CHAPTER 1 - Introduction to Electronic Communication

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Language and Distance •Two Main barriers of communications are
•Communication is the process of exchanging information. What is communication?
1.Face to face
2.Signals
What are the Methods of communication?
3.Written word (letters)
4.Electrical innovations:
´Telegraph
´Telephone
´Radio What are examples of Electrical Innovations?
´Television
Internet (computer)
´Transmitter
´Channel or medium What are the basic components of a communication system?
´Receiver
´is the general term applied to any phenomenon that degrades or
Noise
interferes with the transmitted information.
In electronic communication systems, the message is referred to
information, or an intelligence signal.
as
This message, in the form of an electronic signal, is fed to the ____
transmitter, •communication channel.
which then transmits the message over the _____.
is a collection of electronic components and circuits that converts
transmitter the electrical signal into a signal suitable for transmission over a
given medium
•are made up of oscillators, amplifiers, tuned circuits and filters,
Transmitters modulators, frequency mixers, frequency synthesizers, and other
circuits.
´is the medium by which the electronic signal is sent from one
communication channel
place to another.
oElectrical conductors
oOptical media
What are the Types of media?
oFree space
System-specific media
´In its simplest form, the medium may simply be a pair of wires that
carry a voice signal from a microphone to a headset. It may be a
oElectrical conductors
coaxial cable such as that used to carry cable TV signals. Or it
may be a twisted-pair cable used in a local-area n network (LAN).
oThe communication medium may also be a fiber-optic cable or
"light pipe" that carries the message on a light wave. These are
oOptical media
widely used today to carry long-distance calls and all Internet
communications.
Radio makes use of the electromagnetic spectrum. Intelligence
signals are converted to electric and magnetic fields that prop-
oFree space
agate nearly instantaneously through space over long distances.
Communication by visible or infrared light also occurs in __.
System-specific media A type of media where e.g., water is the medium for sonar).
•is a collection of electronic components and circuits that accepts
receiver the transmitted message from the channel and converts it back
into a form understandable by humans.
contain amplifiers, oscillators, mixers, tuned circuits and filters,
receiver and a demodulator or detector that recovers the original intelli-
gence signal from the modulated carrier.
•is an electronic unit that incorporates circuits that both send and
transceiver
receive signals.

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 CHAPTER 1 - Introduction to Electronic Communication
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•Telephones
• Fax machines
• Handheld CB radios Examples of Transceivers?
• Cell phones
• Computer modems
exists in all media of wireless transmission. It is proportional to the
square of the distance between the transmitter and receiver. Media
are also frequency-selective, in that a given medium will act as a
low-pass filter to a transmitted signal, distorting digital pulses in
Signal attenuation, or degradation addition to greatly reducing signal amplitude over long distances.
Thus considerable signal amplification, in both the transmitter and
the receiver, is required for successful transmission. Any medium
also slows signal propagation to a speed slower than the speed
of light.
is random, undesirable electronic energy that enters the commu-
Noise nication system via the communicating medium and interferes with
the transmitted message.
The measure of ____ is usually expressed in terms of the sig-
nal-to-noise (S/N) ratio (SNR), which is the signal power divided
Noise
by the noise power and can be stated numerically or in terms of
decibels (dB).
High Level What level of SNR is preffered for best performance?
1.One-way (simplex) or two-way (full duplex or half duplex) trans-
•Electronic communications are classified according to whether
missions
they are
2.Analog or digital signals.
Simplex The simplest method of electronic communication is referred to as
Simplex This type of communication is one-way.
•Radio
•TV broadcasting What are examples of simplex?
Beeper (personal receiver)
Full Duplex Most electronic communication is two-way and is referred to as
Full Duplex When people can talk and listen simultaneously, it is called
Telephone What is an example of a full duplex?
The form of two-way communication in which only one party
Half Duplex
transmits at a time is known as
•Police, military, etc. radio transmissions
•Citizen band (CB)
Examples of a half duplex
•Family radio
•Amateur radio
analog signal is a smoothly and continuously varying voltage or current.
•Sine wave
•Voice Example of an Analog Signal.
Video (TV)
•change in steps or in discrete increments.
Digital Signals
Often use binary or two-state codes.
•Telegraph (Morse code)
•Continuous Wave Code Example of a Digital signal
•Serial binary code (used in computers)
•are electronic techniques for transmitting information efficiently
Modulation and multiplexing
from one place to another.
Modulation •makes the information signal more compatible with the medium.
allows more than one signal to be transmitted concurrently over a
Multiplexing
single medium.

