Pillar 5A Infra Bijali Paani

🥶🥶FAQ: Do I have to remember all this Ministries/Govt orgs/Schemes/Portals/Rails given here?
Ans. NOT Necessary. However, Some rough idea necessary for occasional [Yearbook] /
Scheme/Portal type MCQs. I’ve pasted info here so as to save your time in not having to google.
इतने सारे सरकारी सं स्थान और योजनाएं याद रहे तो ठीक, वरना नींद खोने की जरूरत नहीं। मैंने तो माल बटोर के आपको िदया है तािक
आपकी मेहनत बचे, इधर-उधर google pe ढू ंढना नहीं पड़े.
Pillar#5A: INFRASTRUCTURE Part#1- Bijli, Paani, Sadak
Table of Contents
50 🧱🧱 Infrastructure → Meaning & Characteristics ........................................................................................ 858
50.1 🏅🏅⚒Infrastructure → Mining (खनन) / Basic Industries................................................................. 860
50.1.1 🕵🕵🚟🚟 [Yearbook] Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises .................................. 860
50.1.2 🕵🕵 🔩🔩 [Yearbook] Ministry of Steel (इस्पात मं त्रालय) ..................................................................... 860
50.1.3 🕵🕵🧪🧪 [Yearbook] Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers ........................................................... 861
50.1.4 🕵🕵⛽ [Yearbook] Yearbook: Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas ....................................... 862
50.1.5 �Lakhshya portal by petroleum ministry (2021) .................................................................... 862
50.1.6 ⛽ Dutch Disease & Resource Curse- ES2016-17 ..................................................................... 862
50.1.7 Crude Oil Prices, Petrol Diesel pe Taxes, Oil Bonds, NELP-HELP Policies .......................... 863
50.1.8 🕵🕵[Yearbook] Ministry of Mines ( खान मं त्रालय) ........................................................................... 863
50.1.9 🏅🏅⚒🗺🗺 Mineral Products in India: (भारत के खिनज उत्पादन)..................................................... 864
50.1.10 🏅🏅⚒📯📯 National Mineral Policy (NMP) 2019 ...................................................................... 865
50.1.11 🏅🏅⚒⚖ Mining → MMDR Act 2015..................................................................................... 865
50.1.12 🏅🏅⚒⚖ Mines & Minerals (Devlp & Regulation) Amendment Bill/Act, 2021 .................. 866
50.2 🔥🔥 Mining → Coal (कोयला) .................................................................................................................... 866
50.2.1 🔥🔥🕵🕵 [Yearbook] Coal Ministry (कोयला मं त्रालय) consists of → ................................................. 867
50.2.2 🔥🔥⚖ Coal Mining- Nationalization & Entry of Private Sector............................................... 868
50.2.3 🔥🔥⚖ Mineral Laws (Amendment) Ordinance/Act 2020 ........................................................ 868
50.2.4 🔥🔥🔥🔥 Coal selling – Shakti Policy (2017)? ................................................................................ 869
50.2.5 👻👻👻👻👻👻Mining → Atma-Nirbhar (खनन) .............................................................................. 870
50.2.6 🔥🔥🔥🔥 Coal Crisis/Shortage in 2021-Oct .................................................................................... 870
50.2.7 🔥🔥 📔📔📔📔 Coal Energy: Economic survey suggestions / observations: .................................... 871
50.2.8 🔥🔥🏅🏅⚒ Mining → Misc. Schemes, Apps, Portals, Issues ..................................................... 872
51 🔌🔌Infra → Energy → Electricity (ऊजार् → िवद्युत) ........................................................................................... 873
51.1.1 🕵🕵🔌🔌 [Yearbook] Ministry of Power (िवद्युत-ऊजार् मं त्रालय) .......................................................... 873
51.2 🕵🕵🔌🔌 National Electricity Distribution Company ............................................................................ 874
51.2.1 🔌🔌 IEX = Current-PDF-walla gone crazy (इसके पीछे PDF वाले दीवाने हो गए है) .............................. 874
51.3 🔌🔌✝☪🕉🕉 Electricity → One Nation-One Grid ........................................................................... 875
51.3.1 🔌🔌♻ Grid → Green Energy Corridor Project (हिरत ऊजार् गिलयारा पिरयोजना) .............................. 875
51.3.2 🔌🔌♻ Grid → GREEN Grids / OSOWOG ................................................................................ 875
51.4 🔌🔌🔌 Electricity → Power Ministry’s Apps/Portal Overdoze......................................................... 876
(Batch: PCB6) Mrunal’s Economy Pillar#5A: Infrastructure: Bijali & Paani (Energy, Water) → Page 856
51.5 🔌🔌🔌🔌📯📯Electricity → Integrated Power Development Scheme .................................................... 876
51.5.1 🔌🔌⏱ Electricity → Prepaid Smart Meters for Electricity ....................................................... 877
51.6 🔌🔌🔌🔌:🔌🔌📯📯Electricity: NPA Solve → UDAY (2015) ..................................................................... 877
51.6.1 👻👻⚡Energy → DISCOMs Liquidity injection (पैसा की तरलता देके जान फूं कना) ........................... 879
51.6.2 👻👻⚡Energy infra→ Electricity reforms in Atma-Nirbhar (िबजली क्षेत्र में सुधार) ...................... 879
51.6.3 🔌🔌DRAFT Electricity (Amendment) Bill 2020 (िबजली सुधार िवधेयक का प्रारूप/मसौदा ) ................... 879
51.7 🔌🔌🔌🔌📯📯Electricity → Deen dayal gram jyoti Yojana (2015)......................................................... 879
51.8 🔌🔌🔌🔌📯📯 Electricity → PM Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana (saubhagya) ........................................... 880
51.8.1 🔌🔌🔌🔌⚖Electricity (Rights of Consumers) Rules,2020: िबजली उपभोक्ता अिधकार िनयम .............. 881
51.8.2 ⚡☂🔌🔌📯📯Revamped Distribution Sector Scheme (2021-June) ......................................... 881
51.8.3 🔌🔌✍Conclusion: yes electricity access is imp. ........................................................................ 882
51.9 🔌🔌🔌🔌↘ Electricity → Use ‘Less’ → Energy Efficiency .................................................................. 882
51.9.1 🔌🔌🔌🔌↘🔌🔌📯📯 Electricity → Use ‘Less’ → PAT Mechanism.............................................. 882
51.9.2 🔌🔌 🔌🔌↘ 🔌🔌📯📯 Electricity → Use ‘Less’ → National LED Programme ............................ 883
51.9.3 🔌🔌 🔌🔌↘ 🔌🔌📯📯 Electricity → Use ‘Less’ → Gram Ujala Programme ............................... 883
51.9.4 🔌🔌 🔌🔌↘ 🔌🔌📯📯 Electricity → Use ‘Less’ → Misc. Schemes & Topics ............................... 884
51.9.5 🔌🔌 🔌🔌↘ 🔌🔌📯📯 Energy → Index → Global Reports ............................................................ 885
51.9.6 🔌🔌 🔌🔌↘ 🔌🔌📯📯 Electricity → Index → State Energy Efficiency Index .............................. 885
51.10 🔌🔌♻ Infra → Energy → Renewable (नवीकरणीय ऊजार्) ................................................................... 886
51.10.1 🔌🔌♻ PM Modi’s Panchamrit @COP-26 Glasgow, UK .......................................................... 886
51.10.2 🔌🔌♻🕵🕵 Energy → Renewable → [Yearbook] MNRE........................................................... 886
51.10.3 🔌🔌🔌🔌🔌🔌📯📯 💦💦 Renewable → KUSUM (Solar for farmer) 2019........................................ 887
51.10.4 🔌🔌🔌🔌🔌🔌📯📯 Renewable → Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission ............................... 887
51.10.5 🔌🔌♻🔌🔌📯📯 Renewable → Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) .................................... 888
51.10.6 🔌🔌♻🔌🔌📯📯 Renewable →World's largest Hybrid renewable energy park- Khavda ......... 888
51.10.7 🔌🔌🔌🔌🔌🔌📯📯 Renewable /energy Efficiency → Ranking / Portals ........................................ 889
51.11 🧯🧯🧯🧯 Infra → Energy → Cooking (रसोई के िलए) ............................................................................. 889
51.11.1 🧯🧯🧯🧯: 🔌🔌📯📯 Cooking → Pratyaksh Hanstantrit Labh (PAHAL-2015) .............................. 889
51.11.2 🧯🧯🧯🧯: 🔌🔌📯📯: 😷😷 LPG PAHAL-subsidy paused in Corona .................................................. 890
51.11.3 🧯🧯🧯🧯 👩👩:🔌🔌📯📯 Cooking → Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana 1.0 (PMUY) ...................... 890
51.11.4 🧯🧯🧯🧯 👩👩:🔌🔌📯📯 Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana 2.0 [प्रधानमं त्री उज्ज्वला योजना का दू सरा चरण] ... 891
51.11.5 🔌🔌📯📯 🧯🧯🧯🧯 Cooking → Kerosene subsidy stopped (2020) ................................................. 891
51.11.6 🔌🔌📯📯 🧯🧯🧯🧯 Cooking → Misc. (िविवध योजनाएं ) ......................................................................... 891
51.11.7 👻👻 ⚡☢Energy infra→ Atomic energy → Atma-Nirbhar (परमाणु ऊजार्) .............................. 892
52 🌧🌧 Infra → Water & Sanitation (जल व् स्वच्छता) ............................................................................................. 892
52.1 🚽🚽🔌🔌📯📯 Infra → Sanitation→ Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM: 2014) ........................................... 893
52.1.1 🚽🚽🚽🚽 Target of Swatchhta Diwas 2/10/2019 → Gandhi’s 150th Birth Anniversary ............. 893
52.1.2 🚽🚽🚽🚽 SBM → How to achieve targets?..................................................................................... 893
52.1.3 🚽🚽🕵🕵 SBM → Who implements this scheme? (कौनसा मं त्रालय करता है) ...................................... 894
52.2 🚽🚽SBM Gramin Phase 2 (स्वच्छ भारत का दू सरा चरण) ................................................................................. 894
52.2.1 Urban Swachh Bharat Mission 2.0 announced in Budget-2021 .............................................. 894
52.2.2 🚽🚽SBM Protocols (कायर्पद्धित) ......................................................................................................... 894
52.2.3 📔📔📔📔Why do we need SBM? Economic surveys observed: ..................................................... 894
52.2.4 📔📔📔📔 Swatchh Bharat: What more can we do- Eco Survey19 Suggestions? .......................... 895
52.2.5 🏬🏬 📊📊 Sanitation → Index: Swachh Sarvekshan 2021 by Urban Ministry........................... 895
52.2.6 🏬🏬 📊📊 Sanitation → Index: Prerak Dauur Samman ............................................................... 895
52.2.7 � Infra → Sanitation → Swachhta Udyami Yojana (2014).................................................... 896
52.2.8 🚽🚽�Conclusion: Summary: Yes SBM is important................................................................ 896
52.3 ✍Mains Questions in past UPSC exams............................................................................................ 896
50 🧱🧱 INFRASTRUCTURE → MEANING & CHARACTERISTICS
Definition: Infrastructure is the set of basic facilities that help an economy to function & grow such
as Energy, Irrigation, Roads, Railway & Telecommunication. (बुिनयादी सं रचना / अवसं रचना- वो न्यूनतम सुिवधाएँ
हैं जो एक अथर्तंत्र को कायर्रत रखने, और िवकिसत करने में मदद करती है- जैसे की िबजली पानी सड़क पिरवहन सं चार.)
Infrastructure sector may exhibit following characteristics → (लाक्षिणकताए/िवशेषताएँ )

1. Sometimes a natural monopoly e.g. Railways (aviation and telecom before LPG Reforms).
2. Sunk costs are high. It's the investment that cannot be recovered even when the firm go out of
business. e.g. If airport closed down, airstrip's asphalt will have little or no resale value because
very bulky to dig-off and transport. (प्रोजेक्ट असफल होने पर लागत ख़चर् का एक मोटा िहस्सा डू ब जाता है)
3. ‘Output’ is often Non-Tradable. e.g. A road / bridge / airport constructed at one place cannot be
‘transferred’ to another place unlike a box of carrots.
4. Sometimes intangible in nature e.g. we can’t touch spectrum or electricity. (अमूतर् है, छू निह सकते)
5. Consumption is often ‘Non-Rival’ in nature e.g. 1 person using a road or street light it doesn’t
make product ‘unavailable’ for others (unlike a privately owned iphone.)
6. Price Exclusion often difficult. A rural road/street light can’t be ‘denied’, even if a person not
paying taxes or user-fees. (whereas if a person cannot afford iPhone, he is excluded from buying)
7. Usually creates positive externality: e.g. new railway station / airport → that much more
business for taxi-walla & hotel owners in the surrounding area. (सकारात्मक बाह्यता)
Category Sectors granted ‘infra’ status by FinMin → Dept. of Economic Affairs
Transport & - Roads and bridges, Ports, Shipyard, Inland Waterways, Airport, Railway,
Logistics: tunnels, bridges, Transport, Logistics Infrastructure.
-
पिरवहन और रसद Commerce Ministry is working ong a ‘National Logistics Policy’
Energy Electricity, Oil, Gas (िबजली, तेल, गैस)
Water & Water supply & treatment, Sewage/Solid Waste Management, Irrigation
Sanitation जल आपूिर्त, ठोस अपिशष्ट प्रबं धन, िसंचाई
Communication Telecommunication (दू रसं चार)
Social & - Hospitals, Education Institutions, Sports Infrastructure, Tourism
Commercial infrastructure -hotels, ropeways and cable cars etc.
Infrastructure - Industrial Parks, food parks, textile parks, SEZ etc.
(सामािजक और - Cold storage, Soil-testing laboratories
वािणिज्यक) - Affordable Housing
If a sector gets infrastructure ‘status’ → its entrepreneurs may get following benefits:
1. Govt could give tax benefits, lease public land at a token price, faster environment clearance,
faster FDI approval etc. (करों में छू ट, जमीन िरयायती दामों पर, त्विरत रूप से पयार्वरण/िवदेशी िनवेश की मं जूरी)
2. RBI could help them by relaxing the External Commercial Borrowing (ECB) norms, Debt
restructuring (e.g. RBI’s 5/25 rule), Changing PSL norms etc. (िवदेशी ऋण की सीमाओं पर छू ट)
3. SEBI could relax norms for REITS/InvITs etc. funds to help them mobilize capital easily for the
infrastructure sector. Similarly, IRDAI & PFRDA could oblige insurance and pension cos. to
invest minimum X% in infrastructure companies etc. (िनवेश के िनयमों को सरल िकया जाए)
4. They could get easier funding from World bank & other multilateral banks.
👜👜👜👜Budget-2022:- We’ll give “infrastructure” status to Data Centres, Energy Storage Systems,
grid-scale battery systems, EV charging infra → so they can benefit from tax/subsidies/schemes
benefits meant for other infrastructure sectors. (डेटा सेंटर ऊजार् सं रक्षण इत्यािद क्षेत्रों को इं फ्रास्ट्रक्चर की सं ज्ञा/दजार् दीया
जाएगी तािक उन्हें भी वही टैक्स, सिब्सडी, लोन की िरयायतें/छू ट िमलें जो अन्य इन्फ्रास्ट्रक्चर उद्योगों को िमलती है.)
50.1 🏅🏅⚒INFRASTRUCTURE → MINING (खनन) / BASIC INDUSTRIES

