Original Article

Proc IMechE Part J:

J Engineering Tribology
Investigation of velocity slip effect 0(0) 1–12
! IMechE 2015
on steady state characteristics of Reprints and permissions:
sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav

finite hydrostatic double-layered DOI: 10.1177/1350650115569553

pij.sagepub.com

porous oil journal bearing

M Phani Kumar1,2, P Samanta2 and Naresh Chandra Murmu2

Abstract
Steady state characteristics of finite hydrostatic double layer porous oil journal bearing are investigated theoretically by
incorporating tangential velocity slip at the porous-film interface given by Beavers–Joseph. The governing equations for
flow in the porous medium and modified Reynolds equation in the film region are solved simultaneously using finite
difference method. The effects of slip and design variables such as feeding parameter, bearing number, eccentricity ratio,
slenderness ratio, and anisotropy of permeability have been investigated on bearing performance characteristics like load-
carrying capacity, attitude angle, friction variable, and volume flowrate. The results are depicted in the form of graphs
that can be utilized during design.

Keywords
Two-layered bearings, porous bearings, velocity slip, hydrostatic bearings, steady state

Date received: 1 August 2014; accepted: 30 December 2014

Introduction
In an attempt to address the ever-rising demand for
higher load-carrying capacity and frictionless running
of bearings, use of externally pressurized bearings has
become a regular practise. Conventionally, externally
pressurized bearings are designed with orifices and in
many instances combined with grooves for distribu-
tion of pressurised fluid across the bearing surface.
Despite having a proper number of precisely sized
orifices and strategically placed grooves, it is very dif-
ficult to obtain uniform distribution of pressurised
fluid as the fluid from the orifice expands and under-
goes pressure drop in the film region resulting vari-
ances of pressure. This can be achieved elegantly by
diffusing the pressurised fluid through a porous bear-
ing face. Bearing made of porous surface ensures
better pressure distribution as feeding of the fluid
through a porous region causes pressure drop and
even pressure bleeds from the porous surface ensuing
a more uniform pressure in film region. In contrast to
orifice bearings, porous bearings tend to be more
stable because feeding through a porous medium
provides more inherent damping.1 With the advent
of powder metallurgy, porous bearings have gained
significant attention from several industries like auto-
mobile (shock absorbers), domestic appliances (food
disposing units for kitchen sinks, clothes driers),2
electrical (propellers, electrical switch gears), and
footwear to name a few. They are often used in appli-
cations where contamination from oil leakage cannot
be tolerated such as in the food or textile industry.3
Research on the porous bearings using oil as a
lubricant can be traced back to late 1950s. It was
Morgan and Cameron4 who were first to establish a
mathematical model to investigate the hydrodynamic
lubrication of porous bearings. Since then significant
contributions in this field have done by many
researchers.5–7 However, the use of external pressur-
ization in porous oil bearings started with Howarth8
who carried out theoretical and experimental investi-
gation on circular thrust bearing and pointed out that
more even pressure distribution can be obtained by
the use of porous bearings. Analytical solution of
hydrostatic porous oil journal bearings was presented
by Majumdar and Rao.9 Analytical approximate
pressure field for analyzing the behavior of a rotor
1
Academy of Scientific & Innovation Research (AcSIR), Anusandhan
Bhawan, New Delhi, India
2
Surface Engineering and Tribology Group, CSIR-Central Mechanical
Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur, India
Corresponding author:
Naresh Chandra Murmu, Surface Engineering and Tribology Group,
CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur
713209, India.
Email: ncmurmu@gmail.com; murmu@cmeri.res.in

