PLAGIARISM SCAN REPORT

Date 2024-03-05

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A brief review of the literature related to this study entitled Induction of Callus from Root Nodules of Legumes. This is
discussed in this chapter. Plant tissue culture is one of the fastest growing areas of biotechnology because of its great
potential for the development of improved crops and ornamentals. Thanks to advances in tissue culture technology, it is
now possible to regenerate any plant species in the laboratory. To achieve the goal of creating a new plant or a plant with
desired characteristics, tissue culture is often combined with recombinant DNA technology. Plant tissue culture techniques
have contributed greatly to the green revolution by improving yield and quality. (Biotechnology :Biotechnology:
Satyanarayana 2005).
The study was conducted with lupine root nodules isolated in culture. The nitrogen-fixing root nodule and bacteria of the
genus Rhizobium are the best example of a relationship between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but the control mechanisms
of this symbiosis are poor. Molecular approaches are not directly applicable here. So, they used in vitro plant tissue culture
as a different approach. detached nodes provide a useful new system to study module differentiation and the control of
nitrogen biosynthesis. (Sutton et al1975)
In response to both biotic and abiotic stress, plants develop disordered cell mass and produce secondary metabolites that
are released as defense responses. Secondary metabolites not only exert protective functions but also have medicinal value
in humans, and callus cultures produced under stress conditions are interesting sources for easy and scalable production of
secondary metabolites. Since the discovery that a combination of two growth-promoting hormones, auxin and cytokinin,
induces calli of plant origin in vitro, this experimental system has been widely used The role of phytohormones in plant
tissue culture, including callus induction . The role of phytohormones in plant tissue culture, including callus induction and
differentiation of various callus, is well documented. (Nawchoo et al. 2021)..
In legumes and some other plants, the bacteria live on the roots as small growths called nodules. Bacteria fix nitrogen in
these nodes and the plant absorbs the NH3 that they produce. Legume nitrogen fixation is a partnership between the
bacteria and the plant. . The nodes of annual plants are short-lived and constantly change during the growing season. As
the pod fills up, annual legume nodules typically lose their ability to fix nitrogen as the plant eats the developing seed
instead of the nodule. (Sorensen and Sessitsch, 2007). Legumes such as peanuts, cowpeas, soybeans and beans are good
nitrogen fixers and meet all their nitrogen needs except for what is absorbed in the soil .These pods can weigh up to 250
pounds. of nitrogen per acre and are generally not fertilized (Walley et al., 1996; Cash et al., 1981).His study shows the
effect in callus induction experiments on fenugreek leaves of cytokinin alone or in combination with auxins in the
regeneration of fenugreek shoots by cotyledon node and hypocotyl explant, and the results showed that the types of
hormones and the concentration in the medium significantly affected the frequency (%) of shoot regeneration, the average
number of shoots per explant and shoot. Cotyledon nodule explant length. (Muhammad Aasim et al 2010).The ability of
chicory to obtain sufficient nitrogen through a symbiotic relationship with Mesorhizobium ciceri is crucial to support
growth and grain production. (Plett et.al 2021) Callus induction in Chickpea This study was conducted to observe the effect
of different growth regulators on callus induction in cotyledon cells. two types of media were used at different
concentrations of plant growth regulators. (Saleem khan et al 2011)
Soybean is one of the world's most important vegetables. Soybeans are affected by a number of biotic and abiotic factors,
as well as pests and diseases, which reduce crop quality and production. A systematic improvement program must be
followed to overcome these biotic and abiotic challenges. Callus induction of Soybean leaves Abundant callus was

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obtained with either 2,4-D modified intermediate cotyledons or 2,4-D and NAA combined cotyledons. (Ebony Y. Joyner et
al 2010) Root nodules were challenged with alpha-alpha to induce callus. Undifferentiated callus tissue was initiated from
the meristem regions of the tumour-like ineffective nodule of alfalfa with high frequency. The frequency of callus initiation
varied according to the plant genotype and the hormone content of the starting medium. Undifferentiated callus readily
originated in the meristem region from ineffective tumour-like nodules. Developmental studies of tumour-like nodules
showed that nodule meristems continued to proliferate without visible Rhizobium bacteria. (CP Vance 1984). There have
been many studies that have shown that four hormones - auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin and ABA - can be secreted from
nodules. All of them are present in higher concentrations in nodules than in uninfected roots. However, it is not clear which
of the symbiotic partners is the source of the hormones. It is particularly difficult to determine the involvement of the plant,
especially for auxin and cytokinin, because the genes for the biosynthesis of these hormones have not yet been identified.
Rhizobia can synthesize plant hormones, but mutations in their auxin-producing genes do not prevent nodulation. (Hirsch
et al 1994).

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