Basic industries (बुिनयादी supply their products to manufacture other goods. Examples: Iron and
उद्योग) steel, copper, aluminum, chemical etc.
Capital goods industries goods that are used in producing other goods e.g. textile machinery,
(पूंजीगत माल उद्योग) conveyor belts, mining equipment etc.
Heavy industries (भारी producing large and heavy products e.g. Ship building, bulldozers,
उद्योग) industrial machinery, electric transformers etc.
🕵🕵Difference between Dept/Statutory/Attached/Autonomous Body etc? =
https://unacademy.com/lesson/mrunals-yearbook-ministries-and-departments-forms-of-
government-organisations-in-hindi/7KCEZHT4
50.1.1 🕵🕵🚟🚟 [Yearbook] Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises

भारी उद्योग एवं सावर्जिनक-क्षेत्र के उपक्रमो का मं त्रालय
Dept ⇒ 1] Department of Heavy Industry
िवभाग ⇒ 2] Department of Public Enterprises: is responsible for i) Allotting
Ratna Status (Ref: Pillar2) and ii) conduct Public Enterprises Survey.
2021- This department was shifted to Finance Ministry. (More in
�Pillar#2A)
Attached, Subordinate,
⇒ N/A or not MCQ worthy
Statutory
Autonomous ⇒ National Automotive Testing and Research and Development
स्वायत्त सं स्था Infrastructure Project (NATRiP) → implements FAME-India project
for faster adoption of electric vehicles.
CPSE: Central ⇒ List not exhaustive: (िनम्निलिखत के अलावा और भी कं पिनयां हो सकती है)
Public Sector ⇒ Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. (BHEL) etc.
Enterprises ⇒ (*) Cement Corporation of India Ltd.
कें द्र सरकार के ⇒ (*) Hindustan Newsprint Ltd, (*) Scooters India Ltd.
सावर्जिनक क्षेत्र के ⇒ (*)Bharat Pumps and Compressors Ltd.
उपक्रम/
सरकारी कं पिनयां
(*) means approved for Strategic Disinvestment (=privatization) in 2019
50.1.2 🕵🕵 🔩🔩 [Yearbook] Ministry of Steel (इस्पात मं त्रालय)
Dept N/A
Attached, Subordinate, N/A or not MCQ worthy
Statutory
CPSE Many Govt Companies, among them notable are:
कें द्र सरकार के ⇒ Steel Authority of India Ltd (SAIL), Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Ltd (RINL)
सावर्जिनक क्षेत्र के ⇒ National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC) iron ore.
उपक्रम/ ⇒ (*) Salem Steel Plant (Tamilnadu), Bhadrwati Steel Plant (Karnataka),
सरकारी कं पिनयां Ferro Scrap Nigam Ltd, & a few misc.
E-governance Steel Import Monitoring System (SIMS) portal.
(*) means approved for strategic disinvestment (=privatization) in 2019
Largest Steel 1 2 3
Producer China (54%) India (6%) Japan
Consumer China (49%) USA India (6%)
50.1.2.1 🔩🔩 Steel → Purvodaya Initiative (2020)
⇒ The eastern states of India (Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, and Northern
Andhra Pradesh) are home to 80% of Indian iron reserves.
⇒ Purvodaya Initiative: Setup new steel plants, transport infra etc. Boss? Steel Ministry will
coordinate with other Central Ministries, State Governments and Private Companies.
50.1.3 🕵🕵🧪🧪 [Yearbook] Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers
Dept 1) Dept of Chemicals and Petrochemicals 2) Department of Fertilizers

3) Dept of Pharmaceuticals
Attached, ⇒ Fertilizers Industry Coordination Committee (FICC).
⇒ National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) �More in Pillar#6:
Subordinate, Either non-existent / not MCQ worthy (या तो मौजूद नहीं है या तो परीक्षा के िलए काम की नहीं)
Statutory
Autonomous These bodies are set up under either Societies Registration Act or Multistate
Cooperative Societies Act= Different?NOTIMP.
⇒ Multi State Cooperative Societies: IFFCO, KRIBHCO
⇒ Bureau of Pharma PSUs of India(BPPI) for supplying cheap medicines to PM
Jan Aushadhi Kendras (�More in Pillar6)
⇒ National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education Research (NIPER)
⇒ Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology (CIPET), Ranchi
CPSE Many Government companies. Among them, notable are:
कें द्र सरकार के ⇒ Hindustan Insecticide Limited (HIL) → responsible for mfg of Di-chloro-di-
सावर्जिनक क्षेत्र के phenyl-tri-chloro-ethane (DDT) for mosquito control in Nation vector
उपक्रम/ borne disease control program
सरकारी कं पिनयां ⇒ (*) Hindustan Antibiotics, (*) Karnataka Antibiotics & Pharma, (*) Bengal
Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals, (*) Hindustan Fluorocarbon Ltd
50.1.4 🕵🕵⛽ [Yearbook] Yearbook: Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas
पेट्रोिलयम एवं प्राकृ ितक गैस मं त्रालय
Dept ⇒ N/A
Attached / ⇒ Directorate General of Hydrocarbons: regulator for the upstream
Subordinate activities i.e. oil and gas exploration and production activities. 2018:
offices: proposal to give it statutory status was REJECTED.
Statutory ⇒ 2006’s Act: Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board: regulator for
the downstream activities i.e. laying of pipelines and fuel marketing
CPSE ⇒ (*) Bharat Petroleum Corp Ltd, (*) Hindustan Petroleum Corp Ltd
कें द्र सरकार के ⇒ Engineers India Limited → consultancy services for petro refineries etc
सावर्जिनक क्षेत्र के ⇒ Gas Authority of India, Indian Oil Corporation, Oil India,
उपक्रम/ ⇒ Oil & Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC),
सरकारी कं पिनयां ⇒ ONGC-Videsh Ltd (OVL)- associated with foreign exploration projects
like Sakhalin (Russia), Al-Furat (Syria), Greater Nile (Sudan), San
Cristobal ( Venezuela).
50.1.5 �Lakhshya portal by petroleum ministry (2021)

⇒ Requires all oil-gas companies to upload list of machines (capital goods) & repair-maintenance
p services bought by them. → So, Indian businessman can look at the list → if Indian
businessmen can design and supply such ‘swadeshi’ machines / repair services → he can contact
the oil company. → ⏬reliance on imported machines.
⇒ (भारतीय ऑइल-गैस कं पिनयां जो जो मशीनें ख़रीदती हैं उनकी सूची इस वेबसाइट पर डालेंगे → तािक भारतीय उद्योगपित उसे पढ़के
अगर वो उद्योगपित ऐसी मशीनों का ‘स्वदेशी’ उत्पादन करके भारतीय ऑइल-गैस कं पिनयों को मुहैया/उपलब्ध करा सके तािक
आयाितत िवदेशी मशीनों पर हमारी िनभर्रता कम हो।)
50.1.6 ⛽ 📔📔📔📔 Dutch Disease & Resource Curse- ES2016-17

⇒ Dutch Disease: Discovery of Natural Gas in Netherlands → Higher inflow of Foreign Currency
($) for import, investment, bribes to win oil exploration rights → Local currency strong → Non-
Energy Exports decline [Agri, textile etc.] → farmer shift to work in oil/gas wells & refineries →
food shortage → hyperinflation → food riots. ऊजार् सं साधनों के चलते ढेर सारा िवदेशी िनवेश आने पर स्थािनक
मुद्रा कमजोर हो जाती है िजससे अन्य उद्योगों को नुकसान और खाद्य महंगाई की समस्या
⇒ Resource Curse / Paradox of Plenty: Venezuela is #1 oil reserves in OPEC group yet food riots.
Because of 'Dutch Disease'. (सं साधनों का अिभशाप)
⇒ Resource Curse in context of India: Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand = large mineral wealth → mining
mafia, Naxalite, politician nexus → bribery, corruption, ransom, rent-seeking → high level of
poverty, malnutrition. (खिनज सं पत्ती के चलते भ्रष्टाचार िफरौती गरीबी, कु पोषण)
50.1.7 ⛽Crude Oil Prices, Petrol Diesel pe Taxes, Oil Bonds, NELP-HELP Policies
Ref: Pillar2A2- Indirect Taxes and Pillar3A: Import Export.
🔠🔠❓MCQ. Find correct statements: (UPSC Pre19)

1. Petroleum Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) is the first regulatory body set up by the Govt.
2. One of the tasks of PNGRB is to ensure competitive markets for gas. α
3. Appeals against the decisions of PNGRB go before the Appellate Tribunals of Electricity.
Codes: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1,2 and 3
50.1.8 🕵🕵[Yearbook] Ministry of Mines ( खान मं त्रालय)

Dept / Statutory N/A or Not exam worthy. (या तो िवद्यमान् नहीं या तो परीक्षा के िलए उपयोगी नहीं)
- National Mineral Exploration Trust राष्ट्रीय खिनज अन्वेषण न्यास
Attached /
- Geological Survey of India भारतीय भूवैज्ञािनक सवेर्क्षण
subordinate offices
- Indian Bureau of Mines भारतीय खान ब्यूरो
- National Aluminum Company Limited (NALCO), Bhubaneswar;
CPSE - Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL), Kolkata;
- Mineral Exploration Corporation Limited (MECL), Nagpur.
- National Inst of Rock Mechanics, Kolar Gold Fields (KGF, Karnataka)
- Districts Mineral Foundations (DMF) in mining districts.
Autonomous bodies
- National Institute of Miners’ Health (NIMH in Karnataka). Although
/ Trusts
in 2020, Govt merged it with Health Ministry’s ICMR-National
Institute of Occupational Health (NIOH, Ahmedabad, Guj)
50.1.9 🏅🏅⚒🗺🗺 Mineral Products in India: (भारत के खिनज उत्पादन)
Hydrocarbon Energy Minerals (Coal, Lignite, Petroleum & Natural Gas 4 types
Atomic Minerals (Ilmenite, Rutile, Zircon, Uranium, And Monazite) 5 types
Metallic 10
Non-Metallic 21
Minor Minerals. 55
Total number of products 95 types
By default, the ‘regulation of mines and mineral development’, falls under Union List. But,
- �Minor minerals: गौण खिनज = Their legislation, royalty, administrative work is delegated to the
P G
-
States’ domain e.g. Sand, Mica, Marble, Granite, Agate, Chalk, Gypsum, Shale etc.
🔌🔌Major minerals: प्रमुख खिनज = Any mineral that is not in Minor mineral list is called ‘Major
Mineral’ → Union’s domain e.g. atomic minerals, bauxite, iron, coal, petroleum, natural gas etc.
🔠🔠❓ MCQ. Find correct statement(s) about minor minerals in India: (Prelims-2019)
1. Sand is a ‘minor mineral’ according to the prevailing law in the country.
2. State Governments have the power to grant mining leases of minor minerals, but the powers L
regarding the formation of rules related to the grant of minor minerals lie with the Centre Govt.
3. State Governments have the power to frame rules to prevent illegal mining of minor minerals.
Ans Codes: (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 only
i
🔠🔠❓MCQ. Which of the following are designated as major minerals? 1) Bentonite 2) Chromite 3)
Kyanite 4) Sillimanite (Prelims-2020)
[a) 1 and 2 only [b) 4 only [c) 1 and 3 only [d) 2, 3 and 4 only
50.1.10 🏅🏅⚒📯📯 National Mineral Policy (NMP) 2019

- India produces 95 minerals including 4 hydrocarbon energy minerals (coal, lignite, petroleum &
natural gas), 5 atomic minerals (ilmenite, rutile, zircon, uranium, and monazite), 10 metallic, 21
non-metallic, and 55 minor minerals
- Boss? Mining Ministry, to replace 2008’s policy.
- Target: For non-fuel and non-coal minerals
- We’ll allow transfer of mining leases from one company to another, help in their merger and
acquisition (कं पिनयों के िवलय और अिधग्रहण से जुड़े िनयमों को आसान बनाया जाएगा).
- We’ll grant ‘industry’ status to mining. (so they become eligible for certain tax benefits / schemes
meant for ‘industry’ sector, if any.) (खनन क्षेत्र को उद्योग का दजार् िदया जाएगा तािक अन्य उधोगो को िमलनेवाली टैक्स
/सिब्सडी छू ट सब खनन उद्योगपितयों को भी िमले)
- We’ll harmonize India’s mining taxes & royalty rates to global benchmarks. (वैिश्वक स्तर के समांतर
टैक्स और रॉयल्टी के िनयम, िक िवदेशी कं पिनयां भी भारत में आने में रुिच िदखाए)
- We’ve already allowed 100% FDI in mineral exploration but we’ll work for ease of doing biz, so
that FDI actually comes. (वास्तिवक रूप से िवदेशी कं पिनयां भारत में प्रत्यक्ष िवदेशी िनवेश में िदलचस्पी ले उसके िलए कदम)
- R&D, manpower skilling, environmental conservation etc. (सं शोधन, कौशल िवकास, पयार्वरण सुरक्षा)
50.1.11 🏅🏅⚒⚖ Mining → MMDR Act 2015