Downloaded from pij.sagepub.com by guest on February 9, 2015

2 Proc IMechE Part J: J Engineering Tribology 0(0)

on finite porous bearing is proposed by D’Agostino assuming this kind of no-slip boundary condition at
et al.10 They claimed that the proposed approach for porous wall surface is not exactly true as the fluid
studying the behavior of a system is more effective existing within the porous wall substance naturally
than a numerical procedure. The effectiveness of has a velocity component parallel to the wall
non-Newtonian fluids on the squeeze film character- surface.23,24 Because, the viscous shear in the film
istics and a comparison with Newtonian fluids region tries to enter into the porous wall at the
for short porous partial journal bearings was reported porous-film interface region giving rise to a compo-
by Naduvinamani and Huggi.11 Pioneering work car- nent of velocity of the fluid parallel to porous wall
ried out by Beavers and Joseph12 proposed a math- surface. So it is necessary to consider the velocity
ematical formulation by considering tangential component parallel to the porous wall surface in sol-
velocity slip. Based on the Beavers and Joseph ving the Reynolds equation.
model, Murti13 and Prakash and Vij14 modified the The aim of the present study is to solve the gov-
Reynolds equation to investigate the effect of velocity erning equations for hydrostatic double-layered
slip and its consequences on static performance for porous oil bearings with tangential velocity slip and
narrow porous bearings. Chandra et al.15 studied to investigate its effect on load-carrying capacity, atti-
the effect of velocity slip on the static as well as tude angle, friction variable, and volume flowrate.
dynamic performance of plane porous journal The effect of various parameters on the bearing per-
bearings. Chattopadhyay and Majumdar16 carried formance has been investigated and depicted in the
out theoretical investigation and presented the effect form of graphs.
of velocity slip on the static characteristics of exter-
nally pressurized single layer/conventional porous oil
Theoretical analysis
journal bearings.
The major drawback of conventional porous bear- A schematic diagram of an externally pressurized
ings is their low load-carrying capacity due to the double-layered porous oil journal bearing along with
seepage into the wall of bearing. One can enhance the coordinate system used in the analysis is shown in
the load capacity of bearing by restricting this seepage Figure 1. Entire outer surface of bearing is supplied
into walls. In practice, this can be done by using with pressurized oil at a supply pressure ps .
double-layered porous bearings with a thin layer of The governing equations of pressure in porous
surface with high restriction to flow backed by a layers for an anisotropic bearing in nondimensional
highly permeable coarse grain substrate. Such kind form can be written as follows: for the coarse layer
of configuration would provide flexibility for designer
 2 2 0  2 2 0
to optimize the geometry of fine layer with low @2 p0 2 R @ p 2
K x2 þ þ  z2 D @ p 2 ¼ 0
K ð1Þ
permeability to ensure major pressure drop and sim- @ 2 H @ y 2 L @ z2
ultaneously to design the coarse layer to gratify the
structural requirements. It is possible to control the For the fine layer
fluid flow through the two-layered structure such that
 2 2 0  2 2 0
over 90–95% of the pressure drop occurs across the @2 p0 1 R @ p 1
K x1 þ þ  z1 D @ p 1 ¼ 0
K ð2Þ
thin fine layer, even with its thickness of only 5–10% @ 2 H @ y 2 L @ z2
of the coarse layer.17 Research by Heinzl18 and
Okano19 suggested that the two-layered bearings Modified Reynolds equation in the film region con-
could be used for enhancing stability. Analytical solu- sidering velocity slip and anisotropic permeability in
tion for a hydrodynamic two-layered porous bearings dimensionless form is
was presented by Cusano20,21 using short- and long-
   2  
bearing approximations. Saha and Majumdar17 car- @ 3 @ p D @ 3 @ p
ried out the steady state and stability analysis of h ð1 þ x Þ þ h ð1 þ z Þ
@ @ L @ z @ z
hydrostatic two-layered porous oil journal bearings  0 
@   @ p 1 
and observed that two-layered bearings posses better ¼ h ð1 þ ox Þ þ  
@ @ y y¼1

