to make it DC. A bridge rectifier basically
has four diodes connected as shown below to provide rectification. This configuration
is a widely used, both with individual diodes wired as shown and with single
component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally.
 Filter Circuit: it filters out the ripples present in the circuit brought on throughout the
rectification from the diodes in the bridge circuit. Regardless of the amount
consideration is taken there are still ripples in the output voltage of the circuit, which
is destructive for the IC's utilized. So filter capacitor evokes them, along these lines
helping keeping up security in the outlined circuit.
 Voltage Regulator: Then at last voltage controllers are associated over the circuit to
secure the supplies from any kind of voltage variances. All the gadgets we utilize are
delicate and sensitive, so protection from any kind of variances is very important. A
voltage controller is intended to naturally keep up a consistent voltage level.
The first step is calculating the total dc loads in the system

IL = IRE + IAR + IBL + ILDR + ILM35 (1)

Where: IL= Total load current

IAR = Peak Arduino current

18
 IBL = Peak Bluetooth current
IRE = Peak relay current
ILDR = LDR current
ILM35 = LM35 current
Thus, the current demands are as follows:

IAR = 50mA

IBL = 40mA

IRE = 16mA

ILDR = 75mA

ILM35 =0.060mA

IL= 181mA
Thus the power supply should be able to produce a current of at least 181mA at a voltage
of 12V. With reference to the full-wave capacitive-input bridge rectifier topology we can
determine unknown parameters.
Unknown parameters
Peak to peak Voltage (Vp-p) =?
Load current(IL)=?
the diode current (ID)=?
capacitor size (C)=?
Transistor base resistance (RB)=?

Vp-p = 2 × Vp ………..…………… ……. (2)

Vp-p =2 ×1.41×Vrms……………………..……(3)

ID =0.5 × IL………........………………… ….(4)

For the capacitor sizing, the value of capacitance (C) in microfarads

I𝐿
𝐶= ……………………… …..….(5)
2∗fs∗Vpp

Where: fS=mains supply frequency = 50H

Vpp = the peak- to- peak ripple in volts

19
 V r.m.s = root-mean-square secondary voltage = 12Vdc
Vp-p = 33.84V
ID =90.5 mA
𝐶 =53.5 uF
Next, the bleeder resistance (R1) is selected such that capacitor is discharged when power
supply circuit is disconnected. Making R1>> 1kῼ solves this problem and prevents the
storage of high currents. That is R1=10 K ohm
By specifying a current limitation IB is equals to 5mA for the BJT relay driver, we can
compute the base resistance RB.
VO−VBE
RB= IB
5V−0.7
RB= 5mA

RB=860 Ohm

U1
7808

1 3
VI VO

GND
BR1 53.5 R1
220V 1uF
VSINE 10k

2
BRIDGE
220V 12V

Figure 4: 2 Power supply circuit

4.3. Temperature Control

As it is specified in Arduino microcontroller datasheet of manufacturer, it incorporates a

10-bit ADC. given a temperature range of 0 to 50 ºC and LM35 temperature sensor is
calibrated so that each degree Celsius is equal to 10 mV as output:
output voltage (V) = temperature (℃) 𝑥 10mV……………………… (6)

20
 Voltage(mV)

Temprature(℃)

Figure 4: 3 Voltage as function of temperature

At the maximum temperature the output will be 0.5 V and the maximum value of ADC is
5 V, so it means that a percentage of range is lost:

maximum value of ADC

Resolution= …………………………(7)
2^10

5V
=
1024

= 4.88 mV
It is possible to switch internal voltage reference of microcontroller to 1.1 V by code and
in this case the resolution will be more accurate:
1.1V
Resolution = 2^10
1.1V
= 1024

= 1.07mV

4.4. Light Control

Light dependent resistor (LDR) is a photo resistor, when the light is incident on the sensor;
the internal resistance varies because of the semi-conductor element inside of it. In general,
when the luminance is increasing, the internal resistance would decrease down to the
minimum value. On the contrary, the internal resistance would increase up to the maximum
value when luminance is decreasing.

