18MEC101T -

THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics is the science which deals with
energy transfer and its effect on the state of a
system.
It is used in the engineering design of processes,
devices and systems involving an effective
utilization of energy.

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It finds applications in power producing devices
such as engines and turbines.
In power absorbing devices such as compressors
and pumps.

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 Second law of Thermodynamics
• Limitations of first law
S 1-SLO1 • Cyclic heat engine, Energy reservoirs
- SLO 2

• Refrigerator and heat pump

S 2-SLO1 • Thermal efficiency and COP
- SLO 2

• Kelvin-Planck statement and Clausius

S 3 -SLO 1 statement
SLO 2 • Equivalence of the two statements

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 Limitations of first law

• First law of thermodynamics is a statement of

conservation of energy
• Quantity of energy is conserved
• No restriction on the conservation of heat or of
heat into work
• All the heat transferred could conceivably be
converted into work, which is not true
• Quality of energy is not conserved, it is degraded

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 Continued
…
• It is impossible to predict from the first law
whether a process is possible or not
• As per first law, energy change of thermodynamics
can proceed in either direction

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 Limitations of First Law

The Law of conservation of energy:

The first law of thermodynamics states that when a closed
system is carried through a cycle, the net heat transfer is equal
to the net work transfer
dQ = dW
∫ ∫
(dQ − dW ) = 0
∫
Both heat and work are measured in Joules, the unit of energy

According to this law energy is always conserved. Energy can

be changed from one form to another it can neither be created
nor be destroyed.
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 Limitations of First Law

• No restriction on the conservation of heat or of heat into work

• All the heat transferred could conceivably be converted into
work, which is not true
• Quantity of energy is conserved, Quality of energy is not
conserved, it is degraded
• It is impossible to predict from the first law whether a process
is possible or not
• As per first law, energy change of thermodynamics can
proceed in either direction

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 Continued….
From Joule’s experiments:

Work Internal Heat

Transfer Energy increase Transfer

In a cycle the complete conversion of heat into work is not possible, so

heat and work are not completely interchangeable forms of energy.
When work is converted into heat:
–––
W↼= Q
2-1

Q Q
W = W1-2
2-1

1−2

Q
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 Continued….

When heat is converted into work:

––– W2-1
Q>
–↼
W
Q >W Q -2
1
1−2 2−1
‘Work is said to be a high grade energy and heat a low grade
energy. The complete conversion of low grade energy into
high grade energy in a cycle is impossible’.
High grade energy: Work, Electrical energy; Low grade energy: Heat / Thermal
energy
1824: Sadi Carnot (a French military engineer first studied the
aspect of energy transformation)
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 Continued….

∑ Q − ∑W = U2 −U1 = 0

• A hot body will cool down when brought into contact with a
cold body. The opposite is not true – although the first law is
not violated.

• A block slides down a rough phase and becomes warmer.

This process occurs however, a process, where a block
slides up a rough plane and become cooler, will not occur.

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 Continued….

A cup of hot coffee left in a cooler room eventually cools

off. The amount of energy lost by the coffee is equal to
the amount gained by the surrounding air, this process
occurs.

√
AIR

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 Continued….

• The reverse process – the hot coffee getting even hotter in a

cooler room as a result of heat transfer from the room air,
will not occur.

×
AIR

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 Continued….

√ Room
Air ×
Room
Air
I I=0

• Heating a room by the electric heater, as per first law

amount of electrical energy supplied to the resistance wires
be equal to the amount of energy transferred to the room air
is as heat. The reverse process will not occurs.

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 Continued….

Heat

• A paddle wheel mechanism that is operated by the fall of a

mass. The paddle wheel rotates as the mass falls and stirs a
fluid within an insulated container. As a result, the potential
energy of the mass decreases and the internal energy of the
fluid increases in accordance with the conservation of
energy principle.

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 Continued….

• However, the reverse process does not occur in nature.

Heat

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 Summary

∙ Processes proceed in a certain direction and not in the

reverse direction. The first law places no restriction on direction.

∙ To check the feasibility of a process, first law alone does not help.

∙ A process will not occur unless it satisfies both the first and second
laws of thermodynamics.

∙ Second law not only identifies the direction of process, it also asserts
that energy has quality as well as quantity.
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 Cyclic heat engine
A heat engine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle in which there
is a net heat transfer to the system and net work transfer
from the system.

