Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology

1964, Vol. 68, No. 1, 72-78

HYPNOSIS, VERBAL SATIATION, VIGILANCE,

AND PERSONALITY FACTORS:
A CORRELATIONAL STUDY *

J. P. DAS 2
Ulkal University, Bhubaneswar, India

62 postgraduate students were subjected to tests of auditory vigilance, verbal

satiation, and hypnosis and later filled out the Maudsley Personality Inventory
(MPI) and the Personal Friends Questionnaire (measuring rigidity). Positive
correlations were obtained between hypnosis and low verbal satiation (r = .667)
and low verbal satiation and errors in vigilance (r = .757). A significant
biserial r of .40 was obtained between errors in vigilance and hypnosis.
Hypnosis was negatively correlated (r = —.436) with MPI Lie scores and
positively with rigidity (r=.S14).

Hypnotic susceptibility is a complex re- form of uninterrupted occurrence of three

sponse with two identifiable components:
an ability to acquire a conditioned response
and an ability to develop cortical inhibition
(Das, 19S8a, 19S8c, 1959). It may be pre-
sumed that in hypnosis some kind of in-
hibitory processes are at work. Whether the
inhibition is cortical (Pavlov, 1928) or re-
active (Hull, 1943) is of little concern here.
Since hypnosis is ordinarily induced through
verbal suggestions, inhibition produced in the
verbal system stands a good chance of being
related to hypnotizability. Verbal satiation and
auditory vigilance become relevant in this
context, because both have been theoretically
regarded as causally connected with reactive
inhibition. Verbal satiation has been likened
to a cognitive reactive inhibition (IK) by
Lambert and Jakobovits (1960). They fur-
ther suggest that satiation is a cortical phe-
nomenon, inasmuch as it involves loss of
word meaning and is not brought about by
a mere repetition of the letters that make
up the word. Lambert and his associates have
now repeatedly demonstrated the existence
of semantic satiation.
Similarly decrement in auditory vigilance
has been attributed to IR (Treadwell, 1960).
In the typical vigilance task, the subject is
required to attend to aperiodic signals in the
1
Partially supported by a grant from the Council
of Scientific and Industrial Research, Government of
India.
2
Now at George Peabody College for Teachers.
72
odd numbers in a random series of odd and
even numbers. Since the series is continu-
ously presented over half an hour, IR is sup-
posed to accumulate from time to time forcing
involuntary rest pauses during which IR
tends to dissipate. These involuntary rest
pauses weaken vigilance. Consequently, sig-
nals are missed or are misinterpreted. This
explanation of vigilance is generally consistent
with Eysenck's (1957) derivations from
Hullian learning theory.
Three personality traits, extraversion, neu-
roticism, and rigidity, have been considered
in the present study. Of these, extraversion
has been previously related to cortical in-
hibition by Eysenck (1957). Neuroticism
and, recently, rigidity (Soueif, 1958, 1962)
have emerged as some of the basic dimensions
of personality. The test of rigidity measures
intolerance of ambiguity at the verbal level,
and thus appears, on an a priori basis,
to be connected with responses to verbal
stimulation such as hypnosis, satiation, and
vigilance.
METHOD
Subjects
Sixty-two male postgraduate students, who were
either studying, or had been recently studying for
their MA or Law examinations were employed as
subjects. All of them were nonpaid volunteers. They
did not belong to the department of psychology
and were new to the experiment. Their ages were
between 19 and 25 years.
 HYPNOSIS AND VERBAL SATIATION
Tests
Hypnosis. Hypnosis was induced by the method
of eye fixation and gradual suggestion of relaxation
and sleep as in other studies of the author (Das,
19S8c), Altogether, eight suggestions were given
following the IS-minute induction period. The first
four suggestions aimed at measuring light to medium
depth and the last four, medium to deep hypnosis.