load-carrying capacity and stability characteristic
than conventional porous bearings. Rao et al.22 pre- ð3Þ
sented an analysis of double-layered long porous
journal bearing by using couple stress and The boundary conditions used for solving the above
Newtonian fluid in the film region and Brinkman differential equations are as follows for the coarse
model to model the flow in porous region. layer
In the theoretical investigations that have been
made on double-layered porous bearings till date, all p 02 ð, 0, zÞ
 ¼ 1:0 at 0442
the investigators assumed that the direction of fluid
motion at the porous wall surface was normal to that p 02 ð, y,  ¼ p02
 zÞ
surface and solved the Reynolds equation using no- ð þ 2, y,  zÞ
 
at 04y4, 
14z4þ1
slip boundary condition at the wall surface. However,

Downloaded from pij.sagepub.com by guest on February 9, 2015

Kumar et al. 3

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of two-layered porous oil journal bearing.

p 02 ð, y,
 1Þ ¼ 0 ; 
at 0442, 04y4  zÞ
pð,  þ 2, zÞ
 ¼ pð  
at 0442, 14z4þ1

@ p 0 2 
pð, 1Þ ¼ 0 at 0442
 0Þ ¼ 0
ð, y, 
at 0442, 04y4
@ z
for the film/bearing interface
for the fine layer

p01 ð, 1, zÞ  zÞ
 ¼ pð,  
at 0442 , 14z4þ1
p 01 ð, y,
 zÞ

0
  zÞ
¼ p1 ð þ 2, y,  
at 4y41, 
14z4þ1
The differential equations (1–3) are solved simul-
p 01  1Þ ¼ 0
ð, y, 
at 0442, 4y41 taneously along with the boundary conditions to
obtain the steady state pressure in the clearance
@ p 0 1 space of bearing. The equations are written in
 0Þ ¼ 0
ð, y,  1
at0442, 4y4 finite difference form using central difference
@ z
method and then solved by the Gauss–Seidel iter-
for the interface between layers ation method with successive overrelaxation scheme.
The interlayer permeability coefficient considered for
p 0 1 ð, zÞ
 ¼ p 0 2 ð, zÞ
  þ1
at 0442, 14z4 two-layered bearing as 200 which means, the coarse
layer should have a permeability coefficient 200
@ p0 1 times that of the fine layer. A three-dimensional

ð, zÞ
@ y grid pattern with a uniform gird size is adopted
@ p0 2 for each layer with 36, 10, and 13 divisions
¼ K y2 
ð, zÞ  þ1
at 0442, 14z4 along the circumferential direction, axial direction,
@ y
and radial direction, respectively. The convergence
for the film region criterion adopted
 for pressure is
ð1  P p P p Þ40:0001. No appreciable
old new
@ p change in results was observed when the conver-
ð, 0Þ ¼ 0 at 0442
@ z gence onset was decreased upto 0.00001, hence it
was concluded that the present results were fairly
@p accurate. In addition, the results obtained from
 ¼0
ð2 , zÞ 
at 14z4þ1
@ the present method for hydrostatic double-layered
porous with no-slip condition have been compared
 zÞ
pð,  ¼0 at 2 442
with similar available solutions (Table 1).

Downloaded from pij.sagepub.com by guest on February 9, 2015

4 Proc IMechE Part J: J Engineering Tribology 0(0)

Table 1. Comparison of steady state performance of double-layered porous bearing without slip with the available data from
reference.