System that transfer heat partly into work

Heat Engine or mechanical energy

Example: Internal combustion engines; Steam and gas turbines

Matter inside the engine undergoes inflow and outflow of heat;
expansion and compression; some times change of phase.

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 Energy reservoir or Thermal reservoir

A thermal energy reservoir is defined as a hypothetical body with

an infinite heat capacity. Which is capable of absorbing or
rejecting an unlimited quantity of heat without affecting its
temperature.

Example: Large bodies of water such as Oceans, Rivers and

atmosphere etc.,

A reservoir that supplies heat energy is called heat source and

one that absorbs heat energy is called heat sink.

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 Thermal reservoir

Thermal energy reservoirs are often referred to as heat reservoirs

since they supply or absorb energy in the form of heat.

Heat transfer from industrial sources to the environment is of

major concern to the environmentalist as well as too engineers.

Irresponsible of waste energy can significantly increase the

temperature of portions of the environment, causing what is
called thermal pollution.

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 Heat Engines
High temperature
source TH

Q
in

HEAT
ENGINE Wnet,out

Q
out

Low temperature
sink TL

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 Thermal Efficiency

Thermal efficiency is the performance measuring parameter of

a heat engine.

The efficiency of the heat engine is given by

ƞ = Wnet/Q1 = 1 – Q2/Q1

W <Q
net 1

Since heat Q1 transferred to a system cannot be completely

converted to work in a cycle. Therefore, efficiency is less than
unity. A heat engine can never be 100% efficient.
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 Refrigerator and Heat Pump

Refrigerator:
Refrigerator is a device which, operating a cycle, maintains a
body at a temperature lower than the temperature of the
surrounding.
Just like efficiency in a heat engine cycle, there is a performance
parameter in a refrigerator cycle, called the coefficient of
performance, abbreviated to COP.
Which is defined as
COP = Desired effect / Work output
= Q2 / W
[COP ]Ref = Q2 / Q1 – Q2

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 Heat Pump

Heat Pump:
A heat pump is a device which, operating in a cycle, maintains a
body at a temperature higher than the temperature of the
surroundings.
COP of heat pump is defined as
COP = Q1 / W
[COP]HP = Q1 / Q1 – Q2
It is found that [COP]HP = [COP]Ref + 1
Q1 = [COP]HP . W
= [COPRef + 1] . W
Q1 is always greater than W.

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 Heat pump

High temperature
space TH

QH

W
HEAT input
PUMP

QL

Low temperature
surrounding TL

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 Refrigeration cycle

SURROUNDING
High temperature ENVIRONMENT
surrounding
QH
CONDENSER
QH

W W
input
input EXPANSION COMPRESSOR
REFRIG VALVE
ERATOR

QL
EVAPORATOR

QL
Low temperature
refrigerator space REFRIGERATED
SPACE

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 Kelvin-Planck statement
It is impossible to construct an engine which, while
operating in a cycle, will produce no effect apart from the
extraction of heat from a single heat reservoir and the
performance of an equal amount of work.

According to Kelvin-Planck statement of second law of

thermodynamics, it is not possible to built an engine which
operates in a cycle and receives a given amount of heat from
a higher temperature body and does an equal amount of
work.

The only alternative is that some amount of heat must be

rejected at a lower temperature
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 Clausius statement
It is impossible to construct a device which operates in a
cycle and produces no effect other than the transfer of
heat from a cooler body to a hotter body.
Heat cannot flow on its own from a cooler to a hotter system.

There is no mathematical proof of these two statements of the second

law.
Like other laws, these are also based on experimental evidence.

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 PMM - II
Perpetual motion machine of second kind (PMM – II):
A heat engine which violates the Kelvin-Planck statement of second
law is called a perpetual motion machine of second kind. It is
impossible to construct a PMM – II.

Heat Reservoir

W
System

If such an engine where possible, it would extract from a inexhaustible heat reservoir
(such as sea) and deliver as equal amount of work continuously to the surrounding.
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 PMM - I
Perpetual motion machine of first kind (PMM – I):
PMM-I is any device which works in a cycle without receiving
heat from any source but delivers work to the surroundings.

This not only violates the second law but also violates the first
law of thermodynamics. Hence, PMM-I can never be created.