These were: (a) right/left arm is heavy, and you
cannot keep it up; (b) mouth feels dry; (c) hence
you cannot tell your name; (d) you are feeling
extremely thirsty; (e) you will dream of a hotel
and certain events happening there; (/) you will
dream a specific funny dream (described by the
experimenter) which will make you laugh; (g) com-
plete posthypnotic amnesia; (h) a simple post-
hypnotic suggestion (open a match box). Besides
these, four specific suggestions were given during
the induction procedure—you are feeling relaxed,
heavy, drowsy, and sleepy.
The method of scoring was essentially the same
as in the author's previous study (Das, 1958b) in
which 0 was assigned to not feeling relaxed, 1 to
a feeling of relaxation, and 6 to the acceptance
of all hypnotic and posthypnotic suggestions. Ap-
propriate intermediate scores were assigned to other
responses.
Auditory vigilance task. This 30-minute task, es-
sentially similar to one used in Eysenck's (1960)
laboratory, was selected. It consisted of a tape
recorded random series of odd and even numbers
between 1 and 9. The numbers occurred at the rate
of approximately 20 per minute. The subject was
required to detect combinations of three odd
numbers (called a signal) not interspersed with even
numbers and to indicate it by pressing a key con-
nected to an electrical impulse counter. The number
of signals occurring in the six S-minute periods were
8, 6, 6, 6, 9, and 5. The main test was preceded by
a short practice test in order to insure that the
subject understood the instructions.
The vigilance score was the sum of errors over
the six S-minute periods. Errors were the devia-
tions between the original number of signals and
that reproduced by the subject irrespective of their
algebraic signs. In Treadwell's (1960) study only
omissions were counted as errors.
Verbal satiation. This was produced by a continu-
ous 40-second repetition of the stimulus word at
the rate of 2-4 repetitions per second. In the
experiments reported by Lambert and Jakobovits
(1960) a 15-second repetition was adequate for
producing satiation. But since we are interested in
correlating satiation scores with other measures,
we wanted to be sure that satiation effects ap-
peared clearly. Of course, during a long period of
repetition the subject may reach a point of satura-
tion more than once and be obliged to rest. This
may reduce the net amount of satiation. For, at
the end of the 40-second period, the subject might
be just emerging out of another involuntary rest
pause and hence would have a low level of satiation.
Therefore one may argue that prolonged repetition
73
would result in a relatively low satiation, if satia-
tion were due to accumulated reactive inhibition.
But then one would be neglecting the role of
s/«. If la has reached an acme more often during
a long repetition period, sis would be proportion-
ately strengthened, and perhaps this would com-
pensate for more than what has been lost through
the dissipation of IK due to involuntary rest pauses.
If the IR and slit explanation of satiation is accept-
able, it will follow that als does have a vital role
to play in maintaing the effects of repetition even
after the lapse of an hour. For it is a fact that
semantic ratings given by subjects after a lapse
of 1 hour did not differ substantially from those
following the satiation procedure immediately.
The words to be satiated had been used by
Lambert and Jakobovits (1960)—specifically, CHILD,
ME, RICH, FAMILY, TRUTH. They were arranged in
10 predetermined random orders and a subject was
arbitrarily assigned to one of these orders. The sub-
ject was required to rate each word on nine 7-point
semantic differential scales taken from Osgood, Suci,
and Tannenbaum (19S7). Three scales for each of
the three semantic factors of Evaluation, Potency,
and Activity, were provided for rating. The scales
were presented in a fixed random order to all
subjects before and after satiation.
Personality tests. These consisted of the Maudsley
Personality Inventory (MPI) with its Extraversion,
Neuroticism, and Lie scales and Soueif's (1958)
Personal Friends Questionnaire, a disguised test
measuring rigidity in the sense of intolerance of
ambiguity. In a previous study (Das, 1957) no sig-
nificant relationship could be obtained between
hypnosis and the MPI scales of Extraversion and
Neuroticism. But nothing is known about the rela-
tion between hypnotizability and rigidity. Vigilance
and the Extraversion scale of MPI are expected to
be correlated (Eysenck, 1960). Individual differences
in satiation may be related to personality factors.