21
In dark, the resistance is extremely high MΩ; however, when it exposed under the light,
the resistance would drop down to a few ohms rapidly. Using a LDR sensor it obtains a
variable voltage according to the amount of light sensed, as it is shown below:

Figure 4: 4 Voltage divider of LDR sensor [6]

The voltage across LDR can be measured using oscilloscope or digitized/recorded using
Arduino - The voltage is proportional to darkness (%). The lighter the LDR sensor receives,
the less opposite resistance will have and, as a result, more current will reach the analog
pin of the board. Vout changes according to the following equation:

R
Vout = Vin (LDR +R) ………………………………………… (8)

As LDR sensor resistance decreases, Vout is greater, having the maximum value when LDR
resistance is null (it is fully lighted) and the minimum value when LDR resistance has it
maximum value (it is fully dark). R is fixed to a 1 kΩ:

Situation 1: LDR fully lighted →LDR resistance value close to 0 Ω

1kΩ
Vout = Vin (0 +1 kΩ)

Vout =5V

Situation 2: LDR fully dark →LDR resistance value very high MΩ

22
 1kΩ
Vout = Vin (MΩ +1 kΩ)

Vout →0

Figure 4: 5 Voltage as function of resistance

The microcontroller has a 10-bit ADC, so as the values of the pin where the LDR sensor is
connected will be between 0 and 1024. So, with an output of 5 V ADC value will be 1024
and with an output of 0 V ADC value will be 0.

23
 CHAPTER FIVE

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5.1. System Simulation

U2
BR1 7805

1 3
VI VO

GND
220V R7
10k C1
87uF

2
2W02G Salon Bed kitcen
220V 12V

Arduino R1
1k
ARD1
Q1
R3 NPN
R2
ON

1
Reset BTN

Q7 1k
www.TheEngineeringProjects.com

NPN Q2
+5v NPN
AREF
13
PB5/SCK
12
PB4/MISO
RESET 11
~ PB3/MOSI/OC2A
1 U1 ~ PB2/OC1B
10
9
~ PB1/OC1A
8
PB0/ICP1/CLKO
29.0
ATMEGA328P-PU
1121

7
ANALOG IN

Temp PD7/AIN1
6 R5
A0 ~ PD7/AIN1
5 1k
2 PC0/ADC0 VCC
VOUT A1 ~ PD5/T1/OC0B
PC1/ADC1 4
A2 PD4/T0/XCK
3
PC2/ADC2
A3 ~ PD3/INT1/OC2B
2
PC3/ADC3 PD2/INT0
A4 1
3 LM35 PC4/ADC4/SDA PD1/TXD
A5 0
PC5/ADC5/SCL PD0/RXD
R4
1k RL1
ARDUINO UNO R6 RL2 3V
1K 3V
HC1
NPN
Key Q6
Vcc NPN Q5
HC-05 GND D2 D1
LED-YELLOW
Bluetooth
TXD LED-BIGY Q4 Stove
RXD NPN
State
www.TheEngineeringProjects.com TV
1

BLUETOOTH HC-05
LDR1 Auto_Fan
+5v
TORCH_LDR

LDR
2

Figure 5: 1 Simulation of the system

In this system variables such as temperature and light are automatically controlled by using
temperature sensor and light dependent resistor. The fan is automatically switched on at all
temperature above 28℃ and LDR sensor controls different lamps with respect to
illumination. Apart from that by using smart phone we control all devices as interested one.

24
5.2. Energy Consumption (kwh) and Cost Analysis

Table 5: 1 Power consumption

Loads load Operating hour

power(w) Per day

Ceiling Fan 50 11a.m to 4p.m & 9p.m to

11p.m (7 hour /day)
Fluorescent 18 6 hour/day

Fluorescent 18 6 hour/day
Fluorescent 18 6 hour/day
Stove 1000 2 hour/day
Television Flat Screen 120 5 hour/day

In order to calculate the average operating cost for any electrical appliance you can use the
following formula:

kW= watts ÷1000………………………………………………(9)

Energy ( kwh) = kW × hours of operation…………………… (10)
Cost =kwh × Cost per kwh……………………………… …….(11)

Watts can usually be found on the appliance nameplate.

volts × amps = watts……………………………………………….(12)

a) For Fan
Energy ( kwh) = 0.05 kw × 210 hour/month
= 10.5 kwh/month
= 10.5 kwh/month × 12month/year
= 126 kwh/year
Cost = Energy (kwh) × Electrical cost per kwh
= 72kwh/year × 0.35 birr/kwh
=44.1 birr/year
b) Compact Fluorescent