Mines and Minerals Development and Regulation Act, (2015: खान और खिनज िवकास और िविनयमन अिधिनयम)
replaced the 1957’s act for ease of doing biz.
- Mining Lease (= Concessions अनुज्ञा पत्र) will be granted only through auction. No discretionary
allotment to any company. (खदानों की िसफर् नीलामी होगी. िववेकाधीन आवं टन नहीं िमलेगा)
- Mining Lease shall be given for 50 years, then it’ll be put up for auction (and not renewal unlike
the earlier system).
- Establish a National Mineral Exploration Trust (राष्ट्रीय खिनज अन्वेषण ट्रस्ट). Mining companies
required to pay them → it’ll carry out exploration of minerals.
- Establish ‘Not-for-Profit Trusts’ District Mineral Foundations (DMF: िजला खिनज प्रितष्ठान) in all
districts where mining takes place. Mining company required to pay them ₹ ₹ → DMF to use it
for the welfare of people in the district who are affected by the mining related operations. State
govt to prescribe the administrative structure and guidelines of DMFs.
- Higher penalties and jail terms for illegal mining (अवैध खनन के िलए कारावास और जुमार्ना).
50.1.12 🏅🏅⚒⚖ Mines & Minerals (Development & Regulation) Amendment Bill/Act, 2021
✋NOTE: following amendment does not apply to coal and atomic minerals
😰😰BEFORE 🤩🤩AFTER
- Union government to could reserve any - (In future) when new mines are
mine a particular end-use. auction….No mineral can be reserved for
- e.g. if Tata was allotted an iron ore mine, he captive use.
could only use its ore for his own steel plant - The mining company may do whatever it
and cannot send the iron or to any other wishes e.g. Tata can use the iron ore for his
company. Such mines are known as captive own steel plant AND/OR Sale it to some
mines. other company. [खदान कं पनी चाहे तो अपने उत्पादन
के िलए खिनज का इस्तेमाल करें या िकसी और कं पनी को
बेचने सरकार – सरकार इन मामलों पर कोई पाबं दी नहीं]
Union govt had allowed State government to Union Govt will specify the time period within
conducted the auction of mines (except Coal which state government must complete the
and atomic minerals) But some states were very auction. otherwise union government will do
lazy and not completing the auction process in auction for that state। [यिद तय समय सीमा में राज्य
a timely and transparent fashion. सरकार खदानों की नीलामी नहीं करेगी, तो कें द्र सरकार उस राज्य
के िलए नीलामी कर देगी]
If mining company doesn’t do mining for 2 😷😷 Govt may give 2 years + one-year extra
years then their lease will expire. (=Govt may extension/relief = total 3 years relief to exiting
sell the mine, to some other company)। खनन company. (e.g. in case Company could not start
कं पनी ने खदान िमलने के बाद दो वषोर्ं के भीतर ही उत्पादन शुरू the mining process due to Corona
करना होगा वरना उसका आवं टन रद्द हो जाएगा lockdown/labour/disaster) [एक साल अितिरक्त छू ट
यानी तीन साल तक भी उत्पादन नहीं शुरू िकया तो सरकार
आवं टन रद्द नहीं करेगी]
🔠🔠❓MCQ. What is the purpose of 'District Mineral Foundations' in India? (UPSC-Pre-2016)

1. Promoting mineral exploration activities in mineral-rich districts
2. Protecting the interests of the persons affected by mining operations
3. Authorizing State Governments to issue licences for mineral exploration
s
Answer Codes: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
50.2 🔥🔥 MINING → COAL (कोयला)
⇒ Top five largest coal reserves: USA > Russia > China > Australia > #5: India. (प्राकृ ितक भं डार)
⇒ Although India is the world's 2nd largest coal producer (उत्पादन) but our requirements are higher
than production, so, we import >₹1.50 Lcr coal, annually.
⇒ Coal is used in many industries such as electricity, steel, cement, paper, brick-kilns, etc
Coal Type Note Carbon %
Peat Highest moisture = smoke pollution. Most inferior in energy 40
Lignite Important states: TN (Neyveli), Gujarat, Rajasthan 40-60
/Brown Coal
Bituminous/ - Upon heating, it releases a liquid called Bitumin. 60-80
Black-Coal - Used to make coking coal, gas coal, steam coal.
- Imp states: Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, WB, MP, Odisha
Anthracite Burns with short blue flame, lowest moisture, highest energy. 80-90
Hard Coal न्यूनतम नमी और महत्तम ऊजार्
50.2.1 🔥🔥🕵🕵 [Yearbook] Coal Ministry (कोयला मं त्रालय) consists of →

Dept - N/A
Attached / - Coal Controller’s Organization
subordinate
CPSE (सरकारी - Coal India Ltd (CIL) & its subsidiaries. HQ: Kolkata, Maharatna company,
कम्पिनयां) single largest coal producing company.
- Neyveli Lignite Corporation, Tamil Nadu.
- Singareni Collieries Company Limited: Telangana Govt 51%: Union: 49%
Statutory - Coal Mines Provident Fund Organization
🔠🔠❓MCQ. Consider the following statements relating to Coal India Limited : (UPSC-CDS-2019-i)
1. It is designated as a ‘Maha Ratna’ company under the Ministry of Coal.
2. It is the single largest coal producing company in the world.
3. The Headquarters of Coal India Limited is located at Ranchi Jharkhand.
Codes: a) 1 only b) 1 and 2 only c) 2 and 3 only d) 1, 2 and 3
🔠🔠❓ Find correct statement(s) about Coal India Limited (CIL? (UPSC-CDS-i-2020)
1. CIL has its headquarters Kolkata.
2. CIL operates through 82 mining areas spread over twenty provincial States of India.
3. CIL is the single largest coal-producing company in the world.
Codes: a) 1 only b) 1 and 3 only c) 2 and 3 only d)1, 2 and 3
50.2.2 🔥🔥⚖ Coal Mining- Nationalization & Entry of Private Sector
- 1973: Coal Mines Nationalization Act → Coal India and other CPSEs took over private coal
mining companies. They will dig coal, sell it to thermal power plants & other industries.
- 1993: Private Coal mining allowed for ONLY for captive use (अंकुिशत उपयोग) i.e. industrialist
wanting coal for his own steel, cement, aluminium etc. manufacturing processes → UPA-raj
Captive Mining rights given to ministers’ relatives → they sold rights to needy companies
@higher price= SCAM, then 2014: SC cancelled coal block allocations.
- 2015: Coal Mines Special Provision Act: It opens up commercial coal mining for both private
and public entities, and thus ends monopoly of Coal India. (doesn’t mean captive mining is
outlawed. Companies who already have such captive mining rights, which were not cancelled by
SC- they’re allowed to operate. Then Govt takes some reforms #🕰🕰थोड़ा-पढ़ो-आगे-बढ़ो
🔠🔠❓Find correct statement(s) (Prelims-2019)

1. Coal sector was nationalized by the Govt of India under Indira Gandhi.
2. Now, coal blocks are allocated on lottery basis.
3. Till recently, India imported coal to meet shortages of domestic supply, but now India is self-
sufficient in coal production.
Codes: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1,2 and 3
50.2.3 🔥🔥⚖ Mineral Laws (Amendment) Ordinance/Act 2020

खिनज कानून (सं शोधन) अध्यादेश/ कानून amends the
⇒ Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR Act) AND
⇒ Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Act, 2015 (CMSP Act).
😰😰Before ordinance/Act 🤩🤩After
Who can do Only companies related to Any India-registered company. So it’ll also
bidding in the iron steel, power coal sectors. encourage competition and attract FDI in
coal mining such Indian companies
auction?
😰😰Before ordinance/Act 🤩🤩After
Prior experience Yes. खनन के अनुभव की आवश्यकता Prior experience in mining not required.
required before होगी, तभी नीलामी में िहस्सा ले सकते हैं अनुभव आवश्यक नहीं
bidding
What type of Separate licenses for Single/Composite license called ‘prospecting
license is /are i. prospecting (survey) license-cum-mining lease’
given? ii. actual mining (पूवेर्क्षण-सह-खनन का सं युक्त अिधकारपत्र')
How does Govt Companies to pay a fixed Rs. ⇒ Revenue sharing model= i.e. Mining
earn money? amount per tonne of coal company needs to give a certain portion
mined. कम्पनी प्रित टन कोयले के of its revenue (=income from coal sales)
उत्पादन के िहसाब से िनिश्चत रक़म to the govt irrespective of profit or loss in
सरकार को दे दी थी that sale. कं पनी ने कोयले की िबक्री की आमदनी का
कु छ िहस्सा सरकार को देना होगा
⇒ During the auction: minimum bidding
is 4% revenue share to the government.
Then whichever company is offering
higher % revenue share (e.g.5%,10%...)
will be given the mining rights.
Captive Miner Captive miner can’t sell coal ⇒ Can sell upto 50% of production. [अंकुिशत
अंकुिशत कोयला खनन to third party. He must use कोयला खनन कं पनी=पहले कोयले को िसफ़र् अपने स्टील
कं पनी coal for his own steel, cement सीमेंट उद्योग में इस्तेमाल कर सकते. अब वे उस कोयला
etc industry only. उत्पादन का 50% खुले बाज़ार में बेच भी सकते हैं]
50.2.4 🔥🔥🔥🔥 Coal selling – Shakti Policy (2017)?
- Coal Ministry’s Scheme for Harnessing & Allocating Koyala (Coal) Transparently in India
(SHAKTI). Previously, which thermal power plant company will get how much coal from Coal
India? → that depended on discretion of Govt. Shakti Policy replaces discretion with an online
bidding process. Beyond that how it works in real life PhD =useless. कोल इं िडया िकस कम्पनीओ को कोयला
बेचेगा?वह सरकार के िववेक पर िनभर्र नहीं िकंतु नीलामी से तय होगा
- National Coal Index: Coal Ministry's index to measure coal price change compared to the base
year 2017-18. It monitors the price of both domestically produced coal & imported coal. [इन राष्ट्रीय
कोयला सूचकांक- भारत में उत्पािदत तथा िवदेशों से आयाितत कोयले की क़ीमतों पर नज़र रखता है]
Apps?
1. Coal Mitra App by Power Ministry to help companies in buying / selling coal.
2. UTTAM App by coal ministry to monitor coal quality coming from a particular mine.
50.2.5 👻👻👻👻👻👻Mining → Atma-Nirbhar (खनन)

⇒ �ATMANI→ PM GaribKalyan → �District Mineral Foundation Fund (DMF) ₹₹ → can
be used for COVID-19 testing & related infra (िजला खिनज प्रितष्ठान िनिध)
⇒ Mineral Index (खनन सूचकांक) for different minerals to be prepared. But, details not yet announced.
⇒ Joint Auction of Bauxite and Coal mineral blocks so that: Coal → electricity → use it for
smelting Bauxite into Aluminium = ⏬ electricity costs for mining company. (कोयले और बॉक्साइट
खदानों की साझा नीलामी तािक बोक्साइट िपघलाने के िलए िबजली लागत/खचर् कम हो. )
⇒ We’ll encourage Coal Gasification / Coal Liquefaction, Coal Bed Methane Extraction → creation
of a gas based Indian economy.
⇒ Commercial Mining allowed in the Coal Sector, through revenue sharing model. (वािणिज्यक खनन:
आय मे से िहस्सेदारी का मोडेल).
50.2.6 🔥🔥🤲🤲🔥🔥 Coal Crisis/Shortage in 2021-Oct