Procedure
The three tests, Vigilance, Verbal Satiation, and
Hypnosis, were given to the subject in one session
which lasted for about 2 hours. One half of the
subjects were given the Vigilance test first and the
other half, the Satiation test first. Hypnosis was
always induced at the end for all subjects because
of the personal and intimate subject-experimenter
relationship existing in inducing hypnosis. Success
or failure in being hypnotized may alter this rela-
tionship and influence all subsequent test responses.
Procedure during the Vigilance test was as follows:
the subject was told that he was going to be given
a tape recorded experiment and was asked if he
had seen a tape recorder. Some subjects had not
seen a tape recorder before and were shown how
it worked.
Subjects were given a general idea of what they
were expected to do and were told that detailed
instructions would come from the tape. During the
practice test, if a subject could not respond cor-
rectly, he was personally instructed by the experi-
74 J. P. DAS
menter and the practice test was repeated until the
instruction was grasped. The main test began a
minute after the practice test. The subject was told
that the test would take some time, and he should
sit relaxed and keep on listening. The volume of the
tape recorder was so adjusted that the subject had
to be attentive in order to hear the numbers.
Procedure for Verbal Satiation test was as follows:
the Vigilance and the Satiation tests were separated
by 2 minutes. Following the initial presatiation
ratings of the stimulus words, subjects were asked
to repeat the word that the experimenter would
expose as quickly as possible until the experimenter
said "stop." The number of repetitions for the first
IS seconds was recorded by the experimenter in
order to see whether the rate of repetition was at
least 2 per second. The timing in the Satiation test
was as follows: a 1-minute interval between pre-
satiation rating and repetition of the first stimulus
word for satiation; S-second exposure of any stimu-
lus card before repetition. Immediate rating of the
word followed 40 seconds of repetition; a 30-
second interval between the end of rating of a
stimulus word and beginning of the satiation pro-
cedure for the next word.
Rating on the nine semantic scales was done by
the subject pointing out the scale position of a
certain word which the experimenter noted down
separately. Each scale was a mimeographed line
having 7 divisions and appropriate labels like
beautiful-ugly at its two ends.
Hypnosis was induced approximately 10 minutes
after the second test which could be either Vigilance
or Satiation. These 10 minutes were utilized in
establishing some sort of a rapport. The subject
was asked whether he liked the previous tests,
whether he felt bored and drowsy in the Vigilance
test, and whether he thought that in the test in
which he repeated certain words (Satiation test)
his ratings changed following repetition, and whether
the direction of change was consistent. These ques-
tions were asked when the subject was relaxing on
a comfortable couch. The Hypnosis test was prefaced
with the remark that the experimenter was interested
in seeing how far the subject can relax, there being
wide variations in the ability to relax. A IS-minute
standard induction procedure followed, beginning
with eye fixation and ending in a suggestion of deep
sleep. The eight specific suggestions were then made
which took 15-20 minutes and the subject was
awakened by counting from 1 to 15. Subjects who
did not accept the first two suggestions, i.e., arm
heaviness and failure to tell their names, were not
given the remaining suggestions and were awakened.
Likewise, subjects who opened their eyes when the
first suggestion was being given and asked whether
it was over and they could wake up, were not taken
through the rest of the procedure.
RESULTS
Product-moment and biserial correlations
between the test responses were calculated.
The main objective of the study was to dis-
cover the correlates of hypnotizability. Hence
the Hypnosis scores have received more at-
tention.
Analysis of Hypnosis Scores
Correlates of hypnosis. Hypnosis was scored
by two methods as already indicated. By the
old method, a score from 0 to 6 was assigned
to a subject on his performance in the test.
By the new method, acceptance of a sugges-
tion was directly scored as 1 and its nonac-
ceptance 0; the subject's score being the to-
tal number of suggestions he had accepted.