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 Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius
Statements

Both the statements of second law are identical. To prove the

equivalent of the statements of the second law of
thermodynamics it is enough to prove that the violation of one
statement implies the violation of other.
Violation of Clausius statement leading to the violation of Kelvin -
Planck statement:
Consider the following three devices working between the same
source and sink of temperature T1 and T2.

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 Violation of Clausius statement leading to the
violation of Kelvin-Planck statement:

Source (T1)
(a) (b) (c) T1>T2

Q2 Q1 Q1 - Q 2

W=0 W = Q 1 - Q2
HP HE Combination
W = Q 1 - Q2
Q2 Q2

Sink (T2)

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 Violation of Clausius statement leading to the
violation of Kelvin -Planck statement:

Case (a): (Violation of Clausius statement)

In this the heat pump transfers heat from a low temperature
sink to high temperature source without any external work
supply. This violates Clausius statement of second law.

Case (b): (Valid Kelvin Planck statement)

In this the heat engine is receiving ‘Q1’ Joules of heat from the
source, rejecting ‘Q2’ Joules of heat to the low temperature
sink and producing a net work output W = Q1 – Q2. It is valid
according to Kelvin Planck statement.

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 Violation of Clausius statement leading to the
violation of Kelvin -Planck statement:

Case (c): (combination of a & b)

Now let us combine the heat pump (a) and the heat engine (b) to
work together as a device working between T1 and T2.
For the combination: the net heat transfer with respect to source = Q1 –
Q 2.
The net heat transfer with respect to Sink = Q2 – Q2 = 0.
The net work transfer = Q1 – Q2.
• The new combination is a device that receives Q1 – Q2 amount of
heat from the source and converting the same into equal amount of
work. This violates Kelvin Planck statement and the new device is a
PPM II.
• Violation of Clausius state leads to the violation of Kelvin Planck
statement.
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 Violation of Kelvin-Planck statement leading
to violation of Clausius statement

Source (T1)
(a) (b) (c) T1>T2

Q1 Q1+Q2 Q2

W =Q1
HE HP Combination
W=Q1
Q2 Q2

Sink (T2)

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 Violation of Kelvin-Planck statement leading
to violation of Clausius statement

Case (a): (violation of Kelvin Planck statement):

In this the heat engine is extracting Q1 Joules of heat from the
source and converting that into equal amount of work done.
This is a PPM II. It violates Kelvin Planck statement of second
law.

Case (b): (valid Clausius statement):

In this the heat pump is transferring heat from a low
temperature sink to a high temperature source by consuming
external work W = Q1. This doesn’t violates Clausius statement
and is valid.
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 Violation of Kelvin-Planck statement leading
to violation of Clausius statement

Case (c): (combination a & b):

Now for the combination of heat engine and heat pump working
between T1 and T2:
The net heat transfer with respect to source = Q2
The net heat transfer with respect to sink = Q2
The net work transfer = Q1 – Q1 = 0.
• The new device (combination) transfer heat from the sink to the
source without receiving any external work. It violates Clausius
statement .
• Violation of Kelvin Planck statement leads to the violation of
Clausius statement.
• Hence both are equal.
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 Second law of Thermodynamics
• Tutorials on Second law of
S 4-SLO1
- SLO 2 thermodynamics

• Reversible and irreversible process

S 5-SLO1 • Causes of irreversibility
- SLO 2

• Carnot cycle
S 6 -SLO 1
SLO 2
• Working of a Carnot engine

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 Tutorials on Second law of thermodynamics

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 Reversible and irreversible process

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 Causes of irreversibility

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 Conditions for reversibility

The following conditions must be satisfied if a process to be

reversible:
• It must pass through the same states on the reversed path as
where initially visited on the forward path.
• A reversible process must pass through a continuous series
of equilibrium states.
• A reversible process, when undone, will leave no evidence of
the events in the surroundings of the system.

Reversible process are hypothetical processes which can never be attained in

practice but can be approximated as closely as possible.

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 Examples of irreversible
process
• Mechanical friction
• Heat transfer through finite temperature difference
• Unrestrained expansion
• Throttling process

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 The Carnot cycle
The Carnot cycle is a reversible cycle in which all the
process are reversible. This cycle consists of a series of
reversible processes, two isothermals and two adiabatics.

