Cellular

Respiration
& ATP Synthesis
 What Is ATP?
Energy used by all Cells

Adenosine Triphosphate

Organic molecule containing high-

energy Phosphate bonds
Chemical Structure of ATP
Adenine Base

3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar

 What Does ATP Do for
You?
It supplies YOU with ENERGY!
How Do We Get Energy From
ATP?

By breaking
the high-
energy bonds
between the
last two
phosphates
in ATP
 What is the Process Called?
HYDROLYSIS (Adding H2O)

H 2O
 How Does That Happen?

An Enzyme!
 How is ATP Re-Made?
The reverse of the previous
process occurs.

Another Enzyme is
used!

ATP Synthetase
 The ADP-ATP Cycle

ATP
ATP-ase Synthetase
 When is ATP Made in the
Body?
During a
Process called
Cellular
Respiration
that takes
place in both
Plants &
Animals
 Cellular Respiration
 Includes pathways that require
oxygen
 Glucose is oxidized and O2 is
reduced
 Glucose breakdown is therefore
an oxidation-reduction reaction
 Breakdown of one glucose
results in 36 to 38 ATP
molecules
 Overall Equation for
Cellular Respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2

YIELDS

6CO2 + 6H20 + e- + 36-38ATP’s

 Other Cellular Respiration
Facts
 Metabolic Pathway that breaks down
carbohydrates
 Process is Exergonic as High-energy
Glucose is broken into CO2 and H2O
 Process is also Catabolic because
larger Glucose breaks into smaller
molecules
 Energy in Living Organisms
Energy harvested from the breakdown of sugar,
lipid and protein is stored in energy carrier
molecules:
• adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)
• flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2).
 Energy Carrier Molecule: ATP
ATP consists of adenine (red), ribose (purple) and three
phosphate groups (blue).
Energy Carrier Molecules:
NADH & FADH2
NADH carries an amount of
energy equivalent to 3 ATP.

FADH2 carries
an amount of
energy
equivalent to 2
ATP.
 CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• During cellular respiration, ATP is
made in the cytosol of the cell and in
the cellular matrix of the mitochondria.
• Involves 3 main steps:
• Glycolysis
• Citric Acid Cycle
• Electron Transport Chain
• Nets on average about 30-36 ATP as
energy for our bodies
 Types of Cellular Respiration
Aerobic respiration:
• the process that requires sufficient O2
• produces 36 ATP or 38 ATP
Anaerobic respiration:
• The process that occurs when there is insufficient O2
supply
• Produces ONLY 2 ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -----> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Sufficient: Aerobic Insufficient: Anaerobic

 What are the Stages of
Cellular Respiration?

 Glycolysis
 The Krebs Cycle
 The Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis
• Glucose catabolism is carried out in all cells.
• What happen to glucose molecule?
- Glucose will initially undergo glycolysis.
- Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that
converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate.
- 3 final products – 2 Pyruvate molecules, 2 ATP and 2 NADH.
• After glycolysis there are 3 possible
fate for pyruvate:
1. Anaerobic glycolysis.
2. Aerobic oxidation.
3. Anaerobic fermentation.
Glycolysis
• There are two phases in glycolysis:
i. Phase I - Preparative phase.
• 6C sugar 3C sugar.
ii. Phase II - ATP generating phase.
• Produces energy (ATPs & NADHs)
• The overall reaction of glycolysis:
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi 
2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP + 2 H2O + 2 H+
• There is a net gain of 2 ATP per glucose
molecule.
• As glucose is oxidized, 2 NAD+ are reduced
to 2 NADH.
8

9 10
 Glycolysis Summary
Takes place in the Cytoplasm

Anaerobic (Doesn’t Use Oxygen)