The new method was generally found to be
more sensitive when correlating other test re-
sponses with hypnosis, although the new and
old methods of scoring correlated to the ex-
tent of r - .996.
A correlation between Hypnosis and Vigi-
lance did not yield a significant r (.148). It
was suspected that a dichotomous division of
the hypnotic responses such as hypnotizable
and nonhypnotizable (those who accepted at
least some hypnotic suggestion versus those
who did not go beyond feeling slightly
drowsy) might be more sensitive. Therefore,
a chi square test was applied. Hypnosis scores
were dichotomized according to the old scale:
3 and above and below 3. The point of divi-
sion for Vigilance scores was above and be-
low the mean. The resulting chi square
(9.095) and phi coefficient (.383) were
significant below the \% level. Biserial r's
were further computed with Hypnosis scores
(old) continuous, and Vigilance scores divided
at the mean resulting in an r of .40. With the
Vigilance scores continuous and Hypnosis
scores (old) divided at 3, the biserial r was
.38. The new Hypnosis score gave slightly
lower correlations with Vigilance. A moderate
relationship between extent of hypnotizability
and errors in Vigilance is thus in evidence. In
other words, poor vigilance goes with good
hypnotizability.
A reference to Table 1 reveals that the cor-
relation between lack of satiation and hyp-
notizability is .667. Lack of satiation is sug-
gested by a positive Satiation score and can
be described as meaning generation or a gain
in meaning of the word following its repeti-
tion. The new hypnosis scores were used in
 HYPNOSIS AND VERBAL SATIATION 75
TABLE 1 .279 which is much smaller than that ob-
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN TESTS tained with the new Hypnosis score (.667).
Out of the four measures of personality,
Test N the MPI Lie scores and Soueif's Rigidity
8
Hypnosis versus : scores correlated significantly with Hypnosis
Vigilance 62 _400b** (Table 1). In fact, the Lie items had been
inserted arbitrarily when the MPI was first
0
Hypnosis versus: constructed and were thought to be of little
Satiation 62 .667**** importance so far as their relation with other
Extraversion 58 -.032 behavioral variables was concerned. But later,
Neuroticism 58 -.087
Lie 58 -.436*** Furneaux 3 and his research associate seem to
Rigidity 58 .514**** have taken the Lie score seriously and found
Vigilance versus : a correlation between the Lie scale and hyp-
Satiation 62 .757**** notizability. Likewise, the correlation between
Extraversion 58 -.004 the two in the present study was .436 im-
Neuroticism 58 .097 plying that a low Lie score goes with good
Lie 58 .020
Rigidity 58 .048 hypnotizability. Soueif's Rigidity scale is a
measure of "intolerance of ambiguity." Since
Satiation versus :
rigidity has come to mean more than one
Extraversion 58 -.057 thing, this specific import of rigidity should
Neuroticism 58 .129
Lie 58 .191 be remembered throughout the discussion on
Rigidity 58 -.231* rigidity. It appears from the correlation (r
Extraversion versus : = .514) that intolerance of ambiguity goes
Neuroticism 58 -.031 with good ability to be hypnotized.
Rigidity 58 .148 Frequency distribution. Distributions for
the old and new Hypnosis scores indicate
Neuroticism versus:
somewhat positively skewed curves. About
Rigidity 58 .118
13% of the subjects could attain deep hyp-
Lie versus: nosis and at the other end 29% were very
Rigidity 58 .241* slightly hypnotizable. Out of this 29%, 8%
were not at all hypnotizable. Between the two
« Old method. extremes, 58% attained light to medium
0I" Biserial.
New method. depth of hypnosis. The order of difficulty for
* p < .05.