W0 ’o0 f ðRCÞ Q

b "0 Present Ref. [17] Present Ref. [17] Present Ref. [17] Present Ref. [17]
0.001 0.2 0.0449 0.0443 76.886 76.9342 11.291 10.0611 0.0610 0.0613
0.4 0.1052 0.1035 64.3494 64.4135 5.0281 4.4715 0.1184 0.1188
0.6 0.2240 0.2199 51.4229 51.4885 2.7232 2.4440 0.1760 0.1767
0.8 0.5980 0.5847 36.6784 36.7468 1.4357 1.3251 0.2331 0.2339
0.05 0.2 0.1037 0.1018 40.6339 40.6394 5.2162 4.6878 0.3684 0.3715
0.4 0.2283 0.2238 39.7347 39.7502 2.6299 2.3783 0.3584 0.3614
0.6 0.3951 0.3870 38.4847 38.5646 1.8421 1.6342 0.3505 0.3531
0.8 0.6032 0.5878 35.8962 36.0346 1.5902 1.4120 0.3670 0.3697
1.0 0.2 0.1253 0.1206 9.4212 9.5266 4.2807 3.7259 2.3642 2.3785
0.4 0.2434 0.2337 9.6342 9.7547 2.3809 2.0877 2.4247 2.4390
0.6 0.3478 0.3325 9.9890 10.1304 1.9338 1.7196 2.5224 2.5368
0.8 0.4335 0.4128 10.5035 10.6531 2.0856 1.8888 2.6588 2.6744

film cavitates beyond  ¼ 2 , the friction occurs in two

distinct regions.
Steady state characteristics Friction for the region where oil film extending
Once the differential equations are solved by satisfy- from  ¼ 0 to  ¼ 2 is given by
ing the boundary conditions and convergence criteria
for the pressure distribution, the steady state charac-   Z1 Z2   
 Fx1 h x @ p
teristics can be obtained as follows Fx1 ¼ ¼ ¼ 1þ @ @z
LCps 2 3 @
0 0

Load-carrying capacity Z1 Z2

 1
þ ð1  ox Þ@  @z
Load-carrying capacity ðW  0 Þ can be obtained by inte- 6 h
0 0
grating the pressure around the circumference and
along the total length. Nondimensional tangential and Friction for the cavitation region extending from
radial component of load-carrying capacity are given by  ¼ 2 to  ¼ 2 is given by

  Z1 Z2   Z1 Z2 
t Wt 1 Fx2 h2
W ¼ ¼ p sin  d dz 
Fx2 ¼ ¼ ¼
LDps 2 LCps h
0 0 0 2
"   #
  Z1 Z2 h x @ p  1
Wr 1 1þ þ ð1  ox Þ @ @z
r
W ¼ ¼ p cos  d dz 2 3 @ 6 h
LDps 2
0 0
Total friction, Fx ¼ Fx1 þ Fx2 
1 Fx
Total load Friction variable is given by R C f ¼ 2 W 0

h i1
W  r2 þ W
0 ¼ W t 2 2
Volume rate of flow
The attitude angle can be obtained from the load The volume rate of flow from the bearing ends can be
components by using the following relation calculated as

 t =W
0 ¼ tan1 ðW  rÞ   Z2  
QL 1 3 @ p 
Q ¼ 3 ¼ h ð1 þ z Þ  d
C Dps 6 @ z z¼1

0
Coefficient of friction Once the pressure distribution is obtained, the load
In oil film bearings, cavitation occurs forming a dis- capacity, volume flow rate, attitude angle, and coeffi-
continuous mixture of oil, vapor, air, etc. Since the oil cient of friction can be calculated numerically using

Downloaded from pij.sagepub.com by guest on February 9, 2015

Kumar et al.
Figure 2. Variation of load and attitude angle with  for various values of
Figure 3. Variation of friction variable and volume flowrate with  for various
Simpson’s 1/3 rule for numerical integration and
three-point backward or forward difference rule is
applied for differentiation.
Results and discussion
It is evident from the governing equations of
flow in porous region and modified Reynolds
Downloaded from pij.sagepub.com by guest on February 9, 2015
5
z.
z.
equation for the film region that the pressure
distribution depends on various parameters like L/D
and H/R z , x , , "o , , , K x1 , K x2 , K z1 , K z2 , K y2 . A
parametric study has been carried out for all the
above parameters keeping  as an independent
variable.
Figure 2 shows the load-carrying capacity and atti-
tude angle of a double-layered bearing of isotropic
6 Proc IMechE Part J: J Engineering Tribology 0(0)

Figure 4. Variation of load and attitude angle with  for various a.