25
 Energy (kwh) = 0.018kw ×180 hour
=3.24kwh/month × 12 month/year
=38.88kwh/year
Cost = Energy (kwh) × Electrical cost per kwh
=38.88kwh/year × 0.35 birr
= 13.6 birr/year
Since there are four lamps
Total fluorescent cost =13.6 birr ×3 lamps
= 40.8 birr/year

c) Television Flat Screen

Energy (kwh) = 0.12kw × 150 hour/month

=18 kwh/month-

=18 kwh/month × 12 month/year

=216 kwh/year
Cost =Energy (kwh) × Electrical cost per kwh

=216 kwh/year × 0.35 birr/kwh

=75.6 birr/year
d) For Stove
Energy (kwh) =1 kw × 60 hour/month
=60 kwh/month
=60 kwh/month ×12 month/year
=720 kwh/year
Cost = Energy (kwh) × Electrical cost per kwh
=720 kwh/year × 0.35 birr/kwh
=252 birr/year
Total kilowatt-hour per year
The total kilowatt-hour per year is the summation of electrical energy consumed by all
home appliance.
Total kwh/year= {stove + Compact Fluorescent +Televisions Flat Screen + Fan} in kwh

26
Total kwh/year ={720 kwh/year +116.64kwh/year + 216 kwh/year +126 kwh/year}
=1178.64 kwh/year
Total kwh/year = Energy in kwh × cost per kwh
=1178.64 kwh/year × 0.35 birr/kwh
=412.524 birr/year
Therefore, we reduce the power consumption of different home appliance to 1178.64
kwh/year by using smart home application and total cost per kilowatt-hour will be 412.524
birr/year. But the power consumption of home appliance is greater in the absence of smart
home application because of all lamps and a fan will be switched on 24 hours.

27
 CHAPTER SIX

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.1. Concussion

In this paper designing and simulation of smart home automation system has been
presented clearly and precisely with different operation modes. One is automatic mode and
the other is remote mode. In automatic mode it performs the measurement and executes the
control of the variables, regulating itself according to the conditions to which it is exposed.
In this mode of operation, we used different sensors for instance, temperature sensor for
regulating temperature and light dependent resistor sensor for light control. In contrast, the
remote mode is achieved using the mobile application that allows user to modify the
variables within limited range of distance. This mode of operation is supported by a device
known as Bluetooth module.

6.2 Recommendation

Since this system is applicable only for limited range of distance and we do not get the
status of multiple home appliances we recommend that GSM based smart home automation
is applicable for controlling and monitoring from a distance. In addition, future work would
be implementation of above discussed home automation systems on a large scale, such as
factories, industries and offices. Solar power system can make this system extra cheap and
durable so, we recommend running the system with the solar power.

28
 REFERENCE
[1] H. AlShu'eili, G. S. Gupta and S. Mukhopadhyay, "Voice recognition based wireless
home automation system," Mechatronics (ICOM), 2011 4th International Conference
On, Kuala Lumpur, 2011, pp. 1-6.
[2] N. Sriskanthan and Tan Karand, “Bluetooth Based Home Automation System”.
Journal of Microprocessors and Microsystems, Vol. 26, pp.281- 289, 2002.
[3] R. Piyare, “Internet of things: ubiquitous home control and monitoring system using
android based smart phone”, International Journal of Internet of Things, vol. 2, no. 1,
pp. 5-11, 2013.
[4] R. Teymourzadeh, Salah Addin Ahmed, Kok Wai Chan and Mok Vee Hoong, "Smart
GSM based Home Automation System," Systems, Process & Control (ICSPC), 2013
IEEE Conference on, Kuala Lumpur, 2013, pp. 306-309.
[5] S. Sen, S. Chakrabarty, R. Toshniwal, A. Bhaumik, “Design of an intelligent voice
controlled home automation system”, International Journal of Computer Applications,
vol. 121, no.15, pp. 39-42, 2015.
[6] https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/handle/2117/.../Volume%20II.%20Report.pdf
[7] dspace.bracu.ac.bd/.../13121105%2C%2013121109%2C%2013121145%2C%201332
...by M Islam - 2017
[8] https://www.researchgate.net/.../279179486_Design_of_a_Home_Automation_Syste
m...Jun 25, 2015
[9] http://www.iessyia.com’2015/02’sol...

29
 APPENDAGE

Table A 1 Features of the Arduino UNO [6]

Parameters Specification
Microcontroller atmega328
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 Ma
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 Ma
Flash Memory 32 KB
SRAM 2 KB (atmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (atmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Operating Voltage 5V

Table A 2 HC-05 Specification [ 6]

Parameters Specification
Radio chip CSR BC417143.
Frequency 2.4 GHz ISM band.
Modulation Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying
Built-in Printed circuit board
Emission Power ≤ 4 dBm (Class 2).
Range 10 m.
Asynchronous Speed 2.1 Mbps/160 kbps
Profiles Serial port Bluetooth.
Current consumption 50 mA.
Supply voltage 3.6 V – 6 V.
Operation temperature -20 ºC – 75 ºC.