**p <.01. the 12 items of suggestion is to be found in
***£ <.005.
****p <.001. Table 2.
8
Personal communication, 1962.
computing the above correlation for the fol-
lowing reason. TABLE 2
When a distribution for Hypnosis (old) ORDER OF DIFFICULTY FOR THE 12 HYPNOTIC
and Satiation scores was drawn up, there was SUGGESTIONS
an abnormal drop for mean Satiation scores
at 3 in the old Hypnosis scale.2 In all other Suggestion
Percentage of
subjects accepted
respects, the distribution indicated a gradual
consistent change from higher to lower points. Relax 92.00
It was expected that this abnormality will Heavy 74.193
Drowsy and sleepy 70.97
spread out when the new detailed scoring for Arm heavy 56.45
hypnosis is used. This was borne out. The Dry mouth 41.93
Failure to tell name 33.87
correlation with the old Hypnosis score was Felt thirsty 30.64
3
A distribution table suitable for computing an Hotel dream 17.74
Mustache dream 16.13
eta correlation was prepared where satiation was Partial amnesia (only) 12.90
to be predicted from hypnosis. Although the dis- Complete amnesia 8.07
tribution appeared to be nonlinear, a test of linearity Posthypnotic suggestion 3.23
of regression rejected its nonlinearity (F < 1).
76 J. P. DAS
As in the previous study (Das, 1957), Post-
hypnotic suggestion appears as the most diffi-
cult item. All items of suggestion found in this
table had been given in the same order dur-
ing hypnosis. The cumulative % frequencies
against the items show that if the subject
could not accept a preceding suggestion, he
never accepted a succeeding one. Thus, the
assumed hierarchy of suggestions was empiri-
cally supported.
Analysis of Other Scores
Verbal Satiation. One of the outstanding
findings is a high positive correlation (r —
.757) between Verbal Satiation and Vigilance
scores. This means that lack of satiation
varies concomitantly with low vigilance. If
the subject has poor vigilance, he will show
poor satiation. It may be assumed that if a
verbal stimulus has been intensely attended
to during its repetition, it should produce
greater loss in meaning than if it has re-
ceived only casual attention. These results,
however, go against the explanation of both
satiation and vigilance from the standpoint
of reactive inhibition. Subjects who tend to
accumulate IR faster should have high Satia-
tion and low Vigilance scores which is clearly
not the case here.
The Satiation scores were polarity differ-
ences as described in the section on Method.
It was felt that if the responses were scored
as extent of shift in judgment, a closer rela-
tion with the Vigilance score might be ob-
tained. Shift in judgment referred to the dif-
ference in the two scale positions of the stimu-
lus word which was obtained by subtracting
the presatiation rating from the postsatiation
rating.
Following Osgood et al. (1957) this was
called d and by summing up all the rf2 for a
subject, a D value = (3d 2 ) 1 was obtained. D
thus became a measure of shift in judgment
irrespective of the direction of shift. Vigilance
scores, it may be remembered, were likewise
obtained by summing up all deviations irre-
spective of their direction. However, in spite
of such apparent similarity between the two,
the resulting r (.215) was much less than the
r between the former Satiation score and
Vigilance (.757).
Correlations were estimated for Satiation
and the four personality variables. Only Ri-
gidity had a sizable significant correlation
(- .231, N = 58, p< .05). This signifies an
inverse variation for lack of satiation and ri-
gidity. Probably, to some extent, individuals
intolerant of an ambiguous stimulus or situa-
tion are likely to develop satiation. But the
correlation is too small to permit generaliza-
tion.
Vigilance scores. Separate scores were avail-
able for each of the six 5-minute periods.
Their totals for all 62 subjects run as follows:
38, 44, 54, 75, 93, 54. As expected, errors in
Vigilance gradually increase as the test pro-
gresses except in the last 5-minute period.
This unexpected trend is further in evidence
in the large number of subjects who had zero
errors in the last 5-minute period. Twenty-
nine subjects as compared to 14 in the preced-
ing 5-minute period had zero errors.
On completion of the Vigilance test, sub-
jects were asked if they felt drowsy. Some
did, but the majority said they felt slightly
bored towards the end.