Figure 5. Variation of friction variable and volume flowrate for various a.

permeability as a function of , for L=D ¼ 1:0,
"o ¼ 0:6,  ¼ 0:1 for various values of z . It is
observed that for a particular value of z , the load-
carrying capacity increases with . At lower bearing
number, the difference of load-carrying capacity
between no-slip case and slip cases is not significant.
The difference of load-carrying capacity, however,
increases as bearing number becomes higher. As the
slip reduces the hydrodynamic action of the fluid in
the clearance space by reducing the resistance to fluid
flow, the load-carrying capacity reduces.15 It is further
observed from the figure that the load-carrying cap-
acity of double layer bearing with no-slip condition is
superior to the full-slip condition irrespective of bear-
ing number (). Misalignment between the applied
load and corresponding reaction force causes journal

Downloaded from pij.sagepub.com by guest on February 9, 2015

Kumar et al. 7

Figure 6. Variation of load and attitude angle with  for various b.

Figure 7. Variation of friction variable and volume flowrate with  for various b.

bearing instability, measured by attitude angle ð0 0 Þ.
It is also observed from Figure 2 that there is no sig-
nificant variation in attitude angle with the velocity
slip effects. This shows that the stability of the bearing
is not affected by the permeability factor ð z Þ.
Figure 3 shows the variation of friction variable
and volume flowrate for different values of z . It is
observed that friction variable and volume flowrate
increase with decrease in the values of z , this is
because the slip reduces the resistance to fluid flow
in the bearing clearance that results in less friction
and increased flow rate of the fluid.
Effect of slip coefficient (a) on bearing performance
can be studied from Figures 4 and 5. It is observed
from Figure 4 that the load-carrying capacity ðW  0Þ
0
increases and the attitude angle ð0 Þ decreases with

Downloaded from pij.sagepub.com by guest on February 9, 2015

8 Proc IMechE Part J: J Engineering Tribology 0(0)

Figure 8. Comparison of load and attitude angle with and without slip for various "0 .

Figure 9. Comparison of friction variable and volume flowrate with and without slip for various "0 .

increase in slip coefficient (a) for all values of bearing
number (). The effect of velocity slip is more pro-
nounced at low values of a.
Variation of the friction variable and volume flow-
rate for different values of a is shown in Figure 5.
There is a considerable variation in friction variable
with increase in a, whereas not much variation is seen
in flow rate.
Figure 6 shows the variation of load and attitude
angle for various values of feeding parameter (b). The
figure reveals that load capacity increases with
decrease of b. This phenomenon can be understood
with the help of physics of flow. For particular values
of bearing geometric parameters, an increase in b
results in an increase in permeability ky1 . Thus,
higher the permeability lesser is the resistance to the

Downloaded from pij.sagepub.com by guest on February 9, 2015

Kumar et al. 9

Figure 10. Comparison of load and attitude angle with and without slip for various L/D ratios.

Figure 11. Comparison of friction variable and volume flowrate with and without slip for various L/D ratios.

fluid flow in the porous bush. This reduction in flow
resistance results in the loss of fluid film pressure due
to leakage flow in to porous matrix, increase in atti-
tude angle, and consequently reduction in stability of
the bearing.13,25,26 Whereas for lower values of b, loss
of pressure due to leakage is reduced and variation in
the fluid film pressure distribution is not much signifi-
cant, hence not much variation in the attitude angle.27
From Figure 7, it is seen that the friction variable
increases with increase in b and volume flowrate
decreases with increase in b. A similar kind of trend
is observed with other values of rz. As the resistance