30
Table A 3 Features of fan
Parameter Spesfication
Fan Type Ceiling Fans
Power Consumption 50 Watts
Speed 350 rpm
Sweep 1200 mm
Air Delivary 225 cmm
Color Brown
Usage Domestic Fans
Blades 3
Material Aluminium

Table A 4 Features of LM 35 [6]

Parameters Specification
Supply voltage 4 – 30 V
Current drain less than 60 Μa
Linear scale factor 10 mV/ºC
Range -55 – 150 ºC
Accuracy ±1/4

31
Table A 5 Specification of solid state relay[9]
Control Mode Rated Operational Rated Operational
voltage Current
2__10 V DC 0__240V 25A
40A
0__380V 60A
80A
100A
0__240V 25A
4__20 V Ma 40A
0__380V 60A
80A
100A

MATLB code

for temperature control

x=0:5:50;

y=10*x;

plot (x, y)

xlable temperature

y lable voltage

for light control

x=0:1000:10000;

y=5000/(x+1000)-1;

plot (x,y)

xlable resistance

y lable voltage

32
 Arduino code

// 0&1 lamp1

//2&3 lamp2

//4&5 lamp3

//6&7 fan

//8&9 tv

//a&b stove

int lamp1 =13;

int lamp2 = 12;

int lamp3 =11;

int tv = 10;

int stove = 9;

int ldr=A1;

int temprature=A0;

int fan=3;

void setup() {

pinMode(lamp1,OUTPUT);

pinMode(lamp2,OUTPUT);

pinMode(lamp3,OUTPUT);

pinMode(tv,OUTPUT);

pinMode(stove,OUTPUT);

pinMode(ldr,INPUT);

pinMode(temprature,INPUT);

pinMode(fan,OUTPUT);

Serial.begin(9600);

33
}

void loop()

// serial();

ldr_sensor();

void serial()

if(Serial.available()>0)

int serial = Serial.read();

//serial.decode('utf-8');

Serial.println(serial);

if (serial=='0')

digitalWrite(lamp1,HIGH);

//delay(2);

//serial=0;

else if(serial=='1' )

digitalWrite(lamp1,LOW);

//delay(2);

//serial=0;

34
}

if (serial=='2')

digitalWrite(lamp2,HIGH);

//delay(2);

//serial=0;

else if (serial=='3')

digitalWrite(lamp2,LOW);

//delay(2);

//serial=0;

if(serial=='4')

digitalWrite(lamp3,HIGH);

delay(2);

//serial=0;

else if (serial=='5')

digitalWrite(lamp3,LOW);

delay(2);

//serial=0;

35
if(serial=='6')

digitalWrite(fan,HIGH);

delay(2);

//serial=0;

else if (serial=='7')

digitalWrite(fan,LOW);

delay(2);

//serial=0;

if(serial=='8')

digitalWrite(tv,HIGH);

delay(2);

//serial=0;

else if (serial=='9')

digitalWrite(tv,LOW);

delay(2);

//serial=0;

if(serial=='a')

36
{

digitalWrite(stove,HIGH);

delay(2);

//serial=0;

else if (serial=='b')

digitalWrite(stove,LOW);

delay(2);

//serial=0;

// LDR

void ldr_sensor()

int temp=analogRead(temprature);

int temp_read=map(temp,0,1024,0,500);

int ldr_read=analogRead(ldr);

ldr_read=map(ldr_read,0,1023,0,100);

if (ldr_read==100)

digitalWrite(lamp1,HIGH);

delay(2);

//serial=0;

37
else if(ldr_read<90)

digitalWrite(lamp1,LOW);

delay(2);

//serial=0;

if (ldr_read==100)

digitalWrite(lamp2,HIGH);

delay(2);

//serial=0;

else if (ldr_read<90)

digitalWrite(lamp2,LOW);

delay(2);

//serial=0;

if(ldr_read==100)

digitalWrite(lamp3,HIGH);

delay(2);

//serial=0;

else if (ldr_read<90)

38
{

digitalWrite(lamp3,LOW);

delay(2);

//serial=0;

if (temp_read>=28)

digitalWrite(fan,HIGH);

else

digitalWrite(fan,LOW);

39