While India has the world’s fifth-largest coal reserves. But Govt company Coal India's capacity is
limited.In 2021-Oct: nearly 80% of India’s coal based electricity power-plants had less than eight
days of coal supplies left: ( िबजली घरों में िसफ़र् आठ िदनों तक िबजली पैदा हो सके उतना ही कोयला बचा था.)
⇒ 1) Coal India does not have the technology for mining in the rainy season (वैसे तो भारत में कोयले के
आरिक्षत भं डार िवपुल मात्रा में है लेिकन सरकारी कं पनी कोल इं िडया के पास बािरश में खनन करने की अच्छी टेक्नोलॉजी नहीं है.)
⇒ 2) Coal India’s profits are not reinvested in expansion of the mining activities/research but
rather to give as dividend (so as to help government in its welfare schemes and Fiscal deficit
management. Ref Pillar2D) (सरकारी कम्पनी को जो भी मुनाफ़ा होता है उससे से कोयला खनन की नई नई टेक्नोलॉजी और
मशीनरी ख़रीदी चािहए। लेिकन वे ज़्यादातर मुनाफ़ा लाभांश/िडिवडेंड के रूप में सरकार को देती है, तािक सरकार का राजकोषीय घाटा
कम हो सके , चुनावों के िलए ग़रीब कल्याण योजना चला सके । )
⇒ 3) so we have to rely on imported coal but China and Australia coal mining activities have facing
problems by the foreign environment activists like Greta Thurnberg. → Those foreign coal
mining company is required to invest in the green technology, which is increasing their cost of
production → expensive coal import for India. (चीन और ऑस्ट्रेिलया में भी कोयला खनन पर िविवध पयार्वरण
िनयमों के चलते भारत के िलए आयाितत कोयला महँ गा हुआ है)
⇒ 4) Corona-lockdown: supply chain issues. (तालाबं दी के चलते आपूिर्त शृं खला में िदक्कतें)
50.2.7 🔥🔥 📔📔📔📔 Coal Energy: Economic survey suggestions / observations:
1. Carbon Imperialism (काबर्न साम्राज्यवाद) is a modern day type of imperialism wherein the 1st world
nations are trying to enforce their views about energy-consumption upon the 3rd nations with
hidden agenda to 1) To sell their nuclear fuel & technology. 2) To portray 3rd world in bad light
for using coal power and thereby ⏬ their own culpability for global warming. India's
Contribution to GHG <10% and Per capita emission is less than 2 tons, yet 1st world nations
portray us as villains. (िवकासशील देशों को अपनी परमाणु ऊजार् और तकनीक बेचने के िलए तथा जलवायु पिरवतर्न में अपनी
अपरािधक ता को छु पाने के िलए िवकिसत देश कोयला ताप आधािरत ऊजार् की िनंदा करते है)
2. But for India coal based electricity is a necessary evil because
a. Wind and solar power are Non-dispatchable (गैर प्रेषणीय), meaning electricity can be
generated only when there is fast wind blowing or there is appropriate sunshine
b. Land requirement for solar based powerplant is 10 times that of thermal power plant.
c. Challenges in acquiring Nuclear Fuel and Nuclear Technology
d. Unemployment if we shut down coal mining & thermal plants. Further mains self study
at mrunal.org/2017/09/upsc-mains-answer-writing-gsm3-carbon-imperialism.html
3. 💼💼Budget-2020: Some of the Indian thermal power plants are old and their carbon emission
levels are high. We’ll close them & use their vacated land for alternative use. (बेहद प्रदू षण करने वाले
पुराने प्लांट्स बं ध करेंगे और उस जमीन का कोई ओर वैकिल्पक इस्तेमाल करेंगे)
4. 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022:- Carbon Neutral Economy: 5-7% biomass pellets will be co-fired in thermal
power plants → 😍😍 extra income to farmers +⏬ stubble burning in agriculture fields. (फ़सल
अवशेष/पराली को जलाने की जगह उसमें से बायोमास-पेलेट बनाकर कोयला िबजली घरों में इस्तेमाल िकए जाएं गे।)
5. 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022:- Announced projects for 1) coal gasification 2) conversion of coal into
chemicals.
a. Gasification of coal is a process in which coal is partially oxidated by air, oxygen, steam
or carbon dioxide → to produce a fuel gas. (कोयले के आंिशक ओिक्सडेशन द्वारा ईंधन गैस बनाना।)
b. Coal can be used for producing chemicals like Formaldehyde, ethylene and propylene,
acetic acid. (कोयले में से िविवध रसायनों का उत्पादन)
6. 📙📙📙📙ES22 quoted World bank’s report Minerals for Climate Action: we need following
minerals to ⏫ clean energy:- (1) Copper, Aluminum, Iron, Manganese, Nickel for developing
solar cells, wind turbines, nuclear reactors. (2) Lithium and Graphite for storing electricity.
😰😰But India doesn’t have enough of these mineral resources. (स्वच्छ ऊजार् के साधनों और सं ग्रहण के िलए इन
खिनजों की ज़रूरत, िकन्तु भारत के पास पयार्प्त मात्रा में ये खिनज सम्पित्त उपलब्ध नहीं)
50.2.8 🔥🔥🏅🏅⚒ Mining → Misc. Schemes, Apps, Portals, Issues

��FAQ: Do I’ve to remember all this? Ans. No. I’ve given to prevent your FOMO feeling from
CA-PDFs. (आपको ये डर नहीं रहे िक आपके पास ही माल नहीं है इसिलए आपको यह माल िदया है. नींद खोने की ज़रूरत नहीं.)
Pradhan Mantri - Boss? Mining Ministry.

Khanij Kshetra - It aims to use the funds of the DMFs to complement the ongoing union
Kalyan Yojana and state schemes in that district e.g. drinking water supply, health care,
(2015)
sanitation, education, skill development, women and child care etc.
Star Rating Of Mining Ministry → Indian Bureau of Mines gives 0-5 Star to a mine
Mines, 2016 depending on whether the mining company is working without adversely
affecting the social, economic and environmental well-being of present and
future generation. िकसी खदान की सामािजक आिर्थक और पयार्वरणीय असर
Illegal mining It’s bad for environment & Govt deprived of royalty so….
गैर कानूनी खनन - Mining Surveillance System (MSS): satellite-based system by Indian
Bureau of Mines under Mining ministry.
- Khan Prahari App: Ministry’s app for reporting illegal coal mining.
- Sidenote: cVIGIL App: Election Commission of India’s app to report
violation of model code of conduct / expenditure.
TAMRA Mining ministry’s TAMRA App/portal for helping the businessmen to bid in
App/portal mining auctions online (2017) (ऑनलाइन तरीक़े से नीलामी में िहस्सा लेने के िलए)
PRAKASH Portal ⇒ PRAKASH (Power Rail Koyla Availability through Supply Harmony)
(2019) portal launched jointly by Power Ministry and Coal Ministry
रेलवे द्वारा कोयले का ⇒ To connect the Coal mining companies, Railways and Thermal Power
पिरवहन Plants on a single platform = better supply chain management.
Satyabhama Mining Ministry's portal for mining related research, science & technology.
Portal (2020-Jun) Satyabhama = wife of Lord Krishna. (खनन के साथ जुड़ी सं शोधन िवज्ञान प्रौद्योिगकी)
CIMS and AIMS Mining Ministry's online “Aluminium Import Monitoring System” (AIMS)
& Copper Import Monitoring System (CIMS)
Pollution - Red Mud is a solid waste generated during the Bauxite to aluminum
By mining production process. Ministry of Mines making efforts to utilize red mud
खनन द्वारा प्रदू षण in cement and ceramic etc industries.
- Fly Ash is the pollutant generated by Thermal Power Plants while
burning coal. Can be used in making cement, Bricks, Tiles, roads. Power
ministry launched ASH TRACK Mobile App to monitor fly ash
51 🔌🔌INFRA → ENERGY → ELECTRICITY (ऊजार् → िवद्युत)
- (Origin) Electricity is a key element in modern day life. Right from running irrigation pumps to
charging mobile phones, electricity is a prerequisite for agricultural growth and digital
connectivity. (िबजली है आधुिनक जीवन का अिनवायर् िहस्सा - चाहे कृ िष िसंचाई हो या मोबाइल फोन सं चार)
- (Significance) Greater access to energy improves both economic growth & human development
of a country. If India wants to improve its Human Development → we must ⏫ per capita
energy consumption by 4xtimes. (मानव िवकास को बेहतर करने के िलए प्रित व्यिक्त ऊजार् खपत बढ़ानी होगी)
- (DATA) India’s per-capita energy consumption of only ~1/3rd of the global average. OR
Though India accounts for ~18% world’s population, it uses only around 6%of world’s energy.
(DATA as of 2020-Nov) In India’s present electricity mix consists of:

Thermal Electricity (ऊष्मीय िवद्युत: Coal > Gas > Diesel Oil) ~62%
Renewable: Hydroelectricity (जल-िवद्युत) ~12%
Renewable Energy (नवीकरणीय ऊजार्) (Solar, Wind, Biomass etc. except hydro) ~24%
Nuclear (नािभकीय / परमाणुवीय) ~2%
Total 100%
Source: https://powermin.nic.in/en/content/power-sector-glance-all-india
51.1.1 🕵🕵🔌🔌 [Yearbook] Ministry of Power (िवद्युत-ऊजार् मं त्रालय)

Dept & N/A but they’ve truckload of other bodies & apps:
Attached
Statutory ⇒ Joint Electricity Regulatory Commission (JERC) for UT of J&K & Ladakh
Bodies
⇒ Central Electricity Authority (CEA: के न्द्रीय िवदयु् त प्रािधकरण): prescribes the standards
for construction of electrical plants, electric lines etc.
⇒ Central & State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (िवद्युत िनयामक आयोग) for fixing
the electricity tariff (prices).
⇒ Appellate Tribunal for Electricity (APTEL), Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE);
⇒ Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC); Bhakra Beas Management Board
⇒ Joint Electricity Regulatory Commission (JERC) for GOA & UTs
⇒ JERC for Manipur and Mizoram
Autonom Central Power Research Institute, National Power Training Institute
CPSE − National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC)
सरकारी − National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC)
कं पनी − SJVN ltd: Satluj Vidhyut (GoI 62%, Himachal 27%, rest % with other investors)
− Power Finance Corp (PFC), Power Grid Corporation of India (POWER GRID)
− Power System Operation Corporation Limited (POSOCO)
− EESL- Energy Efficiency Services Limited- joint venture of NTPC Limited, PFC,
REC and POWERGRID- known for its subsidized UJALA LED bulbs
− (*) THDC India Limited: Tehri Hydro (GoI: 75%, UP State:25%)
− (*) Rural Electrification Corporation (REC)- known for DD Gram Jyoti.
− (*) North Eastern Electric Power Corporation (NEEPCO)
51.2 🕵🕵🔌🔌 NATIONAL ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION COMPANY
- PM Modi had announced 24x7 power to all by 2022. But, since private and State-Government
owned electricity distribution companies are suffering NPA/debt issues, the electricity
distribution sector is not expanding fast enough to achieve this target.
- So, 2019-June: NTPC and Power Grid Corporation of India have formed a 50:50 joint venture
company → named National Electricity Distribution Company.
- Objective? electricity distribution business on a pan-India basis.
51.2.1 🔌🔌 IEX = Current-PDF-walla gone crazy (इसके पीछे PDF वाले दीवाने हो गए है)
✋ this GK very poor cost benefit for exam, But CA-PDF walla gone crazy. #🕰🕰थोड़ा-पढ़ो-आगे-बढ़ो
A private sector company: Indian Energy Exchange Limited (IEX) →
⇒ IEX launched a green term-ahead market (G-TAM). basically future/forward contracts for
renewable energy. (Ref 1C)
⇒ IEX’s subsidiary company → Indian Gas Exchange (IGX) → online trading of natural gas.
⇒ IEX + Power Exchange India Limited (PXIL) → It allows players (thermal powerplants,
DISCOMS etc) to buy/sell electricity from anywhere across the country with just one hour’s
prior notice. = "REAL TIME MARKET" (RTM)
51.3 🔌🔌✝☪🕉🕉 ELECTRICITY → ONE NATION-ONE GRID
- Initially, individual states’ electricity grids (िबजली िग्रड) were interconnected to form 5 regional
grid regions namely Northern, Eastern, Western, North Eastern & Southern region. If a state
had surplus electricity, it could sell ONLY to other states in that region.
- So, One Nation-One Grid concept aims to connect all 5 regional grids into one national grid so,
electricity can be transferred from surplus region to deficient region.
- Here buying-selling of surplus electricity is done through power exchanges like —Power
Exchange of India (PXIL) and India Energy Exchange (IEX).
- Boss? Power ministry → Power Grid Corporation of India Limited.
51.3.1 🔌🔌♻ Grid → Green Energy Corridor Project (हिरत ऊजार् गिलयारा पिरयोजना)
- Project will enable the flow of renewable energy into this National Grid Network. So that
renewable energy rich States like Rajasthan (solar), Tamil Nadu (wind) can sell the electricity to
other states. (एक राज्य की हिरत िबजली अन्य राज्यों को मुहैया/उपलब्ध की जा सके ।)
- 2022- Phase-II of the scheme started. Union govt to give 33% subsidy on project cost.
51.3.2 🔌🔌♻ Grid → GREEN Grids / OSOWOG

- 2018: India had first proposed connecting solar energy supply across borders at the International
Solar Alliance (HQ: Gurugram, India).
- 2021: PM Modi and UK PM Boris Johnson launched a ‘green grids’ initiative- also known as the
One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG) project— on the sidelines of the COP26 Glasgow
summit in UK.
- To connect renewable energy grids across borders. (िविभन्न देशों के बीच हिरत ऊजार् /िबजली को जोड़ा जाए)
- �(Benefit) If the countries in different time zones are connected then they can continue to
work on solar energy even after the sun is set in their own country. (तािक एक देश में अगर सूयार्स्त भी हो
जाए, तो भी दू सरे देश की सौर ऊजार् से उसका काम चलता रहेगा)
51.4 🔌🔌🔌 ELECTRICITY → POWER MINISTRY’S APPS/PORTAL OVERDOZE😰😰
Garv app to monitor progress of how many villages electrified under DD Gram Jyoti
Yojana.
DEEP portal to help DISCOM companies buy electricity from thermal plants through
auction.
Vidyut PRAVAH & to let people know how much electricity is generated in India, vs. current
MERIT app price, demand & shortages, inter-state purchase of electricity etc.
Urja Mitra App to notify users about upcoming electricity outages.
TARANG App to monitor upcoming power projects & stalled projects.
And lastly, Power Ministry → Central Electricity Authority (CEA) → National Power Portal (NPP)
where above Apps’ data can be displayed
51.5 🔌🔌🔌🔌📯📯ELECTRICITY → INTEGRATED POWER DEVELOPMENT SCHEME
शहरों में िबजली उपलब्ध बेहतर करने के िलए
Originally Manmohan had launched Restructured Accelerated Power Development and Reforms
Programme (RAPDRP), Modi repacked/renamed it as IPDS. एकीकृ त िबजली िवकास योजना
- Boss? Ministry of Power (2014). Central Sector Scheme = 100% funded by Union.
- Target? To strengthen power infrastructure, especially in urban areas.
- How? All Electricity Distribution Companies (Discoms: िबजली िवतरण कं पिनयां) are given ₹ ₹
assistance for improving distribution network, installing ICT enabled smart meters for billing
and collection. Install solar panels if not possible to join an area with grid.
51.5.1 🔌🔌⏱ Electricity → Prepaid Smart Meters for Electricity

⇒ A smart prepaid meter has an internet modem. Electricity co can remotely connect, supply the
electricity as per amount of ₹₹ balance left in the device (similar to a prepaid mobile talktime).
⇒ Electricity usage data collected in a server → ⏬scope of electricity theft by tempering with the
meter box. (मीटर से छे ड्खानी मुमिकन नही)
⇒ �Budget-2020: We’ll replace conventional meters by prepaid smart meters in the next 3 years.
51.6 🔌🔌🔌🔌:🔌🔌📯📯ELECTRICITY: NPA SOLVE → UDAY (2015)

(राज्य सरकारों तुम िबजली कं पिनयों का बैंक कजर् भरो योजना)
During UPA/Congress-raj, DISCOMs were suffering losses because: 😰😰