None of the personality measures corre-
lated significantly with Vigilance. Although
there was some suggestion (Eysenck, 1960)
that extraversion and vigilance should be
negatively correlated, this was not found to
be so in the present study where the correla-
tion between the two was near zero.
Intercorrelation for personality tests. Only
one product-moment correlation for the four
personality tests was statistically significant
(Rigidity and the Lie scale). Many of the
Lie questions were framed in such a way that
they induced a set for extreme responses. For
example, "Would you declare everything at
the customs, etc.?" or "Have you ever been
late for an appointment?" It may be possible
that subjects prone to giving extreme re-
sponses (high scores in Rigidity) agreed with
the extreme statements of the Lie scale. Since
not all Lie items were extreme statements,
the obtained correlation was small.
Correlation between the Extraversion and
Neuroticism scales of the MPI had been con-
sistently found to be very low and negative
whenever a normal sample was used. This
finding was repeated here (r — .031). Inci-
dentally, the MPI was applied in its Oriya
translation and the Means agree closely with
 HYPNOSIS AND VERBAL SATIATION 77

TABLE 3 of our subjects. Jakobovits and Lambert

MEANS AND SDs OP TEST SCORES (1961) also obtained a comparable mean of
— .76 on a bilingual Canadian sample. This
Test M SD should not, however, lead one to infer that
Hypnosis the satiation test does not succeed on a bi-
Old scale 2.66 1.20 lingual sample. An insensitive satiation test
New scale 4.58 3.38 could not yield significant correlations with
Satiation (per 5 words) -3.05 10.08 hypnosis or vigilance. Close analysis of the
Vigilance (error per subject) 5.77 4.22 data reveals that many subjects have high
Extraversion 27.90 8.32 positive scores in satiation implying a gain
Neuroticism 21.91 10.58 in meaning.
Lie 13.02 5.86 Brief mention should also be made of the
Rigidity (number of extreme positive relation between poor vigilance and
responses per subject) 20.91 3.52 hypnosis, since this is subject to more than
one interpretation. At the outset, the relation-
ship appears to be due to the known correla-
those obtained from a previous sample (Das, tion between low satiation and poor vigilance
1961). Means and SDs of the four person- and between low satiation and hypnosis. In
ality measures as well as of the other test other words, the relationship between hyp-
scores are given in Table 3. nosis and poor vigilance would not require an
explanation independent of satiation. On the
DISCUSSION other hand, an independent relation between
This exploratory study on the correlates of the two was predicted in the introductory
hypnosis has given a set of clear-cut findings. portion of this paper. Poor vigilance could
It appears from the results that hypnotiz- be the result of the growth of IB through con-
ability is partially characterized by lack of tinuous practice and hence a subject's Vigi-
satiation and poor vigilance, low lie responses lance score would be an index of his ability
and high rigidity. Of these, the relation be- to develop inhibition. Such an ability forms
tween satiation and hypnosis may raise in- an essential part of hypnotizability (Das,
teresting theoretical issues. 19S9). But since hypnotizability has also an
Loss of meaning or verbal satiation was important learning component, the correla-
described as a sort of cognitive IR in an ear- tion between a test of inhibition and hypno-
lier section. Therefore, any measure of satia- sis cannot be very large. Perhaps that is why
tion was expected to correlate with hypnotiz- a weak correlation was obtained between the
ability in so far as both could be viewed as two in the present study.
forms of inhibition. However, the results In conclusion, it may be suggested that
show a highly significant relation between satiation correlates with the learning com-
the two in the direction opposite to that pre- ponent of hypnotizability. Following this
dicted from an inhibition hypothesis. But if reasoning, low satiation should predict high
attention is paid to the specificity of the learning ability. Preliminary results now
Verbal Satiation test, it becomes evident that available from an investigation of the author
an individual who develops satiation for cer-. appear to support such a prediction.
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