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baseband transmission
Baseband information (original information
coaxial or twisted-pair cables for transmission.
Modulation
carrier
radio-frequency (RF) wave
broadband transmission
•Amplitude Modulation (AM)
•Frequency Modulation (FM)
•Amplitude Modulation (AM)
•Frequency Modulation (FM)
phase modulation (PM),
Phase Modulation (PM)
Frequency-shift keying (FSK)
Phase-shift keying (PSK)
modems (modulator-demodulator)
Demodulation or detection
Multiplexing
•Frequency division
•Time division
•Code division
frequency-division multiplexing
wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)
time-division multiplexing
code-division multiplexing
•electromagnetic spectrum.
Frequency
frequency spectrum
Wavelength
•the Greek letter lambda (»).
Idk look at your notes
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Putting the original voice, video, or digital signals directly into the
medium is referred to as
can be sent directly and unmodified over the medium or can be
used to modulate a carrier for transmission over the medium.
In some computer networks, the digital signals are applied directly
to
´is the process of having a baseband voice, video, or digital signal
modify another, higher-frequency signal, the carrier.
´is a high frequency signal that is modulated by audio, video, or
data.
´is an electromagnetic signal that is able to travel long distances
through space.
•takes place when a carrier signal is modulated, amplified, and
sent to the antenna for transmission.
What are The two most common methods of modulation?
What are The methods of modulation?
What is the other method of modulation aside from AM and FM?
´takes place when data is converted to frequency-varying tones.
takes place when data introduces a 180º-phase shift.
´Devices called _____ translate the data from digital to analog and
back again.
´takes place in the receiver when the original baseband (e.g.
audio) signal is extracted.
•is the process of allowing two or more signals to share the same
medium or channel.
•The three basic types of multiplexing are:
•In _____ , the intelligence signals modulate subcarriers on differ-
ent frequencies that are then added together, and the composite
signal is used to modulate the carrier.
•In optical networking, _____ is equivalent to frequency-division
multiplexing for optical signal.
•In ____, the multiple intelligence signals are sequentially sam-
pled, and a small piece of each is used to modulate the carrier.
the signals to be transmitted are converted to digital data that
is then uniquely coded with a faster binary code. The signals
modulate a carrier on the same frequency. All use the same
communications channel simultaneously. The unique coding is
used at the receiver to select the desired signal
The range of electromagnetic signals encompassing all frequen-
cies is referred to as the
is the number of cycles of a repetitive •wave that occur in a given
period of time.
A signal is located on the
•is the distance occupied by one cycle of a wave and is usually
expressed in meters.
The wavelength of a signal is represented by
relationship of wavelength and frequency?
 CHAPTER 1 - Introduction to Electronic Communication
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300-3000 Hz. Voice Frequencies (VF)
include the higher end of the human hearing range up to about 20
Very Low Frequencies (VLF)
kHz.
30-300 kHz Low Frequencies (LF)
300-3000 kHz
Medium Frequencies (MF)
AM radio 535-1605 kHz.
High Frequencies (HF)
3-30 MHz (short waves; VOA, BBC broadcasts; government and military
two-way communication; amateur radio, CB.
Very High Frequencies (VHF)
30-300 MHz
FM radio broadcasting (88-108 MHz), television channels 2-13.
Ultra High Frequencies (UHF)
300-3000 MHz
TV channels 14-67, cellular phones, military communication.
Microwaves and Super High Frequencies (SHF)
1-30 GHz
Satellite communication, radar, wireless LANs, microwave ovens
Extremely High Frequencies (EHF)
30-300 GHz (millimeter waves)
Satellite communication, computer data, radar
optical spectrum The _____ exists directly above the millimeter wave region
•Infrared
•Visible spectrum •Three types of light waves are:
•Ultraviolet
is produced by any physical equipment that generates heat, in-
Infrared radiation
cluding our bodies
´In astronomy, to detect stars and other physical bodies in the
universe,
´For guidance in weapons systems
´Infrared is used in?
´In most new TV remote-control units
´In some of the newer wireless LANs and all fiber-optic commu-
nication.
•visible spectrum we refer to as light. Just above the infrared region is the
is a special type of electromagnetic radiation that has a wave-
Light
length in the 0.4- to 0.8-¼
m range (400 to 800 nm).
Light wavelengths are usually expressed in terms of angstroms (Å)
•An angstrom is one ten-thousandth of a micrometer; for example,
•An angstrom is how many of a micrometer?
1Å = 10-10 m.
•Red is low-frequency or long-wavelength light Red is what frequency or long wavelngth light?
•Violet is high-frequency or short-wavelength light. Violet is what frequency or long wavelngth light?
covers the range from about 4 to 400 nm. is also generated
Ultraviolet light (UV) by mercury vapor lights and some other types of lights such as
fluorescent lamps and sun lamps
•is not used for communication
Ultraviolet light (UV)
•Its primary use is medical.
•is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum occupied by a
Bandwidth (BW)
signal.
•is the difference between the upper and lower frequency limits of
bandwidth
the signal or the equipment operation range.
refers to the range of frequencies required to transmit the desired
Channel bandwidth
information.
is provided by agencies set up by the United States and other
Spectrum management
countries to control spectrum use.

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 CHAPTER 1 - Introduction to Electronic Communication
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The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the Nation-
are two agencies that deal in spectrum management.
al Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA)
´are specifications and guidelines necessary to ensure compati-
Standards
bility between transmitting and receiving equipment.
The term used to describe the ability of equipment from one
interoperability.
manufacturer to work compatibly with that of another is
´AM and FM broadcasting
´Digital radio
´TV broadcasting
´Digital television (DTV)
´Cable television
´Facsimile
Wireless remote control
´Simplex applications
´Paging services
´Navigation and direction-finding services
´Telemetry
´Radio astronomy
´Surveillance
´Music services
Internet radio and video
•Telephones
•Two-way radio
•Radar
•Sonar
•Amateur radio
•Citizens radio •Duplex application
•Family Radio service
•The Internet
•Wide-area networks (WANs)
•Metropolitan-area networks (MANs)
Local area networks (LANs
1.Communications (largest in terms of people employed and the
dollar value of equipment purchased)
The electronics industry is roughly divided into four major special-
2.Computers (second largest).
izations
3.Industrial controls.
4.Instrumentation.
Engineers design communication equipment and systems.
Technicians •install, troubleshoot, repair, calibrate, and maintain equipment.
Engineering Technicians assist in equipment design, testing, and assembly.
•determine customer needs and related specifications, write pro-
Technical sales representatives
posals and sell equipment.
Technical writers •generate technical documentation for equipment and systems.
•develop programs, generate training and presentation materials,
Trainers
and conduct classroom training.
•Manufacturers
•
•Resellers
•The communication electronics industry is made up of the follow-
•
ing segments:
•Service Organizations
•
•End users

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