FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING WITH LAB

MOST PROBABLE VALUE E = modulus of elasticity of the tape material

mpv = x = (
∑x¿ (kg/cm²)
Lʼ = corrected length of the measured line (m)
n
P
PROBABLE ERROR Unit Stress A
E= = C p=¿ ¿
Elongation per Unit Lengt h e
PEs = Probable error of any single measurement L
PEm = Probable error of the mean '
L =L ±C p
v = residual, x̄-x
n = number of observations W
A= CORRECTION DUE TO SAG

√ √
2 L(Unit Weight)
∑ v2 ∑v
PEs=0.6745 PEm=0.6745
n−1 n( n−1) 2
W L
CS = NORMAL TENSION
PEsum = ± √ ( PE ) + (PE¿¿ 2)¿
1
2 2
+…+
24 P
2

(PE¿¿ n)¿ 2

PEprod = ± √ ( Q 1 PE2 ) 2 + (Q 2 PE ¿ ¿1)¿2 Pn = normal tension or the pull which will

eliminate the effect of sag (kg)
PE W = total weight of tape between supports (kg)
RP= WEIGHTED MEASUREMENT
mpv A = cross-sectional area of tape (sq.cm)
E = modulus of elasticity of tape material
1 W1 (kg/cm²)
W= 2 RW = PACE Ps = standard pull for the tape (kg)
E W min
FACTOR
0.204 W √ AE
P N= DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING
∑ number of steps √ PN −PS
Average Pace=
number of trials
Taped Distance HI = ELEV of BM + BS
Pace Factor=
Average Pace ELEV of TP1 = HI-FS
Taped distance−computed
% Error= (100)
Taped DOUBLE RODDED LEVELLING
Computed Distance = Pace Factor x Average Pace
Elevation of BM = HI + ∑BS - ∑FS
CORRECTION DUE TO TEMPERATURE
RECIPROCAL LEVELING

C t=CL ( T −T s ) CORRECTION DUE TO TENSION DE 1 = a - b

Cp = total elongation in tape length due to pull or DE 2 = a’ - b’

the correction due to incorrect pull applied on the
tape (m)
Pm = pull applied to the tape during measurement DE1 + DE 2
TDE =
(kg) 2
Ps = standard pull for the tape or pull for which
the tape is calibrated (kg) TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELLING
L = measured length of line (m)
A = cross-sectional area of the tape (sq.cm) DE = V + HI – RR
V = d tan θ V = s tan θ d
Cl = CL ( )
D
SEXAGESIMAL SYSTEM
d
BASIC UNIT IS DEGREE Cd = CD ( )
1 revolution = 360 degrees
D
1 degree = 60 mins
1 minute = 60 seconds TRANSIT RULE

Cl = correction to be applied to the latitude of any

CENTESIMAL SYSTEM course
Cd = correction to be applied to the departure of
BASIC UNIT IS GRAD any course
1 revolution= 400 degrees CL = closure in lat (SUM of latitudes)
CD = closure in departure (SUM of departures)

MIL SYSTEM | LAT| xCL

Cl =
|∑ NL|+|∑ SL|
BASIC UNIT IS MIL
1 revolution= 6400 mils | DEP| xCD
Cd =
|∑ ED|+|∑ WD|
CIRCULAR SYSTEM
AREA BY TRIANGLES
BASIC UNIT IS RADIAN 1
1 revolution= 2π A= (BC)(CA) sin C
2
TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
AREA BY DOUBLE MERIDIAN DISTANCE
LAT = Distance x cos (bearing) DOUBLE AREA= Σ (DMD x LAT)
DEP = Distance x sin (bearing) AREA OF THE LAND= DOUBLE AREA / 2

LEC = √ LAT 2
LEC + DEP 2LEC
AREA BY DOUBLE PARALLEL DISTANCE
DOUBLE AREA= Σ (DPD x DEP)
DEP
tanθ= AREA OF THE LAND= DOUBLE AREA / 2
LAT
θ IS THE BEARING OF THE SIDE OF ERROR
AREA BY TRAPEZOIDAL RULE
TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENT
COMPASS RULE ( h1 +hn )
A=d[ +h2 +…+ hn−1 ¿
2
Cl = correction to be applied to the latitude of any
course AREA BY SIMPSON’S THIRD RULE
Cd = correction to be applied to the departure of d
A= [( h + h ) +2(∑ h odd )+ 4(∑ heven )¿
any course 3 1 n
CL= closure in lat (SUM of latitudes)
CD = closure in departure (SUM of departures) (If distances have different values) An =
d = length of the line hn +hn +1
(d) then, A = ∑An
D = total length or perimeter of the closed 2
traverse
INCLINED STADIA
ID = KS Cos α + C
H = ID Cos α H = KS (Cos2 α) + C (Cos α)
V = ID Sin α V = KS (Cos α) (Sin α) + C (Sin α)
DE = V + HI – RR if (+∝)
DE = V + RR – HI if (-∝)

TRIANGULATION

a b c
= =
sin A sin B sin C

EFFECT OF CURVATURE AND REFRACTION

h = 0.0675 K 2