1. Floods and cyclones, environmental activism by NGT/SC, scams in coal allocation → coal
mining ⏬ → Coal became expensive😰😰 → Thermal electricity production became expensive.
(बाढ़ चक्रवात, पयार्वरणीय अित सतकर् ता, कोयला खदान आवं टन में धांधली)
2. 20% of the electricity is lost wasted during the transmission and distribution. But electricity
companies do not have enough money to upgrade their network/equipment. (नए उपकरण/ साधन
ख़रीदने के िलए पैसा निह, इसिलए पुरानी/जजर्िरत लाइनों में सं चार के दौरान २०% िबजली बबार्द हो जाती है)
3. Under the Electricity Act 2003 →
a. Central Electricity Regulatory Commission regulate the price of Inter-State sale of
electricity.
b. State Electricity Regulatory Commissions regulate the price of intra-state sale.
c. The electricity price slabs are kept different for industrial use, household use and
agriculture use. (औद्योिगक िरहाइशी और कृ िष उपयोग के िलए िबजली के अलग अलग दाम होते हैं)
d. 😰😰To keep farmers happy, agri electricity will be subjected to lower tariffs. But State
Govts not releasing subsidies on time to electricity companies. (िकसानो को सस्ते / मुफ़्त में
िबजली दी जाती है। हालाँिक िबजली कं पनी को हुए नुक़सान की सिब्सडी- राज्य सरकार िनयत समय पर चुकाती नहीं है)
4. 😰😰Electricity thefts rampant but State Govts ignore it for vote bank politics. (लोकलुभावन के िलए
िकसानों को सस्ते में िबजली, तथा सरकारों की िबजली चोरी के िखलाफ लड़ने में उदासीनता के चलते िबजली कं पिनयां घोर नुकसानी में)
5. 😰😰DISCOM were making huge losses → Modi launches a scheme to help them called, ‘Ujwal
Discom Assurance Yojana’ (UDAY).
Boss? Ministry of Power (2014)

Target? Financial revival of DISCOMs via following method:
- Whatever was the debt of a DISCOM on 30/9/15: State Govt will take over 75% of the debt in
a phased manner. [It is optional for States to do this.]
- To repay this debt, State govt. will mobilize ₹ issuing bonds in the market. These bonds will
be non-SLR in nature. So, banks are buying them, it will be not counted in their SLR quota.
What is SLR? (More in 📑📑Pillar#1A2: Monetary Policy).
⇒ (if States do above thing) → Union will give them extra ₹₹ for Deendayal Upadhyaya Gram
Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY), Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS), and other such
schemes of (1) Ministry of Power and (2) Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
⇒ By 2019-20, first phase completed. Data showed that scheme failed to completely solve the
problem of the electricity companies. Then power minister said we will launch UDAY 2.0
scheme with better features but no development yet. [पहले चरण में कु छ ख़ास सफलता हािसल नहीं हुई
हालाँिक दू सरा चरण शुरू करना बाक़ी है]
51.6.1 👻👻⚡Energy → DISCOMs Liquidity injection (पैसा की तरलता देके जान फूं कना)
⇒ Corona lockdown → Industry and railways shutdown → ⏬ demand for electricity → losses
for Electricity/Power Distribution Company (DISCOM).
⇒ Atma-Nirbhar: Govt will give ₹₹ to (i) Power Finance Corporation (ii) Rural Electrification
Corporation (PFC-REC) → they’ll invest ₹₹ in DISCOMS.
51.6.2 👻👻⚡Energy infra→ Electricity reforms in Atma-Nirbhar (िबजली क्षेत्र में सुधार)
⇒ We’ll reform the electricity tariff policy (शुल्क नीित),
⇒ encourage DBT for electricity subsidy to farmers (सबिसडी का प्रत्यक्ष हस्तांतरण);
⇒ install smart prepaid meters
⇒ Will privatise the Union Territories’ DISCOM/Power departments → More efficient operations
in UT (कें द्र शािसत प्रदेशों में िबजली की सरकारी कं पिनयों का िनजीकरण करेंगे)
51.6.3 🔌🔌DRAFT Electricity (Amendment) Bill 2020 (िबजली सुधार िवधेयक का प्रारूप/मसौदा )
😰😰BEFORE AFTER (िबजली सिब्सडी का प्रत्यक्ष लाभ हस्तांतरण)
⇒ Farmer / poor people paid bills at ⇒ All consumers may pay regular / normal / market-
low/subsidized rates to DISCOM. based electricity rates to DISCOM
⇒ State govt pays subsidy to DISCOM. ⇒ State Govt to pay a subsidy to FARMER as "Direct
⇒ िबजली कं पनी िकसानों को सस्ते दामों पर िबजली benefit transfer (DBT)" to his bank account.
बेचेगी और िबजली कं पनी के नुकसान की भरपाई 😰😰Controversy?
राज्य सरकार िबजली कं पनी को सिब्सडी देकर ⇒ 100% financial inclusion yet to be achieved in
करेगा reality. So farmer may not get the subsidy on time.
⇒ State governments financial health/ tax collection
⏬ so, They may not release the subsidy on time.
++ many other issues but It is still in the draft stage, NOT tabled in the parliament. Many state govts
opposed to it. #🕰🕰थोड़ा-पढ़ो-आगे-बढ़ो
51.7 🔌🔌🔌🔌📯📯ELECTRICITY → DEEN DAYAL GRAM JYOTI YOJANA (2015)

(गांव वालों को िबजली कनेक्शन िदलवाओ योजना)
Lack of rural lighting= ⏫use of kerosene lamps → ⏫pollution, import bill, subsidy bill. So, PM
Manmohan’s Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana → Modi restructured as DDUGJY.
⇒ Boss? Ministry of Power → Rural Electrification Corporation-REC (2015)
⇒ Central Sector Scheme = 100% funded by Union.
⇒ Target? 24×7 uninterrupted ‘metered’ electricity supply to each rural household by 2022, by
doing following →
⇒ 1) Separate feeder lines for rural households vs agricultural use. (कृ िष और ग्रामीण िरहायशी के िलए दो अलग
अलग सं भरक लाइन) 2) Strengthen sub-transmission and distribution network to reduce power
losses. 3) Install electricity meters.
51.8 🔌🔌🔌🔌📯📯 ELECTRICITY → PM SAHAJ BIJLI HAR GHAR YOJANA (SAUBHAGYA)

(गांव वालों को िबजली कनेक्शन िदलवाओ योजना)
Boss? Ministry of Power→ Rural Electrification Corporation-REC (2017)
Target?
⇒ To give electricity connections to all remaining un-electrified households in rural and urban
areas. (तो िदनदयाल योजना में दे देना था ना!, अलग योजना क्यों बनाई😰😰!!??)
⇒ Provide 24x7 power supply for all by 2019.
How?
⇒ Based on SECC-2011, identify beneficiaries, give them free electricity connection with meter.
⇒ If a household in remote area → not possible to join with grid connected electricity lines→ then
solar cell, DC battery pack, LED lights will be given.
₹ ₹ Funding?
⇒ As of 31/3/2019: All the States have reported 100% electrification of all households except few
households in Naxal affected Bastar region of Chhattisgarh.
51.8.1 🔌🔌🔌🔌⚖Electricity (Rights of Consumers) Rules,2020: िबजली उपभोक्ता अिधकार िनयम

⇒ Power ministry announced them under the Electricity Act 2003.
⇒ It requires the electricity distribution companies to provide 24/7 Electricity, Grievance redressal
and penalty/compensation mechanism etc to consumers. (ग्राहकों को 24 घं टे िबजली का अिधकार)
⇒ Although Electricity Commission may specify less hours of supply for some categories e.g.
agriculture (Else it may result in over-exploitation of groundwater)
⇒ �Benefit? Electricity distribution companies have become “monopolies” for a particular city
because consumers have no alternative to buy electricity from other companies, even if they are
unhappy with the service. So, govt deemed it necessary to provide such rights to customers.
(सामान्य रूप से 1 शहर में एक से ज़्यादा िबजली कं पनी नहीं होती इसिलए एक प्रकार से उनका एकािधकार चलता है। इसिलए ग्राहक
िशकायत िनवारण तं त्र की स्थापना की जाएगी)
51.8.2 ⚡☂🔌🔌📯📯Revamped Distribution Sector Scheme (2021-June)

[पुरानी िवद्युत योजनाओं के ऊपर छतरी योजना]
Boss? Power ministry with >₹3 lakh cr funding. - it will act as an ‘umbrella scheme’ subsuming
previous schemes:
⇒ Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana [DDUGJY] / SAUBHAGYA = for improving the
electricity supply in rural area. (गाँवो के िलए)
⇒ Integrated Power Development Scheme(IPDS) = for electricity supply in urban area. (शहर)
⇒ Prime Minister’s Development Program (PMDP) = for electricity infrastructure in Union
Territories of J&K and Ladakh (जम्मू कश्मीर और लद्दाख के िलए)
⇒ ��ES22: thanks to all these initiatives, 96% Indian families have electricity connection.
51.8.2.1 ⚡☂🔌🔌📯📯 RDSS: Features?

Basically the similar features like the previous schemes like DDUGJY, IDPS etc i.e.
⇒ Separation of Agriculture feeder lines. [कृ िष उपयोग की िबजली के िलए अलग तार िबछाई जाएगी]
⇒ Solarization of electricity feeder lines under KUSUM = Basically, farmer can sell the excess
electricity from their solarplant to electricity company → extra income for farmer! [कु सुम योजना में
िकसान ने जो सूयर् ऊजार् से िबजली बनायी है उसे वो िबजली कं पनी को बेच पाएगा]
⇒ Smart electricity meters will be installed [for all users other than agriculture]→ electricity
consumption level will be monitored through artificial intelligence (AI) → power outages
solved in a faster manner. Government will give upto 15-50% subsidy to DISCOM companies,
depending on performance & gen-vs- sp.category state. [कृ िष के अलावा वाले ग्राहकों के िठकानों पर स्माटर्
िबजली मीटर लगाए जाएं गे िजसकी कृ ित्रम बुिद्धमत्ता से िनगरानी होगी, तािक िबजली कटौती का तुरंत उपचार हो सकें ]
⇒ modernisation of state-level electricity distribution infra. [राज्य स्तर पर िबजली अवसं रचना का
आधुिनकीकरण]
⇒ Special focus/ extra funding for special category states. Furthermore, UT JK, Ladakh, Andaman
& Nicobar Islands, and Lakshadweep Will also be considered under “special category states” [So,
they can also get extra funding] [िवशेष श्रेणी के राज्यों को अितिरक्त पैसा देंगे]
⇒ Annually the electricity distribution companies [DISCOMs] will be reviewed for their
performance. ONLY If a DISCOM scores minimum 60% marks in performance review= Will be
given government funding. [जो िबजली कं पनी प्रदशर्न मानकों पर कम से कम 60 प्रितशत गुण सालाना हािसल करेगी, उसी
को सरकार पैसा देगी]
51.8.3 🔌🔌✍Conclusion: yes electricity access is imp.

 Access to clean, reliable and affordable energy increases the ease of living, improves education
and human development. Therefore, India required to provide it to all, under SDG Goal #7
 Aforementioned schemes / initiatives / challenges are important in that regard / need to be
addressed on a priority basis. स्वच्छ, िवश्वसनीय और सस्ती ऊजार् तक पहुंचने से जीवनयापन में आसानी होती है, िशक्षा और
मानव िवकास में सुधार होता है. इसिलए उक्त चीजों पर अग्रता क्रम से ध्यान देना जरूरी
🔠🔠❓Saubhagya, a Govt Scheme, relates to which of the following areas? (UPSC-CDS-i-2020)

a) Achieving universal household electrification b) Providing clean cooking fuel to poor households
c) Rationalizing subsidies on LPG d) Stopping female foeticide
🔠🔠❓SAUBHAGYA, a Central Government scheme, is related to (UPSC-CAPF-2020)

(a) providing cash money to women giving birth of single female child
(b) connecting kitchen ofevery household with piped cooking gas
(c) strengthening and augmenting infrastructure for piped water supply
(d) achieving universal household electrification in the country
^SEE basically same MCQ reused/recycled in two different exams of UPSC
51.9 🔌🔌🔌🔌↘ ELECTRICITY → USE ‘LESS’ → ENERGY EFFICIENCY