Requires input of 2 ATP

Glucose split into two molecules of

Pyruvate or Pyruvic Acid
 Glycolysis Summary

• Also produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP

• Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA
and CO2 is removed
Glycolysis – The Fate of NADH and Pyruvate
 Fermentation
 Occurs when O2 NOT present
(anaerobic)
Called Lactic Acid fermentation in
muscle cells (makes muscles tired)
Called Alcoholic fermentation in
yeast (produces ethanol)
Nets only 2 ATP
A Little Krebs Cycle History
 Discovered by
Hans Krebs in
1937
 He received the
Nobel Prize in
physiology or
medicine in 1953
for his discovery
 Forced to leave
Germany prior to
WWII because he
was Jewish
Kreb’s Cycle (a.k.a Citric Acid Cycle)
•
• Pyruvate is first altered in the transition reaction by removal
of a carbon and two oxygens (which form carbon dioxide).
• When the carbon dioxide is removed, energy is given off, and NAD+ is
converted into the higher energy form NADH.
• Coenzyme A attaches to the remaining 2C (acetyl) unit,
forming acetyl Co-A. This process is a prelude to the Kreb's Cycle.
• Kreb’s Cycle is a cyclic process in that oxaloacetate reacts with acetyl CoA
to form citrate to start a series of several other reactions.
• The final reaction in the series involves the regeneration of oxaloacetate!
Kreb’s cycle
Kreb’s Cycle (a.k.a Citric Acid Cycle)
• FAD is reduced by the addition of two H's to
become FADH2.
• FADH2 is not as rich an energy carrier as NADH,
yielding less ATP.
• Between malate and oxaloacetate, energy is given off and trapped by the
reduction of NAD+ to NADH.
• In the last step, oxaloacetate reforms to
complete the cycle.
• The carbon dioxide released by cells is generated by the Kreb's Cycle, as
are the energy carriers (NADH and FADH2) which play a role in the electron
transport system.
Kreb’s Cycle (a.k.a Citric Acid Cycle)
• Between isocitrate and α-ketoglutarate, carbon
dioxide is given off and NAD+ NADH.
• Between α-ketoglutarate and succinyl-CoA the release of carbon dioxide
and reduction of NAD+ into NADH happens again, resulting in a 4C
chemical, succinate.
• GTP (Guanine Triphosphate, which transfers its energy to ATP) is also
formed here (GTP is formed by attaching a phosphate to GDP).
• The remaining energy carrier-generating steps involve the shifting of
atomic arrangements within the 4C molecules.
• Between succinate and fumarate, the molecular
shift releases not enough energy to make ATP or NADH, but this energy is
captured by a new carrier, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
Kreb’s Cycle (a.k.a Citric Acid Cycle)
• The Kreb's cycle converts pyruvate to CO2, NADH,
FADH2 and GTP/ATP.
• Overall Kreb Cycle reaction:
2 pyruvate + 2 GDP + 2 H3PO4 + 4 H2O + 2 FAD + 8 NAD+
6 CO2 + 2 GTP + 2 FADH2 + 8 NADH.
• The reduced energy is used to generate ATP using
the electron transport chain in the presence of O2.
• Frequently 36 ATP are produced.
• In eukaryotic cells, NAD formed by glycolysis in the cytoplasm must be
actively transported
across the mitochondrial membrane.
• The cost of such active transport is one ATP for
each NADH transported.
 Krebs Cycle Summary
 Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)
 Cyclical series of oxidation
reactions that give off CO2 and
produce one ATP per cycle
 Turns twice per glucose molecule
 Produces two ATP
 Takes place in matrix of
mitochondria
Krebs Cycle Summary
 Each turn of the Krebs Cycle
also produces 3NADH, 1FADH2,
and 2CO2
 Therefore, For each Glucose
molecule, the Krebs Cycle
produces 6NADH, 2FADH2,
4CO2, and 2ATP
Electron Transport System (ETS)
• While Kreb's Cycle occurs in the matrix of
the mitochondrion, the Electron Transport
System (ETS) chemicals are embedded in
the membranes known as the cristae.
• Kreb's cycle completely oxidized the carbons
in the pyruvate, producing a small amount
of ATP, and reducing NAD and FAD into
higher energy forms (NADH and FADH) .
• In the ETS those higher energy forms are used to produce ATP.
• Cytochromes are molecules that pass the electrons along the ETS
chain.
• Energy released by the "downhill" passage of electrons is
captured as ATP by ADP molecules.
• The ADP is reduced to ATP by the gain of electrons via the process
called oxidative phosphorylation.
Electron Transport System (ETS)
• Oxidative phosphorylation is the gradient exchange of H+ ions across
the inner mitochondrial membrane.
• This mechanism is known as
chemiosmotic coupling.
- This involves both chemical
and transport processes.

• Drops in the potential energy of electrons moving down the ETS

chain occur at three points.
- These points turn out to be where ADP + Pi are converted into
ATP.
- Potential energy is captured by ADP and stored in the
pyrophosphate bond.
Electron Transport System (ETS)
• As the accumulating protons follow the electrochemical gradient
back across the membrane through an ATP synthase complex, the
movement of the protons provides energy for synthesizing ATP from
ADP and phosphate.
• At the end of the ETS, 2 protons,
2 electrons, and half of an oxygen
molecule combine to form water.
• Since oxygen is the final electron
acceptor, the process is called
aerobic respiration.
 Electron Transport Chain
Summary
 34 ATP Produced
 H2O Produced
 Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial
membrane
 Uses coenzymes NAD+ and FAD+ to
accept e- from glucose
 NADH = 3 ATP’s
 FADH2 = 2 ATP’s
Anaerobic Fermentation vs. Oxidative Phosphorylation
• Anaerobic fermentation results in 2 ATP per glucose molecule.
• Oxidative Phosphorylaltion can yield up to 38 ATP per glucose.
• The rate of ATP production via anaerobic glycolysis can be up to
100 times faster than that of oxidative phosphorylation.
Anaerobic Fermentation vs. Oxidative Phosphorylation
Catabolism: The
Breakdown of
Macro-nutrients
for Energy
Stages 1-4
 ASSIGNMENT
 Difference between oxidation
phosphorylation and chemiosmosis
 Deamination
 Transamination
 Beta Oxidation