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 Working of a Carnot engine
Isothermal expansion of gas (1-2) at T1:
During this process Q1 kJ of heat is absorbed by the gas from
the hot reservoir. Work is performed by the gas. The
temperature of the gas remains constant. The gas expands
isothermally from a pressure P1 and volume V1 to a pressure P2
and volume V2.
(1) (2)
Energy source

TH = Const.
at TH QH

(a) Process 1-2

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 Working of a Carnot engine

Reversible adiabatic expansion (2-3):

During this process the gas further expands, the work is done
by the gas on the surroundings on the expense of internal
energy. Temperature is reduced from T1 to T2.

(2) (3)

TH
Insulation

TL

(b) Process
2-3

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 Working of a Carnot engine

Isothermal compression of gas (3-4) at T2:

Now the gas is compressed isothermally. Q2kJ of heat is rejected
to the cold reservoir at T2 work is received by the gas from the
surroundings. The temperature of the gas remains constant
which is equal to T2 (cold reservoir)
(4) (3)
Energy Sink at

TL = Const.
TL QL

(c) Process 3-4

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 Working of a Carnot engine

Reversible adiabatic compression (4-1):

The gas further compressed adiabatically to the original state 1. work is
done on the gas. The temperature of gas rises from T1 to T2.
(1) (4)

TH
Insulation

TL

(d) Process 4-1

Since all the process are reversible, the cycle also reversible. The efficiency
of the Carnot cycle using perfect gas as the working fluid can be deduced
easily in the following way. A device working on Carnot cycle is called Carnot
engine.

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 Second law of Thermodynamics
• Thermal efficiency of a Carnot heat engine
S 7-SLO1 • Tutorials on Carnot engines
- SLO 2

• Reversed Carnot cycle

S 8-SLO1 • Carnot's theorem
- SLO 2

• Thermodynamic temperature scale.

S 9 -SLO 1
SLO 2
• Efficiency of Carnot heat engine

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 Thermal efficiency of a Carnot heat engine

Carnot cycle efficiency:

η = 1−2q
If the working fluid is of unit mass, then
q1
q1 = Heat transfer to the gas during isothermal
expansion process (1-2)

⎛V -
q1 =1RT ln⎜ ⎟2
⎝V 1 (1)
⎞
⎠
q2 = heat transfer from the gas to the cold reservoir
during isothermal compression process (3-4)

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 Carnot cycle efficiency

⎛V ⎞ ⎛V
q2 =2−RT ln⎜ ⎟34 =⎜ RT2⎟4 ln 3 -
⎝ V ⎠ ⎝V ⎠ (2)
⎞
From the thermodynamic relations for the adiabatic process 2-3
1
V3
=⎛T ⎞
1−γ
2 - (3)
V2 ⎝⎜ T ⎟1 ⎠ 1
V4
= ⎛ T2 ⎞
1−γ
Similarly for the adiabatic process 4-1, ⎜ ⎟
- (4)
V1 ⎝ T 1 ⎠
From equations 3 & 4
V3 V4 V2 V2
= V V=
V1 V31 4

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 Carnot cycle
efficiency
Heat supplied ⎛ V3 - (5)
q = RT ln⎜ ⎟
1 1
⎝ V4⎠
⎞
⎧ ⎛ V 3⎞ ⎫
Therefore ⎪ RT 2ln ⎪
⎪ ⎝ ⎜4 ⎠ ⎟ ⎪
η = 1− ⎨ V - (6)
⎪ ⎬⎪
⎛ ⎟⎞
3
RT ln ⎜ V
⎪ 1
V ⎪
⎩ ⎝ 4⎠
⎭

Carnot efficiency T2
η = 1− T
1

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 Thermal efficiency of a Carnot heat engine

Thus the efficiency of the Carnot engine:

• Depends upon the temperatures of the source and the sink .
• Is quite independent of the working substance
• Is always less than 100%(because q2 < q1)
• Is the same for all reversible engines working between the
two temperatures
• Is directly proportional to the temperature difference (T1 – T2)
between the source and the sink.