The term energy efficiency means using lesser amount of energy to produce a given amount of
output. E.g, a light-emitting diode (LED) light bulb requires ⏬energy than an incandescent light.
Thus LED is more energy efficient than incandescent lights. (ऊजार् दक्षता: कम ऊजार् से ज्यादा प्रकाश या उत्पादन)
51.9.1 🔌🔌🔌🔌↘🔌🔌📯📯 Electricity → Use ‘Less’ → PAT Mechanism
(िबजली खपत कम कर के सिर्टिफके ट से पैसा कमाओ योजना)
2008: Environment Ministry’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC: जलवायु पिरवतर्न पर
राष्ट्रीय कायर् योजना ) One of its 8 components is National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency
(NMEEE: विर्धत ऊजार् कायर्क्षमता का राष्टी्र य िनयोग ) → PAT.
Boss? Power Ministry → Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE).
⇒ Under Perform Achieve and Trade (PAT: प्रदशर्न, हािसल और व्यापार करना) mechanism:
⇒ 8 energy intensive industries are given ‘quotas’ viz. Thermal Power, Aluminium, Cement,
Fertilizer, Iron-steel, Pulp-paper, Textiles and Chlor-alkali.
⇒ They’ve to cut their energy consumption according to the quotas, else face penalties.
⇒ Overachieving firm can obtain Energy Saving Certificates (ESCerts) from BEE’s PATNET portal
and sell it to the underachieving firm (similar to PSLC certificates).
⇒ Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (a statutory body) regulates the prices.
51.9.2 🔌🔌 🔌🔌↘ 🔌🔌📯📯 Electricity → Use ‘Less’ → National LED Programme
लोगों को सस्ते में एलईडी बल्ब देदो योजना
Boss? Power Ministry gives ₹ ₹ to Energy Efficiency Services Ltd (EESL) for:
− Unnat Jeevan by Affordable LEDs and Appliances for All (UJALA) for subsidized home Light-
emitting Diode (LEDs) bulbs. Previously called DELP (Domestic Efficient Lighting Program).
− Street Lighting National Program: whereas EESL replaces conventional Halogen Street Bulbs
with LED street bulbs, free of cost.
51.9.3 🔌🔌 🔌🔌↘ 🔌🔌📯📯 Electricity → Use ‘Less’ → Gram Ujala Programme
गांव वालों को सस्ते में एलईडी बल्ब देदो योजना
Boss? Ministry of Power → its company Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) → its company
Convergence Energy Services Limited (CESL).
− What? Exchange villagers' yellow bulbs with LED bulbs i.e. Villager submits working
incandescent (Filament-walla yellow) bulbs → plus pays ₹10 = gets LED bulb with 3 years
warranty. Maximum quota=5 LED bulbs per villager. गाँव वालों को उनकी िफ़लामेंट बल्ब की एवज़ में LED
बल्ब सस्ते में िदए जाएं गे.
− Benefit? a 12 Watt LED bulb = light of 100 watt incandescent bulb so ⏬Energy bill for villager,
⏬CO2 Emission from Thermal power plants, ⏬Waste generation (LED bulbs have longer
lifespan than incandescent).
51.9.4 🔌🔌 🔌🔌↘ 🔌🔌📯📯 Electricity → Use ‘Less’ → Misc. Schemes & Topics
��Budget-2022:- We’ll setup an Energy Service Company (ESCO) to promote
ESCO
Company
energy efficiency in large commercial buildings (बड़ी वािणिज्यक इमारतों में ऊजार् कायर् दक्षता
को बढ़ाने के िलए एक नई कम्पनी बनायी जाएगी.)
Atal Jyoti Yojana (Ajay): FREE Solar Street Light with LED in
1. Special category states
2. 5 states - Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh.
AJAY
3. NITI-ayog-walle Aspirational districts in other states
4. Andaman Nicobar and Lakshadweep
Funding: MNRE 75% + 25% from MPLADS of given constituency.
- Ministry of Power and Ministry of Textiles give money to Energy Efficiency
SAATHI Services Limited (EESL) → give energy efficient instruments to small and
medium Powerlooms to reduce their energy consumption.
Star Label To help the customer to use energy efficient appliances. 📑📑Refer BEE in Pillar #4B
Smart Ministry of Power → Energy Efficiency Services Ltd. (EESL) helps DISCOMs to
Electricity install Smart Electricity Meters. 🤩🤩Benefits? IT enabled monitoring, no need to
Meters manually read the meters, power theft difficult etc.
- Since 2019: Govt allowed ethanol production from surplus rice/maize available
FCI
with the Food Corporation of India (FCI).(More in 📑📑Pillar#4A)
⇒ BEE’s National strategy document ‘UNNATEE’ (Unlocking NATional Energy
UNNATEE
Efficiency Potential) for developing an energy efficient nation (2017-2031).
⇒ Power Ministry’s knowledge portal namely Simplified Digital Hands-on
SIDHIEE
Information on Energy Efficiency in MSMEs for sharing best practices
⇒ BEE’s Eco-Niwas Samhita for minimum energy conservation standards in
Residential Buildings.
Buildings
⇒ EESL’s Building Energy Efficiency Programme (BEEP) for commercial
buildings
🎓🎓Self Study: Nuclear Power from ch5 of Ravi Agrahari’s Sci-Tech book/Unacademy Sci-Booklet
51.9.5 🔌🔌 🔌🔌↘ 🔌🔌📯📯 Energy → Index → Global Reports
WORLD was released by International Energy Agency (IEA).
ENERGY Presently, largest energy consumer = 1) China 2) USA 3) EU 4) India
INVESTMENT Future by 2040, = India will be @#3, and EU@#4. India’s domestic oil and gas
REPORT 2021 production not enough so, India’s import bill will ⏫.
Global Energy ⇒ World Economic Forum (HQ Geneva, Swiz)’s index to measure countries
Transition on how much CO2 / pollution is generated while producing energy, And
Index वैिश्वक whether the country is serious abt reducing it.
ऊजार् पिरवतर्न ⇒ Ranking 2020-May: Top3- Sweden, Switzerland, Finland. Then India: 74
सूचकांक (previous years 76 so improved.) Haiti #115 (bottom).
World Energy ⇒ by International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA, HQ: Abu Dhabi,
Transitions United Arab Emirates)
Outlook
India Energy ⇒ by International Energy Agency (IEA, Setup under OECD framework, HQ:
Outlook Paris, France)
Report [भारत ⇒ 2021: Largest energy consuming countries= China, USA, EU, India.
ऊजार् दृिष्टकोण ⇒ 2030=India will replace EU as 3rd largest. India's fuel import bill will
िरपोटर्] become 3x in next 20 years.
⇒ [Note as per ��ES21= India is the 3rd-largest energy after USA, China.
So it depends on the context of MCQ, you've to tick]
🔠🔠❓Which of the following is the top ranking country in World Economic Forum's Global
Energy Transition Index 2020? (UPSC-CAPF-2020) (a) China (b) Switzerland (c) Sweden(d) India
51.9.6 🔌🔌 🔌🔌↘ 🔌🔌📯📯 Electricity → Index → State Energy Efficiency Index

by Power Ministry's Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) in association with a non-profit body called
Alliance for an Energy Efficient Economy (AEEE).
Category 2020 ’s ranking? (Announced in 2021-Oct)
Achiever Nobody yet
Front Runner Rajasthan (Max. improvement), Karnataka
Contender Long list
Aspirant (=Most Pathetic) Manipur, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Odisha etc
🔌🔌 🔌🔌↘ ✍ Energy Efficiency Conclusion? Under the Paris agreement, India has pledged to ⏬
emissions intensity of its GDP by 33-35% by 2030. Energy efficiency is a crucial factor in this.
Aforementioned initiatives will help in a long way to achieve our promises under Intended nationally
determined contributions (INDC: राष्टी्र य स्तर पर िनधार्िरत योगदान) under UNFCCC’s Paris agreement. (सकल
घरेलू उत्पाद की उत्सजर्न तीव्रता कम करने की भारत ने पेिरस सं िध में प्रितज्ञा ली है उसमें उक्त योजनाओं से काफी मदद िमलेगी.)
51.10🔌🔌♻ INFRA → ENERGY → RENEWABLE (नवीकरणीय ऊजार्)
⇒ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)’s Paris Accord (2015)
requires nations to submit their Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC or NDC:
राष्टी्र य स्तर पर िनधार्िरत योगदान) about their global warming mitigation commitments. India’s NDCs are
as following (list not exhaustive):
⇒ by 2030, we’ll ⏬ emission intensity of GDP by 33-35 % from 2005 level.
⇒ by 2030, 40% of our installed power generation capacity shall be from non-fossil fuel sources (गैर-
जीवाश्म / नवीकरणीय ईंधन स्रोत)
In this regard, Modi Govt has set a target of installing:
Type Solar Wind Biomass Small Hydro By 2022
Gigawatts (GW) 100 60 10 5 =Total 175 GW
51.10.1 🔌🔌♻ PM Modi’s Panchamrit @COP-26 Glasgow, UK

PM Modi’s Panchamrit five big announcements at UNFCCC-COP26 Summit in Glasgow, UK
(ग्लासगो जलवायु पिरवतर्न पिरषद में प्रधानमं त्री मोदी की महत्वपूणर् घोषणाएँ )
🚽🚽Target 🚽🚽AFTER Glasgow
Area
BEFORE Summit
1) By 2030: ⏫renewable energy capacity to _ _ _ . 450GW 500 GW
(पुननर्वीनीकरण ऊजार् का उत्पादन बढ़ाया जाएगा)
2) By 2030: _ _ _% non-fossil fuel energy in India’s total 40% 50%
energy production (कु ल ऊजार् में ग़ैर-जीवाश्म इं धन का िहस्सा)
3) Emissions intensity= emissions per unit GDP. 33-35% 45%
It will be reduced by at least _ _ _ % by the year 2030 from
2005 levels. (GDP की उत्सजर्न तीव्रता को कम िकया जाएगा)
⇒ 4) a net-zero emissions target by 2070. means all man-made GHG emissions must be removed
from atmosphere through absorption in processes like photosynthesis or physical removal
(उत्सजर्न को शुद्ध रूप से 0/शून्य िकया जाएगा)
⇒ 5) REDUCE TOTAL projected carbon emissions by 1 bn tonnes from now to 2030. (काबर्न उत्सजर्न
में 1 टन की कटौती)
⇒ 👜👜👜👜Budget-2022:- Solar Power: Target of 280 GW of installed solar capacity by 2030. We’ll
give Production Linked Incentive (PLI) for manufacture of solar cells (Ref:Pillar4B).
51.10.2 🔌🔌♻🕵🕵 Energy → Renewable → [Yearbook] MNRE

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy नवीन एवं नवीकरणीय ऊजार् मं त्रालय consists of:
Dept/Attached/Statutory N/A or nothing MCQ worthy.
Autonomous ⇒ National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE)- Gurugram
Bodies ⇒ National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE)-Chennai → they’ve
स्वायत्त सं स्थाएं developed the Wind Atlas of India.
⇒ Sardar Swaran Singh National Institute of Renewable Energy
(SSS NIRE) – Kapurthala
CPSE 1. Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA)- Delhi
सरकारी कं पिनयां 2. Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI)- Delhi
Portals 1) India Renewable Idea Exchange (IRIX) Portal
वेबसाइट 2) Akshay Urja Portal (& magazine)
51.10.3 🔌🔌🔌🔌🔌🔌📯📯 💦💦 Renewable → KUSUM (Solar for farmer) 2019
Boss? Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan
(KUSUM) has components A, B, C but the gist of the matter is:
 Farmers are encouraged to install Solar pump tube wells for irrigation 💦💦 → less diesel
consumption in pumpsets.
 Farmers, panchayats, cooperatives can install upto 2 MW renewable power plants in their barren
/ cultivable lands.
 Above people can sell the excess electricity to the DISCOMS. Its price will be decided by the
respective State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERC).
 ₹ ₹ Funding? Union 30%+ State 30%+ Bank Loan 30% +10% by the farmer himself= 100%
 🤩🤩Benefit? Diesel & Thermal electricity will ⏬ → 27 million CO2 emission reduced / per year.
51.10.4 🔌🔌🔌🔌🔌🔌📯📯 Renewable → Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission

2008: Manmohan → National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) with 8 missions → 2009-
10: J.N. National Solar Mission (राष्ट्रीय सौर िमशन).
Original target by PM ManMohan Singh 🚽🚽20,000 Megawatts by 2022
PM Modi increased to 🚽🚽100 GW by 2022 (=1 lakh Megawatts)
��Budget-2022 increased to 🚽🚽280 GW by 2030
⇒ Boss? Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
Just like the ‘Make in India’ project, this is not a ‘scheme’ but rather a collection of initiatives in
various sectors such as….यह कोई एक योजना नहीं बिल्क अनेक प्रकार की अलग-अलग पहल का समूह है
1. MNRE → SRISTI (Sustainable Rooftop Implementation for Solar Transfiguration of India) →
subsidy for purchase of the solar panel and other equipment.
2. Issuing tax-free solar bonds to finance such initiatives.
3. Install rooftop solar panels in large Govt complexes/ buildings;
4. 'Building bye laws' are the construction norms set by the State Govt to ensure uniform & safe
development of buildings. They'll require compulsory roof top solar in big private buildings.
5. Use wastelands to setup solar parks (बं जर भूिम पर सौर पाकर् का िनमार्ण)
6. Net-metering i.e. residential and commercial customers generate their own electricity from
rooftop solar power and sell excess of this solar electricity to DISCOM.
7. MNRE → NISE (National Institute of Solar Energy) → 90 days coaching skill development
programme “Surya Mitra” to train youth for solar equipment installation / repair / maintenance.
8. “ARUN” Mobile app to help people install rooftop solar panels by themselves.
9. Solar City initiative (2012-17): 60 cities got ₹ 50 lakhs each, to replace minimum 10%
conventional energy (thermal /coal) with solar in five years.
10. Amending Electricity Act for Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO: नवीकरणीय खरीद के दाियत्व) &
Renewable Generation Obligation (RGO);
🔠🔠❓ What is the minimum reduction in projected demand of conventional energy at the end of
five years as per the 'development of solar cities' programme? (UPSC-CAPF-2020)
(a) 2 per cent (b) 5 per cent (c) 10 per cent (d) 15 per cent
51.10.5 🔌🔌♻🔌🔌📯📯 Renewable → Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO)
अिनवायर् रूप से कु छ प्रितशत नवीकरणीय ऊजार् ख़रीदने का कोटा
Applicable to? Power distribution companies, large electricity consumers and captive power plants.
 They are obliged to buy min. “X” % of the electricity from renewable energy sources.
 This ensures solar, wind and other renewable power producers receive sufficient of consumers /
market demand. This “X%” quota is decided by the MNRE.
 First time setup in 2014 (11.50%, With internal bifurcation for solar and non solar),
 Quota raised over years. 2018: 17%, 2019: 17.5%.....2022: 21% [=10.50% from solar + 10.50%
from Non solar=21%]
 This mechanism is called Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPOs: नवीकरणीय खरीद के दाियत्व). Its
prices are decided by CERC/SERC depending on whether its Interstate or intrastate sale.
Related? Renewable Generation Obligation (RGO: नवीकरणीय सृजन दाियत्व): It requires coal based
thermal plants to generate/procure “x%” of renewable energy.
51.10.6 🔌🔌♻🔌🔌📯📯 Renewable →World's largest Hybrid renewable energy park- Khavda
Near the Indo- Pakistan border near Khavda, in Kutch, Gujarat. 30,000-MW capacity (solar+Wind)
over 72,600 hectares of land give to Adani Green, Gujarat State Electricity company etc.
51.10.7 🔌🔌🔌🔌🔌🔌📯📯 Renewable /energy Efficiency → Ranking / Portals
Table 1: Ranking is not written because either govt not updated after 2019/ or poor cost:benefit in exam
SARAL INDEX ⇒ Who? Jointly developed by Ministry of New & Renewable Energy
for Solar rooftop (MNRE), Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation (SSEF), Associated
Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM) and Ernst
& Young (EY).
⇒ What? State Rooftop Solar Attractiveness Index (SARAL) ranks the
States for their attractiveness for rooftop development.
SAATHEE Portal Power ministry’s portal to monitor energy efficiency in various states
�Conclusion? Access to clean, reliable and affordable energy increases the ease of living, improves
education and human development. Aforementioned schemes / initiatives / challenges are important
in that regard / need to be addressed on priority basis. स्वच्छ, िवश्वसनीय और सस्ती ऊजार् तक पहुंचने से जीवनयापन में
आसानी होती है, िशक्षा और मानव िवकास में सुधार होता है। इसिलए अग्रता क्रम से ध्यान देना जरूरी
51.11🧯🧯🧯🧯 INFRA → ENERGY → COOKING (रसोई के िलए)
51.11.1 🧯🧯🧯🧯: 🔌🔌📯📯 Cooking → Pratyaksh Hanstantrit Labh (PAHAL-2015)

