ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

LECTURE SERIES
 LESSON 05
PREPARATION OF LABORATORY SOLUTIONS (A)
 INTRODUCTION
01
CONCENTRATION
represents the amount of solute dissolved in a unit amount of solvent
QUALITATIVE SEMI-QUANTITATIVE QUANTITATIVE

• Dilute • Unsaturated • Mass fraction

• Concentrated • Saturated • Mole fraction
• Supersaturated • Percent composition
(%(w/w), %(v/v),
%(w/v)
• Parts per notation
(ppt, ppm, ppb)
• Molarity
• Molality
• Normality
• p-function
 QUALITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
02
CONCENTRATED DILUTE
a solution that contains a large proportion of a solution that contains a small proportion of
solute relative to the solvent solute relative to the solvent

Electronic image retrieved from https://www.dentonisd.org/cms/lib/tx21000245/centricity/domain/1192/molarity.pdf

 SEMI-QUALITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
03
UNSATURATED SATURATED SUPERSATURATED
a solution that contains an a solution that contains an a solution that contains an
amount of solute that can be amount of solute that can no amount of undissolved solute
completely dissolved by the longer be dissolved by the more than the saturated
solvent solvent solution

ELECTRONIC IMAGE RETRIEVED FROM https://www.wylieisd.net/cms/lib09/TX01918453/Centricity/Domain/2398/Lab%20Packet.pdf

 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
MASS FRACTION, W
the ratio of the mass of one component of a solution to the total total mass of the
solution

𝑚"
𝑊" =
𝑚 %&%"'

mA is the mass of component A

mTOTAL is the total mass of the solution
 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
MOLE FRACTION, X
the ratio of the number of moles of one component of a solution to the total number of
moles representing all components

𝑛"
𝑋" =
𝑛 %&%"'

nA is the number of moles of component A

nTOTAL is the total number of moles of all the components in the solution
 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
PERCENT COMPOSITION (%w/w)
the percentage of the mass of one component of a solution

+⁄ ,-
% + = x100
,./.-0

mA is the mass of component A

mTOTAL is the mas of the solution
 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
An air stream contains 52 g of oxygen gas, 71 g of nitrogen, 15 g of helium, and 12 g of
hydrogen. Determine the mass fraction, % (w/w) and mole fraction of each of the components.
 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
PERCENT COMPOSITION (%v/v)
the percentage of the volume of one component of a solution

4⁄ 4-
% 4 = x100
4./.-0

vA is the volume of solute

vTOTAL is the volume of the solution
 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
90 mL of hydrogen peroxide was dissolved in enough water to make 3000 mL of solution. What is
the final concentration of the hydrogen peroxide?
 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
PERCENT COMPOSITION (%w/v)
the percentage of the mass of one component in a specific volume of the solution

+⁄ ,-
% 4 = x100
4./.-0

mA is the mass of solute in grams

vTOTAL is the volume of the solution, in mL
 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
What is the % w/v of a solution that contains 15.34 g of sodium chloride diluted to 1000
mL with deionized water?
 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
part per thousand, ppt
a way of expressing concentration denoting one part per thousand

𝑚89:;7< ,>?@,8
C
𝐶667 = x 10
𝑚89:;7A9B ,>?@,8

mA is the mass of solute

mTOTAL is the mass of the sample
 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
part per million, ppm
a way of expressing concentration denoting one part per million

𝑚89:;7< ,>?@,8
D
𝐶66, = x 10
𝑚89:;7A9B ,>?@,8

mA is the mass of solute

mTOTAL is the mass of the sample
 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
Calculate the mass of solute in a 65 Kg person, if the concentration is 24 ppm?
 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
part per billion, ppb
a way of expressing concentration denoting one part per billion

𝑚89:;7< ,>?@,8
F
𝐶66E = x 10
𝑚8@,6:< ,>?@,8

mA is the mass of solute

mTOTAL is the mass of the sample
 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
What mass of solute is in a 5.4 Kg sample if the concentration is 25 ppb?
 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
The maximum acceptable concentration of fluoride in drinking water according to the World
Health Organization is 1.5 mg/L. If the the analyzed concentration of fluoride in a water sample is
2.0ppm, is it safe to drink?
 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
MOLARITY, M
Mole of solute per liter of solution

𝑛89:;7<
M=
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 , 'A7<?8

nA is the moles of solute

 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
What is the molarity of a solution that was prepared by dissolving 15.0 g of NaNO3 in enough
water to make 250 mL of solution?
 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
MOLALITY
Moles of solute per kilogram of solvent

𝑛89:;7<
m=
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 , S>

nA is the moles of solute

 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
100.0 grams of sucrose (C12H22O11) is dissolved in 1.50 L of water. What is the molality?
 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
NORMALITY, N
gram equivalent weight of solute per Liter pf solution

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒

𝑁=
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡, :A7<?8
 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
What is the normality of a sulfuric acid solution that is 8 M?
 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
p-function, pX

p𝑋 = − log[𝑋]

[X] is the molarity of X ions in the solution

 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
A Calculate the p-value for each of the indicated ions in the following:
Na+, Cl-, and OH- in a solution that is 0.0635 M in NaCl and 0.0403 M in NaOH.
 QUANTITATIVE MEANS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION
04
 REFERENCES
05
Brown, T.L., Lemay Jr., H.E., Bursten, B.E., Murphy, C.J., and Woodward, P.M. (2012)
Chemistry: The Central Science, 12th Ed., USA: Pearson Education, Inc.

Skoog, D.A., et al (2014) Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 9th Ed; Brooks Cole
Cengage Learning

Spielberg, M.S. (c2007) Principles of General Chemistry, 2nd Edition, New York, USA.
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