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 Carnot COP of heat pump

When the Carnot cycle is reversed it become a heat pump and

also act as a refrigerator.
COP of Heat Pump:
q1
(C.O.P)heatpump
=
q1 −
q2
⎛υ ⎞
RT1 log⎜ 3⎟
⎝ 4⎠ υ
=
⎛υ ⎞ ⎛ υ3
RT1 log ⎜ 3 ⎟ − RT
⎝υ 4 ⎜υ ⎟ ⎝ 4
2 log

⎞
T1 ⎠ ⎠
=
T1 −
T2

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 Carnot COP of Refrigerator
COP of Heat Refrigerator:

q2
(C.O.P)refrigerator =
q1 −
q2
⎛ υ3 ⎞
RT log ⎜ ⎟
2

⎝ 4⎠ υ
=
⎛ υ3 ⎞ ⎛
RT log ⎜ ⎟ −⎜RT⎟ log
1 2
⎝υ 4 υ ⎝ 4
υ3 ⎞ ⎠ ⎠
T2
=
T1 −
T2

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 Tutorials on Carnot engines

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 Corollaries of the Second Law of
Thermodynamics

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 Corollary 1: Carnot Theorem

No engine working between two fixed temperatures T1 and T2

Can be more efficient than a reversible engine
working between the same temperature limits.
Out of all heat engine working between two fixed temperatures
of T1 and T2 , a reversible engine is most efficient one.

Proof:
Consider an irreversible heat engine I and a reversible heat
engine R working between a source at temperature T1
and a sink at temperature T2 as shown in Fig. ( ).

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 Corollary 1

Hot reservoir T1

Q1 Q1

I W’ R
out
W
out
Q
Q’2 2

Cold reservoir T2

▪ Engine I receives Q1 from the source, rejecting Q2’ to the sink and giving net
work output W’out
▪ Engine R receives Q1 from the source, rejecting Q2 to the sink and providing
net work output Wout

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 Corollary 1

We have to prove that efficiency of engine R is more than that

of engine I.
W' W
ηR > I ie.
>
Let us assume that Q 1Q
η 1

W ′> W , Q 1− Q
() 2
'
> (Q1)− 2
Q
⇒ Q2 ' <
Q2

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 Corollary 1

Let engine R be reversed so as to work as a heat pump as shown

in Fig. ( ). It will receive Q2 from the sink and consume work
input of W and transfer Q1 to the source.

The difference in work of engine I and R is given by

− Q −Q
W ′−W =Q −1 Q 2
()( '
1 2

Excess work = Q −
Q'
2
)
2

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 Corollary 1

Now let a system constitute the engine I, the two heat reservoirs
(Source & sink) and heat pump in such a way that the work
required by the heat pump is supplied by the engine I as
shown.
Hot reservoir T1

Q1 Q1

W’ W
I R
WE
Q
Q’2 2

Cold reservoir T2

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 Corollary 1
′
W > W ,the excess work will
′
be W = W −W = Q − Q'
E 2 2
Now for the combination of new system: The
net heat transfer w.r.t source = 0
The net heat transfer w.r.t sink = Q − Q 2 2 Q' ( )
> Q2 2
'

The net work transfer = W = Q − Q'

E 2 2

The new system receives (Q2 -Q’2 ) from the sink and
converts that into equal mechanical work.

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 Corollary 1
It is a PMM-II. It violates Kelvin Plank statement.
Q2 – Q’2
New
System

Q2 – Q’2

Cold reservoir T2

ηI > ηR is wrong
ηR ≥ ηI
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 Corollary 2

All reversible engines working between the same two fixed

temperatures have the same efficiency.
Proof: Consider two reversible heat engines A and B working
between a source at T1 and sink at T2 as shown in Fig. (
)
Hot reservoir T1

Q1 Q1

WA WB
A B

Q’2 Q2
Cold reservoir T2

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 Corollary 2

Let us assume that ηA > ηB ⇒ WA > WB

(Q1 − Q2 ') > (Q1 − Q2 ) ⇒ Q2 > Q2 '

Now the difference in work is W A −W

B = 1Q 2−' Q1
( ) ( 2− ) Q
−Q
WA −WB = Q2 − Q2 '

Let us assume that engine B is reversed so as to work as a

heat pump. Therefore B will receive Q2 from sink, takes in work
WB and transfer Q1 to the source.

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 Corollary 2

Now let us combine engine A and pump B such that heat engine
A drive, heat pump B.

