DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

Secunderabad
NACHARAM / MAHENDRA HILLS/ NADERGUL
Subject: BIOLOGY TISSUES Class: IX

A group of cells that are similar in structure and work together to perform a particular function.
Structural and functional comparison of Plant and Animal
Plant Animal
Are fixed / stationary. Can move.
Most tissues are dead and thus provide mechanical Most tissues are living.
support.
Requires less maintenance. More maintenance and energy required.
Growth limited to certain areas. Growth is uniform.
Growth takes place throughout their life. Growth takes place till a certain age and then it stops.
Organ system design adapted for sedentary existence. Adapted for active locomotion.
PLANT TISSUES
Classified into two main groups.
1. Meristematic Tissues
2. Permanent Tissues
1. Meristematic Tissues
• Consists of undifferentiated, actively dividing cells which are spherical or polygonal.
• Closely arranged cells without intercellular spaces.
• Have dense cytoplasm, thin cellulose walls, large nuclei and no vacuoles.
• Further divides into Apical, Lateral and Intercalary meristem depending on their location.
a) Apical meristem- present at the growing tips of stems and roots and help in Lengthwise
growth.
b) Lateral meristem- present at the sides and help in Sidewise growth. (girth)
c) Intercalary meristem- present at the internode or base of leaves and help in Inter nodal
growth.
Diagram to draw Fig 6.2
Solve the blue questions on page 69 HW
Differentiation:
The process of taking up of a permanent shape, size and a function is called differentiation.
2. Permanent Tissues
Meristematic tissues differentiate and take up a permanent structure and function to form permanent
tissue.
Characteristics
1. Do not divide as they lose the power of division.
2. Have definite size and take up a specific function.
3. May be living or dead.
4. Further classified into: -
 • Simple permanent tissue
• Complex permanent tissue
A. Simple Permanent Tissue
• They are supportive and protective tissue composed of one kind of cells.
• Divided into three types:
a) Parenchyma
b) Collenchyma
c) Sclerenchyma
a) Parenchyma
• Made up of relatively unspecialized living cells with their thin cell walls made up of
cellulose.
• Have prominent nucleus, dense cytoplasm and a large central vacuole and are loosely
packed with large intercellular spaces.
Functions
1. Some of the parenchyma cells have chloroplasts and perform photosynthesis and so
it is called chlorenchyma.
2. Some parenchyma cells have huge intercellular spaces filled with air and provides
buoyancy to aquatic plants. Such parenchyma is called Aerenchyma.
3. It stores nutrients and water in stems and roots.
4. It also acts as a packaging tissue which provides support.
b) Collenchyma
• Have distinct nucleus and cytoplasm.
• Cells of this tissue are living, elongated and irregularly thickened at the
corners.
• Have very little intercellular space.
Located below the epidermis in the leaf stalks
Functions
1. Gives flexibility to plant body, allow them to bend but not break.
2. It also provides mechanical support to plants.
c) Sclerenchyma
• Made up of dead cells which are long and narrow with cell wall thickened all
over due to lignin deposition.
• No nucleus.
• Present in stem around vascular bundles, in veins and veinlets and in hard
covering of seeds and nuts, husk of coconut etc.
Function
1. Gives rigidity, stiffness, mechanical strength to support the plant body
DRAW DIAGRAM ON PAGE 71, FIG 6.4.
EPIDERMIS
Epidermis is made up of continuous layer of cells without intercellular spaces. It protects all parts of the
plant.
Epidermis in
i) Stem: -
Aerial parts of plants have waxy water-resistant layer which gives protection against loss of water,
mechanical injury and attack from parasitic fungi.
ii) Leaf: -
• The upper epidermis is continuous, but the lower epidermis has pores called stomata.
• Stomata are surrounded by a pair of bean shaped guard cells.
• Stomata help in exchange of gases and transpiration.
iii) Roots
Epidermal cells of roots have root hairs that increase surface area for absorption of water.
iv) Desert plants
• Epidermis has a thick waxy covering called cuticle made up of cutin.
• Cuticle helps in preventing water loss in desert plants.
CORK OR BARK
• As the plant grows older, the epidermis of the stem gets replaced by a strip of secondary meristem.
• Cells on the outer side are cut off and form a several layer thick cork or bark of the tree.
• Cells of cork are dead without any intercellular space.
• They have a chemical called suberin which makes them impervious to gases and water.
• Cork gives protection to the plant.
COMPLEX PERMANENT TISSUE
• Consists of more than one type of cells which work together to perform a particular function.
• These are of two types: -
i) Xylem
ii) Phloem
XYLEM PHLOEM
Conducts water and minerals from roots upwards. Translocates food from leaves to all parts of the
(Ascent of sap) plant.
Conduction is unidirectional It is bidirectional.
Components are vessels, tracheids, xylem Components are sieve tubes, companion cells,
parenchyma and xylem sclerenchyma. phloem parenchyma and phloem fibers.
Except xylem parenchyma, all components are Except phloem fibers, all components are living.
dead.