Manmohan started pilot project in selected districts → 2015: Modi launched@ all India
- Boss? Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. Central sector scheme = 100% funded by Union.
- Previously, LPG dealers would divert the subsidized LPG cylinders to restaurants → households
would be deprived & forced to purchase LPG cylinder at a higher price in the black market.
- Direct Benefits Transfer For LPG (DBTL): Beneficiary buys 14.2 KG LPG cylinder at market
price (e.g. ~₹850), Petroleum min transfers subsidy amount (~₹ 290) in his bank account linked
with his customer ID. Similarly, 5kg LPG cylinder- then lower price, so less amount of subsidy.
- A beneficiary gets subsidy on upto 12 cylinders per year. (Although economic survey suggested
it should be ⏬ because most household don’t need more than 10 cylinders in real life.)
Who is not eligible? (1) Restaurants / commercial enterprises; (2) A person with taxable income
more than ₹ 10 lakh (and husband/wife of such person.)
Year 2014 2018 2020-Mar 2021-Sept
Market Price of Cylinder ₹1241 941 806 885
MINUS Subsidy -₹800** -434 -231 0 😷😷✋(PAUSED)
Effective Price for Customer ₹441 507 575 885
**Note: 2014 =UPA/Congress Govt paid subsidy to Cylinder company (not to customer)
51.11.2 🧯🧯🧯🧯: 🔌🔌📯📯: 😷😷✋ LPG PAHAL-subsidy paused in Corona

⇒ Since May 2020, Union government paused paying PAHAL-LPG subsidy to customers.
[although Govt not officially admitted that they have stopped the scheme. [सरकार ने िसलेंडर सिब्सडी
देना स्थिगत कर िदया है हालाँिक आिधकािरक रूप से यह नहीं क़ु बूल िकया है िक हमने योजना (हमेशा के िलए) बं द कर दी है]
⇒ This has saved >₹25,000 crore subsidy bill for the government but caused hardship for the
middle class families.
🔠🔠❓ PAHAL, an initiative for subsidy to bank account, is related to _ _ _ (UPSC-CAPF-2020)
(a) LPG consumers (b) internet consumers
(c) farmers for fertilisers (d) Central Government Employees for medical treatment
51.11.3 🧯🧯🧯🧯 👩👩:🔌🔌📯📯 Cooking → Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana 1.0 (PMUY)
Ordinarily, a customer has to pay ~₹ 1000+ as refundable security deposit to get the LPG connection
from Oil Marketing Company (OMC: Bharat Gas HP Gas etc.).
 Scheme gives Deposit-free LPG connections + rubber tube + pressure regulator to the women of
Below Poverty Line (BPL: गरीबी रेखा के नीचे) families. (Although they have to pay money for the
stove and cylinders to actually start cooking.)
 The BPL families identified using SECC-2011 data. Later, beneficiary list was expanded to cover
the forest dwellers, people residing in Islands etc. whose name may not be in SECC-2011 data.
 Boss? Petroleum Ministry pays ₹ ₹ OMC. Central Sector scheme = 100% funded by Union.
 Benefit? firewood/kerosene consumption ↓= indoor pollution ↓= health + environment :-)
 2019: Himachal =first state in the country to have “100% LPG gas coverage”.
 2020: Corona Lockdown = poor families’ income⏬, so can’t afford to pay for cylinders so,
PMUY beneficiaries eligible for 3 FREE LPG cylinders upto 30/June/2020.
51.11.4 🧯🧯🧯🧯 👩👩:🔌🔌📯📯 Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana 2.0 [प्रधानमं त्री उज्ज्वला योजना का दू सरा चरण]
⇒ Boss? Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG).
⇒ Phase1 / 1.0 = 2016. Phase-2/2.0 = 2021 onwards. [पहला चरण समाप्त । दू सरा चरण शुरू िकया गया]
⇒ 2.0 = aims to cover A) poor who were not subscribed in 1.0 AND B) poor migrant workers, due
to lack of address proof/documents.
⇒ Eligibility? Adult woman from – poor household, Socio-Economic Caste Census (SECC)-walle
eligible households, SC, ST, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Gramin), Antyodaya Anna Yojana
(AAY), Tea Garden workers, Forest Dwellers, families residing in Islands
⇒ (Poor) Migrants will not be required to submit ration cards or address proof. They’ll get
connection based on self-declaration (गरीब प्रवासी मज़दू रों िनवास स्थान का सुबूत नहीं देना होगा। िसफ़र् स्वयं को स्व
प्रमािणत करना होगा िक मैं 1 प्रवासी मज़दू र हूँ ।)
🤩🤩What will Beneficiary get? = 1) Deposit-free LPG connection. 2) First cylinder free 3)
Hotplate/Stove free.
51.11.5 🔌🔌📯📯 🧯🧯🧯🧯 Cooking → Kerosene subsidy stopped (2020)

⇒ kerosene is traditionally used in cooking and light. (रसोई ईंधन तथा प्रकाश के िलए के रोसीन का उपयोग)
⇒ Boss & principle is same as PAHAL-LPG. Kerosene is sold at market price → subsidy ₹ ₹
transferred to poor family’s bank account. This discourages PDS shopkeeper from diverting
subsidized kerosene to the rickshaw-wallas.
⇒ but govt schemes to provide electricity (SAUBHAGYA) & LPG cylinders (PM Ujjwala) to poor
→ so kerosene requirement ⏬ (लेिकन िबजली और LPG की योजनाओं के चलते के रोसीन की ज़रूरत हुई कम)
⇒ So, from 1/3/2020: Govt stopped giving kerosene subsidy. (अतः सरकार ने के रोिसन सिब्सडी को िकया बं द)
⇒ Now, kerosene is being sold @public distribution system (PDS) stores BUT with zero subsidy.
(राशन की दुकानों पर के रोिसन की िबक्री जारी है िकंतु बाज़ार मूल्य पर बेचा जाता है। सस्ते दाम पर/सिब्सडी के साथ नहीं बेचा जाता।)
51.11.6 🔌🔌📯📯 🧯🧯🧯🧯 Cooking → Misc. (िविवध योजनाएं )

It’s just a gathering of 100 LPG customers in an area, they’ll discuss LPG
PM LPG
benefits, women empowerment. Petroleum Ministry aimed to organize 1
Panchayat Scheme
lakh such Panchayats across India by 31/3/2019.
To lay down Natural Gas Grid Pipeline across 5 states, viz. UP, Bihar,
PM Urja Ganga Jharkhand, Odisha & W.Bengal. The supply of such Piped Natural Gas
2016 (PNG) can help homes, hotels, fertilizer companies & electricity companies
→ helps creating a gas based economy.
connect all major demand and supply centres in India. → easy availability of
National Gas Grid natural gas across all regions → to achieve uniform economic and social
progress.
Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers pays ₹ ₹ subsidy to entrepreneurs to
City Compost
create compost (कू ड़ा खाद) from city (municipal) waste → supply it to farmers
Scheme (2016)
at subsidized rate.
- It’s a sub-component of Swachh Bharat mission (Gramin). Core Scheme
= not 100% funded by Union.
- Boss? Dept of Drinking Water and Sanitation.
GOBARdhan
- GOBARdhan scheme helps farmers & rural entrepreneurs to convert
(2018)
cattle dung & other biowaste to biogas and organic manure. Depending
on the population of the gram panchayat, they will be given up to ₹ 20
Lakh to setup such project.
- It is a web portal developed jointly by ministries of Agriculture, Animal
Unified
husbandry, petroleum, Jal Shakti for above gobar / cattle dung related
Gobardhan
activities
- Bio-gas is produced naturally through anaerobic decomposition of
agriculture residue, cattle dung etc. → purification and Compression,
CBG: SATAT
→ Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG) with >95% pure methane.
(2018):
- 2018-SATAT Initiative by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas to
promote CBG as an automotive fuel.
- Also known as flexible-fuel vehicle / dual-fuel / Alternative fuel engine:
Definition: Flex
Capable of using traditional Petrol/diesel, as well as alternative fuels
Engine
such as ethanol and methanol.
- 2020-Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) notified
Unified Gas Price new tariff rules for natural gas pipelines. Basically new rules will ⏬
System (2020) cost of natural gas for users who are further away from sources of
natural gas. Further technical details NOTIMP.#🕰🕰थोड़ा-पढ़ो-आगे-बढ़ो
51.11.7 👻👻 ⚡☢Energy infra→ Atomic energy → Atma-Nirbhar (परमाणु ऊजार्)
⇒ � PPP mode: Research reactor → produces medical isotopes → use in cancer treatment.
(अनुसंधान िरएक्टर से के न्सर िचिकत्सा के िलए समस्थािनक तत्व/आइसोटोप का िनमार्ण)
⇒ � PPP mode: Irradiation facilities for Food preservation. (खाद्य सं रक्षण के िलए िविकरण)
� Conclusion? Energy is the prerequisite for development of any society. Energy improves the
access to healthcare, education and overall wellbeing. SDG Goal#7 requires India to provide
affordable, reliable and modern energy services to all by 2030. Aforementioned Scheme/ Challenge
need to be addressed on priority basis….. िवश्वसनीय और सस्ती ऊजार् िकसी भी समाज की िशक्षा स्वास्थ्य खुशहाली और
िवकास के िलए अिनवायर् होती है. इसिलए सतत िवकास लक्ष्यों में भी इसे स्थान िदया गया है. ऊकत योजना/ चुनौितयों पे ध्यान देना जरूरी
52 🌧🌧 INFRA → WATER & SANITATION (जल व् स्वच्छता)
Ref: pillar4A: Agri for irrigation and drinking water schemes
52.1 🚽🚽🔌🔌📯📯 INFRA → SANITATION→ SWACHH BHARAT MISSION (SBM: 2014)
- (Introduction) While ancient Indus valley civilization accorded
prime importance to sanitation by integrating sanitation
systems into town planning. But over the ages this domain
received less attention of the policy makers. As a result, even in
2012, more than 50% Indian, still practiced open defecation.
- 2012: PM Manmohan launched Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan →
2/10/2014 Modi restructured as SBM
- Boss? Originally, Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation (So
Now Jal Shakti Ministry).
- Core Scheme = Not 100% funded by Union (60:40| 90:10) +
Corporates’ CSR funding.
- 2019-Sept: Modi given Global gatekeeper award by the Bill and
Melinda Gates foundation for SBM
🔠🔠❓ The Global Goalkeeper Award is given by (UPSC-CDS-i-2020)

a) Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation b) the United Nations Environment Programme
c) Kellogg School of Management d) World Meteorological Organization
52.1.1 🚽🚽🚽🚽 Target of Swatchhta Diwas 2/10/2019 → Gandhi’s 150th Birth Anniversary
 Open Defecation Free (ODF: खुले में शौच मुक्त) India.
 Eradicating manual scavenging (मानव मल-मूत्र को हटाने के िलये सफाई कमर्चािरयों के िनयोजन को खत्म करना)
 Improving Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM: नगरपािलका ठोस अपिशष्ट प्रबं धन)
52.1.2 🚽🚽🚽🚽 SBM → How to achieve targets?

1. ₹ ₹ given for building toilets in individual homes, community toilets and bathing house, Public
toilets at bus station, schools, temporary construction sites [शौचालयों का िनमार्ण]
2. Additional ₹ ₹ for solid waste management projects- trucks, garbage disposal units etc;
3. Information Education Communication (IEC), Awareness & behavioural changes through
Swachhta Doots, Social Media, posters, advertisements. [जागृित अिभयान]
4. Darwaza Band: awareness campaign to ensure villagers don’t defecate in the open.
5. Research Development in sanitation. [सं शोधन]
6. SBM assets have been geo-tagged. Many mobile applications have been launched to complaint
about unclean areas to municipal corporations. [नगरपािलका को िशकायत करने के िलए मोबाइल ऐप]
52.1.3 🚽🚽🕵🕵 SBM → Who implements this scheme? (कौनसा मं त्रालय करता है)
52.2 🚽🚽SBM GRAMIN PHASE 2 (स्वच्छ भारत का दू सरा चरण)

⇒ It’ll be implemented from 2020-2021 to 2024-2025 To ensure villagers continue to use toilets
⇒ + focus on plastic waste management, Animal waste and other bio-degradable solid waste
management (जैव अपघिटत ठोस अपिशष्ट प्रबं धन)
⇒ Greywater management (It is the used water from domestic sources excluding toilet wastewater)
Fecal-sludge management (मल-कीच प्रबं धन।)
52.2.1 Urban Swachh Bharat Mission 2.0 announced in 💼💼Budget-2021

Timeline? 5 years from 2021-2026. Funding? >1 lakh cr. With following features
⇒ Management of faecal sludge & waste water [मल कीचड़ और अपिशष्ट जल का प्रबं धन]
⇒ Segregation of garbage. [कचरे का पृथक्करण]
⇒ Reduction in single-use plastic [एकल उपयोग प्लािस्टक में कमी]
⇒ ⏬air pollution from construction -demolition activities [िनमार्ण और िवध्वं स गितिविधयों से वायु प्रदू षण]
⇒ Bio-remediation of all dump sites [डंप साइटों में जैव उपचारण]
52.2.2 🚽🚽SBM Protocols (कायर्पद्धित)
⇒ Open Defection Free status (+) [खुले में शौच मुक्त िस्थित तथा]
ODF+ protocol ⇒ Operations and maintenance of community toilets and public toilets।
(सावर्जिनक शौचालयों का योग्य तरीके से सं चालन और रखरखाव)
⇒ Above things from ODF+ and additionally, focuses on safe management
of faecal sludge from toilets (मल का सुरिक्षत प्रबं धन)
ODF++ protocol
⇒ Untreated sludge should NOT be discharged into water bodies etc
(अनुपचािरत कु डा-कीचड़ को पानी मे नही छोड़ना)
Water + protocol untreated wastewater should NOT be discharged in water bodies etc.
52.2.3 📔📔📔📔Why do we need SBM? Economic surveys observed:

⇒ The lack of access to toilet facility → Girls reduce food & water intake to avoid going during day
time → malnutrition and anaemia. (कु पोषण और रक्त की कमी).
⇒ Open defecation → infections among pregnant women → Maternal mortality ratio (मातृ मृत्यु
अनुपात), Infant Mortality Rate (िशशु मृत्यु दर) chances increase.
⇒ Intestinal infection (enteropathy: आंत्रिवकृ ित) in children → Even if child given good food their
body will not absorb nutrients fully → ⏬brain development → educational outcomes⏬
⇒ Every household in an open defecation free village saved about ₹ 50,000 per year due to lower
chances of disease, time saved due to a closer toilet → ⏫economic productivity
⇒ Open defecation & municipal waste eventually contaminate the water bodies- and harm the
flora-fauna. (खुले में शौच और शहरी नगरीय कचरे से जल प्रदू षण िजससे वनस्पित तथा पशु पिक्षयों पर भी खतरा)
52.2.4 📔📔📔📔 Swatchh Bharat: What more can we do- Eco Survey19 Suggestions?
1) Some rural males still don’t use toilets. Even in urban areas, people keep their homes clean but
litter in public places. So, we have to inculcate a behavioral change.[लोगों के व्यवहार/बतार्व में सुधार ज़रूरी]
a. ��ES22 found that average 70% Indians use toilets. But, Bihar (49%), Jharkhand
(57%), Odisha (60%), Manipur (65%), MP (65%), West Bengal (68%), Assam (69%) and
Uttar Pradesh (69%) have remained below the national average. (इन राज्यों में शौचालय उपयोग
करने वाले लोगों की सं ख्या राष्ट्रीय औसत से कम है।)
2) Water crisis so we’ve to adopt eco-friendly water conservation in toilets. e.g. Bio toilets, dual
flush toilets. जैव शौचालय, दोहरी फ्लश शौचालय
3) Clean India should also be pollution free India, so we should focus
a. industrial effluent, plastic menace, controlling air pollution etc. (औद्योिगक अपिशष्ट, प्लािस्टक
की चुनौती, वायु प्रदू षण)
b. bioremediation, river surface cleaning, river front development. (जैव-उपचार, निदयों के तल की
सफाई, िरवर फ्रंट का िवकास)
c. afforestation and biodiversity conservation. (वृक्षारोपण तथा जैव िविवधता का सं रक्षण)
4) To do above things, we need to get ₹₹ via: Micro-financing (सूक्ष्म िवत्तपोषण), Concessional Loans
(िरयायती दरों पर लोन/ ऋण ), Corporate Social Responsibility (कॉरपोरेट का सामािजक उत्तरदाियत्व),
Crowdfunding (जनसमूह के द्वारा िवत्तपोषण), Public Private Partnership (सावर्जिनक-िनजी भागीदारी)
52.2.5 🏬🏬 📊📊 Sanitation → Index: Swachh Sarvekshan 2021 by Urban Ministry

− A) cities with 10 lakh+ pop: #1-INDORE (5th consecutive year), 2-Surat, 3-Vijaywada.
− B) Varanasi = ‘Best Ganga Town’
− C) Ahmedabad Cantonment = ‘India’s Cleanest Cantonment’.
52.2.6 🏬🏬 📊📊 Sanitation → Index: Prerak Dauur Samman

− 2021: Urban Ministry introduced a new category of awards under the Swachh Bharat Mission,
known as ‘Prerak Dauur Samman’. It is based waste segregation, construction sector waste,
landfill, sanitation etc.
− ‘Prerak Dauur Samman’ has 5 subcategories of awards: Divya (Platinum), Anupam (Gold),
Ujjwal (Silver), Udit (Bronze), Aarohi (Aspiring).
− 2021: Indore, Surat, Navi Mumbai, New Delhi, Tirupati in ‘Divya’ (Platinum) category.
52.2.7 � Infra → Sanitation → Swachhta Udyami Yojana (2014)
Ministry of Social Justice → ₹ to National Safai Karamcharis Finance and Development Corporation
→ Concessional loans to Safai Karamcharis/ Manual Scavengers for →
1. Building community toilets → they can charge user fees.
2. Buying Sanitation related Vehicles → Beneficiaries can take contracts from the
Municipalities for garbage collection etc. to earn livelihood.
Related Misc. schemes by above ministry: Self Employment Scheme for Rehabilitation of Manual
Scavengers (SRMS) which give skill and financial assistance to them.
52.2.8 🚽🚽�Conclusion: Summary: Yes SBM is important
 Sustainable Development Goal number 6: “By 2030, achieve sanitation and hygiene for all, and
end open defecation, paying special attention to women, girls and those in vulnerable
situations”. (धारणीय िवकास लक्ष्य #6: सबके िलए समतुल्य स्वच्छता, मिहला, बािलका और िवकट पिरिस्थित में रहने वाले लोगों
का खास ख्याल रखा जाए) OR
 Sanitation for all ensures social, environmental and economic gains for all. OR
Mahatma Gandhi once said, “Sanitation is more important than independence.” Therefore, only a
Clean, Health and Beautiful India can be our fitting tribute to Gandhi’s 150th Birth anniversary.
(“स्वच्छता स्वतं त्रता से भी अिधक महत्वपूण,र् गिरमा पूणर् जीवन के िलए जरूरी है-गांधी” इसिलए एक स्वच्छ स्वस्थ और सुंदर भारत बनाकर
ही हम अपने राष्ट्रिपता को सच्ची श्रद्धांजिल दे सकते हैं).
 So, aforementioned reforms are necessary, need to be pursued on a priority basis or war footing.
52.3 ✍MAINS QUESTIONS IN PAST UPSC EXAMS
Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at world leaders Summit of the 2021
COP 26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glassgow in November, 2021. When was this
idea first floated in the International Solar Alliance (ISA)? (Answer in 150 words)
नवम्बर,2021 में ग्लासगो में िवश्व के नेताओं के िशखर सम्मेलन में सी. ओ. पी. 26 सं युक्त राष्ट्र जलवायु पिरवतर्न सम्मेलन में,
आरम्भ की गई हिरत िग्रड पहल का प्रयोजन स्पष्ट कीिजए। अंतरार्ष्ट्रीय सौर गठबं धन (आई एस ए) में यह िवचार पहली बार कब
िदया गया था? ✅ANS. Solved in Free Sp.Class
With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy 2018
Programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy. परमाणु ऊजार् के साथ जुड़े
हुए तथ्य और भयस्थान
Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve 2018
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Comment on the progress made in India in this
regard. सतत िवकास लक्ष्यों (एसडीजी) को प्राप्त करने के िलए सस्ती, िवश्वसनीय, िटकाऊ और आधुिनक ऊजार् एक
अिनवायर् चीज है -इसमें सरकार ने क्या कदम उठाए हैं Ans. Mrunal’s Web Article
📑📑NEXT Handout 5B: Transport Infrastructure (Rail, Road, EV, Shipping, Aviation, Tourism)

Pillar 5A Infra Bijali Paani

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pillar 5A Infra Bijali Paani

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

🥶🥶FAQ: Do I have to remember all this Ministries/Govt orgs/Schemes/Portals/Rails given here?

50 🧱🧱 INFRASTRUCTURE → MEANING & CHARACTERISTICS

Infrastructure sector may exhibit following characteristics → (लाक्षिणकताए/िवशेषताएँ )

50.1 🏅🏅⚒INFRASTRUCTURE → MINING (खनन) / BASIC INDUSTRIES

50.1.1 🕵🕵🚟🚟 [Yearbook] Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises

50.1.3 🕵🕵🧪🧪 [Yearbook] Ministry of Chemicals & Fertilizers

Dept 1) Dept of Chemicals and Petrochemicals 2) Department of Fertilizers

50.1.5 �Lakhshya portal by petroleum ministry (2021)

50.1.6 ⛽ 📔📔📔📔 Dutch Disease & Resource Curse- ES2016-17

🔠🔠❓MCQ. Find correct statements: (UPSC Pre19)

50.1.8 🕵🕵[Yearbook] Ministry of Mines ( खान मं त्रालय)

50.1.10 🏅🏅⚒📯📯 National Mineral Policy (NMP) 2019

50.1.11 🏅🏅⚒⚖ Mining → MMDR Act 2015

🔠🔠❓MCQ. What is the purpose of 'District Mineral Foundations' in India? (UPSC-Pre-2016)

50.2.1 🔥🔥🕵🕵 [Yearbook] Coal Ministry (कोयला मं त्रालय) consists of →

🔠🔠❓Find correct statement(s) (Prelims-2019)

50.2.3 🔥🔥⚖ Mineral Laws (Amendment) Ordinance/Act 2020

50.2.4 🔥🔥🔥🔥 Coal selling – Shakti Policy (2017)?

50.2.5 👻👻👻👻👻👻Mining → Atma-Nirbhar (खनन)

50.2.6 🔥🔥🤲🤲🔥🔥 Coal Crisis/Shortage in 2021-Oct

50.2.8 🔥🔥🏅🏅⚒ Mining → Misc. Schemes, Apps, Portals, Issues

Pradhan Mantri - Boss? Mining Ministry.

(DATA as of 2020-Nov) In India’s present electricity mix consists of:

51.1.1 🕵🕵🔌🔌 [Yearbook] Ministry of Power (िवद्युत-ऊजार् मं त्रालय)

51.3 🔌🔌✝☪🕉🕉 ELECTRICITY → ONE NATION-ONE GRID

51.3.2 🔌🔌♻ Grid → GREEN Grids / OSOWOG

51.5 🔌🔌🔌🔌📯📯ELECTRICITY → INTEGRATED POWER DEVELOPMENT SCHEME

51.5.1 🔌🔌⏱ Electricity → Prepaid Smart Meters for Electricity

51.6 🔌🔌🔌🔌:🔌🔌📯📯ELECTRICITY: NPA SOLVE → UDAY (2015)

During UPA/Congress-raj, DISCOMs were suffering losses because: 😰😰

Boss? Ministry of Power (2014)

51.7 🔌🔌🔌🔌📯📯ELECTRICITY → DEEN DAYAL GRAM JYOTI YOJANA (2015)

51.8 🔌🔌🔌🔌📯📯 ELECTRICITY → PM SAHAJ BIJLI HAR GHAR YOJANA (SAUBHAGYA)

51.8.1 🔌🔌🔌🔌⚖Electricity (Rights of Consumers) Rules,2020: िबजली उपभोक्ता अिधकार िनयम

51.8.2 ⚡☂🔌🔌📯📯Revamped Distribution Sector Scheme (2021-June)

51.8.2.1 ⚡☂🔌🔌📯📯 RDSS: Features?

51.8.3 🔌🔌✍Conclusion: yes electricity access is imp.

🔠🔠❓Saubhagya, a Govt Scheme, relates to which of the following areas? (UPSC-CDS-i-2020)

🔠🔠❓SAUBHAGYA, a Central Government scheme, is related to (UPSC-CAPF-2020)

^SEE basically same MCQ reused/recycled in two different exams of UPSC

51.9 🔌🔌🔌🔌↘ ELECTRICITY → USE ‘LESS’ → ENERGY EFFICIENCY

51.9.1 🔌🔌🔌🔌↘🔌🔌📯📯 Electricity → Use ‘Less’ → PAT Mechanism

(िबजली खपत कम कर के सिर्टिफके ट से पैसा कमाओ योजना)

51.9.2 🔌🔌 🔌🔌↘ 🔌🔌📯📯 Electricity → Use ‘Less’ → National LED Programme

लोगों को सस्ते में एलईडी बल्ब देदो योजना

51.9.3 🔌🔌 🔌🔌↘ 🔌🔌📯📯 Electricity → Use ‘Less’ → Gram Ujala Programme

गांव वालों को सस्ते में एलईडी बल्ब देदो योजना

51.9.6 🔌🔌 🔌🔌↘ 🔌🔌📯📯 Electricity → Index → State Energy Efficiency Index

51.10.1 🔌🔌♻ PM Modi’s Panchamrit @COP-26 Glasgow, UK

51.10.2 🔌🔌♻🕵🕵 Energy → Renewable → [Yearbook] MNRE

51.10.4 🔌🔌🔌🔌🔌🔌📯📯 Renewable → Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission

51.10.5 🔌🔌♻🔌🔌📯📯 Renewable → Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO)

अिनवायर् रूप से कु छ प्रितशत नवीकरणीय ऊजार् ख़रीदने का कोटा

51.11🧯🧯🧯🧯 INFRA → ENERGY → COOKING (रसोई के िलए)

51.11.1 🧯🧯🧯🧯: 🔌🔌📯📯 Cooking → Pratyaksh Hanstantrit Labh (PAHAL-2015)

51.11.2 🧯🧯🧯🧯: 🔌🔌📯📯: 😷😷✋ LPG PAHAL-subsidy paused in Corona

51.11.5 🔌🔌📯📯 🧯🧯🧯🧯 Cooking → Kerosene subsidy stopped (2020)

51.11.6 🔌🔌📯📯 🧯🧯🧯🧯 Cooking → Misc. (िविवध योजनाएं )

52 🌧🌧 INFRA → WATER & SANITATION (जल व् स्वच्छता)

Ref: pillar4A: Agri for irrigation and drinking water schemes

🔠🔠❓ The Global Goalkeeper Award is given by (UPSC-CDS-i-2020)

52.1.2 🚽🚽🚽🚽 SBM → How to achieve targets?