For the combination:

the net heat transfer w.r.t source = 0
the net heat transfer w.r.t sink = Q − Q'
2 2

the net work transfer = W −W = Q − Q'

AB 2 2

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 Corollary 2

Let us assume that engine B is reversed so as to work as a heat

pump. Therefore B will receive Q2 from sink, takes in work WB
and transfer Q1 to the source.
Now let us combine engine A and heat pump B such that the heat
engine A drives heat pump B.
For the combination:
the net heat transfer w.r.t source = 0
the net heat transfer w.r.t sink = Q− Q'
2 2

the net work transfer = W −W = Q − Q'

A B 2 2

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 Corollary 2

Q2 – Q’2
New
System

Q2 – Q’2

Cold reservoir T2

2 )
'
The new system (combination) draws Qof 2
− heat energy from
(Q
the sink and convert that into equal amount of mechanical work.
It is a PPM II (violates Kelvin Planck statement)
∴Our assumption that ηA > ηB is wrong
ηA = ηB

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 Corollary 3

The efficiency of any reversible engine operating between two

fixed temperature is independent of the nature of the working
substance.
Proof:
We know that the efficiency of any reversible engine working
between T1 and T2 is given by
T2
η = 1− T
1

Therefore the efficiency is independent of nature of working

substance but only on the temperature if the hot and cold
reservoirs.
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 Corollary 4

Thermodynamic temperature scale:

A temperature scale can be defined which is independent the
nature of the working substance. It establishes absolute
temperature scale which is always positive.
Lord Kelvin chose the following form of the function:

ψ t1 = T1 , where T is absolute
( )
temperature Q1 T1
=
Q2 T2
This is known as the thermodynamic temperature scale or Kelvin
scale.

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 Corollary 4

The efficiency of Carnot cycle may be expressed in terms of

absolute temperature as follows:
Q2 T2
Thermal efficiency =1− = 1−
Q1 T1

T1 − T2
=
T1
Q1 T1
=
It should be noted that gives us the ratio of absolute
Q2 T2
temperatures, but it does not give us the information about
magnitude of the degree.
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 Corollary 4

For defining the Kelvin temperature scale, triple point of water is

taken as the standard of reference.
The temperature of triple point of water was assigned the value
273.16 K.

Q T
∴ =
Qt
Tt Q
T = 273.16 Q
t

The triple point of water approximately 0.01°C above the ice point.
∴ T(K) = t(°C) + 273.15

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 Department of Mechanical Engineering,
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 Second law of Thermodynamics
• COP of Carnot refrigerator
S 10-SLO1 • Carnot heat pump, COP
- SLO 2

• Tutorials on combined heat engine &

S 11-SLO1
- SLO 2
refrigerator/heat pump system

• Tutorials on combined heat engine &

S 12 -SLO 1
SLO 2
refrigerator/heat pump system

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 Carnot COP of heat pump

When the Carnot cycle is reversed it become a heat pump and

also act as a refrigerator.
COP of Heat Pump:
q1
(C.O.P)heatpump
=
q1 −
q2
⎛υ ⎞
RT1 log⎜ 3⎟
⎝ 4⎠ υ
=
⎛υ ⎞ ⎛ υ3
RT1 log ⎜ 3 ⎟ − RT
⎝υ 4 ⎜υ ⎟ ⎝ 4
2 log

⎞
T1 ⎠ ⎠
=
T1 −
T2

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 Carnot COP of Refrigerator
COP of Heat Refrigerator:

q2
(C.O.P)refrigerator =
q1 −
q2
⎛ υ3 ⎞
RT log ⎜ ⎟
2

⎝ 4⎠ υ
=
⎛ υ3 ⎞ ⎛
RT log ⎜ ⎟ −⎜RT⎟ log
1 2
⎝υ 4 υ ⎝ 4
υ3 ⎞ ⎠ ⎠
T2
=
T1 −
T2

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 Tutorials on combined heat engine &
refrigerator/heat pump system

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 Tutorials on combined heat engine &
refrigerator/heat pump system

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 Tutorials on combined heat engine &
refrigerator/heat pump system

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 Tutorials on combined heat engine &
refrigerator/heat pump system

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 Tutorials on combined heat engine &
refrigerator/heat pump system

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 References
• Nag. P.K., Engineering Thermodynamics, 5th ed., Tata McGraw Hill
Education, 2013

• Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles, Thermodynamics – An

Engineering Approach, 8th ed., Tata McGraw Hill- Education, 2015

• Single O.P., Engineering Thermodynamics, Macmillan India Ltd.,

First Published, 1990

• Mahesh M. Rathore, Thermal Engineering, Tata McGraw Hill

Education, 2012

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