Downloaded from pij.sagepub.com by guest on February 9, 2015

10
Figure 12. Comparison of load and attitude angle of finite isotropic bearing with those of anisotropic bearing.
to the fluid flow in the porous region reduces at higher
values of feeding parameter (b), most of the fluid tries
to flow in the porous region and flow through the
clearance space reduces. This phenomenon results in
a reduced volume flow rate from clearance space
and higher friction variable at higher feeding
parameters.16
Eccentricity ratio always plays a significant role in
the load-bearing capacity. This can be seen from
Figure 8 which compares the load capacity and atti-
tude angle for a two-layered bearing with and without
slip effects for various values of "0 . It is observed that
the load-carrying capacity of no-slip case is superior
to slip case and in both cases load capacity increases
with an increase in bearing number (). For a par-
ticular value of "0 , the no-slip case has higher rate of
increase in load capacity with  when compared to
slip case. It is further observed from the figure that
with increase in the eccentricity ratio, the load cap-
acity increases and attitude angle decreases. The
decrease in attitude angle with increase in eccentri-
city ratio shows that the bearing is more stable at
higher eccentricities. This may be because increasing
eccentricity increases the direct stiffness with respect
to the cross stiffness.28 However, for eccentricity
ratio less than 0.6, the slip condition has high atti-
tude angle and for ratio more than 0.6, the no-slip
condition has higher attitude angle. It may be
because in the case of slip flow, the surface velocity
of fluid at the porous surface (stationary surface)
will not be zero. Friction force will be higher
under slip condition as the friction force on both
the surfaces will oppose the movement of the jour-
nal in the direction of motion, which form the
Downloaded from pij.sagepub.com by guest on February 9, 2015
Proc IMechE Part J: J Engineering Tribology 0(0)
attitude angle. For lower eccentricities, its effect is
very marginal. When eccentricity   ratio is higher
than 0.6, the pressure gradient @@p will increase sub-
stantially compared to that of a small eccentricity
ratio. This will attribute to decrease in attitude
angle (hence increase in cavitation region). One
can observe this characteristic in conventional
metal oil journal bearings also.16
The interfacial flow increases with slip and this can
be seen in Figure 9, volume flowrate increases with
slip and "0 . Whereas the friction variable reduces
with increase in "0 and as the value reaches more
than 0.6, the no-slip condition shows a higher friction
than the slip case. At lower eccentricity ratios, the
effects of frictional force due to velocity slip are mar-
ginal. Friction force that is dependent on pressure
gradient in the circumferential direction and also is
predominant in the convergent region that will
reduce due to decrease in convergent region. Thus,
the friction variable will be less for eccentricity
ratios higher than 0.6.
Effect of L/D ratio on load capacity and attitude
angle is depicted in Figure 10. It is immediately evi-
dent that reducing L/D ratio has a drastic effect on
the load capacity. A smaller L/D ratio gives more
stability than larger L/D ratio, this fact is evidenced
by an increasing attitude angle with increasing L/D
ratio. It is also observed that for higher L/D ratios,
there is almost no difference in attitude angle between
slip and no-slip conditions, which may be because of
the large resistance to flow in the length direction. In
this scenario, the no-slip case shows superior load
capacity when compared to slip case for all L/D
ratios.
Kumar et al.
Increase of L/D ratio reduces the friction variable
and increases the volume flowrate, this can be seen
from Figure 11. The slip case shows higher friction
and volume flowrate compared to no-slip case.
Figure 12 shows change in load-carrying capacity
and attitude angle of anisotropic bearing with iso-
tropic one. The effect of anisotropy is investigated
with various eccentricity ratios (e0) and it is observed
that the effect of anisotropy is insignificant even at
higher bearing numbers.
Conclusions
The influence of velocity slip flow on the steady state
characteristics of finite hydrostatic double layer
porous oil journal bearing was discussed. The follow-
ing conclusions are drawn from this investigation:
1. The effect of tangential velocity slip on the per-
formance of hydrostatic double layered porous
oil bearings is significant only at higher values of
bearing number () and for lower values of z
corresponding to a ¼ 0.1. The volume flowrate
increases with the effect of velocity slip.
2. The effect of slip parameter (a) on bearing per-
formance characteristics is more predominant at
lower values. At higher values of slip parameter,
the performance characteristics approach to those
of no-slip case.
3. The load capacity, W  0 , increases and the attitude
angle, 0 0 , decreases with increase in eccentricity,
"0 . The decrease in the attitude angle shows that
the bearing stability increases with increase in
eccentricity.
4. The effect of anisotropy is insignificant.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to acknowledge Dr. Pijush Pal Roy,
Director, CSIR-CMERI for his encouragement and permis-
sion to publish the paper.
Funding
This research received no specific grant from any funding
agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Conflict of interest
None declared.
References
1. Panzera TH and Rubio JCC. A survey on ceramic com-
posites for application in porous bearings. 8th
International congress of Mechanical Engineering. vol 6
Ouro preto, MG, November.
2. Khonsari MM and Bosser ER. An engineering guide
for bearing selection. Tribol Lubricat Technol 2004;
(February) 26–32.
3. Elsharkawy AA and Guedouar LH. Hydrodynamic
lubrication of porous journal bearings using a modified
Downloaded from pij.sagepub.com by guest on February 9, 2015
11
Brinkman-extended Darcy model. Tribol Int 2001; 34:
767–777.
4. Morgan VT and Cameron A. Mechanism of lubrication
in porous metal bearings. In: nstitution of Mechanical
Engineers conference on lubrication and wear, London,
1957, pp. 151–157.
5. Shir CC and Joseph DD. Lubrication of a porous
bearing—Reynolds solution. Trans ASME J Appl
Mech 1966; 33: 761–767.
6. Rouleau WT. Hydrodynamic lubrication of narrow
press fitted porous metal bearings. Trans ASME J
Basic Eng 1963; 85: 123–128.
7. Capone E. Lubrication of axially undefined porous
bearings. Wear 1970; 15: 157–170.
8. Howarth RB. Optimum performance of externally pres-
surized porous thrust bearings. Trans ASLE 1974; 17:
127–133.
9. Majumdar BC and Rao NS. On the analytical solution
of hydrostatic oil porous journal bearings. In: National
Conference on Industrial Tribology, India, 1979, vol. 1,
pp. 70–80.
10. D’Agostino V, Ruggiero A and Senatore A.
Approximate model for unsteady finite porous journal
bearings fluid film force calculation. J Eng Tribol
IMECHE 2006; 220: 227–234.
11. Naduvinamani NB and Huggi SS. Micropolar fluid
squeeze film lubrication of short partial porous journal
bearings. J Eng Tribol IMECHE 2009; 223: 1179–1185.
12. Beavers GS and Joseph DD. Boundary conditions of a
naturally permeable wall. J Fluid Mech 1967; 30: 197–
207.
13. Murti PRK. Effect of slip flow in narrow porous bear-
ing. J Lubr Technol 1973; 95: 518–523.
14. Prakash J and Vij SK. Analysis of narrow porous bear-
ings using Beavers–Joseph criterion of velocity slip.
J Appl Mech 1974; 96: 346–353.
15. Chandra M, Malik M and Sinhasan R. Investigation of
slip effects in plane porous journal bearings. Wear 1981;
73: 61–72.
16. Chattopadhyay AK and Majumdar BC. Steady state
solution of finite hydrostatic porous oil journal bearings
with tangential velocity slip. Tribol Int 1984; 17: 317–323.
17. Saha N and Majumdar BC. Steady state and stability
characteristics of hydrostatic two layered porous oil
journal bearings. J Eng Tribol IMECHE 2004; 218:
99–108.
18. Heinzl J. Aerostatisches Lager. German Patent De 31
10712 A1, Munich, 1982.
19. Okano M. Studies of externally pressurized porous gas
bearings. Res Electrotech Lab 1991; 952: 1–145.
20. Cusano C. Analytical investigation of an infinitely long,
two-layer, porous bearing. Wear 1972; 22: 59–67.
21. Cusano C. Lubrication of a two-layer porous oil jour-
nal bearing. J Mech Eng Sci 1972; 14: 335–339.
22. Rao TVVLN, Rani AMA, Nagarajan T, et al. Analysis
of journal bearing with double layer porous lubricant
film: influence of surface porous layer configuration.
Tribol Trans 2013; 54: 187–191.
23. Ishizawa S and Hori E. The flow of a viscous through a
porous wall into a narrow gap. Bull JSME 1966; 9: 719–
726.
24. Murthi PRK. Some aspects of slip-flow in porous bear-
ings. Wear 1972; 19: 123–129.
12 Proc IMechE Part J: J Engineering Tribology 0(0)