Vessels and tracheids have tubular structures Main conducting cells are sieve tubes and
which carry water and minerals upwards. companion cells which have perforated walls.
Xylem parenchyma helps in sideways conduction Translocation of food requires energy from ATP.
of water and also stores food.
Fibers provide mechanical support.
HW
Solve blue questions on page 74
ANIMAL TISSUES
1. Epithelial Tissues
• Cells are tightly packed without any intercellular space.
• They have small amount of cementing material between the cells.
• Permeability of epithelial cells play an important role in regulating the exchange of materials
between body parts.
• All the epithelial cells have fibrous basement membrane.
Functions
• Protects cells from drying, injury, infections etc.
• Covers most body organ and cavities within the body.
TYPES OF EPITHELIUM
Simple Stratified Columnar Cuboidal Ciliated Glandular
Squamous Epithelium Epithelium Epithelium Epithelium Epithelium
Epithelium
Structure Thin, flattened, Made up of a Tall pillar Cube like Have cilia at Sometimes
irregularly number of like or cells with the outer epithelial tissue
shaped compactly layers of column like central surfaces of folds inward to
arranged with epithelium. cells with nucleus. columnar and form
central nucleus. basal cuboidal multicellular
nucleus. epithelium. gland.
Location Oesophagus and Skin Lining of the Lining of Respiratory Salivary, tear
lining of the intestine. kidney tract glands and
mouth, lining of tubes, duct oviduct sweat glands.
blood vessels and of salivary
lung alveoli glands.
Function Exchange of Protects from Secretion Provides Movement of Secretes
gases. wear and tear. and mechanical cilia pushes the substances like
Protects from absorption. support. mucus forward. hormones,
chemical, enzymes etc.
mechanical
injuries and from
germs
2. Connective Tissue
• Meant for binding and supporting different organs of the body.
• Cells of connective tissues are loosely spaced, embedded in an intercellular matrix which may be
jelly like, fluid, dense or rigid.
a) Blood
• Fluid connective tissue that circulates in the whole body.
• Consists of fluid matrix called plasma with blood cells or corpuscles floating in it
• Plasma contains proteins, water, salts and hormones.
• Three types of blood cells are.
Red blood cells or erythrocytes
White blood cells or leucocytes
Platelets or thrombocytes.
 Functions of Blood
• Transports nutrients, hormones, water, gases, digested food and waste materials.
• Help in keeping the body temp constant.
b) Bone
• Forms the framework of the body.
• Anchors the muscles and support main organs.
• Strong and non-flexible.
• Osteocytes (bone cells) are embedded in hard matrix composed of calcium and phosphorus
compounds.
• Long bones have several haversian canal systems which have blood vessels and nerve fibers.
c) Cartilage
• Have widely spaced cells called chondrocytes.
• Hard but flexible connective tissue
• Solid matrix made up of protein and sugar.
• Present at ends of bones, tip of nose, ear, trachea, and larynx
• Smoothens bone surfaces at joints.
Ligament Tendon
Join bone to bone at the joints Connects bone to muscles
Highly elastic and have considerable strength Strong but inelastic, flexibility is limited.
d) Areolar Tissue
• Found between skin and muscles, around blood vessels, nerve and in bone marrow.
• Fill space inside the organs like packing tissue.
• Supports internal organs and they help in repair of tissues.
e) Adipose Tissue
• Found below skin, around kidneys, heart, and eyeballs.
• Stores fats and acts as an insulator.
• Cells are filled with fat globules.
DRAW DIAGRAM ON PAGE 76 FIG 6.10
3. Muscular Tissues
• Consists of elongated muscle fibers.
• Muscle fibers contract and relax due to the presence of contractile proteins and cause movement.
Striated Muscle/ Skeletal Non-Striated Muscle/ Smooth Cardiac Muscle
Cells are long, elongated, unbranched Cells are spindle shaped, Cells are cylindrical, branched
and multinucleated (nucleus at the uninucleate (central nucleus) and uninucleate.
periphery)
Mostly attached to bones. Found in Found in the Iris of the eye, Found in the heart.
arms and legs ureters, bronchi of the lungs.
Striations present Non striated Faint striations present
Voluntary muscles Involuntary Involuntary
Rapid contractions and relaxations and Smooth contractions and Rhythmic contractions and
muscle fibers get tired easily. relaxations and muscles do not relaxations and muscles do not
get tired easily. get tired at all.
DRAW DIAGRAM ON PAGE 77 FIG 6.11
4. Nervous Tissue
Brain, spinal cord and nerves are made of nervous tissue.
• Made up of millions of cells called nerve cells or neurons.
• A typical neuron consists of: -
1. Dendrites
2. Cyton / Cell body
3. Axon
4. Nerve endings
• nerves carry messages from sense organs to brain and vice versa.
• Messages are carried in the form of small electrical impulse called nerve impulse.
Synapse
It is a small gap between the nerve ending of one neuron and the dendritic tip of the next neuron.
DIAGRAM ON PAGE 78 FIG 6.12
Solve blue questions on page 74 &78.