25. Guha SK and Chattopadhyay AK. On the linear stabil- p film pressure
ity analysis of finite hydrodynamic porous journal bear- p dimensionless film pressure, p=ps
ing under coupled stress lubrication. J Eng Tribol p01 pressure in the fine layer
IMECHE 2007; 221: 831–840. p02 pressure in the coarse layer
26. Elsharkawy AA and Nassar MM. Hydrodynamic lubri-
p01 dimensionless pressure in the fine layer,
cation of squeeze film porous bearings. Acta Mechanica
p01 =ps
1996; 118: 121–134.
27. Murti PRK. Lubrication of finite porous journal bear- p02 dimensionless pressure in the coarse
ings. Wear 1973; 26: 95–104. layer, p02 =ps
28. Piekos ES. Numerical simulation of gas-lubricated jour- Q end flow of oil
nal bearings for microfabricated machines. MIT Q dimensionless end flow of oil
Cambridge, MA: Department of Aeronautics and QL =C3 Dps
Astronautics, 2000PhD Thesis. R journal radius
U surface velocity of journal
Notation W0 load capacity
Wr , Wt dimensionless components of load
C radial clearance W0 dimensionless load capacity
X ratio of thickness of coarse layer by fine
D diameter of the bearing layer, H2 =H1
e bearing eccentricity x, y, z Cartesian coordinates
Fx shear force on the journal surface
Fx dimensionless shear force on journal  z
, y, dimensionless coordinates, x/R, y/H,
surface ðFx =LDps Þ 2z/L
h local film thickness 1 , 2 angular coordinate at which film com-
h dimensionless film thickness (h/C) mences and cavitates, respectively
h2 dimensionless film thickness at the a slip coefficient
beginning of the cavitated zone rx, dimensionless permeability factors in x,
y, z
H thickness of the porous bushing y, and z direction (C (Kx, y, z)1/2)
H1 , H2 thickness of the fine and coarse layers, x,z slip function in x and z direction
respectively 3ðh x,z þ2Þ
kx1 , ky1 , kz1 permeability coefficient of the fine layer defined by
x,z hð1þh x,z Þ
along x, y, z directions, respectively 1
ox slip function defined by
kx2 , ky2 , kz2 permeability coefficient of the coarse ð1þh x Þ
layer along x, y, z directions,
 bearing feeding parameter,
respectively
K x1 , K z1 dimensionless permeability coefficients, 12R2 ky1 =HC3
kx1 =ky1 , kz1 =ky1 , respectively o0 attitude angle
K x2 , K z2 dimensionless permeability coefficients, "0 eccentricity ratio, e=C
kx2 =ky2 , kz2 =ky2 , respectively coefficient of absolute viscosity of fluid
K y2 dimensionless interlayer permeability f coefficient of friction
! journal rotational speed
coefficient, ky2 =ky1
 bearing number, 6 !=ps ðC=RÞ2
L length of the bearing
pa ambient pressure
ps supply pressure
p s dimensionless supply pressure, ps =pa

Downloaded from pij.sagepub.com by guest on February 9, 2015